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In this work, electrodes based on laser-scribed reduced graphene oxide were fabricated using filter paper as the substrate. To fabricate the electrodes, a water suspension of graphene oxide was filtered to produce a continuous and uniform film of graphene oxide on the filter paper surface. Subsequently, a CO2 laser was used to "write" the working, counter and reference eelctroes by reducing graphene oxide in specific areas to define complete sensors. Referecnce electrodes were then coated with a commercial Ag/AgCl conductive paste to produce a quasi Ag/AgCl reference. As fabricated devices were employed as electrochemical sensors for detection of phosphate ions in water by employing the molybdenum blue method. This method exploits the reaction between molybdate and phosphate ions in acidic media leading to a Keggin-type complex (PMo12O3 40) which, being electrochemically active, enables the indiret detection of phosphate ions. Sensors exhibited high selectivity and sensitive detection of phosphate ions in a wide linear range, from 1 to 20 & mu;M; with a limit of detection of 0.4 & mu;M. To demonstrate that sensors could be utilized for in-situ phosphate ion detection, paper substrate was first pre-loaded with sul-phuric acid and molybdate ions. During analysis, these chemicals were then desorbed directly into the test sample eliminating the need for any kind of external manipulation or reagent addition. Thus, this paper presents the fabrication of a portable, easy-to-use, biodegradable and fast phosphate ions sensor for in situ and real-time monitoring of water quality.

Background Huntington’s disease is a complex neurodegenerative hereditary disease with symptoms in all domains of a person’s functioning. It begins after a healthy start in life and leads through the relentless progression over many years to complete care dependency and finally death. To date, the disease is incurable. The long progressive complex nature of the disease demands multiple disciplines for treatment and care of patient and family. These health care providers need inter- and multidisciplinary collaboration to persevere and be efficacious in this devastating disease trajectory. Discussion The position paper outlines current knowledge and experience alongside the experience and consensus of a recognised group of HD multidisciplinary experts. Additionally the patient’s voice is clear and calls for health care providers with a holistic view on patient and family. Building long-term trust is a cornerstone of the network around the patient. This paper describes a managed care network comprising all the needed professionals and services. In the health care system, the role of a central coordinator or case manager is of key importance but lacks an appropriate guideline. Other disciplines currently without guidelines are general practitioners, nurses, psychologists, and social workers. Guidelines for neurologists, psychiatrists, geneticists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, physiotherapists, dieticians, and dentists are being discussed. Apart from all these profession-specific guidelines, distinctive inter- and multidisciplinary collaboration requirements must be met. Conclusions and recommendations The complex nature of Huntington's disease demands multidisciplinary treatment and care endorsed by international regulations and the lay association. Available guidelines as reviewed in this paper should be used, made available by a central body, and updated every 3–5 years. Time needs to be invested in developing missing guidelines but the lack of this ‘proof’ should not prevent the ‘doing’ of good care.

In the paper by Inna Ganschow, the camp experience in the Soviet Union as a result of forced conscription will be treated, specifically in its artistic processing: secretly written diaries and letters by Luxembourg Wehrmacht soldiers. Contemporary historical research today calls them ego documents – private, handwritten texts of a personal nature. The range of texts to be examined in the lecture ranges from the smuggled out notes and letters that their released comrades took with them to Luxembourg, through diaries, speeches and self-made dictionaries to poems, short stories and drawings, some of which were in the camp and some immediately after the return from Tambov and other camps in the Soviet Union. The focus is on the question of dealing with the thesis of the Auschwitz concentration camp survivor Viktor Frankl, psychiatrist and neurologist from Vienna, that the meaning of camp life - logotherapy - can have a self-healing effect and increase the self-healing powers, which increases the chances of survival.

