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Light-reflecting characteristics play a crucial role in optically rewritable liquid crystal display (electronic paper). By using a special optimizer software, light-reflecting characteristics of the twisted nematic cell were calculated. The achieved values of the normalized reflection coefficients range within ∼ 0.03 - 0.43, which is comparable or better than other commercial technologies. The calculated contrast ratio of the device is 10 : 1. A 2D image, which can be displayed on the electronic paper was obtained. Comparison of the simulated background color and contrast ratio is very similar with the results, which were obtained in experimental cells of other studies. Our calculations indicate that angular dependence of the reflectance coefficient is almost uniform within a wide range of viewing angles.

This experiment initially explored the clean production process of nanocellulose fibrils (NFC) using commercial softwood pulp as raw materials, and selected appropriate biological enzyme pretreatment to prepare NFC1 with a higher concentration. Compared with NFC2 obtained by TEMPO oxidation method, it is found that the diameter of NFC1 obtained by enzymatic pretreatment method (10-30nm) is similar to that of NFC2 (20-30nm). But the length of NFC1 (1-4μm) is much longer than the length of NFC2 (400-600nm). In addition, the influence of two kinds of NFC on the physical strength of paper is also explored. Experimental results show that: NFC1 is better than NFC2 in enhancing the physical strength of paper. And when cationic starch and NFC act synergistically, the enhancement effect is obviously better than using NFC alone or cationic starch alone. When the addition amount of NFC1 is (1.5±0.5)%, the tensile index, burst index, and tear index of the resulting paper increase by (43±3)%, (55±1)%, (37±2), respectively %. When the amount of NFC2 added is (1.5±0.5)%, the paper tensile index is (29±2)%. When the amount of NFC2 added is about (3±1)%, the paper’s bursting index and tearing index growth rate are (29±1)% and (33±1)% respectively.

As a new kind of paper-based textile materials and thanks to its healthiness and environmental protection, the paper yarn and its production will have a good future. This study mainly explores the papermaking process as follows: the beating degree of hemp pulp is 75°SR, the addition amount of PVA fiber, polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin (PAE) and alkenone dimer (AKD) is 2.0%, 2.5% and, 0.2%, respectively. In addition, the pressure light pressure is 15 N/mm. The high hydrophobic paper yarn base paper has the wear resistance, water resistance, acid and alkali resistance. The analysis shows that the paper yarn base paper can be used as raw material in textile and weaving industries, thus reducing the use of viscose, polyester, plastic, etc.

Most papers are made from virgin wood-based pulp of hardwood sources but recently, softwood have received enormous attention as alternative to hard wood because the hardwood takes a significant number of years to mature enough for use in the pulp and paper industry unlike softwood which are majorly annual plants. The annual crop in focus in this work is the yellow open-pollinated variety of corn which generates tons of waste at harvest. A novel attempt is made to ascertain the viability of corn sheaths as raw material for the pulp and paper industry by carrying out a comprehensive analysis on the pulp and paper made from the pulp. The sheaths were dried, shred and cut into pieces suitable for the digester and the pulps obtained were analysed for physico-chemical properties. Hand sheets were also made using the generated pulp and its physico-mechanical properties were analysed. Results obtained were compared with pulp from corn husks from other parts of the country, three Nigerian fibre sources – silk cotton, bagasse and rice straw and other foreign non-wood sources and found to be of competitive properties. Pulp properties of Lignin content, ash content, cellulose, hot and cold water solubility of the fibres were 13.72 ± 1.21%, 1.27 ± 0.23%, 53.26 ± 1.11%, 15.20 ± 2.11 and 6.14 ± 2.43 respectively while the mechanical properties of paper from the pulp were Bursting strength (282.163 KPa m2/g), Tear strength (146.119), Tensile strength (257.6N/m) and Tensile Index (3.9Nm/g). It was found that in all properties, the corn sheath was better than the rice straw fibers but not as good as the silk cotton and bagasse fibers. However, the corn sheath has been identified, as a viable raw material for the pulp and paper industry in Nigeria.

Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA) has been considered as a potential source of silica for paper filler. The objective of this work is to prepare a filler from the Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA) to reduce disposal and waste problem. The extraction of silica from POFA can be carried out using solution of 5 M NaOH with ratio 1:5 (w/w, with respect to POFA), stirring speed of 600 rpm for 4 hours, resulting the 0.8770 M silica in Na2SiO3. The product is then reacted with Ca(OH)2 to produce paper filler (CaSiO3). The filler was characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Disperse X-Ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). FTIR spectrum showed the formation of OH, C = O, Si-O-Ca and Si-O-Si functional groups, whereas the SEM-EDX analysis revealed the porous surface with the aggregation of needle-like morphology and contained five elements such as O (45,14%), Mg (0,85%), Si (15,65%), Ca (36,77%) and Al (1,59%). Meanwhile, XRD spectroscopy showed the presence of calcium silicate, calcite, vaterite, calcium hydroxide and quartz. Data from PSA analysis indicated that the filler has narrow particle size distribution compared with commercial fillers (GCC & PCC) and has small average particle size compared with PCC. The filler and the commercial counterparts were then applied as a paper simulation (hand sheet). Analysis of hand sheet showed that the presence of the synthetic filler in the hand sheet can improve brightness, opacity and bulk values, but slightly reduced in tensile and tearing index compared to that of PCC & GCC.

The insulation state of the converter transformer is closely related to the properties of the oil-paper insulation material. The study of the partial discharge characteristics of the wrinkled of the insulation paper has practical engineering significance for the fault diagnosis of the converter transformer. According to the actual operating environment inside the converter transformer, a set of oil-paper-insulated partial discharge measurement platform under the action of AC and DC composite voltage was built. The test results show that insulation paper wrinkles under the action of AC/DC composite voltage will cause insulation damage due to higher surface electric field and partial discharge; the discharge pulse repetition rate and discharge volume increase in the initial stage, development stage and final dangerous stage of discharge. The partial discharge caused by paper wrinkled significantly increases the CH4 content in the dissolved gas in the oil. This conclusion provides a certain basis for the realization of converter transformer fault diagnosis and condition monitoring.

The partial discharge in lower porcelain shell of oil paper insulation bushing is one of the important reasons for transformer failures. Based on the analysis of the oil paper insulation bushing structure characteristics, the finite difference time domain simulation model of the partial discharge in lower porcelain shell is established. And the path of UHF signal of partial discharge is obtained that the signal spreads through the insulation between capacitor screens and oil passage to the outer space. Then the lower porcelain shell partial discharge detection method based on the space UHF signal is proposed and verified.

Waste materials continue to increase and have become a major problem in many countries. In this work,waste was recycled to form bioplastic composites. The study focused on the bioplastic (starch-cellulose acetate)-carbon material composites. The Graphene Oxide (GO) and Carbon-dots (CD) were chosen as filler materials. The physical properties of these bioplastics were investigated using tensile test, water uptake test and biodegradation test. Results showed that the addition of GO and CD reduced the tensile strength and elongation. It was also found that the water uptake decreased while the biodegradation rate increased with GO or CD addition. The interaction between the bioplastic starch-cellulose acetate matrix and the carbon materials as fillers can change the mechanical properties of the bioplastics. The carbon materials fill in the pores in bioplastics and make the bioplastic more waterproof and their hydrophilic properties attract water faster and help the activation of microbial activity during the biodegradation.

Oil paper insulating bushing is widely used in 500 kV and above power transformers. In order to quantitatively study the influence of water content on the dielectric spectrum of oil paper insulated bushing, HN model was used to fit and analyze the dielectric spectrum parameters of oil paper insulated bushing with different water content. The experimental results show that HN model can be used to evaluate the wettability of oil paper insulation, but the evaluation range of wettability of oil paper bushing with complex insulation structure is not clear. The results show that the relaxation time constant decreases with the increase of water content, and has a linear relationship with the change of water content; the difference between high frequency dielectric constant and static dielectric constant increases with the increase of water content.

Utilization of agro-based fibre for paper making has been the subject of interest in order to expand the usage of renewable resources as well as reduced the dependence on wood pulp. As one of the major countries in palm oil production, some of the waste from the oil palm plantation like the oil palm fronds, empty fruit bunches, and its leaf is a potential source of non-wood industry which can be used as raw material in the paper industry manufacture. This study was done to examine the potential of palm leaves to be used as a raw material of non-wood resources in the papermaking industry. In this study, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pulping and process was employed to investigate the effectiveness of lignin removal for good fibre production. The concentration of the pulping agent was fixed at 7% at treatment of 1-7 hours to investigate the best condition for defibrillation of the cellulose fibre. Based on this study, it was found that the soda pulping produces fibre that can be molded into paper sheet without any binding agent. The morphology of the fibre observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows that, soda pulping fiber consist of individual micro fibrils that are well separated. Both tensile strength and tear index gives highest value at 1.93 kg/cm2 and 37 Nm2/kg respectively at 7 hours treatment time. his reflects that lignin removal effectively occurred in soda pulping. Tensile strength found to increases with treatment time and both tensile strength and tear index of the paper falls within the value comparable to commerical non-wood paper. The paper produced has rough surface and has the potential to be develop for craft paper.

