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Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases worldwide. It has been associated with many diseases, including allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, asthma, nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity, cystic fibrosis, immotile cilia syndrome, immunodeficiency, airway infection, otitis media and dental diseases. Due to the complexity in clinical manifestation and classification of rhinosinusitis, and their associated etiology and pathophysiology, evidence based consensus on diagnosis and treatment is important in order to enhance the effectiveness of available treatment and the quality of life of the patients. Since patients with rhinosinusitis may consult a wide range of clinicians, including otolaryngologists, allergists, pulmonologists and paediatricians, clinical guidelines or consensus with the evidence based diagnostic and treatment scheme for rhinosinusitis for different specialists are very important. The first European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EP3OS) was published in 2005 by the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology in the Journal of “Rhinology”, and the updated versions were published in 2007 and 2012 in the same journal. EP3OS 2007 had been endorsed by many international medical societies, including WHO (e.g., InterAirway document), and the full document was translated into more than 15 languages, and its contents have been widely endorsed, as some chapters were significantly enriched, as extensive up-to-date information on epidemiology, predisposing factors, pediatric aspects and randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled studies in the treatment of rhinosinusitis were added, and it encourages further clinical and basic research in this field in the future.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of papers published in Organ Transplantation in the past ten years. Methods The academic papers published in Organ Transplantation from January 2010 to December 2019 were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The publication volume, the funded paper ratio, authors, research institutions and keywords were analyzed by information visualization software CiteSpace 5.3 and VOSviewer 1.6. Results From 2010 to 2019, a total of 919 academic papers were published in Organ Transplantation, with an average annual publication volume of 92, showing an overall stable trend. The funded paper ratio and the ratio of papers with funding support at the provincial level or above increased year by year, reaching 100% in 2019. High-yield authors mainly formed two research teams led by Shi Bingyi and Chen Guihua respectively. The first authors were distributed across China. In recent years, as many as 58 programmatic papers were published by national academic institutions, especially signed by Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association. The average number of authors per paper was 4.94 in Organ Transplantation, and the proportion of papers contributed by two or more authors remained above 90% in recent years. According to the analysis of research institutions, the average number of institutions per paper was 1.60 in Organ Transplantation. Keyword co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that liver transplantation, renal transplantation and organ transplantation were the research hotspots in the field of organ transplantation. Keyword cluster analysis showed that research mainly focused on 9 fields, such as liver transplantation, renal transplantation, organ transplantation, organ donation, posttransplantation complications, transplantation immunity, end-stage liver disease, xenotransplantation and stem cell transplantation. Keyword burst analysis showed that xenotransplantation, α-1, 3-galactose, transplantation immunity, apoptosis, donor specific antibody (DSA), antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and flow cytometry were the research hotspots. Conclusions The authors that publish academic papers in Organ Transplantation come from major transplantation centers all over the country. The papers of Organ Transplantation cover the research hotspots of each branch in the field of organ transplantation, and include a large quantity of programmatic papers signed and published by national academic institutions, which show the frontier hotspots and the highest level of research in the field of organ transplantation in China, making Organ Transplantation an excellent academic journal.

Through a review of the literature on surface treatment of superhydrophilic implants and its clinical application, this paper discusses the shortening of load time, the improvement of the planting success rate and its long-term effect. Additionally, attention should be paid to the nonindication of superhydrophilic implants and issues requiring attention. The literature review showed that healthy patients could carry out an early load 21 days after implantation of superhydrophilic implants, and the load could be completed as soon as 6 weeks after implantation with superhydrophilic short implants when the residual alveolar bone height of the posterior dental area was repaired. Even if the residual alveolar bone density of the patient is low, the application of superhydrophilic implants can shorten the healing period to 8 weeks. Notably, some studies have reported that superhydrophilic implants have no significant effect on patients with a history of radiotherapy and the use of anticoagulants. Because the adhesion of the superhydrophilic implant to the bacteria is also improved to some extent, it is very important to prevent the use of antibiotics when using the superhydrophilic implant. Finally, this paper discusses and anticipates the future research direction of superhydrophilic implants: longer periodic follow-up and more in-depth molecular mechanism studies.

Objective To provide data reference for later researchers to visually and conveniently recognize the key research areas of coronavirus, quickly find important literature and influential research partners by analyzing the research literature on coronavirus. Methods Data from the Web of Science Core Collection database were selected to systematically collate the literature on coronavirus research from 1968 to 2019, and the literature type distribution, annual number of papers, countries, institutions, journals, authors, literature co citation, and emerging key words were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and CiteSpace 5.5.R2 software. Results As of December 31, 2019, a total of 13,959 papers on coronavirus have been published. Global coronavirus research is divided into three periods: The initial research period (1968-2003), the first golden development period (2004-2012) and the second golden development period (2013-2019). United States is the country with the largest number of publications; the University of Hong Kong is the institution with the largest number of publications, and the Journal of Virology ranks first in the number and influence of publications. Peiris JSM, Drosten C and Ksiazek TG are good partners in the field of coronavirus research. Conclusions "SARS-CoV", "infectious disease", "coronavirus spike protein" may attract close attention in the field of coronavirus research. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.03.04

Military training-related acute kidney injury (MTRAKI) is a common and frequently occurring disease during training in war and peacetime, and severe MTRAKI may cause death and seriously affect the combat effectiveness of the army. The present paper focuses on the clinical features of MTRAKI, including clinical manifestations, classification and diagnosis, and also summarizes the predisposing factors, including the increase in training intensity, the decline in physical fitness of training personnel, environmental factors, nutritional status, energy intake level and genetic susceptibility. And the pathogenesis of MTRAKI was also discussed. It is believed that the redistribution of blood caused by military training can cause kidney ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, thus to cause or aggravate MTRAKI. For critically ill patients, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) can better stabilize the internal environment, remove toxins and inflammatory mediators, and greatly reduce mortality. The purpose of present paper is to improve the understanding of MTRAKI, reduce the incidence, and achieve early detection and timely treatment. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.07.04

