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Background & methods National protests in the summer of 2020 drew attention to the significant presence of police in marginalized communities. Recent social movements have called for substantial police reforms, including “defunding the police,” a phrase originating from a larger, historical abolition movement advocating that public investments be redirected away from the criminal justice system and into social services and health care. Although research has demonstrated the expansive role of police to respond a broad range of social problems and health emergencies, existing research has yet to fully explore the capacity for health insurance policy to influence rates of arrest in the population. To fill this gap, we examine the potential effect of Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on arrests in 3,035 U.S. counties. We compare county-level arrests using FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Data before and after Medicaid expansion in 2014–2016, relative to counties in non-expansion states. We use difference-in-differences (DID) models to estimate the change in arrests following Medicaid expansion for overall arrests, and violent, drug, and low-level arrests. Results Police arrests significantly declined following the expansion of Medicaid under the ACA. Medicaid expansion produced a 20–32% negative difference in overall arrests rates in the first three years. We observe the largest negative differences for drug arrests: we find a 25–41% negative difference in drug arrests in the three years following Medicaid expansion, compared to non-expansion counties. We observe a 19–29% negative difference in arrests for violence in the three years after Medicaid expansion, and a decrease in low-level arrests between 24–28% in expansion counties compared to non-expansion counties. Our main results for drug arrests are robust to multiple sensitivity analyses, including a state-level model. Conclusions Evidence in this paper suggests that expanded Medicaid insurance reduced police arrests, particularly drug-related arrests. Combined with research showing the harmful health consequences of chronic policing in disadvantaged communities, greater insurance coverage creates new avenues for individuals to seek care, receive treatment, and avoid criminalization. As police reform is high on the agenda at the local, state, and federal level, our paper supports the perspective that broad health policy reforms can meaningfully reduce contact with the criminal justice system under historic conditions of mass criminalization.

The aim of this paper is to assess to what extent prohibitive drug policies hamper the management of drug problems from the perspective of young people who have experience with the criminal justice systems (CJS). Qualitative, in-depth interviews were carried out in six European countries (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, and the UK) following a common interview guide to obtain comparative data on the life trajectories of drug experienced youth. Altogether 198 interviews with people aged 14–25 years were collected and analysed by national teams following a common coding book. Unintended consequences of drug policies for the individual and society were identified. Individual consequences included health consequences and traumatic experiences with law enforcement. Social consequences included those affecting social relations such as stigmatisation and those impacting on institutions, for example, focusing on drug use and neglecting other problems. This paper confirmed earlier research indicating unintended consequences of prohibitive drug policies but also added to the literature its cross-national perspective and use of young people narratives as a source of analyses. There are, however, policy measures available that may reduce the volume and range of unintended effects. Their implementation is crucial to reduce the array of unintended consequences of prohibitive drug policies.

A narrative systematic review was undertaken of the literature concerning the health of people on probation. In this paper, we provide an up-to-date summary of what is known about suicide and suicidal ideation and probation. This includes estimates of prevalence and possible predictors of suicide and suicidal ideation. Searches were conducted on nine databases from January 2000 to May 2017, key journals from 2000 to September 2017, and the grey literature. A total of 5125 papers were identified in the initial electronic searches but after careful double-blind review only one research paper related to this topic met our criteria, although a further 12 background papers were identified which are reported. We conclude that people on probation are a very high risk group for completed suicide, and factors associated with this include drug overdose, mental health problems, and poor physical health. There is a clear need for high quality partnership working between probation and mental health services, and investment in services, to support appropriate responses to suicide risk.

A narrative systematic review was undertaken of the literature concerning the health of people on probation or parole (community supervision). In this paper, we provide an up-to-date summary of what is known about substance misuse in this context. This includes estimates of the prevalence and complexity of substance misuse in those under community supervision, and studies of the effectiveness of approaches to treating substance misuse and engaging and retaining this population in treatment. A total of 5125 papers were identified in the initial electronic searches, and after careful double-blind review only 31 papers related to this topic met our criteria. In addition, a further 15 background papers were identified which are reported. We conclude that internationally there is a high prevalence and complexity of substance misuse amongst people under community supervision. Despite clear benefits to individuals and the wider society through improved health, and reduced re-offending; it is still difficult to identify the most effective ways of improving health outcomes for this group in relation to substance misuse from the research literature. Further research and investment is needed to support evidence-based commissioning by providing a detailed and up-to-date profile of needs and the most effective ways of addressing them, and sufficient funds to ensure that appropriate treatment is available and its impact can be continually measured. Without this, it will be impossible to truly establish effective referral and treatment pathways providing continuity of care for individuals as they progress through, and exit, the criminal justice pathway.

The aim of this thesis was to examine detectives’ perceived awareness of how to recognise, accommodate and support children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who come into contact with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) through the investigative interviewing process. This objective was based on a comprehensive body of literature establishing the negative trajectory for youth with ADHD as well as the difficulties in the investigative interviewing process for such youth. The aim of this thesis was investigated through three empirical studies and one discussion paper. This involved three published papers and one paper under review. Study One investigated 46 detectives’ perceptions of the extent to which they encountered ADHD type behaviour in interviewees and their predictions on the likelihood of ongoing CJS contact for these youth. Study One further explored the extent to which detectives perceived ADHD interviewee behaviour to impact their work as well as their ability to identify ADHD as a likely diagnosis in youth interviewees. This involved detectives making ratings based on four purpose-written vignettes. The detectives reported their perception that they encountered a high number of interviewees displaying ADHD-type behaviour in their work. They also reported perceiving such youth to be at a very significant risk of future contact with the Criminal Justice System and and that ADHD-type behaviour exerted a highly significant impact on interviewing time efficiency as well as quality. The detectives provided highly significant ratings of ADHD as a likely explanation of the ADHD type behaviour described in all vignettes. However, they were unable to identify ADHD as the most likely explanation over and above other possible explanations for the behaviour. Study Two explored the perceptions of 102 Child Protection Investigation Unit (CPIU) detectives, regarding the impact of ADHD type behaviour on each of the ten components of the Cognitive Interview (CI), based on four vignettes. CPIU Detectives reported perceiving ADHD type interviewee behaviour to exert a highly significant impact on their ability to implement every components of the CI. In particular, CPIU detectives perceived ADHD type behaviour to exert the most significant impact on the CI components “Encourage Concentration”, “Mentally Recreate” and “Change Order” respectively. Study Three surveyed the same 102 CPIU detectives as surveyed in Study Two. The detectives were surveyed about perceptions of their own skill and knowledge regarding youth interviewees with ADHD; past and present training opportunities in this area; as well as preferences regarding future training. Specifically, CPIU detectives were asked to report their perceptions regarding their own knowledge and skill as well as their potential to access training, regarding the interviewing of youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). They were also asked to rate the degree to which they would like to see a new training program developed, which addresses the interviewing of youth with ADHD. Finally, participants were asked to provide pedagogical preferences regarding future training opportunities. The results showed detectives perceived only a moderate ability to recognize ADHD and how it may impact the interviewing process, as well as just an average confidence in their ability to modify the CI to accommodate youth with ADHD. Furthermore, they reported below average satisfaction with past training as well as with their ability to access existing training in the area. These detectives stated a desire for a new training program focused on interviewing youth with ADHD and in particular for this to involve online learning, followed up with workshops and role plays. The final study in this thesis was a discussion paper. This paper summarises the literature reviews and empirical results of the three previously mentioned studies/papers. The findings are drawn together to form a rationale for a future specialized detective training program in this area. Specifically, recommendations are made regarding the design features of a potential specialized training program for detectives interviewing ADHD-affected youth. This includes suggested accommodations and adjustments for each of the ten components of the CI, based on best-practice cited in the literature regarding how schools and families may support youth with ADHD. Such accommodations and adjustments target a range of difficulties in executive function and emotional regulation skills, known to be associated with a diagnosis of ADHD. Recommendations also cover pedagogical considerations such as the mode of delivery, use of resources and format for assessment of competency. Together, the research reported in this thesis provides a strong rationale for future research and detective training development, as well as a potential roadmap to enhanced interviewing and outcomes of children and adolescents with ADHD within forensic settings.