Thermal paper is a special type of paper that is coated with chemicals on the paper layer to change color when exposed to heat. When discovering fingerprints by using chemical reagents such as ninhydrin solution with thermal paper, it shows black staining background on the heat-sensitive front side. Thus, the latent fingerprints cannot be discovered. In this study, we have reported the first utilization of ninhydrin with water glue in different ratios for the development of latent fingerprints on the thermal papers. The results showed that at 0.020-0.060 g/mL of water glue in ninhydrin solution reduced the black strain after tested with thermal paper and made the appearance of the fingerprint more clearly. So, the detectable minutiae can be used for visualization and identification of latent prints. Using an Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), it is showed between 59-87 points of minutiae. As the results, this method could be used as an alternative method to developing latent fingerprints with non-hazardous materials, reduce costs and easy to find.

This paper is devoted to study a structure of SiC-based materials using ultrasonic tomography method. The SiC-based materials were fabricated from preceramic paper using spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. Also as part of the study the Young's modulus and density of sintered materials were determined and the effect of sintering pressure changing to this parameters value was investigated. The preceramic paper is a composite material including a matrix of organic cellulose fibers and inorganic powder filler (SiC). The sintering temperature and pressure were 2373 K and 20-40 MPa, respectively. The holding time for the sintering process was 10 min. The density of sintered materials was investigated by the hydrostatic weighing method. Ultrasonic tomography was implemented using of single-channel sensor at 10 MHz frequency. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 19-19-00192 The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 19-19-00192) as well as by

The electrophysical characteristics of experimental types of electrical insulating paper modified by bacterial cellulose made of nano-gel film Komagataeibacter xylinus, disintegrated in various ways, were studied. The advantage of composites over traditional electrical insulating paper made of pine cellulose is shown in terms of electrical and mechanical strength, sorption activity and heat resistance. The efficiency of using an industrial blender to grind bacterial cellulose has been confirmed, which significantly reduces the time of its high-quality grinding.

H1 NMR relaxometry is a method that is extremely sensitive to the presence of magnetic nanoparticles, which significantly affect the transverse relaxation time of the water proton. Accordingly, the use of magnetic nanoparticles as labels allows detection of even extremely small amounts of the test substance. This paper analyzes the prospects for applying the method of solid-phase NMR-relaxometric determination of biologically active molecules. The nitrocellulose membranes are chosen as a solid phase and nanoparticles based on iron core with a carbon shell are used as magnetic labels. The possibility of detecting small concentrations of magnetic particles in porous medium is demonstrated. Finally, the ability to detect extremely low concentrations of an analyte, in this case, streptavidin protein (0.5 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml), which is actively used in various fields of biology and medicine, is demonstrated. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 17-15-01116 The work was carried out within the Russian Science Foundation project 17-15-01116. equipment of the Ural Center for Shared Use Modern nanotechnology UrFU was used.

Electrostatic discharge, as a common natural phenomenon in daily life, seriously threatens the reliability of integrated circuit products. In order to ensure the yield of the chip, the protection circuit on the chip has become an essential and important module in the circuit design. With the continuous development of integrated circuit technology, chips are developing towards the direction of smaller area, faster speed and higher level of integration, while traditional devices such as simple diodes, tubes and SCR on integrated circuit can no longer complete the protection task of chips under advanced technology. Through the research and discussion of this paper, the methods and strategies of electrostatic discharge protection design of integrated circuits and how to choose the best electrostatic discharge protection scheme for different integrated circuits are basically mastered.