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a rapid decline in renal function caused by various etiologies, and is a common critical disease in combat and special working environment. The combat injury and special working environment-related AKI have the characteristics of high incidence and mortality, and the long-term prognosis of survival patients is poor. The present paper introduces the etiology, pathogenesis and main classification of AKI related to combat injury and special working environment, and expounds the present situation of early diagnosis and treatment of AKI and the existing problems. At present, the basic research on AKI is deepening, and the application of new diagnostic markers and renal replacement therapy equipment are becoming more and more active. In order to meet the treatment needs of AKI related to combat injury and special working environment in the future, this paper puts forward the corresponding prevention and treatment strategies, and looks forward to the development trend in this field in the future. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.07.02

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of zero profile anterior cervical interbody fixation system (ZPFS) and traditional cervical plate internal fixation for the treatment of cervical spondylosis using a meta-analysis. Methods Related literature was collected by computerized search of online databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang and by manual search of the series of Chinese Medical Journals (2008.2-2018.4). Papers that reported controlled trials of ZPFS and cervical plate internal fixation for the treatment of cervical spondylosis were enrolled in this study. The quality of trials was strictly assessed. RevMan5.3 software provided by the Cochrane Collaboration was used for the analysis of data. The eight indexes included operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative JOA score, postoperative VAS score, intervertebral height, dysphagia rate, ossification of anterior longitudinal ligament rate, and neck disability index (NDI). Results Thirty-two papers (12 Chinese and 20 English studies) involving 2154 patients (1044 in ZPFS group and 1110 in cervical plate internal fixation group) were finally enrolled. According to the meta-analysis, compared with cervical plate internal fixation, ZPFS had a significantly lower rate of dysphagia (OR=0.36, 95%CI: 0.28 to 0.47, P0.05). In terms of operation time and intraoperative bleeding volume, the descriptive analysis was adopted in the study due to the heterogeneity among the studies. Further study is needed. Conclusions Compared with the traditional cervical plate internal fixation, ZPFS has the advantages as lower incidence of dysphagia and ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament, while it has the same effect as the traditional cervical plate internal fixation in the aspect of the JOA score, the VAS score, NDI and the intervertebral height. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2018.11.09

Dental bonding technology and materials have been used widely in dentistry because of their excellent properties. The development of novel bonding technology and materials is constantly being performed to improve the effect of dental bonding restorations. Observation and analysis of the dental bonding interface is one of the most important methods for laboratory evaluation of bonding efficiency. This paper aims to review the methods of observation and analysis of dental bonding interfaces to provide a reference for the selection of evaluation methods in dental bonding research. The features of 6 methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), Raman spectroscopy (RS), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were described and summarized. Among these methods, SEM and TEM are used most often in the analysis of fine structures; CLSM and OCT are used for the acquisition of characteristic image signals, such as microleakage and exogenous and endogenous fluorescence; and RS and AFM can test chemical composition and mechanical properties.

Orthodontic tooth movement is a complex physiological process based on periodontal tissue remodeling. Numerous factors, such as the anatomical characteristics of oral and maxillofacial complications, occlusal interference, mechanical factors and systematic factors, may play critical roles in orthodontic tooth movement, leading to tooth movement difficulty. In recent years, many scholars have focused on factors related to tooth movement difficulty, but current research mostly involves animal experiments and retrospective studies. Clinical trials of high-quality and evidence-based medicine studies are required. Although no sound theory system is available that is universally recognized and the mechanism of many factors remains debatable, alveolar bone defects, the maxillary sinus, the gingiva, tooth ankylosis, bone islands and friction may cause orthodontic tooth movement. Understanding the factors related to the difficulty of orthodontic tooth movement is advantageous to develop a more comprehensive personalized treatment plan for patients and achieve more efficient and safer tooth movement. In this paper, the current factors related to orthodontic tooth movement are reviewed to provide references for clinical orthodontic treatment.

Most salivary gland stones involve the submandibular gland, which often cause recurrent swelling and pain of the glands after meals, and used to be the main reasons for the gland removals. With the trend of minimally invasive treatment, gland preservation and functional recovery in the diagnosis and the treatment of submandibular lithiasis have been paid more and more attention. New equipment and technologies such as CBCT and sialendoscopy, which are widely used in clinical practice, have contributed a lot to the accurate orientation and minimally invasive treatment of stones, and enriched the managements of submandibular lithiasis. Based on our experience and the review of relevant literature, this paper attempts to summarize the treatment strategies for submandibular stones distributed in different parts of the duct: ① emphasizing on the integrity and functions of the organ; ② endoscopy and minimal invasiveness come first; ③ scientific classifications and personal managements. Appropriate treatment options should be selected according to the features of the stones: endoscopic lithotomy helps a lot in removing those located in the anterior or middle part of the duct; endoscopic lithotomy or/and sialolithotomy are needed according to the features of hilar stones; the regular follow-up is required for the intraglandular stones. Meanwhile, the evaluation of the gland function is also important. After the removals of sunmandibular stones, the functions of the glands should be promoted to restore as far as possible.

Er: YAG laser bleaching is a new tooth bleaching method compared with traditional bleaching technology. The Er: YAG laser significantly improves the bleaching efficiency, has the advantages of high safety, short treatment time and excellent bleaching effect and is widely used in clinical operations. This paper summarizes the working principle and bleaching characteristics of Er: YAG laser bleaching technology and its effect on tooth structure. The existing literature suggests that the high absorption of water and hydroxyapatite by the Er: YAG laser makes it work well on water-bearing tissues and dental tissues. When it is absorbed by the bleaching agent on the tooth surface, it accelerates the catalytic oxidation-reduction reaction and selectively acts on the pigment particles deposited on the tooth, thereby achieving the effect of tooth bleaching. Er: YAG laser bleaching can be applied to most discolored teeth. The bleaching process is rapid and effective. During the bleaching process, for the dental pulp tissue, the temperature of the pulp cavity is lower than the critical value of 5.6 ℃, causing no pathological damage to the dental pulp tissue. For the hard tissues of the teeth, laser irradiation will cause changes in the chemical composition of calcium and phosphorus. The enamel presents a unique lava-like shape, and the bonding strength of the tooth increases after bleaching. Compared with other lasers, the Er: YAG laser has a wavelength close to the peak of water, and adding other ingredients to the bleaching agent is not required. Almost all the energy is used for the bleaching agent, with no damage to the surrounding tissues.