With the development of e-commerce, online shopping has become one of the most important consumer channels. However, the lack of government supervision, insufficient review of e-commerce platforms, illegal sales of online sellers and invalid consumer complaints have led to frequent green product quality problems during online shopping. Therefore, this paper considers that the online seller may be driven by interests, colluding with the e-commerce platform and selling low quality green product. At the same time, we introduce consumer feedback, and take the government supervision department, the online seller and the e-commerce platform as actors of the evolutionary game. In this paper, the evolutionary strategy choices of each actor were analyzed, and the influence of different factors on the evolutionary stability results was explored. Research indicates: firstly, consumer complaints play an indirect regulatory role for the online seller; secondly, the enhancement of the loss-sharing relationship between the online seller and the e-commerce platform can promote the legal operation of the two and prevent collusion; thirdly, the impact of consumer complaints on the choice of the e-commerce platform depends on the government supervision department’s penalty for the e-commerce platform; finally, the e-commerce platform establishes a reasonable reward system, which can make up for the defects of the online seller using advanced technology to avoid punishment. Our paper uses Matlab 2017 for simulation analysis and provides effective advices on how to urge the government supervision department to effectively supervise, promote the e-commerce platform to enhance review, urge the online seller to legal sale, and encourage consumers to legally defend their rights.

The aim of the paper is to present the views of the doctrine on the mediation and the benefits it brings to the victim, the perpetrator and society. The paper analyses the significance of implementation of the European Parliament and Council Directive 2012/29. This document, devoted to victims? rights protection, has had significant impact on introducing restorative justice provisions into the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure of 1997. The paper discusses effectiveness of mediation in the Polish criminal procedure. It also examines statistical data collected from Polish courts regarding mediation. The conclusion is that mediation does not constitute a competitive institution towards the traditional judicial system which still remains the only ?supplier? of cases for mediation in criminal matters in Poland.

In a recidivism prediction context, there is no consensus on which modeling strategy should be followed for obtaining an optimal prediction model. In previous papers, a range of statistical and machine learning techniques were benchmarked on recidivism data with a binary outcome. However, two important tree ensemble methods, namely gradient boosting and random forests were not extensively evaluated. In this paper, we further explore the modeling potential of these techniques in the binary outcome criminal prediction context. Additionally, we explore the predictive potential of classical statistical and machine learning methods for censored time-to-event data. A range of statistical manually specified statistical and (semi-)automatic machine learning models is fitted on Dutch recidivism data, both for the binary outcome case and censored outcome case. To enhance generalizability of results, the same models are applied to two historical American data sets, the North Carolina prisondata. For all datasets, (semi-) automatic modeling in the binary case seems to provide no improvement over an appropriately manually specified traditional statistical model. There is however evidence of slightly improved performance of gradient boosting in survival data. Results on the reconviction data from two sources suggest that both statistical and machine learning should be tried out for obtaining an optimal model. Even if a flexible blackbox model does not improve upon the predictions of a manually specified model, it can serve as a test whether important interactions are missing or other misspecification of the model are present and can thus provide more security in the modeling process.

Mediation as an alternative technique for solving criminal conflicts anchored in the idea of restorative justice was introduced in Portugal through Law no. 21/2007. After a promising start, mediation was gradually abandoned, having been in a lethargic state since 2017. Seeking to understand the possible causes of this decay and to envisage the possibility of its resumption, we analysed in this paper whether the view and the actuation of members of the Portuguese Prosecutor’s Office in relation to mediation among the causes of its abandonment. This verification was carried out, methodologically, through the collection of documentary data and by listening to the members of the Prosecutor’s Office themselves.

Children in most African traditional societies were not actively involved in decision-making processes in matters affecting them thereby impacting on the enjoyment of their rights. These traditions have been abandoned with the adoption of article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) which provides for children’s right to participate in all matters affecting them. Sexual offences against female children are prevalent in Uganda due to the vulnerability and age. As victims of sexual abuse, children are often called upon to testify in criminal proceedings. Although children’s right to participate in criminal trials is guaranteed in the Constitution of Uganda and other national laws such as the Children’s Act, prosecution of sexual offences in Uganda’s adversarial system is hindered by lack of victim’s medical evidence, absence of eye witnesses to the commission of the offence, traumatic and unregulated cross-examination by defence counsel and limited participation based on age. These hinder female victim’s participation in criminal trials. This calls for adoption special protective measures such as use of video testimony, use of child sensitive cross-examination techniques, concealing victim’s identity during trial, exclusion of public from the court room, use of intermediaries. Not only will these provide relief to the victim but will enhance female child victim participation in sexual abuse trials. This paper examines the role of child victims in criminal trials. It reviews the international and regional legal framework regulating child participation in Uganda’s criminal justice system in part two. It further points out the adversarial system as a major barrier to female child victim participation. Lastly, the paper advances reasons for use of special protective measures intended to protect victims of sexual abuse from intimidation and secondary victimisation while testifying in criminal proceedings.

The association of criminal justice system and the constitution is one which cannot be ignored. Where the constitution plays the role of being the grundnorm for a country and grants several rights to its citizens, the criminal justice system plays the role of guardian of those rights by protecting them and punishing the wrongdoers. The criminal justice system of a country is highly dependent upon the constitution as it aspires for regular support from it to maintain law and order in the territory. The author in this research paper discusses in length the support granted to criminal justice system by the constitution through citing revolutionary changes brought in Indian Scenario by various landmark rulings. The author has also tried to throw ample amount of light and briefly elaborate the inter linkage between the provisions of the criminal legislations and the Constitution of India.

Social media represent an important source of news for many users. They are, however, affected by misinformation and they might be playing a role in the growth of political polarization. In this paper, we create an agent based model to investigate how policing content and backlash on social media (i.e. conflict) can lead to an increase in polarization for both users and news sources. Our model is an advancement over previously proposed models because it allows us to study the polarization of both users and news sources, the evolution of the audience connections between users and sources, and it makes more realistic assumptions about the starting conditions of the system. We find that the tendency of users and sources to avoid policing, backlash and conflict in general can increase polarization online. Specifically polarization comes from the ease of sharing political posts, intolerance for opposing points of view causing backlash and policing, and volatility in changing one’s opinion when faced with new information. On the other hand, it seems that the integrity of a news source in trying to resist the backlash and policing has little effect.

Prisons are probably the most debatable institutions within the Criminal Justice System in any given country and as such demand contemporary explanation and understanding. Despite the fact that prisons affect the life of many people, not only of those incarcerated but also of their families and friends, nevertheless they do not receive the necessary attention; instead they remain the most enigmatic and less interesting organizations amongst the Criminal Justice System in general.This paper, by using a literature review approach, looks into some of the most important debates, similarities and differences respectively, about prisons in England and Wales, and Kosovo. Whilst most of the problems both countries face are of similar nature, Kosovo nevertheless faces some additional problems which are not visible in the England and Wales prisons. The paper further examines the causes of these problems in the Kosovo prisons and the involvement of the international community and their efforts in assisting Kosovo in fixing the problems in the field of corrections as part of the Kosovo state-building process.The paper will show that both countries face difficulties with similar problem areas such as overcrowding, running costs, and so on. However, compared to England and Wales, the problems Kosovo prison system is facing are of a more serious and complicated nature which require serious involvement of the Kosovo government and policy makers as well as the international community which has been present in Kosovo since 1999.