This is a proposal for publishing resource papers as registered reports in the Northern European Journal of Language Technology. The idea is that authors write a data collection plan with a full data statement, to the extent that it can be written before data collection starts. Once the proposal is approved, publication of the final resource paper is guaranteed, as long as the data collection plan is followed (modulo reasonable changes due to unforeseen circumstances). This proposal changes the reviewing process from an antagonistic to a collaborative enterprise, and hopefully encourages NLP resources to develop and publish more high-quality datasets. The key advantage of this proposal is that it helps to promote responsible resource development (through constructive peer review) and to avoid research waste.

Cellulose-based materials represent a renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly alternative to plastic from fossil resources. Nanopaper is a strong and lightweight material formed from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Paper and nanopaper have been considered as excellent alternatives to plastics for use in agriculture and for packaging applications. However, common for both paper and nanopaper is their hydrophilic character, and consequently, poor water-resistance properties. ORMOCER®s are a class of inorganic–organic polymers with excellent barrier and protective properties used for a range of coating applications. Here we present ORMOCER®-coated paper and nanopaper. The coated papers and nanopapers are characterized, both in terms of their morphology, hydrophobicity, and mechanical properties. We demonstrate that the pressure used during the pressing and drying of paper and nanopaper influence their tear and tensile—properties, and that the morphology of the coated nanopaper differs significantly from that of the coated paper. While the ORMOCER® was impregnated within the porous network of the paper, a well-defined two-layered morphology was obtained with the coated nanopaper. Further, the biodegradability of the nanopaper with and without coating was assessed. The degradation study demonstrated that both the pressure used during the pressing and drying of the nanopaper, and the composition of the ORMOCER®, influenced the rate of degradation. Taken together, ORMOCER®-coated paper and nanopaper are promising for the preparation of materials that are both water-resistant, renewable, and biodegradable.

We propose a unique form of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), paper DSSCs based on carbon-nanotube (CNT) composite papers, and the use of a gel electrolyte for the paper DSSC. In our previous study, we succeeded in developing the paper DSSC. However, its performance and lifetime were not sufficient. We considered that the problem was the use of liquid-type electrolyte. To improve the performance of the paper DSSC, a gel electrolyte was introduced to increase safety and durability. Here, a polymer gel electrolyte was synthesized using a copolymer of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a matrix, mixed with iodine and potassium iodide. The resulting paper DSSC had a fill factor (FF, a performance indicator) of 0.248 and a conversion efficiency of 2.43 × 10−5% with an extended working time (lifetime) of more than 110 min. Further modifications were made to the metallic CNT composite paper and the gel electrolyte, resulting in an increased conversion efficiency of 2.02 × 10−3%. This study suggests the potential of gel electrolytes in enhancing the performance of paper DSSCs, providing new insights for their future applications.