Currently, cell transplantation in combination with scaffold materials are one of the main strategies in periodontal bone tissue engineering. In periodontal bone tissues, the stiffness and spatial structure of tissues such as alveolar bone and cementum differ, and the difference in mechanical properties of scaffolds also has disparate effects on the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Accumulating evidence shows that mechanical stimulating factors such as matrix stiffness and scaffold topography modulate biological behaviors of various seeding cells, including adipose-derived stem cells and periodontal ligament stem cells. A hard matrix can promote cytoskeletal stretching of stem cells, leading to nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and promoting osteogenic differentiation by upregulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN) via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The topologic structure of scaffolds can affect cell adhesion and cytoskeletal remodeling, increase the hardness of cells and promote the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. In this paper, the effects of mechanical stimulation on the differentiation of stem cells in periodontal bone tissue engineering are reviewed.

In recent years, pulp regeneration has become a research hotspot in the field of stomatology. 3D printing can realize precise control of structure and shape of scaffolds, which provide basis for seed cell adhesion and growth factor release. The 3D printing "pulp complexes" constructed by 3D printing scaffolds for tissue engineering provides a new direction for pulp regeneration research. This paper reviews the applications of 3D printing technology in pulp regeneration. The results of literature review showed that the scaffold materials, seed cells and growth factors in the 3D printing "pulp complexes" all play an important role in the pulp regeneration research. Among them, the scaffold materials act as carriers to load seed cells and growth factors and provide a suitable microenvironment for them. The common seed cells such as dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla and stem cells from the human pulp of exfoliated deciduous teeth can provide the cellular basis for pulp regeneration. Moreover, the introduction of growth factors can further support the differentiation of pulp tissue and the reconstruction of pulp vessels and promote pulp regeneration. At present, the 3D printing "pulp complexes" in the study of dental pulp regeneration has made some progress and can induce the formation of pulp-like tissues in the laboratory. However, preparing 3D-printing "pulp complex" with good biological activity, which integrates biomimetic blood vessels and nerves to supply oxygen and nutrients to the cells in the root canal, remains a huge challenge and still needs further exploration and research.

The development of materials science is of great significance to the treatment of dental pulp diseases. Poly lactic acid glycolic acid (PLGA) copolymer is an organic macromolecule compound that is widely used in the preparation of biomedical materials. In recent years, PLGA, as a drug/molecular loaded system and tissue regeneration scaffold, has shown prospects for application in the treatment of dental pulp diseases. This paper will review the application of PLGA in the treatment of dental pulp diseases and provide a basis for its further development and utilization. The results of the literature review show that PLGA is a drug/molecular delivery system that is mainly used in the improvement of pulp capping materials, root canal disinfectant and apexification materials. PLGA-improved pulp capping agents can prolong the action time of the drug and reduce toxicity. The modified root canal disinfectant can realize the sustained release of drug, make the drug penetrate deeper into the subtle structure, and contact more widely with the pathogenic bacteria. The modified apexification materials can provide more convenient administration methods for apexifixment. As a scaffold for tissue engineering, PLGA is mainly used in the study of pulp regeneration. The optimization of PLGA physical properties and action environment can provide a more suitable microenvironment for seed cells to proliferate and differentiate. How to utilize the advantages of PLGA to develop a more suitable material for endodontic application needs further study.

Objective To study the effects of different concentrated sulfuric acid etching durations on the shear bond strength between polyether-ketone-ketone (PEKK) and dentin, providing a scientific basis for the clinical bonding procedures of PEKK prosthesis. Methods Forty-four PEKK specimens were prepared and randomly divided into four groups: group A was the control group, which was only polished with abrasive papers, group B, group C and group D were experimental groups, which were etched by 98% concentrated sulfuric acid for 5 s, 30 s and 60 s, respectively. In addition, one sample was randomly selected from each group, and the profile was prepared by a slow cutting machine. The surface morphology of the profile was observed under SEM. After the four groups of specimens and dentin were bonded by resin, they were soaked in distilled water at 37 ℃ for 24 h. After the shear bonding strengths were measured, the fracture interfaces of the specimens were examined by the scanning electron microscopy and stereomicroscopy, and failure models of bonding were analyzed. Results After acid etching treatments, the cross-sectional images in group B presented uniform spongy shapes, while the cross-sectional images in group C and group D showed destructive pore structures. The shear bond strengths of group B (16.84 ± 1.84) MPa, group C (12.33 ± 1.22) MPa and group D (6.44 ± 1.18) MPa were higher than that of group A (3.99 ± 1.06) MPa (P < 0.05). The highest shear bond strength was observed in group B (16.84 ± 1.84) MPa. Conclusion The surface treatment of 98% sulfuric acid etching for 5 s manifested the best bond strength between PEKK and dentin.