The smooth running of the criminal justice system is very essential in the socio economic development of every nation. It helps in curbing criminality and the maintenance of law and order in society. However, where the criminal justice system is dysfunctional, anarchy and lawlessness rather than rule of law becomes the order of the day, and that seems to be the situation in Nigeria today. The prevalence of violent crimes such as street crimes, cultism, militancy, and terrorism has made lives and property insecure, and the criminal justice system seems overwhelmed to contain the situation. The Nigerian criminal justice system has been plagued by several problems particularly issues relating to prison overcrowding, unlawful detention, corruption, extra judicial killing, and human rights abuses. These violations have diminished public trust in the criminal justice system, especially the police force, and have affected the institution in the discharge of its responsibility of crime control. In an effort to make the criminal justice system more effective in tackling Nigerian security challenges, governments have set up various reforms committees. Unfortunately, many of the recommendations and white papers from these panels have remained without implementations. This paper focuses on the criminal justice reforms that were introduced since the return of democratic government in 1999.We recommend a implementation of reports of reformation of the criminal justice system as a way of decongesting the prison, making the police more efficient, and to eliminate delay in administration of justice Dr. Gbenemene Kpae | Dr. Comfort Nwideeduh "The Political Economy of Criminal Justic System Reform in Nigeria (2000-2009)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2245.pdf

The prevalence of persons living with dementia and at risk of going missing is rising. In this study, we engaged persons living with dementia, care partners, police services, search and rescue organizations, and health and social service providers to develop Community ASAP, a mobile alert system that engages community citizens, as volunteers, to look out for persons with dementia reported missing. We completed three phases of development and evaluation of the usability and functionality of the alert system with stakeholders in three Canadian provinces. In this paper we describe features of the Community ASAP and the findings of these evaluation phases.

On the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the overcrowding in prisons led to efforts to decarcerate in order to prevent and control outbreaks in prisons. This study analyses how public support for such exceptional measures are determined by cognitive and ideological factors known to create and maintain racial biases in the criminal system. Participants were asked to express their level of agreement with the early-release of hypothetical prisoners. Results showed participants to be less favourable to the early-release of Black compared to White prisoners, when they had committed a stereotypically Black crime. As expected, the congruency between the crime stereotypicality and the colour of the prisoner’s skin did not emerge for White prisoners. Moreover, the difference between the agreement with the release of the Black vs. the White prisoner when both committed a stereotypically Black crime was higher as the level of endorsement of Meritocracy increased. Contrastingly, Anti-egalitarianism only predicted an overall disagreement with prisoners’ early-release. This paper highlights the cumulative explanation by different levels of analysis of this current problem and implications for the development of the public opinion on penal subjects.

In this paper, we test whether sanctions applied to an entire group on account of the free-riding of one of its members can promote group cooperation. To measure the efficiency of such collective sanctions, we conducted a lab experiment based on a standard public good game. The results show that, overall, collective sanctions are ineffective. Moreover, when subjects are able to punish their peers, the level of cooperation is lower in the regime of collective sanctions than under individual sanctions. Both outcomes can be explained by a general disapproval of the collective responsibility for an individual fault: in the post-experimental survey, an absolute majority evaluated such regimes as unfair. While collective sanctions are not an effective means for boosting group compliance, there are nevertheless two insights to be gained here. First, there are differences across genders: under collective sanctions, men’s level of compliance is significantly higher than under individual sanctions, while the opposite is true for women. Second, there were intriguing differences in outcomes between the different regime types. Under collective sanctions, a person who is caught tends to comply in the future, at least in the short term. By contrast, under individual sanctions, an individual wrongdoer decreases his or her level of compliance in the next period.

In many cases, such as corruption and forestry-related crimes, an expert has a significant role in explaining the impact of the crime. For instance, scientific expert evidence is required to disclose about the ecological destruction that occurred due to the defendant's criminal activities. In practices, the issue with scientific expert evidence is supposed to be about its admissibility in court. For this issue, the U.S. Court applies Rules of Evidence in considering the admissibility of scientific expert evidence at trial. Those are some requirements (prong test) to be met before expert testimony is admissible. In contrast, the Indonesian Criminal Procedural Law (KUHAP) or other laws do not set any prong test for presenting specialist scientific evidence to be acceptable. Lack of such proof may impact criminal justice process reliability and place expert under vulnerable position. Therefore, this paper will explore the issue on scientific expert evidence under Indonesian criminal law as well as its consequences and impacts for the Indonesian criminal justice process.

This paper reviews some of the main research on drug law enforcement in Brazil since the 2006 Drug Law came into force, noting a clear and constant pattern of police and judicial focus directed at retail drug trafficking, decisively impacting current incarceration rates. It then examines the lack of understanding of the actual functioning of illicit drug markets by the criminal justice system, leading to judicial decisions not only ineffective for its declared purposes, but also counterproductive in terms of controlling illicit economies. O trabalho faz uma revisão de pesquisas sobre a aplicação da legislação de drogas no Brasil desde a vigência da Lei de Drogas de 2006, constatando que há um padrão nítido e constante de direcionamento da repressão policial e judicial ao pequeno varejo do tráfico, com reflexos decisivos nas taxas de encarceramento atuais. Em seguida, analisa a falta de compreensão do funcionamento real do mercado ilícito de drogas pelo sistema de justiça criminal, o que leva a decisões judiciais pouco eficientes para os fins que declaram, e contraproducentes em termos de controle da economia ilícita. Publisher's Note:This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the "Download" link and select "PDF (PT)". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Inglês, como em Português. Para baixar a versão em Português, clique "Download" e depois selecione "PDF (PT)".