This paper describes the effect of preceramic paper composition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti3SiC2-based composites. The preceramic paper with Ti3SiC2-powder filler and different content (from 10 to 40 wt.%) of organic component (cellulose) was prepared. The composites were obtained by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 50 MPa pressure for 10 min holding time. The sintering temperature was 1473 K. The influence of organic content on microstructure, phase composition, and flexural strength of the sintered materials was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mechanical testing, respectively. It was revealed that the microstructure of the sintered materials became more porous with increasing of cellulose content in the paper. XRD analysis showed the presence of Ti3SiC2, TiC and TiSi2 phases in the sintered samples while the content of the Ti3SiC2 phase increase with decreasing of the organic content. The flexural strength changes from 100 (40 wt.%) to 300 MPa (10 wt.% organic binder) that is caused by porosity of the composites.

In the current period, many transformers in domestic power supply departments are in the state of overdue service, there are many problems of insulation aging and increasing water in the body, and the rapid and accurate insulation moisture assessment is a technical problem that needs to be solved. The commonly used methods of medium response test for damp evaluation of transformer oil-paper insulation system include time-domain PDC and frequency-domain FDS. These two methods have their own advantages, but also have their own disadvantages. The purpose of this paper is to transform these two test methods into time-frequency combined medium response technology combining time-domain PDC method and frequency-domain FDS method, which can be used in transformer oil paper insulation moisture evaluation to improve the efficiency of transformer operation detection. In this paper, PDC method, FDS method and time-frequency combination method were used to obtain the response curves of insulating oils with different water contents, and the curves were analyzed. By comparing the results of measuring time and water content, the effectiveness of time-frequency combination method was verified. The experimental results of this paper further show that the time-frequency domain combined media response technology has a good application value in the evaluation of transformer oil paper insulation damp.

Concrete structure deterioration and design deficiencies are stated as serious problems that frequently occur in the construction industry. It may lead to the loss of strength, stiffness, durability, and ductility of the existing structure. Therefore, an immediate structural strengthening must be highly considered to improve and repair the structure performance due to which the structure may fail to serve its purpose. The aim of this paper is to provide review of the structure strengthening methods for reinforced concrete columns proposed by researchers in the past two decades. However, the scope of this review paper is limited only to reinforced concrete columns retrofit by using the material of shape memory alloy (SMA). At the end of this paper, a suitable SMA form will be proposed for the future direction of research into this strengthening method.

Silica element can be used as one of additional elements in a material. It is good to improve the thermal properties so it can stabilize the heat resistance of a material. The silica gel resulted from the extraction process of rice husk ash can also do the stabilization of heat resistance. This element is known to be able to reduce the fire rate in a material. In this research, the fire rate on a paper is analyzed from the result of paper coating by using the silica resulted from the extraction of rice husk ash. It is done by using the flammability test device. The silica gel used to coat the paper is obtained from variety of time during the extraction process, so it will give a difference toward the fire rate on the paper. From the research result, the paper coated by the silica gel sourced from the extraction of rice husk ash with the shortest amount of heating time has the lowest fire rate compared to other samples. It means that the percentage of silica gel obtained from the extraction of rice hush ask with various time variety is in line with the reduction of fire rate.

Detection of heavy metal containment of soil pollution has been made by using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 8 ns, 200 mJ) was focused on to a soil sample, which is prepared in the form of pellet, at atmospheric pressure. Emission spectra taken from the waste-contaminated soil and uncontaminated soil were obtained. Plasma emissions are then detected using a multichannel analyzer (OMA) to obtain the emission line spectrum that represents the content of atoms and molecules in the target material. The spectrum is recorded and compared with the spectrum of reference standards of atoms, ions and molecules (National Institute of Standards and Technology/NIST) so that the atomic and molecular content in the sample can be known. From the results of the study it was found that there are elements of heavy metals in the form of Fe, Cd, and Mg in polluted soils.

The preparation and properties of paper coating based bilayer of starch and shellac composites has been investigated in the present report. The bilayer coating were prepared by coating the surface of the paper using starch as first layer then shellac was coated on the surface of the starch layer. Composition of the bilayer composites of starch/shellac was 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50; 60:40; 70:30; 80:20; % w/w. The Payne Cup Analysis showed that the water vapour barrier properties of starch/shellac increased with the increased of shellac concentration, and very significant improvement was achieved when shellac concentration was above 50 wt%. The grease resistance of the sample was better than that of conventional paper coating. The Diffuse Reflectance UV showed that the transparency of the samples did not change by the presence of the bilayer composites. XRD indicatedd that the stability of shellac was improved by the presence of starch.