Building a powerful navy is the key to safeguarding China's maritime rights and interests and developing maritime strategy. Improving the level and capability of trauma care for naval battle is one of the important tasks for safeguarding naval combat capability and keeping up morale. This paper analyzes the characteristics of naval battle and both the key points and difficulties of medical support under the conditions of modern war, and draws lessons from the experiences of United States navy in the construction of medical support mode, force allocation and maritime health platform, and refers to its training mode and evaluation methods by relying on advanced medical equipment to carry out simulated trauma care efficiently. This paper considers and analyzes the mode of maritime health support, the allocation and utilization of mobile medical service force, the research work related to trauma for naval battle and the training of health professionals. The aim of this study was to provide some effective suggestions for improving capacity and efficiency of trauma care for naval battle. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2016.12.01

Objective To observe the characteristics of rat brain injury induced by shock wave propagation in solids resulting from underwater explosion and explore the related mechanism. Methods Explosion source outside the simulated ship cabin underwater was detonated for establishing a model of brain injury in rats by shock wave propagation in solid; 72 male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=8), injury group 1 (600mg RDX paper particle explosion source, n=32), injury group 2 (800mg RDX paper particle explosion source, n=32). The each injury group was randomly divided into 4 subgroups (n=8), 3, 6, 24 and 72h groups. The division plate as a whole and the head of 8 rats in each injury group were measured for the peak value of the solid shock wave, its rising time and the duration time of shock wave propagation in solid. To observe the physiological changes of animals after injury, plasma samples were collected for determination of brain damage markers, NSE and S-100β. All the animals were sacrificed, the right hemisphere of the brain was taken in each group of animals, weighting after baking, and the brain water content was calculated. Pathological examination was performed for left cerebral hemisphere in 24-h group. The normal pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region were counted. Results The peak value, rising time and duration time of shock wave propagation on the division plate and head were 1369.74±91.70g, 0.317±0.037ms and 24.85±2.53ms, 26.83±3.09g, 0.901±0.077ms and 104.21±6.26ms respectively in injury group 1, 1850.11±83.86g, 0.184±0.031ms and 35.61±2.66ms, 39.75±3.14g, 0.607±0.069ms and 132.44±7.17ms in injury group 2 (P

It is the key step of the occlusal reconstruction to determine the correct occlusal vertical dimension for edentulous patients. Although there are several methods in clinical practice, there is no ideal way. This paper summariz⁃ es the following methods: inter⁃occlusal distance, closest speaking space method, pre⁃extraction record, face proportion division method and facial appearance observation, cephalometric analysis, electromyography, swallowing, bite force de⁃ termination and self feeling method. In this paper, the current research status and the feasibility of each method are dis⁃ cussed.

Bone injury is the most common type of war wound, and different from ordinary open bone injury. The war wound bone injury caused by high-energy weapons has the characteristics of deep bleeding site, coagulation dysfunction, multi bacteria infection and large bone defect area, so it is difficult to be treated in battlefield. Mesoporous silica is a new type of inorganic nano biomaterial, which is widely used in bleeding treatment and bone tissue engineering due to its high specific surface area, large porosity and easy modification. Compared with the traditional materials for the treatment of traumatic bone injury, mesoporous silica has the advantages of local sustained hemostasis, broad-spectrum, sustained-release and strong mechanical support. Its main research direction is the composite and multifunctional materials. The surface functionalized mesoporous silica has the functions of hemostasis and infectious bone defect repair. However, there are still some problems such as unclear biological distribution in vivo and hepatorenal toxicity in large doses of mesoporous silica materials; in terms of preparation technology, there are still some problems such as unclear selection of pore size and shape of materials for promoting bone formation. Based on the actual needs of the treatment of war-induced bone injuries, the multifunctional, easy-to-use and portable properties of new mesoporous silica materials are reviewed in this paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.11

As a crucial microelement of human body, iron is involved in many important physiological processes. Serum ferritin (SF) is the main form of protein for iron storage, and regulates the storage and metabolism of iron. Although detection of ferritin has been applied for clinical use for a long time, some biological properties of ferritin still remain controversial, including its tissue origin, secretory pathway, interactions with receptors and cellular effects. Although many researches paid attention to the relationship between the changes of ferritin and liver diseases, the cut-off points of ferritin used varies in different studies, which hinders the consistency analysis of the results of different studies. It is urgent to explore and establish uniform standard for the parameter of ferritin, so as to better elucidate the iron status in the body reflected by changes in ferritin. This paper reviews the in vivo metabolic process of iron, the structural composition and pathophysiological function of ferritin, and the relationship between SF and liver diseases for providing guidance for future research. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.12

The evaluation of immune function plays an important role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of many diseases. To date, immune function detection includes cellular immunity, humoral immunity, and inflammatory markers. In this paper, the application of immune function detection in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment monitoring of various diseases was discussed; then, the application value of immune function detection in the diagnosis and treatment of three common oral mucosa-related diseases, including recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), oral lichen planus (OLP), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), were reviewed combined with the literature and our research. Our research found that RAU patients present abnormal humoral immune function and obvious inflammatory reactions, whereas OLP and OSCC patients present mild inflammatory reactions and more serious abnormal cellular and humoral immune function, so the combined detection of immune function has a certain guiding value for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Moreover, in the future, it is necessary to carry out a study on large sample, multicenter and multiindex joint detection to better clarify the role of immune dysfunction in the pathogenesis of various diseases and its mechanism, to establish the corresponding diagnostic model and prognostic prediction model, to find more effective treatment methods.

Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers that occur in the head and neck and can seriously affect the life span and living standard of oral cancer patients. Candida albicans （C. albicans） is the most common opportunistic pathogenic fungus in the oral cavity, shows pathogenicity and easily causes Candida infection when the host′s immune function is low. Recent studies have shown that C. albicans infection is closely related to oral cancer. This paper reviews the epidemiology of C. albicans infection in oral cancer patients, the influence of C. albicans infection on the occurrence and development of oral cancer and research on its mechanism. Existing studies have shown an increased risk of C. albicans infection in oral cancer patients, while C. albicans infection may promote the occurrence and development of oral cancer through mechanisms such as damaging the oral epithelium; producing carcinogens, including nitrosamine and acetaldehyde; and inducing a chronic inflammatory response and T helper cell 17 immune response. However, these mechanisms are still relatively superficial and lack sufficient direct evidence. In the future, additional in-depth studies are still needed to further clarify the cancer-promoting mechanisms of C. albicans and provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of oral cancer.