Resumen: Alrededor del mundo, los gobiernos dedican un gran volumen de recursos públicos al control del porte, fabricación y tráfico de drogas ilícitas. En general, estos costos son difíciles de observar, pues corresponden al costo de oportunidad de muchos funcionarios que intervienen en el proceso. En este artículo se estima, para el caso de Colombia, el costo esperado por captura para los delitos de porte, fabricación y tráfico de drogas ilícitas. Los resultados muestran que el costo esperado de una captura es de $11 millones, por lo que el costo esperado asociado a las 984.106 capturas realizadas entre 2001 y 2015 es cercano a los $10,6 billones. Además, se analizó si la persecución al tráfico internacional de drogas ilícitas, al crimen asociado al microtráfico en mercados locales o la disuasión a los consumidores justifican este esfuerzo fiscal. Se concluyó que ninguna de estas razones lo hace, y que más bien se relaciona con incompatibilidad de incentivos en las autoridades colombianas. Clasificación JEL: H11, H56, K14, K42, P35 . Abstract: Around the world, governments spend enormous amounts of public funds in controlling possession, manufacturing and trafficking of illicit drugs. These costs are usually difficult to observe, as they correspond to the opportunity cost of many bureaucrats involved in the process. In this paper, we estimate the expected cost per arrest for possession, manufacturing or trafficking of illicit drugs for the case of Colombia. We find that the expected cost of an arrest is roughly COP$11 million, hence the expected total cost associated with the 984,106 arrests carried out between 2001 and 2015 adds up to COP$10.6 billion. Also, we analyse whether these expenditures are justified by the control of international drug trafficking, crime associated with drug dealing in local markets or drug abuse deterrence. We conclude that none of these reasons justify such fiscal expenditures; rather, these seem to be explained by an issue of incentive compatibility in Colombian authorities. Clasificación JEL: H11, H56, K14, K42, P35 . Résumé: Dans le monde entier, les gouvernements consacrent un volume important de ressources publiques au contrôle du transport, de la fabrication et du trafic de drogues illicites. En général, ces coûts sont difficiles à observer car ils correspondent au coût d’opportunité de nombreux fonctionnaires impliqués dans le processus. Dans cet article, on estime, dans le cas de Colombie, le coût prévu de la capture concernant la détention, la fabrication et le trafic de drogues illicites. Les résultats montrent que le coût prévu d’une capture est de COP$11 millions. Par conséquent, le coût associé aux 984106 captures réalisées entre 2001 et 2015 avoisine les COP$10,6 milliards. En outre, il a été analysé si la persécution du trafic international de drogues illicites, le crime associé au micro-trafic sur les marchés locaux ou la dissuasion des consommateurs justifiaient cet effort fiscal. Il en a été conclu qu’aucune de ces raisons ne le justifie et que cela est plutôt lié à l’incompatibilité des incitations offertes par les autorités colombiennes. Clasificación JEL: H11, H56, K14, K42, P35 .

Data collected in criminal investigations may suffer from: (i) incompleteness, due to the covert nature of criminal organisations; (ii) incorrectness, caused by either unintentional data collection errors and intentional deception by criminals; (iii) inconsistency, when the same information is collected into law enforcement databases multiple times, or in different formats. In this paper we analyse nine real criminal networks of different nature (i.e., Mafia networks, criminal street gangs and terrorist organizations) in order to quantify the impact of incomplete data and to determine which network type is most affected by it. The networks are firstly pruned following two specific methods: (i) random edges removal, simulating the scenario in which the Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) fail to intercept some calls, or to spot sporadic meetings among suspects; (ii) nodes removal, that catches the hypothesis in which some suspects cannot be intercepted or investigated. Finally we compute spectral (i.e., Adjacency, Laplacian and Normalised Laplacian Spectral Distances) and matrix (i.e., Root Euclidean Distance) distances between the complete and pruned networks, which we compare using statistical analysis. Our investigation identified two main features: first, the overall understanding of the criminal networks remains high even with incomplete data on criminal interactions (i.e., 10% removed edges); second, removing even a small fraction of suspects not investigated (i.e., 2% removed nodes) may lead to significant misinterpretation of the overall network., Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PLoS ONE Journal

Introduction Community engagement (CE) is an effective public health strategy for improving health outcomes. There is limited published knowledge about effective approaches to CE in ensuring effective responses to COVID-19 throughout lockdowns, travel restrictions and social distancing. In this paper, we contribute to bridging this gap by highlighting experience of CE in Vietnam, specifically focusing on migrant workers in Vietnam. Methods A cross-sectional qualitative study design was used with qualitative data collection was carried out during August-October 2020. Two districts were purposefully selected from two large industrial zones. Data was collected using in-depth interviews (n = 36) with individuals and households, migrants and owners of dormitories, industrial zone factory representatives, community representatives and health authorities. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis approach. The study received ethics approval from the Hanoi University Institutional Review Board. Results The government’s response to COVID-19 was spearheaded by the multi-sectoral National Steering Committee for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19, chaired by the Vice Prime Minister and comprised different members from 23 ministries. This structure was replicated throughout the province and local levels and all public and private organizations. Different activities were carried out by local communities, following four key principles of infection control: early detection, isolation, quarantine and hospitalization. We found three key determinants of engagement of migrant workers with COVID-19 prevention and control: availability of resources, appropriate capacity strengthening, transparent and continuous communication and a sense of trust in government legitimacy. Discussion and conclusion Our results support the current literature on CE in infection control which highlights the importance of context and suggests that future CE should consider five key components: multi-sectoral collaboration with a whole-of-community approach to strengthen governance structures with context-specific partnerships; mobilization of resources and decentralization of decision making to encourage self-reliance and building of local capacity; capacity building through training and supervision to local institutions; transparent and clear communication of health risks and sensitization of local communities to improve compliance and foster trust in the government measures; and understanding the urgent needs ensuring of social security and engaging all parts of the community, specifically the vulnerable groups.

Exposure to suicide is a major factor for suicidality. Mental health professionals and first responders are often exposed to suicide while on-duty. The objective of this scoping review is to describe the state of current research on exposure to suicide among mental health professionals and first responders, focusing on the prevalence and impact of exposure to suicide, and to identify current gaps in the literature. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, PsychNET, and Web of Science and identified 25 eligible papers. Between 31.5–95.0% of professionals had been exposed to suicide. Exposure to suicide had impacts on personal life, professional life, and mental health; and caused emotional distress. There was little research investigating exposure to suicide among police officers, firefighters, and paramedics. More research existed on mental health professionals, but none assessed exposure to suicide as a risk for suicide amongst this group. The review concludes that exposure to suicide is distressing for mental health professionals, and likely to be for first responder however, more research on these groups, especially paramedics, is required.

Background: The engagement of young people has been a neglected area in youth justice and drug policy and practice. This paper explores the concept of ‘engagement’ in relation to drug interventions in custodial and community settings in different European countries.Methods: Interviews were undertaken with young people (aged 14–25 years) in contact with the criminal justice system who use illegal drugs and with practitioners involved in the delivery of interventions for our target group in Denmark, Italy, Poland, and the UK.Results: The key techniques to engage young people were described in similar terms across the countries. These included forming relationships based on trust, honesty, and empathy, setting goals collaboratively, and employing practitioners with lived experience and understanding. The objectives and activities on offer are often constrained by criminal justice contexts.Conclusions: Despite the differences between the countries in terms of criminal justice systems and the structure of drug interventions, there were remarkable similarities in the ways young people and practitioners described effective engagement. Strong emphasis on operational engagement to ensure positive relationships between young people and practitioners was important in the design and delivery of interventions. Practitioners working in criminal justice contexts need to have flexibility and autonomy to work creatively to find ways to engage, connect, and inspire young people.

This paper estimates the impact of the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan earthquake on land appraisals of various locations outside of directly damaged areas. The focus is on locations that are expected to be extensively damaged by a tsunami if the Nankai Trough earthquake occurs. We use the DID and DDD approaches and show that locations with low elevation and close to the sea experienced decreases in appraised land prices compared to locations with high elevation and far from the sea. Especially, locations with less than 3.6m elevation and within 1.46km of the coastline experienced significant decreases in appraised land prices. This result implies that people have changed their location preferences regarding elevation and distance from the sea.