The aim of this study is to propose a test method for the determination of the quality of transformer paper insulation. For this purpose, the oil/cellulose insulation systems were exposed to various accelerated aging tests. The results of the aging experiments of normal Kraft and thermally upgraded papers, two different types of transformer oil (mineral and natural ester), and copper are shown. Aging was carried out in various experiments at 150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C with dry (initial values ≤ 0.5%) and moistened cellulose insulation (initial values 3–3.5%). Following insulating oil and paper, degradation markers were measured: the degree of polymerization, tensile strength, furan derivates, methanol/ethanol, acidity, interfacial tension, and dissipation factor. It was found that the aging of cellulose insulation in cycles was 1.5–1.6 times faster in comparison to continuous aging, due to the more pronounced effect of hydrolytic mechanism in cyclic aging owing to the produced and absorbed water. Furthermore, it was observed that the high initial water content in cellulose increases the aging rate two to three times more than in the dry experimental setup. The proposed aging test in cycles can be used to achieve faster aging and to compare the quality of different insulating papers.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), due to its inherent nanometric scale and strength properties, can be considered as a good candidate to be used in papermaking. This work explored the possibility of using it in the production of fine paper as a wet-end component and for the paper coating. Filler-containing handsheet production was performed with and without the presence of common additives typically used in the furnish of office papers. It was found that, under optimized conditions, BNC mechanically treated by high-pressure homogenization could improve all the evaluated paper properties (mechanical, optical and structural) without impairing the filler retention. However, paper strength was improved only to a small extent (increase in the tensile index of 8% for a filler content of ca. 27.5%). On the other hand, when used at the paper surface, remarkable improvements in the gamut area of >25% in comparison to the base paper and of >40% in comparison to only-starch coated papers were achieved for a formulation having 50% BNC and 50% of carboxymethylcellulose. Overall, the present results highlight the possibility of using BNC as a paper component, particularly when applied at the paper substrate as a coating agent aiming at improving printing quality., Fundacão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal is acknowledged by SFRH/BDE/108095/2015 grant and Strategic Research Centre Project (UIDB/00102/2020). This work was also carried out under the Project Inpactus - innovative products and technologies from eucalyptus, Project N.º 21874 funded by Portugal 2020 through European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the frame of COMPETE 2020 nº246/AXIS II/2017, info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Developing a convenient detection method for dopamine holds a significant incentive due to its high clinical significance. Herein, we synthesize crystalline MnOOH nanowires (MNWs) via a simple solvothermal treatment of KMnO4 and demonstrate that they possess excellent oxidase-like activity owing to the presence of pure Mn3+ sites on the MNWs. Particularly, MNWs catalyze the rapid oxidation of dopamine into aminochromes, which show a vivid brown color. The dopamine oxidase-like activity of MNWs follows the typical Michaelis–Mentenkinetics with excellent storage stability. Based on the affirmative catalytic features, a paper dipstick incorporating MNWs in the detection zone is constructed for the one-step colorimetric detection of target dopamine. By immersing the dipstick into the sample solution for 30 min, the sample spontaneously moves to the detection zone due to capillary force, yielding a brown color proportional to the amount of dopamine, which is quantified from an image acquired using a smartphone. With the MNW-containing solution-based assay and MNW-incorporated paper dipstick, dopamine is successfully determined with high selectivity, sensitivity, and detection precision when using spiked human serum and pharmaceutical dopamine injection samples, respectively. Successful analytical values such as the dynamic linear ranges of 3–60 μM and 0.05–7 mM are achieved with the solution-based assay and paper dipstick, respectively, along with excellent detection accuracy (95–99%) and precision (1.0–3.1%). Hence, we developed a simple and efficient nanozyme-based paper dipstick biosensor for dopamine that can be used in point-of-care testing environments.

In the last two decades computer-based assessment has become an important part in support of teaching and learning. It is seen as a solution to implement assessment for learning in school and provide immediate feedback on students’ performance in real-time. Research literature on computer-based assessment suggests that every measurement instrument developer before implementation of a test has to provide evidence that computer-based and paper-based versions are equivalent and provide consistent measures. There is a risk that properties of computer-based assessment including unfamiliarity with the system and proficiency level of digital skills can seriously affect students’ performance. This paper focuses on computer-based diagnostic assessment system designed to support numeracy and literacy teaching and learning. The aim of this study is to confirm that literacy and numeracy learning measurement instruments elaborated in diagnostic assessment system provide consistent results as paper-based versions of both instruments. Data were collected administering four tests. Two of the assessments were computer-based literacy and numeracy diagnostic assessments and two were paper-based versions. By analyzing both versions of assessments using various statistical techniques we explore differences in students’ performance. Our results showed that at this development phase of the computer-based diagnostic assessment system the students who completed computer-based test versions showed similar or better performance than their counterparts who completed paper-based versions.