Mucositis is a common gastrointestinal complication in cancer patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy, including oral mucositis and gastrointestinal mucositis, with clinical manifestations of oral ulcers, vomiting, diarrhea and pain that seriously reduce the quality of life of patients and even affect anticancer therapy. Toll-like receptor (TLR) are important receptors involved in innate immunity and in the development of chemoradiation-induced mucositis by mediating the effect between microorganisms and the host. A comprehensive understanding of the role of TLR in mucositis is helpful to guide the prevention and treatment of mucositis. This paper reviews the available studies on TLR and mucositis. The results of the literature review indicate that different TLR have different roles in chemoradiation-induced mucositis: TLR2 is an important receptor in the inflammatory cascade of chemoradiation-induced mucositis; TLR4 activation can increase gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation and lead to oral epithelial ulceration; TLR5 agonists can reduce the degree of radiation-induced mucositis damage; and antagonizing or knocking out TLR9 can reduce chemoradiation-induced gastrointestinal mucositis. However, no TLR agonists or inhibitors have yet been applied in clinical practice, and additional studies are needed to explore the role of different TLR in mucositis in the future to provide a reference for the precise prevention and treatment of chemoradiation-induced mucositis.

Postoperative fistulae are one of the most significant complications of cleft palate repair. They usually has an adverse effect on patients’ oral hygiene, speech and even mental health. There has been a wide range of rates of fistula occurrence, from 0.8%-60%, with the classification and definition of fistulae differing from one author to the next. In this paper, the definition and classification of palatal fistulae and their reconstruction method are reviewed. At present, there is a lack of a consistent definition of palatal fistulae and a classification that can fully reflect the characteristics of palatal fistula. Adjacent flap is mainly used for repairing small fistulae with an adequate amount of surrounding tissue; anteriorly based dorsal tongue flaps are a safe and reliable method for large fistulae; free flap is beneficial for refractory and complicated palatal fistulae that are difficult to repair by the local and pedicle flap; and different synthetic materials are used in multilayer repair of fistulae; among them, composite polymer membrane is highly biocompatible, promoting cell attachment and proliferation in animal models, but its security in the human body needs further research.

Oropharyngeal carcinoma is a highly heterogeneous disease that is mainly caused by tobacco and alcohol abuse or high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma and HPV-negative oropharyngeal carcinoma have obvious differences in etiology, epidemiology and prognosis; therefore, different methods should be adopted for treatment. It is known that the TP53 gene is not mutated in HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma, and radiation therapy can activate it and induce cell apoptosis via DNA damage. There are common repair pathways to DNA damage, such as nonhomologous end joining, and this pathway is more sensitive to radiotherapy under the inhibition of HPV oncoprotein. In addition, the further activation of the immune response under the effect of radiation also participates in the elimination of tumors. In this paper, we reviewed the research on the sensitivity of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer to radiotherapy to provide a scientific basis for targeted treatment for various pathogenic factors and clinical stages of oropharyngeal cancer in the future.

Traumatic arthritis (TA) is a kind of osteoarthritis secondary to joint trauma, and its pathogenesis is not clear at present. It is mainly related to the apoptosis of chondrocytes involved in a variety of cytokines and related signal pathways. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Curcumin is used to treat TA mainly by inhibiting oxidase, scavenging free radicals' antioxidant effects, inhibiting the anti-inflammatory effects of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and various inflammatory mediators, and acting on various signal transduction pathways to inhibit apoptosis of chondrocytes. This paper describes some of the biological functions of curcumin, and introduces its related mechanism of action in the treatment of TA. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.13

Type Ⅱ innate lymphoid cell (ILC2), a newly discovered important type of inherent immune cells closely related to T lymphocytes, has a significant regulatory impact on T lymphocytes. Many studies have demonstrated that ILC2 can effectively induce the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to helper T cell (Th)2, thereby contributing to the modulation of host immune homeostasis. In the present paper, we would like to review the update of possible effects of ILC2 on Th2 differentiation and its role in immunity diseases. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.12

Nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate is a common congenital birth defect of the maxillofacial region. The pathogenic mechanism is related to the interaction of genes and environmental factors. At present, there are many studies on genes, and genome-wide association analysis has found that the new susceptibility gene v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (MAFB) is associated with the development of nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate. This paper reviews the research progress on the correlation between single nucletide polymorphism(SNPs) in MAFB and nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate. The results of this review reveal how the MAFB gene is expressed and differentiated in various cell types and plays an important role in maintaining the development of various organs, such as the brain, pancreas, and parathyroid glands. The MAFB gene is significantly associated with the occurrence of nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate in the Asian population. rs13041247, rs11696257, rs17820943 and other teratopoietic single nucleotide loci are the most commonly studied teratopoietic single nucleotide loci, and the research conclusions on the correlation between SNPs in MAFB genes are obviously different in different populations. The interaction between the MAFB gene and other susceptibility genes leads to the occurrence of nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate; nevertheless, more in-depth research is needed on specific mechanisms and approaches based on the relationship between these two factors

The American Transplant Congress (ATC) is an annual international academic conference in the field of transplantation, which includes the latest achievements of scholars around the world in transplantation, and also leads the frontier direction of transplantation research. In this paper, the international forefront hotspots in basic and translational medicine research associated with renal transplantation in 2020 ATC were summarized, including the new discoveries of memory cell function and immune memory mechanism, the latest discovery in the mechanism of rejection and immune tolerance, the current research status of xenotransplantation, the potential solutions of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), and the application of nanomedicine and single-cell RNA sequencing in renal transplantation, etc.