This paper provides an account of young people’s experiences of and perspectives on help and support in drug reducing interventions. It is based on interviews with young people age 14–25 who were in contact with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) and, at the same time, participated in a drug reducing intervention. The interview data forms part of the EU funded EPPIC project. Two main themes emerged from the young peoples’ accounts that cut across different types of interventions and social systems in both countries. The first revolves around the ‘system’ of welfare, criminal justice, health and educational services and the barriers young people encountered in navigating the system to find help. The second revolves around the young people’s experiences with professionals, including what they appreciated and what they found problematic in professionals’ approach to them. Basing our analysis on data from two different countries, we are able to emphasize similarities in the young peoples’ perspectives, despite being enrolled in different drug reducing and CJS interventions. The insights gained indicate a need for systems and service changes that can facilitate a better balance between building individual resilience and providing appropriate, timely and adequate support within a ‘resilience-building’ environment.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) amongst young people in the criminal justice system (CJS) in the North East of England and to compare the ability of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to the Youth Justice Board ASSET tool in identifying alcohol-related need in Youth Offending Team (YOT) clients. Design/methodology/approach – A validated screening tool (AUDIT) was used to identify alcohol-related health risk or harm. Findings from AUDIT were compared with those of the standard criminogenic risk screening tool used in CJS (ASSET). An anonymous cross-sectional questionnaire was administered during a one-month period in 2008. The questionnaires were completed by 11-17-year-old offenders who were in contact with three YOTs, one Youth Offending Institution and one Secure Training Estate. Findings – In total, 429 questionnaires were completed out of a possible 639 (67 per cent). The majority (81 per cent) of the young offenders were identified as experiencing alcohol-related health risk or harm and 77 per cent scored within a possibly alcohol-dependent range. In total, 77 (30 per cent) of young people completing both assessments were identified as having an AUD by AUDIT but not identified as needing alcohol-related treatment using ASSET. Research limitations/implications – This research was confined to one geographical area of England, however, the results show that even in this area of high drinking by young people the levels of AUDs amongst young people in the CJS are very high. Social implications – There are major social implications to this research. It is imperative for changes to be made to the care pathways in place in the UK for young people coming through the CJS with alcohol-related issues. Originality/value – This paper adds to the evidence base by using well-validated tools to measure alcohol use amongst young people in the CJS in the UK.

Trafficking is an emerging concern in West Africa that is gaining increasing attention from the international community. This paper examines the relationship between trafficking and fragility in the region through a meta-analysis of existing knowledge and data on the subject. Given the scope of this paper, we will not attempt to provide any primary empirical or qualitative analysis, but instead focus on offering a comprehensive, unbiased overview of the recent policy and academic literature on the subject, which we hope will assist development practitioners working in the region and help the World Bank identify possible programmatic responses. The authors start this paper by defining trafficking to frame our analysis, and then provide an overview of the trafficking economy across the region. Next, authors outline the potential channels between trafficking and fragility, discussing the actors involved (organized criminal groups, rebels, local or national level politicians, the military, and civilians) and their relevance to specific countries. Finally, the authors present our suggestions on possible policy and programmatic responses, based on identifying both regional and external dimensions to the problems.

We examine how solitary confinement correlates with self-reported adverse physical health outcomes, and how such outcomes extend the understanding of the health disparities associated with incarceration. Using a mixed methods approach, we find that solitary confinement is associated not just with mental, but also with physical health problems. Given the disproportionate use of solitary among incarcerated people of color, these symptoms are most likely to affect those populations. Drawing from a random sample of prisoners (n = 106) in long-term solitary confinement in the Washington State Department of Corrections in 2017, we conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) assessments; and systematic reviews of medical and disciplinary files for these subjects. We also conducted a paper survey of the entire long-term solitary confinement population (n = 225 respondents) and analyzed administrative data for the entire population of prisoners in the state in 2017 (n = 17,943). Results reflect qualitative content and descriptive statistical analysis. BPRS scores reflect clinically significant somatic concerns in 15% of sample. Objective specification of medical conditions is generally elusive, but that, itself, is a highly informative finding. Using subjective reports, we specify and analyze a range of physical symptoms experienced in solitary confinement: (1) skin irritations and weight fluctuation associated with the restrictive conditions of solitary confinement; (2) un-treated and mis-treated chronic conditions associated with the restrictive policies of solitary confinement; (3) musculoskeletal pain exacerbated by both restrictive conditions and policies. Administrative data analyses reveal disproportionate rates of racial/ethnic minorities in solitary confinement. This analysis raises the stakes for future studies to evaluate comparative prevalence of objective medical diagnoses and potential causal mechanisms for the physical symptoms specified here, and for understanding differential use of solitary confinement and its medically harmful sequelae.

This research was funded by grants from the Spanish Government, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PSI2015-63505-P; PGC2018095868-B-I00) to SM and the Education, Culture and Sport Ministry (FPU15/05899) to JG. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript., We are very grateful to the schools for their assistance with data collection and to the directors, teachers and children for their cooperation. Finally, we wish to thank Ruth Byrne and Cristina Vargas for their helpful comments., Thinking about counterfactual conditionals such as “if she had not painted the sheet of paper, it would have been blank” requires us to consider what is conjectured (She did not paint and the sheet was blank) and what actually happened (She painted and the sheet was not blank). In two experiments with adults (Study 1) and schoolchildren from 7 to 13 years (Study 2), we tested three potential sources of difficulty with counterfactuals: inferring, distinguishing what is real vs conjectured (epistemic status) and comprehending linguistic conditional expressions (“if” vs “even if”). The results showed that neither adults nor schoolchildren had difficulty in the comprehension of counterfactual expressions such as “even if” with respect to “if then”. The ability to infer with both of these develops during school years, with adults showing great ability. However, the third source factor is critical: we found that the key to young children’s difficulty with counterfactual thinking was their inability to differentiate real and conjectured information, while adults showed little difficulty with this., Spanish Government, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness PSI2015-63505-P PGC2018095868-B-I00, Education, Culture and Sport Ministry FPU15/05899

This paper concerns the road Poland is on to introduce restorative justice procedures within its criminal justice system. The author describes the difficulties Poland has already overcome and is still facing. In addition, the paper shows the possible dangers we are not willing to see yet. The restorative justice procedures are introduced in the name of victims. They are aimed at observing the victims' rights and interests within the criminal justice system. Restorative justice is also to bring back the conflicts to their owners. The new developments are aimed at achieving this goal. The author discusses the invisible aspects which, if not diagnosed, named and prevented in time, can steal again the conflict from those most involved in it. It was once stolen by lawyers, judges and prosecutors who officially acted for the victims' good and support. Today, an identical process is possible with mediator taking the lawyers place.