This paper reports on the levels of fatty acids and selected sterols in effluents and nearby water bodies at Mufindi Paper Mill (MPM), southern Tanzania. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used for sample extraction, and analysis was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Fatty acids ranging from C11:0 to C25:0 were detected, with saturated fatty acids (SFA) being more abundant than unsaturated fatty acids (USFA). As for selected sterols, β-sitosterol and stigmastanol were more abundant than campesterol. The mean levels of SFA, USFA, β-sitosterol, stigmastanol, and campesterol (µg/L) were 538.28, 125.94, 1065.44, 1178.01, and 66.76, respectively, for untreated effluents, and 338.10, 139.03, 933.40, 153.92 and 57.82, respectively, for treated effluents. It was further established that the mean levels of SFA, USFA, β-sitosterol, stigmastanol, and campesterol (µg/L) were 321.29, 57.35, 58.37, 50.76, and 49.08, respectively, for effluents at the discharge point and 20.58, 17.72, 8.25, 10.55, and 6.05, respectively, at receiving water. Water bodies are therefore contaminated with lipophilic wood extractives since the mean concentration levels of USFA and sterols were above the lowest concentrations suspected to adversely affect fish (toxic limits (µg/L): USFA (2-8) and sterols (³10)).

In this short paper, we use a mix of scientometrics and DH methods to investigate a novel corpus of term papers from German students of the humanities, hoping to shed some light on undergrad citation practices.

Oil-impregnated paper condenser transformer bushings are an important part of transformer equipment, and partial discharge (PD) occurred when defects exist on the condenser aluminum foil layers. Firstly, to study the PD process of the oil-paper insulated capacitance graded bushing with the defect of broken aluminum foil, a defective oil-paper bushing discharge sample is constructed to study the PD parameters and capacitance, and to discharge carbonization traces at different voltage levels. Then, in order to verify the process of condenser aluminum foil layer discharge and the space charge variation in the oil-paper insulation system of a sample model, the surface flashovers of a needle-plane discharge model based on the bipolar charge transport model and the hydrodynamic model was built. The simulation, by Transport of Diluted Species physics of COMSOL Multiphysics software, points out the discharge process of aluminum foil electrode caused by space charge action and electric field distortion under an electric field at different voltages. The results of simulation and sample bushing experiments showed that the PD process of the defective condenser foil layer is mainly divided into three stages: tip corona discharge, streamer in oil, and surface flashovers. The voltage amplitude is larger the more electrical branches are discharged and the shorter the discharge time is. The findings of the article have important implications for the discharge of the foil layer inside the oil-paper bushing.

Transformers play a crucial role in power systems. In this respect, fault diagnosis and aging state assessment have garnered significant attention from researchers. Herein, accelerated thermal aging and Raman scattering experiments are conducted on oil–paper insulation samples to accurately detect aging states. The samples are categorized into different aging stages based on the polymerization degree of the insulating paper. Principal component analysis (PCA), multi-dimensional scale change method (MDS), and isometric mapping algorithm (Isomap) are employed to extract features from the Raman spectra. Subsequently, the XGBoost strong classifier, optimized through Bayesian hyperparameter optimization (BO-XGBoost), is utilized to distinguish between four and ten states among 175 groups of samples after feature extraction. The subsequent classification results of the three feature-extraction methods are compared. The results indicate that Isoamp, which pertains to the manifold dimension transformation, achieves the highest average discriminative accuracy after feature extraction. The discriminative accuracies for aging states four and ten are 97.0% and 95.1% respectively, demonstrating that Raman spectroscopy manifold dimension transformation enhances the distinctiveness between samples of different aging states in the feature-extraction process. The diagnostic model constructed with Isomap and BO-XGBoost enables accurate discrimination of the aging states of oil–paper insulation.