In the present study, the water vapour and grease resistance properties of paper coating based starch – bentonite clay has been investigated. The clay concentration was 0%, 10%, 15%, 23%, 30%, 40% dan 50% w/w. The composites were prepared by solution casting and coated on the surface of the paper, and analysed using Payne cup method (water vapour transmitter rate-WVTR), grease resistance test and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The WVTR results showed that the addition of clay improved water vapour barrier properties and the most optimal improvement was obtained at clay concentration in the range of 10 - 23 wt %. However, the opposite trend was observed for grease resistance properties which showed that the grease resistance decreased with increasing clay concentration. XRD results showed that starch entered clay gallery and formed intercalated bilayer structure both at clay concentration of 10 and 23 wt % wt. The clay/starch composite (23 wt%) was more ordered and higher amount of starch chains entered gallery than than those of clay/starch (10 wt%) supporting better water barrier properties at high clay concentration.

Next generation modern aircraft gas turbine engines (GTE) should provide ultra-low emissions, higher operating efficiencies and cost-effective production and use of energy with decreased emissions at local and global levels. However, the combustors particularly developed for ultra-low NOX emission combustors being developed for aircraft gas turbine engines are more susceptible to combustion instabilities. Premixed combustion systems have the capability to meet future regulations on NOx emissions. However, premixed systems always involve the risk of flame flashback into the premixing section. From a gas turbine manufacturer’s point of view, it is required to enlarge the safe operating range, in particular with respect to flame flashback. The significance of these flashback phenomena is a strong function of fuel composition and operating conditions. In the literature, flashback along the wall boundary layer shows the most critical failure mechanism for many burner configurations using hydrogen-rich fuels. Therefore, in the past few years, Government, academia and several industries conducting extensive research in this area for the introduction of green technologies as lean fuel combustion and premixed burners in aero-engines. Therefore, this review paper focus on flashback propensity mechanisms in more detail and the conclusions are drawn as to mitigation technologies.

The objective of this study is to investigate the crushing strength of Kraft paper honeycomb with different thickness of cell wall and different cell size subjected to compression loading. At first, experimental tests were carried out on Kraft paper honeycomb with 10mm cell size and 0.6mm thickness of paper with different mass density (RO). Then, a finite element model was developed in order to study the effect of cell size and thickness of cell wall on crushing properties of Kraft paper honeycomb. Based on the simulation results, the cell size and thickness of cell wall of Kraft paper honeycomb influence the crushing properties of the honeycomb. Crushing strength increases with decreasing the cell size which for the range of the study, cell size 10mm shows the highest strength. Meanwhile, 0.4mm thickness of cell wall results the higher crushing strength of honeycomb. Also, higher density gives higher crushing strength where in this study is found for 2.236× 106 kg/mm3.

A cost effective and easy to fabricate stress sensor based on pseudo-Hall effect in Graphite on Paper (GOP) has been presented in this article. The four terminal devices were developed by pencil drawing with hand on to the paper substrate. The stress was applied to the paper containing four terminal devices with the input current applied at two terminals and the offset voltage observed at other two terminals called pseudo-Hall effect. The GOP stress sensor showed significant response to the applied stress which was smooth and linear. These results showed that the pseudo-Hall effect in GOP based four terminal devices can be used for cost effective, flexible and easy to make stress, strain or force sensors.

Empty fruit bunches of oil palm is a by-product of the palm oil industry that contains a high element of carbon. This by-product can be processed into a conductive carbon paper that could be applied as fuel cell electrodes. Carbon paper for this application must be conductive, porous, and hydrophobic. Utilization of oil palm empty fruit bunches begins with the carbonization process at a temperature of 500°C that produced charcoal. It is followed by heating at temperature of 900°C and 1300°C. To obtain the carbon paper, powdered charcoal with polymer binder (PEG and EVA) were mixed in solvent and molded using tape casting method. This process successfully produced carbon paper with dimensions of ±(20x20) cm2 and a thickness of 0.1-0.3 mm. Properties of carbon paper were characterized and analyzed in terms of electrical conductivity, porosity, hydrophobic property, and microstructure. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a hydrophobic agent, was treated on carbon paper to enhance the hydrophobicity of the carbon paper. PTFE coating on the surface of the carbon paper could change their physical properties. Carbon paper shows excellent properties in terms of porosity and hydrophobicity. Whereas, its electrical property needs to be improved further by increasing the pyrolysis temperature. But overall, this might show a potential GDL material for PEMFC.