Restorative justice is a complex and multi-faceted concept, the introduction of whichdoes not happen in a socio-political and economic vacuum. Every society engageswith restorative justice in its own distinctive way as it is the society – lay people – thatis always on the receiving end of restorative solutions. In this article, I draw on mydoctoral research that explores qualitatively how a small number of Polish peopleunderstand punishment and justice, and how their narratives inform the viabilityof restorative approaches to justice in Poland. In other words, I propose to considera macro-sociological perspective, and how lay people’s understanding of punishmentand justice should be seen as an avenue by which to explore certain preconditions forthe viability of restorative justice.Poland’s socialist past, change of the political regime, post-communist “accession”to the international community in the West and a high level of religiosity (among manyother factors) make Poland a fascinating object of study that can, at the same time,offer insights about restorative justice in other societies. Restorative justice, introducedin the form of victim-offender mediation, was part of the post-1989 political ambitionsto change the Polish penal landscape and join the international community in the West.There were a number of forces behind the establishment of restorative justice in Poland.Given that the concept was introduced at a time when the Polish society was dealingwith the socialist legacy and creating a new democratic reality, it was also hoped thatmediation could serve as a fast-track remedy and act as an ancillary mechanism toreduce the sudden spike in court workloads after the fall of communism. In the caseof Poland, it seems that the exceptionally limited interest in mediation and the paucityof anticipated outcomes of victim-offender mediation is the problem. In order toexplore the viability of restorative justice in the Polish context, one must thereforelook beyond the legal basis and formal logistics which have been already in place formany years.My research opens up new debates on the viability of restorative justice, and thisarticle in particular fleshes out the nature of the participants’ perceptions of victimoffendermediation. In this article, I first briefly introduce the Polish model of victimoffendermediation. I then discuss the nature of the initial responses to mediationbased on the participants’ knowledge of, support for, and any experience of, victimoffendermediation. This is followed by the discussion on how the participants’ viewson mediation were articulated in the shadow of the Polish criminal justice system.Next, I explore why the participants viewed mediation as a business-like encounterand, finally, I explore the participants’ perceptions of apology – something that cameup as one of the most interesting findings of the study.The aim of this paper is to argue that the viability of restorative justice should beapproached as a process that is influenced by broader socio-economic, political andeven linguistic factors. Although the Polish model of victim-offender mediation wasinspired by the restorative justice concept, the narratives of my lay participants suggesta number of socio-cultural obstacles to the further development of restorative justicein Poland. Despite a limited knowledge of victim-offender mediation among the studyparticipants, it is clear that support for mediation is negotiated and conditional.Although victim-offender mediation was mainly perceived not as a punishment, therole and purpose of this practice was discussed against the background of the Polishcriminal justice system. Although the relationship might be defined as “uneasy” (seeShapland et al. 2006), restorative justice, since its conception, has been interwoven withthe two. One of restorative justice’s central hopes was to establish an alternative systemof crime resolution that would eliminate the infliction of pain. However, the trajectoryof restorative justice solutions in many countries demonstrates that the functioningof a majority of them is dependent on criminal justice agencies. Given the close andinseparable relationship between the two, I argue in my research that the ways in whichlay people perceive the criminal justice institutions affect their perceptions of alternativeconflict resolutions. Then, as it emerged in my fieldwork, the study participants’ perceptionof harm suggests that mediation might be seen as an avenue to focus onthe financial side of the reparation, and as result might achieve something other thanrestorative goals. The narratives of my study participants also explore the difficultyof acknowledging apology as a genuine element of the restorative encounter. Thiscould be due to looking at apology through the lens of court apology, sociolinguistic or cultural reasons. John Braithwaite in his book Restorative Justice and ResponsiveRegulation (2002) rightly indicated that “we are still learning how to do restorativejustice well” (p. 565). Nevertheless, the question whether a perfect restorative justiceprogramme is ever possible remains open.

First published online: August 7, 2019 Institution-centered accounts of generalized trust rely on the idea that law-breaking and state's unfairness lower individuals' propensity to trust fellow citizens because of a weaker confidence in the state. Despite the theoretical relevance attributed to this mediation mechanism, no empirical analysis in the literature has focused on examining its correlational validity. Using data from the European Social Survey (2010), the Quality of Government EU Regional data, and EUROSTAT, this paper assesses the intervening role of institutional trust on the relationship between crime rates, state's fairness, and generalized trust. Results from a Multilevel SEM (MSEM) mediation analysis indicate that trust in institutions strongly mediates the relationship between violent crimes (i.e. homicide) and generalized trust but not the one between property crimes (i.e. vehicle thefts and robberies) and generalized trust. On the other hand, indicators of fairness (i.e. impartiality and corruption) are all mediated by institutional trust, though impartiality maintains a significant direct effect. Overall, findings support the institutional approach, confirming that the negative relationship between ineffective and unfair institutions and generalized trust passes mostly through people's lost faith in the state. Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC) [ES/J500045/1]

This paper examines the relationship between narcotics trafficking and violence in Central America. The first part of the paper addresses particular questions posed for the 2011 World Development Report and examines several competing hypothesis on the drivers of crime in Central America. A key finding is that areas exposed to intense narcotics trafficking in Central America suffer from higher homicide rates. Drug trafficking has corrupted state institutions, which have been overwhelmed by the resources deployed by trafficking organizations. The second part of the paper reviews the reasons drug trafficking and anti trafficking enforcement are associated with violence in general and consider policy options.

Debate Forum: Responses to Position Paper 2: [Jackie Jones The Next Stage of Devolution? A (D)evolving Criminal Justice System for Wales Crimes and Misdemeanours (2008) 1-39] Criminal justice was not devolved to the Welsh Assembly but the process of devolution has resulted in de facto differences emerging between England and Wales. In the previous edition of this journal, Jackie Jones argued that these differences would lead to the eventual devolution of criminal justice to the Assembly. This response article concentrates on three distinct areas of criminal justice policy – policing, youth justice and imprisonment – and seeks to situate the Welsh concerns in a broader context. The conclusion draws together what I see as the two central themes of Jones‘ paper: the inevitability of a Welsh criminal justice system and the desirability of this.

Iain G McKinnon,1,2 Stuart DM Thomas,3–5 Heather L Noga,6 Jane Senior7 1Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Academic Psychiatry, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, 2Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; 3School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 4Legal Intersections Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 5Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; 6School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; 7Offender Health Research Network, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Abstract: This paper is a scoping review of the available evidence regarding health care issues in police custody. It describes the types and prevalence of health disorders encountered in custody and provides an overview of current practice and recent innovations in police custody health care. In contrast to the health of prisoners, the health of police custody detainees has, until recently, received little academic or clinical attention. Studies on health care in police custody identified for this review are limited to a few geographical jurisdictions, including the UK, continental Europe, North America, and Australia. There are significant health concerns among police detainees including acute injury, chronic physical health problems, mental and cognitive disorders, and the risks associated with drug and alcohol intoxication or withdrawal. There is some evidence that deaths in police custody have reduced where attention has been paid to the latter issue. Police personnel continue to experience difficulties identifying detainees with health issues relevant to their safe detention, but research shows that the use of evidence-based screening tools improves detection of such morbidities. Innovations in police custody health care mainly relate to detainees with mental disorders, including improved identification of illness, timely access to mental health services, the protection of the rights of mentally disordered detainees, and the diversion of mentally disordered persons from the criminal justice system into appropriate health and social care interventions. There is a lack of rigorous research relating to interventions for physical health problems, protecting those at risk of substance withdrawal, and detainees with preexisting or peri-arrest injures. Research to improve the health of police custody detainees requires greater priority, focusing on case identification and service redesign to address high levels of morbidity and to facilitate health promotion and prevention activities. Keywords: police, vulnerable detainees, criminal justice system, deaths in custody, mentally disordered offenders, police health care innovations

This paper is a scoping review of the available evidence regarding health care issues in police custody. It describes the types and prevalence of health disorders encountered in custody and provides an overview of current practice and recent innovations in police custody health care. In contrast to the health of prisoners, the health of police custody detainees has, until recently, received little academic or clinical attention. Studies on health care in police custody identified for this review are limited to a few geographical jurisdictions, including the UK, continental Europe, North America, and Australia. There are significant health concerns among police detainees including acute injury, chronic physical health problems, mental and cognitive disorders, and the risks associated with drug and alcohol intoxication or withdrawal. There is some evidence that deaths in police custody have reduced where attention has been paid to the latter issue. Police personnel continue to experience difficulties identifying detainees with health issues relevant to their safe detention, but research shows that the use of evidence-based screening tools improves detection of such morbidities. Innovations in police custody health care mainly relate to detainees with mental disorders, including improved identification of illness, timely access to mental health services, the protection of the rights of mentally disordered detainees, and the diversion of mentally disordered persons from the criminal justice system into appropriate health and social care interventions. There is a lack of rigorous research relating to interventions for physical health problems, protecting those at risk of substance withdrawal, and detainees with preexisting or peri-arrest injures. Research to improve the health of police custody detainees requires greater priority, focusing on case identification and service redesign to address high levels of morbidity and to facilitate health promotion and prevention activities.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use secondary data from qualitative interviews that examined the sexual behaviors, HIV attitudes, and condom use of 17 gay, bisexual, and transgender women housed in a protective custody unit in the Los Angeles County Jail (Harawa et al., 2010), to develop a better understanding of the consensual sexual behaviors of male prisoners. Design/methodology/approach Study eligibility included: report anal or oral sex with another male in the prior six months; speak and understand English; and incarcerated in the unit for at least two weeks. Data analysis consisted of an inductive, qualitative approach. Findings Findings illuminate participants' experiences concerning how the correctional facility shaped their sexual choices and behaviors, and the HIV-risk reduction strategies they employed. Originality/value This study contributes to the prison-sex literature, and is timely, given current federal and local HIV/AIDS priorities. Recommendations that address male prisoners' sexual and health needs and risks are posed.

