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Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an metabolic disorder of glucose and lipids caused by diabetes, which may strengthen oxidative stress, activate various inflammatory pathways, mediate cellular and extracellular damage, so as to induce pathological myocardial remodeling and lead to systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The exact pathogenesis of DCM remains unclear in spite of several pathophysiological mechanism of DCM have been put forward. Oxidative stress is one of the main causes of DCM, in which the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the main mechanism causing adverse myocardial remodeling. So, the main source of ROS in DCM [Nadph oxidase, mitochondria, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), xanthine oxidase, (XO)] and the ROS-mediated myocardial damage (lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage) are summarized in present paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.12.14

With the continuously increasing of the elderly population, cardiovascular diseases have gradually become the main cause of death of the elderly. Traditional treatments can only temporarily relieve the clinical symptoms of patients, but can't solve the problem fundamentally. The emergence of tissue engineering technology provides a new approach for treating cardiovascular diseases, which is to plant the cells on biodegradable scaffold materials and, in turn, play a role of extracellular matrix. The present paper will describe the application of tissue engineering technology in myocardium, heart valve and blood vessels to understand the role of tissue engineering technology in cardiovascular diseases, and provide new ideas and treatments for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.09.16

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease with carotid stenosis, explore synchronous hybrid treatment for coronary heart disease with severe carotid stenosis and review of literature. Methods A case of "one-stop" carotid artery stenting (CAS) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) hybrid surgical treatment of coronary heart disease with severe carotid stenosis was reported in present paper. Searching the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and PubMed databases, several literatures were retrieved and analyzed to summarize the experience of diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease with severe carotid stenosis. Results A 64-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital due to intermittent chest tightness for more than one month. Imaging examination, including coronary angiography, carotid ultrasound and cerebral vessel angiography, showed that severe coronary heart disease with bilateral carotid stenosis and obvious cerebral ischemia in the right brain hemisphere. Operation for right carotid artery was first performed under local anesthesia, and then the off-pump CABG was carried on under general anesthesia. Operation procedure was going well, and the recovery was good. The patient was followed up 3 months after operation, and there was no chest tightness and head-neck discomfort. Fourteen articles were obtained through database retrieval, and a total of 590 patients were reported including 427 male cases (72.4%) and 163 female cases (27.6%). All of them were treated at same stage with first CAS and sequential CABG. The interval between CAS and CABG was less than 24 hours. Findings indicated that postoperative stroke in 21 cases (3.5%), perioperative myocardial infarction in 11 cases (1.8%) and in-hospital death in 26 cases (4.4%). The follow-up results were satisfactory. Conclusion "One-stop" CAS and CABG hybrid treatment is one of good therapeutic options for patients with coronary heart disease and carotid stenosis, but this operation needs to be carried out in the hybrid operation room, and the technical requirements for the surgeons are relatively high. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.11.10

Left heart valve disease may often lead to tricuspid regurgitation. If not treated at appropriate timing, tricuspid regurgitation will be gradually aggravated to impair the function of right heart and cause right heart failure, which would exert a great impact on the prognosis and life quality of patients. As tricuspid regurgitation is affected by a variety of factors, the surgical indications of tricuspid regurgitation in patients undergoing left heart valve surgeries have not yet reached a unified specifications and standards. The authors reviewed in present paper the pathological mechanism, ultrasonic diagnosis, surgical indications and patterns of the left heart valve disease accompanied with tricuspid regurgitation for the purpose of reducing the incidence of tricuspid regurgitation and optimizing the treatment in patients undergoing left heart valve surgery. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.05.15

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common hereditary cardiovascular disease and the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young people. Previous studies have shown that myocardial fibrosis plays an important role in the development and progression of HCM, and there was a good correlation between myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and myocardial fibrosis. How to accurately evaluate the degree of myocardial fibrosis by LGE and effectively identify high-risk patients is of great significance. The characteristic, development and progression, quantitative evaluation of LGE and correlations between LGE and myocardial function, ECG abnormality and prognosis are herewith summarized in present paper by reviewing recent researches on HCM. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2018.08.15

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital heart disease that can cause cryptogenic stroke through paradoxical embolization. For patients with PFO combined with cryptogenic stroke, whether anticoagulant therapy is superior to antiplatelet therapy in the prevention of recurrent stroke? And whether PFO closure can significantly reduce the risk of stroke recurrence compared with medical therapy alone? All those raised the clinical problems to be solved urgently. The advances in treatment of cryptogenic stroke associated with PFO are herewith summarized in present paper by reviewing randomized trials, meta-analyses and the guidelines or expert consensus about PFO and cryptogenic stroke. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2018.04.17

Cerebrovascular disease is the primary cause of disease leading to death in China, of them about 80% cases are due to ischemic stroke. In treatment and secondary prevention of non-cardiac ischemic stroke, the efficacy of aspirin has been extensively verified by clinical studies, and the clinical application of aspirin has been recommended by national guidelines, but its net benefit is still not ideal. It still remains as a controversial problem whether on top of the use of aspirin, a short-term supplement of clopidogrel might result in a better efficacy in the prevention and treatment of non-cardiac ischemic stroke. In present paper, the authors have summarized the efficacy and safety of dual antiplatelet therapy on non-cardiac ischemic stroke by reviewing the guidelines published worldwide in recent years as well as the result of classical clinical trials. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2014.02.18

As a common disease, stroke seriously impairs human health. Interleukin (IL) is an important type of inflammatory mediators, which is involved in the pathogenesis of stroke. With the study of genomics, we discovered that some gene loci of IL were associated with stroke, such as IL-1α-889 C/T, IL-1RN rs380092 and IL-10-1082 G/G. Meanwhile, some gene loci of IL might become independent risk factors of stroke, such as IL-4 C582T and IL4-589C>T. Therefore, the IL gene polymorphism had become a research focus in pathogenesis of stroke. Our paper describes the relationship between IL subtype and its gene polymorphism with stroke. We look forward to provide a useful information for further research.