This paper presents the use of Escherichia coli as an anode in a paper-based microfluidic urea fuel cell (P-based μUFC). For the construction of this P-based μUFC, a saline solution with E. coli bacteria was deposited on carbon cloth and used as an anode for urea oxidation, furthermore, a piece of Toray® carbon paper was impregnated with Pt/C and used as an cathode to reduce the oxygen present in the air. The P-based μUFC proved with a urea solution of 0.33 M, showed an open-circuit voltage of 0.83 V, a maximum current density of 3.253 mA cm-2 and a maximum power density of 0.608 mW cm2, these values were similar to report when human urine was used as fuel. The microfluidic fuel cell developed was evaluated for 20 consecutive days at room temperature in order to observe the lifetime of the bacteria with respect to the power generated. This work represents an advance in the possible use of physiological fluids such as urine to generate electrical energy in non-implantable medical devices.

Hybrid polymer latex based on combination of organic-inorganic materials, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) (PMMBA) and organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) were synthesized via miniemulsion polymerization technique. Modification of montmorillonite (MMT) through the incorporation of myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MTAB) into the clay's interlayer spaces were investigated by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Barrier property and thermal stability of polymer latex film sample were investigated through its Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The results indicated that addition of OMMT as filler in PMMBA increased the barrier property and thermal stability of the latex film. Addition of 8.0% (wt) OMMT increased the barrier property and thermal stability. Miniemusion polymerization process with higher addition (>8.0 wt%) of OMMT resulting in high latex viscosity, particle size, and high amount of coagulum. The utilization of this hybrid polymer could benefits paper and board industries to produce high quality barrier paper for food packaging.

The use of starch as biodegradable base material for packaging application was of great interest as an environmentally friendly alternative to the present use of polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride. However, starch tended to be brittle and had a lack of stability due to exposure to water. Several aproaches have been done to improve shellac properties including through chemical modification, mixing with polymers, clays, and plasticizers. The present study related to optimization of starch properties when mixing with polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated on the paper. The aim was to obtain the temperature and mixing time between starch and PEG so produced composites with optimal barrier properties. The composites of PEG/starch 10 % w/w were prepared using solvent casting and coated on paper surface, and dried in the oven for 12 hours at 40°C. Water Vapour Transmitter Rate (WVTR) (Payne cup method) showed that 70°C was the optimum temperature when mixing time was 30 minutes. Moreover, it showed that the optimum mixing time was 30 minutes when mixing temperature was 80 and 70 °C. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) showed a strong interaction between PEG400 and starch.

The present study demonstrates an inkjet – printed interdigitated electrode array on paper substrate and its evaluation as humidity sensor. Inkjet droplet formation analysis has been performed in order to achieve repeatable results regarding generated droplets, based on the driving pulses applied on the inkjet piezoelectric element. Droplet formation has been monitored using stroboscopic effect. Three different paper substrates, namely high glossy inkjet photo paper, glossy inkjet photo and matte inkjet photo paper have been evaluated to investigate compatibility with the ink. Relative humidity measurements have been carried out in a controlled environment. Material degradation, long term response and memory effect are some of the aspects which were studied within the frame of the present work. The proposed sensor provides the opportunity for novel biomedical applications given the flexible substrate nature and the low – cost, single – step fabrication approach.

Flexible substrates have many promising applications in sensing, electronics, and electromagnetic shielding and energy storage among many others. Paper can serve as substrate for these kinds of technologies offering a cheaper alternative. In this study, Zinc oxide (ZnO) was successfully deposited on graphite drawn on paper using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Graphite from commercially-available pencil was drawn on paper. Graphite drawn on paper was used as electrodes for the EPD process. High-voltage power supply was used as source while ground ZnO in acetone was used as suspension in the deposition process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results reveal the deposition of ZnO on Graphite. In addition, the electrical contact of the ZnO-graphite interface showed Ohmic behaviour by two-point probe method.