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant tumors in children and adolescents, and its development mechanism in human body has not been clearly explained by scholars. With the in-depth study of immunology, tumor immunity has gradually become a hot spot in the field of tumor research. A large number of studies have shown that programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand 1 (PD-L1) can mediate immunosuppression, weaken the killing effect of immune cells on tumor cells, and lead to immune escape of tumor cells, thus promoting the development of tumor. This paper reviews the immune escape mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 in osteosarcoma and the latest progress of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the treatment of osteosarcoma, aiming to provide theoretical reference for understanding the role of PD-1/PD-L1 in osteosarcoma and developing new drugs for the treatment of osteosarcoma. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.15

Haptoglobin (HP) is a kind of plasma glycoprotein with genetic polymorphism, secreted mainly in liver and has two alleles of HP1 and HP2, can form three potential genotypes: HP1-1, HP2-1 and HP2-2, which has the function of binding to free hemoglobin and antioxidation. At present, many studies have shown that HP may be a potential biomarker of diabetic kidney disease. Because of the special structure and function of HP, it has certain advantages in early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of diabetic nephropathy. The relationship has been mainly reviewed in present paper between the expression level of HP and its genotypes in the occurrence, development, diagnosis and prognosis prediction of diabetic nephropathy. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.14

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an metabolic disorder of glucose and lipids caused by diabetes, which may strengthen oxidative stress, activate various inflammatory pathways, mediate cellular and extracellular damage, so as to induce pathological myocardial remodeling and lead to systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The exact pathogenesis of DCM remains unclear in spite of several pathophysiological mechanism of DCM have been put forward. Oxidative stress is one of the main causes of DCM, in which the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the main mechanism causing adverse myocardial remodeling. So, the main source of ROS in DCM [Nadph oxidase, mitochondria, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), xanthine oxidase, (XO)] and the ROS-mediated myocardial damage (lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage) are summarized in present paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.12.14

Osteocytes, which develop from osteoblasts, are recognized as the main cells embedded in mature bone tissue. The traditional notion is that osteocytes exclusively play a structural role, however, with the development of related research in recent years, the role of osteocytes in bone metabolism has been explored. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by plaque biofilm, and is the main cause of adult tooth loss. Clinically, periodontitis primarily manifests as attachment loss, bleeding on probing and other symptoms. Alveolar bone resorption is the most characteristic pathological change. Current research demonstrated that osteocytes sense mechanical stress, participate in bone remodeling, regulate mineral balance, and participate in endocrine function. Thus, these cells play an important role in bone homeostasis and systemic metabolic balance. Osteocytes are actively involved in the development of periodontitis through the high expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), secretion of sclerostin, and effect on apoptosis, senescence and autophagy. In the future, the detection of bone cell metabolism-related products will have certain application prospects for the clinical evaluation of periodontitis prevention and treatment. Therefore, this paper reviewed the role of osteocytes in bone homeostasis and the relationship between osteocytes and periodontitis, to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis.

There is a huge amount of microbial community in the human intestinal tract, among which the gut microbiota accounts for the largest proportion, which is crucial for maintaining the normal physiological function of human body. Gut microbiota imbalance not only affects gastrointestinal function, but also damages organ functions outside the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, scholars have put forward the doctrines of the "gut-liver" axis and the "gut-brain" axis based on the interrelation and influence between the intestine and other organs. With the deepening of research, the role of gut microbiota in the development and progression of lung diseases has been increasingly concerned, and the theory of "gut-lung" axis has been gradually formed, which is also consistent with the theory described in traditional medicine as "The lung stands in interior-exterior relationship with the large intestine". This paper mainly introduces the research progress of the "gut-lung" axis and lung-related diseases for providing a reference for the treatment of clinical lung diseases. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.12

Fibrotic disease is a type of disease in which the body is affected by various stimulating factors, which causes the activation or phenotypic transformation of myofibroblasts, increases the expression of collagen and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in damage to the structure and function of organs. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is currently recognized as a signal transduction pathway involved in the occurrence of fibrotic diseases, and plays an important role in regulating the occurrence and development of fibrotic diseases such as lung, liver, myocardium, kidney and pancreas. In recent years, many studies have explored the role of TGF-β signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of fibrotic diseases, while to inhibit the activation of TGF-β signaling pathway might have anti-fibrosis effects, but the mechanism has not been fully understood. Therefore, the research progress of the role of TGF-β signaling pathway in such fibrotic diseases as lung, liver, myocardium, kidney and pancreas, and so on, has mainly been reviewed in present paper, so as to provide new strategies for the selection of therapeutic targets for fibrotic diseases. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.11

Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a kind of disease caused by hip joint dysfunction. Long-term or high-dose application of hormone drugs leads to impaired blood supply to the femoral head and the death of a variety of bone stromal cells, resulting in the structural change of trabecular bone in the load-bearing area of the femoral head and irreversible collapse of the femoral head. Early manifestations were hip pain and discomfort, and tenderness in the inguinal region, in the middle stage, pain affects activity; in the later stage, the hip joint space become narrowed, the motion of the hip joint is reduced, and the motion is limited. SONFH has greatly affected the quality of life of patients, so modern medicine is dedicated to improve the symptoms of patients through early intervention, enabling SONFH to get effective treatment and reducing the pressure of life and economic burden of patients. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have become a focus in the early treatment of SONFH due to its osteogenic differentiation. BMSCs are stem cells with multi-directional differentiation potential, with self-proliferation and differentiation characteristics, which can differentiate into bone, provide mechanical support for the necrotic area and secrete a variety of growth factors to support hematopoiesis, slow down the progress of disease, and extend the service life of their own joints. The unreasonable use of hormones mainly inhibits the osteogenic activity of BMSCs, resulting in the occurrence of SONFH. This paper reviews the research on BMSC osteogenic differentiation in recent years, hoping to improve the therapeutic effect of SONFH. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.16

In recent years, many researchers have devoted themselves to the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in root canal disinfection, as conventional root canal disinfection methods have failed to achieve the optimal effect. Some clinicians have also applied PDT to root canal disinfection. PDT is expected to have a better effect than traditional root canal disinfection. This paper reviews the research progress on the mechanism, effect, influencing factors and limitations of PDT in root canal disinfection. Current research suggests that differences in the type and status of the bacteria, photosensitizers, light sources, operating environment and methods all affect the efficacy of root canal disinfection of PDT. Most of the research into PDT for root canal disinfection finds that it is effective, nontoxic, advantageous to dental pulp regeneration and comfortable for the patient, as well as lacking an excitant; however, its bactericidal effect is inferior to that of sodium hypochlorite. At present, it cannot replace traditional chemical washing but is a promising auxiliary method. The design of the photosensitizer, the energy dose of the light source and the optimal irradiation time need to be determined by further experiments, and more clinical verification is needed before its application in root canal therapy.