This thesis investigates the research on implicit biases as well as implicit bias training in order to discuss what actions we are morally obligated to take, especially within the context of the criminal justice system, given the current status of this research. The paper starts out with a brief introduction that demonstrates why this is a topic that merits urgent consideration. Chapter I is split up into two parts. The first part goes into several studies on implicit biases that share a special connection to the criminal justice system. These studies investigates topics like the role of perceived trustworthiness in criminal courts as well as anchoring effects that arbitrarily influences the sentencing length of legal professionals. The second part focuses on the type of biases measured by the Implicit Association Test in order to investigate the tests scientific validity. The second half of this part demonstrates the tests struggle with achieving scientific consensus about what it is that it exactly measures, as well as its problems with predictive validity. Chapter II takes a closer look on two studies aimed at lowering or removing the implicit biases measured by the Implicit Association Test. It then looks at how this research has been applied by comparing the policies and strategies on dealing with implicit biases by two major companies; Starbucks and Google. Chapter III discusses the ethical implications of the research that was presented and analysed in chapter I and II, as well as the attempts to address implicit bias by Starbucks and Google. The first part of the discussion is concentrated about the implications in relation to the Criminal Justice System, and considers how proponents of utilitarianism and retributivism ought to act based on the research. The second part of the discussion focuses on the ethical implications to society outside of the criminal justice system. In the end, the thesis concludes that the research on perceived trustworthiness as well as anchoring effects warrants preliminary changes to the Criminal Justice System. Specifically in regards to the rules about mugshot use, the neutralization of unwanted facial features, and the implementation of controlled anchors. Furthermore, the thesis concludes that the lack of scientific consensus on what the Implicit Association Test measures, as well as its problems of achieving sufficient predictive validity, makes it inadvisable to introduce it into the Criminal Justice System at the time being. The same conclusion is reached in regards to whether or not we ought to invest massively into anti-implicit bias training. It is then suggested that we instead ought to invest the money spent on this training, into quality of life improving initiatives that creates more counter-stereotypical examples. In addition to this, the thesis ends up with the recommendation that we ought to make structural changes that removes some of the potential ‘triggers’ of implicit or explicit biases.

At Maamtrasna, County Galway, five members of the Joyce family were brutally killed in August 1882. The initial victims were John Joyce his mother, Margaret Joyce, his wife, Bridget Joyce, his daughter, Margaret Joyce (also known as Peggy). John’s son, Michael Joyce, died of his injuries the following day. The sole survivor of the attack was Patsy Joyce, John’s youngest son, aged around nine or ten years. Myles Joyce was convicted in November 1882 of murdering his cousin, Margaret Joyce. He was one of ten men arrested. Two of these men, Anthony Philbin and Thomas Casey, later testified against the others. Five pleaded guilty and received prison sentences; these were Michael Casey, Martin Joyce (Myles’s brother), Patrick Joyce (another brother of Myles), Tom Joyce (Patrick’s son) and John Casey. Three men, Myles Joyce, Patrick Joyce and Patrick Casey were tried, convicted and hanged. Given the number of victims, accused persons and accusers, and the remote, tight-knit nature of the area, it is unsurprising that there were various relationships between the main protagonists. They were neighbours, cousins, brothers, fathers and sons, many of whom shared the same names and surnames. Myles Joyce’s death sentence was executed at Galway Gaol in December 1882. Right up until the point of death Myles protested his innocence, and is now widely accepted as having been innocent of the offence. Two other men who were hanged alongside Myles, (Patrick Joyce and Patrick Casey), claimed responsibility for the murders before they were executed. Both emphasised Myles Joyce’s innocence. The question for this paper is whether the circumstances Myles’s conviction were inconsistent with the legal standards of the period. Department of An Taoiseach

The problem of link prediction has recently received increasing attention from scholars in network science. In social network analysis, one of its aims is to recover missing links, namely connections among actors which are likely to exist but have not been reported because data are incomplete or subject to various types of uncertainty. In the field of criminal investigations, problems of incomplete information are encountered almost by definition, given the obvious anti-detection strategies set up by criminals and the limited investigative resources. In this paper, we work on a specific dataset obtained from a real investigation, and we propose a strategy to identify missing links in a criminal network on the basis of the topological analysis of the links classified as marginal, i.e. removed during the investigation procedure. The main assumption is that missing links should have opposite features with respect to marginal ones. Measures of node similarity turn out to provide the best characterization in this sense. The inspection of the judicial source documents confirms that the predicted links, in most instances, do relate actors with large likelihood of co-participation in illicit activities.

The coalition government in Wales has committed itself to seriously consider devolving the criminal justice system for Wales. It is seen as the next possible step in the devolution process. To some extent many of the structures for a devolved criminal justice system are already being put in place to support devolved policy making and provision of criminal justice services in Wales. However, the One Wales agreement proposes to place the most emphasis on a devolved criminal justice system on youth justice and the prevention of re-offending. This is problematic in a number of ways explored in the paper, not least because the duties in the Welsh Constitution obligate the Welsh Assembly Government to ensure equality of opportunity for all and equality of treatment of both Welsh and English. Can a successful devolved fit-for-purpose criminal justice system for Wales be created?

Ayelala is a popular deity in the western part of Nigeria. The deity is well known for its efficacy in punishing offenders of law and order when invoked. With 52 participants, this study investigated whether Ayelala should be incorporated into Nigeria Criminal Justice and political Systems. A total of 94% of the participants agreed in one form or the other that the deity is very efficient in punishing offenders of law and order when invoked. For its inclusion in Nigeria Criminal Justice System, 54% wanted it to be included and implemented. The study, therefore, recommended that survey should be conducted in Nigerian society on whether traditional criminal justice system like Ayelala should be included in the Modern Criminal Justice System or not. If the people so desired that it should be included, government should take steps towards the implementation of the decision of the people. Other recommendations are discussed in this paper.

The article explores to what extent the color of men accused of rape influences decisions made within the criminal justice system. It follows the flow of people and paper through the system’s various arenas, including police departments, the Ministério Público, and criminal courts. Based on data produced by these bodies, it is concluded that black defendants are discriminated against and that race is a factor which breeds inequality in an accumulative fashion, right from the police stage of the process. Dans cet article on cherche à savoir dans quelle mesure la couleur de peau des accusés de viol pèse sur les décisions du système de Justice Criminelle, sous l’optique de l’effectif et des documents qui occupent les différents secteurs de ce système 3/4 Police, Instruction et Chambres Criminelles. En partant des données diffusées par ces institutions, on conclut que les prévenus noirs subissent une discrimination négative et que la race intervient comme facteur d’inégalité, cumulativement, dès le moment de l’enquête.