We report results of studies relating to the fabrication of a paper based impedimetric biosensor using poly (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) modified Whatman paper. The layer-by-layer assembly of PEDOT:PSS deposited on the paper substrate results in the formation of a stable, conductive and homogenous film. The film has been characterized using Fourier transfer Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This conducting paper platform has been used for the conjugation of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) protein for quantitative estimation of CEA, a cancer biomarker that is frequently used in detection and monitoring of cancer. The results of the electrochemical impedimetric response studies indicate that the fabricated paper electrode can be used to estimate CEA in the range from 6-20 ngmL-1, has sensitivity of 3.6 Ω mL ng-1 with a lower detection limit of 2.68 ng mL-1.

Pulp and paper products in the modern world are used in a variety of types and areas, due to which the issue of improving paper production technologies is relevant. The article presents the results of grinding fibrous semi-finished products using the knife method. A disc mill with an original knife set was used as the unit under study. For the most effective modes of grinding were selected to obtain raw materials with high quality indicators.

Transformer failure caused by the corrosion of copper material in transformer attracts great attention of researchers and engineers. In this paper, Karamay No. 25 naphthenic mineral oil, Karamay No. 25 paraffinic mineral oil, Kraft paper and copper were used to compose four combinations of oil-paper insulation samples. The ageing by-products and dielectric properties of the four combinations of oil-paper insulation samples were compared after they were thermally aged at 130°C. The influence of copper on the by-products and dielectric properties of different oil-paper insulations was obtained. The results show that copper can accelerate the ageing rate of insulation oils and reduce their AC breakdown voltage. The content of copper substance dissolved in insulating oil increases with ageing time at firstand then decreases. The paper aged in the oil-paper insulation sample with copper has higher moisture content than the one without copper. Results of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that there is copper product deposited on the surface of insulation paper. The insulation oil and paper aged in the oil-paper insulation sample with copper have higher dielectric loss and conductivity than that without copper.

An approach for characterizing paper surface quality by ultrasound as an alternative non-contact method is presented. In this work, an air-coupled ultrasound at frequency range from 0.3 MHz to 4.2 MHz has been applied to surface roughness characterization, where a series of sandpapers and pure papers having random and relatively wide range of root-mean-square of roughness Rq from 2.0 to 92.8 are employed as specimens. The amplitude of reflected wave from each specimen is measured with pulse-echo configuration at normal incidence. A Kirchhoff-based scattering model is used to express the scattering phenomena from random rough surfaces and the relations between the normalized amplitude of the reflected wave and surface roughness parameters are then examined. It has been shown through the experiments that high frequency air-coupled ultrasound up to 4 MHz is useful to characterize surface roughness in the order of few microns of Rq. In addition, it has been suggested that an irregularity of paper surface geometry such as skewness could be characterized from the deviation of the normalized amplitude.

This study focus on the removal of textile dyeing effluent by analyzing the physio-chemical parameters such as color, turbidity, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Activated carbon is used for removing color from the wastewater collected from silkworm textile industry, Bishnupur, West Bengal. We have used activated carbon made with coconut shell which is ecofriendly and low in cost. The results of the analysis were compared with the water quality standards of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) for further application of the treated water in agricultural field. Also, this paper included the case study on textile dyeing industry in Bankura district, West Bengal, India and its impacts of pollution load in the environment.

The paper presents studies on the use of ash of hydraulic removal in combination with modifier additives in the production of non-autoclaved foam concrete. The research is aimed at obtaining high-quality non-autoclaved foam concrete based on industrial waste with high construction and technical properties. The main objective of the paper is to determine the quality indicators of non-autoclaved foam concrete, according to standard methods, corresponding to the normative and technical documentation. The studies were carried out under laboratory conditions on certified and calibrated test equipment. The industrial waste considered in the paper, the ash of hydraulic removal and food industry waste, are common waste in all countries of the world, which gives high relevance to the research topic within the framework of waste disposal. The conducted studies confirmed the effectiveness of the integrated use of waste, to obtain the best result. As it is known, ash reduces the thermal conductivity, which is a positive effect, but at the same time reduces the strength of the material and frost resistance. In the paper it was proved that with the use of oil processing waste, it is possible to obtain an increase in frost resistance due to volumetric hydrophobization, as well as with the use of alcohol production waste, a significant increase in strength is achieved, due to the plasticizing effect of the casein contained (polymer components) in the composition of alcohol production waste. The obtained results of the study on thermal conductivity, strength and frost resistance confirm the effectiveness of the use of ash in combination with modified additives based on food industry waste CM-2 and CMA-P. In conclusion, a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the use of industry waste the ash of hydraulic removal in combination with modified CM-2 and CMA-P additives is carried out.