With the growing concern for environmental protection and personal health, utilizing bio-based impregnated resin has become a sustainable approach for producing aldehyde-free decorative paper and in-house decorations. Our current work focuses on the preparation of an aldehyde-free resin (AFR) by formulating quaternized cellulose nanofibrils (QCNFs, Ave. width 10 ± 3 nm, Ave. length of and >500 nm) with aqueous acrylate emulsion. We analyzed the synthesized QCNFs, acrylate emulsion, and AFR by using various methods, including FTIR, XPS, XRD, TGA/DTG, and rheometer, to evaluate their applicability for impregnated paper processing. At a low coating weight of 4.0 g/m2, a 30.8% increase and 4.9-times increase in tensile strength and contact angle were detected, respectively. Meanwhile, the free aldehyde emission from the AFR-coated paper was found to be 0.1 mg/L even at a high coating weight of 18.8 g/m2, which is far below the E0 level requirement in the JAS 234:2003 criteria. Therefore, the surface coating of the decorative base paper was found to be competitive in covering the porous structure of the paper, reinforcing its mechanical strength, and providing high water resistance. Moreover, the lower free aldehyde emission from the AFR-coated paper ensures its safety and potential application in house decoration products.

Printable biosensors have gained numerous exciting advancements towards downstream applications in fundamental biomedical research, healthcare, food safety, environmental monitoring and governance, and to name a few. Particularly, paper-based printable biosensors have gained rising popularity in providing affordable platforms due to their merits, such as cost-effective, accurate, simple, and efficient detection of diseases for clinical diagnosis. In addition to advantages and opportunities in point-of-care detection, printable biosensors are also facing challenges. Herein, this review aims to provide a systematic summary of the development of printable biosensors, with a special focus on paper-based printable biosensors. Different types of substrates for printable biosensors are highlighted first. Then we mainly focus on paper substrates with superior properties like low-cost, simple, flexible, lightweight, recyclable, etc. In addition, current printing technologies to fabricate paper-based sensors, including wax printing, photolithography, screen printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing summarize, are discussed, together with strategies for biomolecular fabrication on substrates and transducers. Finally, we also discuss the challenges and possible future perspectives, hoping to provide researchers and clinicians with informative insights into paper-based printable biosensors for a smart and effective point-of-care purpose.

To extend the application of cost-effective high-yield pulps in packaging, strength and barrier properties are improved by advanced-strength additives or by hot-pressing. The aim of this study is to assess the synergic effects between the two approaches by using nanocellulose as a bulk additive, and by hot-pressing technology. Due to the synergic effect, dry strength increases by 118% while individual improvements are 31% by nanocellulose and 92% by hot-pressing. This effect is higher for mechanical fibrillated cellulose. After hot-pressing, all papers retain more than 22% of their dry strength. Hot-pressing greatly increases the paper’s ability to withstand compressive forces applied in short periods of time by 84%, with a further 30% increase due to the synergic effect of the fibrillated nanocellulose. Hot-pressing and the fibrillated cellulose greatly decrease air permeability (80% and 68%, respectively) for refining pretreated samples, due to the increased fiber flexibility, which increase up to 90% using the combined effect. The tear index increases with the addition of nanocellulose, but this effect is lost after hot-pressing. In general, fibrillation degree has a small effect which means that low- cost nanocellulose could be used in hot-pressed papers, providing products with a good strength and barrier capacity.

Internationally, teachers use oral reading fluency (ORF) measurements to monitor learning progress in reading and adapt instruction to the individual needs of students. In ORF measures, the child reads aloud single syllables, words, or short passages, and the teacher rates in parallel at which items the child makes a mistake. Since administering paper-based ORF requires increased effort on the part of teachers, computer-based test administration is available. However, there are still concerns about the comparability of paper-based and computer-based test modes. In our study, we examine mode effects between paper-based and computer-based test scores for both reading speed and reading accuracy using a German-language ORF assessment for progress monitoring. 2nd- and 3rd-year-students (N = 359) with and without special education needs participated in the study. Results show comparable and high reliability (r > 0.76) and no differential item functioning for both test modes. Furthermore, students showed significantly higher reading speed on the paper-based test, while no differences were found in reading accuracy. In the absence of differential item functioning, we discuss how mean differences can be accounted for, how teachers can be trained to use the different test modes, and how computer-based tests can be safeguarded in practice.