Proto-oncogene c-Maf is a homologene of viral oncogene v-Maf (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma) with a conserved alkaline domain and a basic leucine zipper (b-Zip) in cells, and binds DNA in the form of homologous or heterodimer to activate transcription. Moderate activation of c-Maf can regulate the embryonic development, renal tubular cells differentiation, antioxidant process and the podocyte function, which is closely related to the pathophysiological process of kidney diseases, such as gout and nephrotic syndrome. Elucidating the changes in c-Maf gene regulatory network is of great significance in the early clinical diagnosis, prognosis, targeting treatment of renal diseases. The research progress of transcription factor c-Maf in renal diseases was summarized in present paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.10

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is an important disease affecting female reproductive health, with an incidence of 1%-5%. The causes of RSA are complex, among which genetic factor is one of the common causes. A large number of studies in recent years have shown that RSA is closely related to the polymorphism of related genes. Normal fetal development requires the successful implantation of embryos and the maintenance of pregnancy, in which the maternal immune system and blood system play an important regulatory role. Therefore, the present paper summarized the relationship of the genetic polymorphism of maternal immune system and blood system to RSA, aiming to elucidate the pathogenesis of RSA at the gene level and provide accurate and feasible guidance for clinical prevention and treatment of RSA. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.14

Complete avulsion of teeth are one of the most serious traumatic dental injuries. The preferred treatment is tooth replantation. When teeth usually cannot be treated in time, the periodontal membrane on the root surface becomes necrotic , and the success rate of replantation is greatly reduced. How to use seed cells, growth factors and scaffold materials to promote periodontal tissue regeneration, improve periodontal membrane healing of replanted teeth, and achieve successful replantation of completely dislocated teeth is an urgent problem. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) express stem cell markers, have the potential to undergo multicellular differentiation and have important application value in periodontal tissue regeneration and repair. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), lysobisphosphatidic acids (LPA) and other related regulatory factors promote periodontal tissue regeneration. Seed cells combined with scaffold materials can promote periodontal tissue regeneration and repair periodontal tissue defects. At present, studies have shown that PDLSCs and other seed cells have the potential for periodontal tissue regeneration and have been widely studied in experimental animal models of periodontitis and bone defects. However, there are few reports on the application of replanted teeth after complete avulsion, and its mechanism is not clear. In this paper, the research progress of periodontal tissue regeneration after total dislocation replantation is reviewed. We expect to apply periodontal tissue regeneration research to the replantation of fully dislocated teeth to achieve periodontal membrane healing of fully dislocated replanted teeth to provide a theoretical basis for future clinical work.

Treponema denticola is an important pathogenic Treponema pathogen in the human oral cavity. Early studies have found that Treponema denticola is closely related to the occurrence and development of periodontal diseases. With the development of technical methods in recent years, many studies have shown that Treponema denticola not only can participate in periodontal diseases through a variety of mechanisms but also can play an important role in the development of various oral diseases. Treponema denticola is detected in high concentrations in peri-apical diseases and peri-implant diseases, and its surface protein is also prevalent in oral tumor samples. This paper reviews the research progress of Treponema denticola in periodontal diseases, pulp peri-apical diseases, peri-implant diseases and oral tumors, and summarizes the relevant mechanisms. For example, Treponema denticola can cause immune regulation disorder, destroy the epithelial barrier, induce bone absorption, promote the occurrence and development of inflammation through a variety of surface proteins, including chymotrypsin-like protease complex (CTLP), major outer sheath protein (Mosp), Td92, and LOS. It can also escape complement-mediated killing effects through surface FhbB lipoproteins and promote the occurrence and development of oral tumors by regulating the tumor microenvironment. These theories provide a theoretical basis for further understanding the development of oral diseases, controlling the infection of Treponema denticola, and exploring more effective treatment strategies.

Eye tracker is an instrument that can record the characteristics of eye movement when people process visual information. This instrument is important for basic psychological research. In the study of dental aesthetics, an eye tracker reflects the observer′s objective eye movement pattern and reveals the underlying aesthetic psychology. This paper summarizes the major research methods of dental aesthetics while focusing on eye-tracking studies in oral aesthetics. Eye tracking studies show that different population has different eye movement patterns when observing the same faces, while the same population can have different eye movement patterns when observing the faces of dental patients and normal people. This finding reveals that the personal characteristics and experience, the social environment and the featured facial structure of the observed individuals can influence eye movement patterns. This study also shows the factors that cause the aesthetic differences among different individuals and groups, as well as the psychological mechanisms.

The crown-root ratio (C/R) theory of natural teeth has been widely recognized in the field of stomatology,and has important clinical significance in predicting and assessing the prognosis of natural teeth as well as for abutment selection during denture restoration. In the past few decades, scholars have advocated for the implantation of implants as long in length as possible to improve the success rate according to the theory of crown-root ratio of natural teeth. However, with the application of short implants, our philosophy of implantation has changed, and the relationship between the crown-implant (C/I) ratio and complications has become one of the current research hotspots. In this paper, the concept of the crown-implant ratio, the research progress of the C/I ratio, the implant survival rate and clinical complications of implant restoration were reviewed and summarized, and the following suggestions were put forward: although most studies have shown no significant correlation between the C/I ratio and implant survival or marginal bone loss, this relationship may increase the risk of mechanical complications. A C/I < 3 and a crown length < 15 mm are recommended in implant restoration; when ultra-short implants are applied, the implant system can increase the bone-to-implant contact area, and splint prostheses such as crown or bridge are recommended.