Materials with superhydrophobic surfaces have significant values in industrial applications for the reason that these materials usually has the abilities of self-cleaning and stain-resisting. Currently, most superhydrophobic materials are fluorinated ones because fluorinated groups contribute to decreasing the surface energy and surface tension of materials. Nevertheless, toxicity of fluorinated materials prevents them from being widely used in some industrial areas. Thus, this paper aims to have a review of methods used to fabricate non-fluorinated materials with superhydrophobic surfaces. This work introduces both the advantages and disadvantages of fluorinated materials and displays the reasons why materials can be superhydrophobic. In addition, hierarchical structures and re-entrant structures are shown in this passage and methods of making these structures are listed. Besides, this paper presents some methods to fabricate structures which contribute to superhydrophobization. Furthermore, some non-fluorinated materials are listed and their abilities of repelling water and stains are displayed, consisting of silanes, organic materials, and inorganic materials. At last, this paper illustrates current limitation of non-fluorinated materials and their future developments.

This paper is an experimental study that was made on the effects of using Wheat Straw Ash (WSA) as a partial replacement of cement in the concrete mixture. The control specimens with ordinary portland cement (OPC) were made and in other specimens, cement was replaced with 10%, 15%, and 20% of WSA by weight of the cement. Wheat straw locally available was burned to ash in a controlled manner in the oven, which was used in this study. The destructive tests included the compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and splitting tensile strength were carried out on the concrete mixture using WSA at a different percentage of cement replacement and were and compared with control specimens. The tests result gained show that the compressive strength decreases when surrogating cement with WSA. While the modulus of rupture increase with 10 % WSA also, the splitting tensile strength increase with 15 % WSA.

This paper reports the optimal ratio of cement-lime modified rammed earth materials for red loam soils in the Changsha area. The optimal moisture content of 8%∼12% was determined by key indicators such as test block effect, compressive strength, and weather resistance. Subsequently, the physical properties, water resistance, and weather resistance of red loam soil blocks with different cement and lime ratios were compared, and the suitable ratios of cement-lime modified rammed earth material for the Changsha area were determined as follows: soil: sand: stone: lime: cement - 5:3:2:1/3:1:1. To verify the reasonableness and practicability of the experiments, the rammed simulated tests and practical applications were carried out.

The pomegranate-peel dye was extracted by boiling in this paper. Through orthogonal experiments, using dye fixation rate as an indicator, it has studied the best dyeing process of pomegranate-peel dye for dyeing bamboo pulp fibers with direct dyeing and same-bath mordant dyeing methods. The dyeing process parameter are optimized through orthogonal experiments as follows: (1)with direct dyeing method, when dyeing 30minutes or 50minutes, the optimal process parameters are dyeing concentration X, dyeing temperature 80°C, and dyeing PH value 8; when dyeing 70minutes, the optimal process parameters are dyeing concentration 2/3X, dyeing temperature 80°C, and dyeing PH value 9.(2) with same-bath mordant dyeing method, when dyeing 30minutes, the optimal process parameters are dyeing concentration X, dyeing temperature 80°C, and dyeing PH value8; when dyeing 50minutes, the optimal process parameters are dyeing concentration 2/3X, dyeing temperature 60°C, and dyeing PH value7; when dyeing 70minutes, the optimal process parameters are dyeing concentration X, dyeing temperature 60°C, and dyeing PH value9. It is concluded that the bamboo pulp fiber dyed with pomegranate-peel dye has good dyeing performance, which meets the color fastness requirements of fabrics.

This paper reports a new approach for high-value conversion of black liquor into biochar to catalyse the transesterification for biodiesel conversion using waste fry oil (WFO). The central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to optimize the biodiesel preparation using the catalyst prepared from the paper pulp black liquor precipitated biochar. The transesterification reaction is catalysed by oxidative functional groups (enolic) on the surface of biochar. The effect of alkaline loading in biochar, carbonization temperature, the methanol to oil ratio and the catalyst loading were systematically investigated. The optimal biodiesel conversion conditions were achieved as the following: 27wt% (alkaline loading in biochar), 585 °C (carbonization temperature), 7 (methanol to oil ratio) and 5.5 wt% (catalyst loading), with the biodiesel yield of 95%.