This paper examines the challenges faced by Sudanese youth who have had interactions with the criminal justice system in Queensland Australia. The majority of youth who took part in the study identified themselves as "Lost Boys" which is the name given to the groups of over 20,000 boys of the Nuer and Dinka ethnic groups who were displaced and/or orphaned during the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005).

International audience; This paper presents a reflection on the reasons which motivate the evaluation of restorative justice practices. In a social and institutional domain crowded with believes and symbols it debates what this need for understanding means. With the help of simple questions: who evaluates, for what reasons, what is evaluated and how, it proposes to researchers a small exercise in scientific hygiene useful both for improving their necessary distance and for understanding better the difficulties of evaluative reasoning within the field of restorative justice.

Due to the persistent and tenacious practices of anti-Black racism, embedded in White supremacist policing practices, Black and Indigenous people are overwhelmingly overrepresented in the Canadian criminal justice system. Unsurprisingly, a disproportionate number of Black people are killed at the hands of police in Toronto. The Canadian criminal justice system is complicit in perpetuating anti-Black racism through practices of surveillance, carding, and racial profiling. This paper contributes to the analysis of anti-Black racism in the Canadian criminal justice system, emphasizing the circumstances of Black people in Toronto. The goal is to wed the study of Black criminalization with the analysis of anti-Black racism and social stratification in Canada to show how existing patterns of racism and socioeconomic marginalization are reinforced by a White supremacist criminal justice system. The paper offers recommendations to address the issue of anti-Black racism, including the hiring of more Black people in the police force. Conceptually, the paper contributes to our understanding of how anti-Black racism ricochets to hurt us all in society., En raison des pratiques persistantes et tenaces du racisme contre les Noirs, ancrées dans les pratiques policières influencées par la suprématie blanche, les Noirs et les Autochtones sont surreprésentés dans le système de justice pénale canadien. Il n’est donc pas surprenant qu’un nombre disproportionné de Noirs soient tués par la police à Toronto. Le système de justice pénale canadien est complice de la perpétuation du racisme contre les Noirs par des pratiques de surveillance, de fichage et de profilage racial. Cet article contribue à l’analyse du racisme contre les Noirs dans le système de justice pénale canadien, en mettant l’accent sur la situation des personnes noires à Toronto. L’objectif est de lier l’étude de la criminalisation des Noirs à l’analyse du racisme contre les Noirs et l’analyse de la stratification sociale au Canada, afin de montrer comment les modèles existants de racisme et de marginalisation socioéconomique sont renforcés par un système de justice pénale fondé sur la suprématie blanche. L’article propose des recommandations pour combattre le racisme contre les Noirs, notamment l’embauche d’un plus grand nombre de personnes noires dans les forces de police. Sur le plan conceptuel, l’article contribue à notre compréhension de la façon dont le racisme contre les Noirs affecte négativement toute la société.

Resumo Neste artigo analisamos dados de inquéritos policiais e processos penais de homicídios dolosos arquivados em Belo Horizonte entre os anos de 2003 e 2013, para entender os determinantes da elucidação desses homicídios. Como variáveis preditoras, usamos as características da vítima, os atributos do delito e a natureza dos procedimentos policiais. Os resultados informam que as características do assassinato e os métodos de descoberta da verdade (centrados no flagrante e na presença de testemunhas oculares do delito) são as variáveis que melhor explicam a diferença entre casos arquivados na polícia e na justiça. Todavia, o decurso do tempo tem papel de destaque, posto que inquéritos policiais não encerrados em até cinco anos têm chances irrisórias de serem transformados em processos penais. Abstract In this paper we analyzed data from police investigations and trials of intentional homicides shelved in Belo Horizonte between 2003 and 2013 in order to understand the clearance’s determinants. As independent variables, we used the characteristics of victim, crimes’ attributes and police procedures. The results inform that the homicides features and police truth-finding methods (centered on the flagrante delicto and the presence of eyewitnesses) were the variables that explained the clearance likelihood. However, the length of time may affect this result, since police inquiries that are not completed within five year are not likely to be trialed. Resumen En este artículo analizamos datos de investigaciones policiales y casos penales de homicidios intencionales, presentados en Belo Horizonte entre 2003 y 2013, para comprender los determinantes del aclaramiento de este tipo de delitos. Como variables predictores, utilizamos las características de la víctima, los atributos del delito y la naturaleza de los procedimientos policiales. Los resultados indican que las características del asesinato y los métodos para descubrir la verdad (centrados en el acto y la presencia de testigos oculares del crimen) son las variables que mejor explican la diferencia entre los casos presentados ante la policía y la justicia. Sin embargo, el curso del tiempo tiene un papel destacado, ya que las investigaciones policiales que no se han cerrado en cinco años tienen una posibilidad insignificante de convertirse en un proceso penal. Résumé Dans cet article, nous avons analysé les données des enquêtes policières et des procès d’homicides intentionnels mis à l’écart à Belo Horizonte entre 2003 et 2013 afin de comprendre les déterminants de l’autorisation. En tant que variables indépendantes, nous avons utilisé les caractéristiques de la victime, les attributs des crimes et les procédures policières. Les résultats indiquent que les caractéristiques des homicides et les méthodes d’enquête policière (centrées sur le flagrant délit et la présence de témoins oculaires) étaient les variables qui expliquaient la probabilité de libération. Cependant, la durée peut affecter ce résultat, car les enquêtes policières qui ne sont pas terminé dans les cinq ans ne seront probablement pas jugées.

Resumo Este trabalho objetiva analisar como a adoção de inovações tecnológicas pode afetar o desempenho de atividades ligadas às práticas e aos procedimentos realizados pelos órgãos do sistema de justiça criminal. Adota-se a metodologia qualitativa exploratória por meio da abordagem do estudo de caso acerca da implementação da ferramenta tecnológica PMSC Mobile pela Polícia Militar do estado de Santa Catarina (PMSC). Os resultados revelam que tal ferramenta contribui positivamente para a racionalização de registro de ocorrências policiais, para a melhor alocação de recursos financeiros e humanos e para a maior precisão dos registros de informações criminais. Contudo, a escassa regulamentação legal acerca das atribuições dos órgãos de segurança pública e a ausência de articulação entre os órgãos policiais civil e militar limitam o aprofundamento de medidas integrativas e o compartilhamento de informações em matéria de controle da criminalidade. O estudo traz duas contribuições principais: (i) descrever uma prática inovadora na área de segurança pública e (ii) ampliar o debate sobre os efeitos dessa ferramenta nas atividades desempenhadas por outros órgãos do sistema de justiça e na própria instrução processual penal. Abstract This paper aims to analyze how the adoption of technological innovations can affect the performance of activities related to the practices and procedures carried out by the organs of the criminal justice system. The qualitative exploratory methodology is adopted through the approach of the case study about the implementation of a technological tool by the Military Police of the State of Santa Catarina (PMSC) called PMSC Mobile. The results show that such a tool contributes positively to the rationalization of administrative procedures, better allocation of financial and human resources, and a better qualification of the registry of criminal information. However, the scarce legal regulations on the role of organs and public security and the lack of coordination between civilian and military police forces limit the deepening of integrative measures and the sharing of information on crime control. The study has two main contributions: (i) to describe an innovative practice in the area of public security and (ii) to broaden the debate about the effects of this tool on the activities carried out by other organs of the justice system and on the criminal procedure itself.