The concept of “minimally invasive dentistry” aims to provide conservative treatment of cavities in which sound dentin is removed. Because the Er: YAG laser can selectively remove caries, the smear layer is removed, dentin tubules are exposed after the preparation of substrate conditioning, and its advantages of precision, safety and painlessness are deeply valued. At the same time, the bonding strength between the prepared dentin surface and the filling material is different due to the different parameters of the Er: YAG laser. In this paper, the principle of dentin bonding, the mechanism of Er: YAG laser action, after treatment of dentin with different parameters (power, energy density, pulse duration, and irradiation distance), whether there is thermal damage to pulp tissue, the ultramicro morphology of dentin surface, the bonding properties of different bonding systems and the filling materials between irradiated hard tissues were reviewed. An appropriate parameter range (power ≤ 10 Hz, energy density ≤ 60 mJ, and pulse duration ≤ 50 μs) combined with water spray cooling will not cause thermal damage to the pulp tissue, while the higher power, energy density and pulse duration of laser treatment for dentin will lead to melting, carbonization, cracks, narrowing of the gap between collagen fibers, etc., which will limit the penetration of adhesives and have a negative impact on bonding. However, whether the adhesive systems based on the smear layer are suitable for dentin after laser treatment needs to be further explored.

Kidney, as an important metabolic organ of humans, has many functions such as excreting metabolic waste, maintaining electrolyte and acid-base balance, controlling blood pressure and secreting hormones. Kidney disease is a common disease which endangers human health and has become a global public health problem. The rapid increase in the number of patients with kidney disease and the continuously increased treatment costs have brought a heavy burden to society and families. Western medicine is developing rapidly in the treatment of kidney diseases and has a definite effect, but improper using of Western medicine may easily aggravate kidney damage. In recent years, Chinese medicine and monomers have been widely recognized and applied in the treatment of kidney disease due to the advantages of multiple targets and pathways. Berberine (BBR) is a quinoline alkaloid extracted mainly from the Chinese medicine Coptis Chinesis Franch, and has a variety of pharmacological effects and excellent renal protection. BBR has the therapeutic characteristics of multi-target and multi-channel, which make it have great potential in the treatment of renal diseases. The pharmacological mechanism of BBR, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, lowering blood sugar, blood pressure and blood lipid, anti-tumor, etc. and combined with the clinical application of BBR in diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury and renal cancer, etc. has been summarized in present paper, so as to provide new ideas for the treatment of kidney disease and lay the foundation for the integration of Chinese and Western medicine. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.10.13

Nonobese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a special clinical phenotype of NAFLD. The patients do not have the characteristics of obesity, so they are often overlooked by people. The reports of these patients in domestic and foreign literature are not completely consistent. This paper mainly discusses its etiology, risk factors, pathological characteristics, diagnosis and lifestyle intervention, so as to provide some help for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with nonobese NAFLD. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.10.12

The extrarenal effects of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation are closely related to the regulation of blood pressure. The activation ability of MR varied with age and gender in blood pressure regulation. MR of different types of cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension by increasing the expressions of osteogenic transcription factors, epithelial sodium channels, fibrotic substances and fibrogenic factors, change of vascular L-type calcium channels, aggravation of inflammation and oxidative stress, etc., leading to arterial elasticity weakened, myocardial fibrosis, and water sodium retention. Cell-specific MR block provides a theoretical basis for the development of targeted drugs for treatment of hypertension in the future. The effect of cell-specific MR on the regulation of blood pressure has been reviewed in present paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.10.15

Bone tissue engineering, as an emerging method for the treatment of jaw defects caused by oral and maxillofacial trauma, inflammation, tumors and other diseases, has been a research hotspot due to its advantages of wide sources of materials, low risk of immune rejection and personalized treatment. However, due to functional activities such as chewing and expression in the oral and maxillofacial regions, the mechanical strength of scaffolds is highly required. A single component of scaffolds can not fully meet the requirements of oral and maxillofacial bone defect repair. In this paper, the methods of strengthening the mechanical strength of jaw bone tissue engineering scaffolds are summarized by summarizing the research on strengthening the mechanical strength of scaffolds in recent years. A review of the literature showed that, composite modification, crosslinking, coating, bionic scaffolding and other new processing methods have been used to enhance the mechanical strength of scaffolds. Among these studies, research on compound modification occurred the earliest. Although this process is simple, other substances have been introduced to increase the number of degradation products, and the compounding ratio needs to be adjusted. The crosslinking method has the risk of cytotoxicity due to the use of crosslinking agents; the coating method does not change the original structure and only changes the surface modification; however, it can be better utilized if the problem of stress concentration between interfaces is solved. Biomimetic scaffolds and microregulatory scaffolds are emerging technologies in recent years that can improve the internal molecular arrangement of materials, thus enhancing mechanical strength. Therefore, on the basis of perfecting the traditional method, future research will focus on new nanoscale materials, bionic scaffolds and new methods for the precise control of scaffold microstructure.

With the continuously increasing of the elderly population, cardiovascular diseases have gradually become the main cause of death of the elderly. Traditional treatments can only temporarily relieve the clinical symptoms of patients, but can't solve the problem fundamentally. The emergence of tissue engineering technology provides a new approach for treating cardiovascular diseases, which is to plant the cells on biodegradable scaffold materials and, in turn, play a role of extracellular matrix. The present paper will describe the application of tissue engineering technology in myocardium, heart valve and blood vessels to understand the role of tissue engineering technology in cardiovascular diseases, and provide new ideas and treatments for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.09.16

This paper ventures to suggest different cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) technique for cardiopulmonary arrest due to different was injuries. The present paper ventures to present precise cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedure specific to was injuries of different sites and its termination time based on the principle of "individualize treatments according to the injured person and specific situations" in order to reduce the mortality of cardiopulmonary arrest for combat victims. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2016.04.01