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Thermal paper, which is comprised of sulfonylurea molecule R1SO2NH–CO–NH–R2 (color developer) and the leuco-dye, can develop strong black color, and the developed color is durable. This is because ...

The mechanism of the color development on thermal paper, comprising a fluoran dye (S-205) and a color developer molecule, such as bisphenol A, was elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses (IR, and NMR) on an isolated black-colored compound prepared by a reaction of S-205 and bisphenol A. We propose that this black-colored compound is, indeed, a color-developing complex (CDC) with a definite molar ratio (S-205 : bisphenol A = 1 : 4 ) which has been formed between the open-form S-205 (generated by the cleavage of the lactone ring of S-205: zwitterion) and bisphenol A through hydrogen-bonding. The enthalpy gain associated with the formation of CDC plays an important role for black-color formation on thermal paper.

A mixture of N-dodecanoylhistidine methyl ester (DHOMe) and dodecyl dihydrogenphosphate (DDP) gave a chromatographically distinct complex in chloroform, where the imidazole staining was markedly enhanced and the phosphate staining showed a characteristic delayed appearance. The 1H NMR chemical shift of 8.53 ppm (imidazole C–2H) observed for a 1 : 1 mixture of the two amphiphiles was downfield shifted by nearly 1.0 ppm vis-a-vis DHOMe alone. The data suggest that the complex between DHOMe and DDP in chloroform is stabilized by hydrogen bonding and ion-pair interactions.

The penetration of liquid into a piece of filter paper hung vertically above a liquid is studied theoretically and experimentally. The height of the ascent of the liquid is proportional to the square root of the time at the initial stage of the penetration, but the proportionality does not hold in a wide range of time. The equation which describes this relationship between the height and time has been derived. The values of the parameters in the equation have been determined for acetone, benzene, water, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol. It is concluded that the capillary gap in the filter paper is about 6 μ in the half distance and the length of the gap is about 3 times larger than the length of the filter paper, if the gap is assumed to be two dimensional.

(1) It was found that polyethylene oxide on paper can readily be recognized with fluorescein as an adsorption indicator. (2) It was found that paper chromatography can be applied also for polyethylene oxide in the range of the average molecular weight 1,000-5,000, as the first case for hydrophilic polymer, in the same manner as low molecular weight substances. (3) It was found that paper chromatography gives a simple new relative method of determination of the average molecular weight of polyethylene oxide in the range mentioned above, where all the other conventional methods encounter serious difficulties.

In continuation of the previous work (Y. Matsumoto and M. Shirai, Bunseki kagaku, 12, 608 (1963); Y. Matsumoto and M. Shirai, This Bulletin, 39, 59 (1966).), results of a study of the colored products resulting from the reaction between the chromium(III) ion and potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) by paper electrophoresis and polarography will be presented in this paper. Paper-electrophoretical experiments illustrated that the negatively-charged complexes containing both Cr and Fe were gradually formed by reaction. In the presence of excess potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), the resulting complexes were constant in color and situation in the electrophoretical patterns, regardless of the molar ratio of reactants. On the other hand, in the case of a reactant molar ratio (Fe(CN)64− to Cr3+) below 2.5, the patterns varied with the ratio. The product, sampled either in the form of a reaction mixture or as isolated state (Y. Matsumoto, M. Shirai, and H. Saito, This Bulletin, 41, 2542 (1968).), was found to present no r...

(1) Carrier-free yttrium-90 can be separated rapidly and simply from strontium-90 by paper chromatography. The most suitable solvent is a mixture of ethyl alcohol and 10% solution of ammonium thiocyanate (5:3 or 5:2). The Rf value of carrier-free yttrium-90 is 0 and that of strontium is 0.7 to 0.8. (2) Carrier-free yttrium-90 having a radiochemical purity more than 99.9% can be prepared within forty minutes. (3) If yttrium-carrier is present, when it is developed with the above mentioned solvent, it is distributed upward from the original position on the paper. Its distribution pattern depends upon the amount of yttrium-carrier and the developing time and it may be caused by the adsorption of yttrium on the paper.

The penetration of liquid through a vertically suspended filter paper was studied by measuring the weight increase with a strain gauge tensiometer for several organic liquids and aqueous solutions. The plot of penetration rate K=h⁄t1⁄2 (h, height of liquid rise and t, time) against (σ⁄η)1⁄2 (σ, surface tension and η, viscosity coefficient of wetting liquids) showed two straight lines, one for organic liquids and the other for aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Both these lines passed the origin, suggesting Lucas-Washburn formula to hold. The plots for ethyl alcohol-water mixtures showed behaviors intermediate between those two linear relations. The aqueous solutions caused swelling of fibers and reduced the mean capillary radius of the filter paper, resulting in a decrease of the penetration constant P=K⁄(σ⁄η)1⁄2 but with a rather large K value. The plots for penetration of water through an untreated paper fell far below the straight line obtained for aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate....

In the present work, graphene oxide (GO) was deposited on aluminum (Al) by cathodic electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The effects of low thermal annealing (50–200 °C) on hydrophobicity of Al–GO sam...

To explain what effect hydrochloric acid, contained in the sample to be analyzed, gives upon the paper chromatograms of amino acids, RF values of some amino acids dissolved in hydrochloric acid of various concentrations were observed with different kinds of solvent. In case of n-butanol, hydrochloric acid was found to increase the RF value of each amino acid with an increase in the concentration of hydrochloric acid, while in isovalerianic acid, on the contrary, to decrease that. On the one hand, only the amino acids of lower RF values were affected by hydrochloric acid in the case of phenol. In butanol-acetic acid, on the other hand, some effect was also found, but in collidine-lutidine it was negligible. In all cases, the relation between thess effects and the diffused areas of hydrochloric acid on the chromatograms was observed with great interest.

Comparison of the experimental zone mobility-pH curves of nucleic acid bases with the calculated ones was made over acidic and basic regions using a pure cellulose paper as a support after correction of the capillary action and the endoosmotic flow. The mobilities in the acid region agreed with the calculated ones but those in the basic region did not. Some unknown factors affect the mobilities in the basic region.

1) To separate various meta-and poly-phosphate ions respectively, pyridine-water (1:1) was found to be the most desirable developing solvent. Especially, both trimeta- and hexameta-phosphate ions can be separated from the ortho-, pyro-, and tripoly-phosphate ions, but the latter were not completely separated. The authors plan to separate them after further study of solvents. However, by using labelled radioactive substances, it may possible to detect the impurity in synthesized phosphate or the traces of other phosphates in the main component. If the radioactive dilution method should be applied, this method may be used in determining nonactive substances. No special care was necessary in this case concerning the atom-exchange of phosphorus between active phosphate ions and non-active. 2) As shown in Fig. 4 it may be possible to determine hydrolysis products by the present simple method. 3) There is a certain regular relationship between the ionic structures and their Rf’s. That is to say, Rf’s will decre...

The diffuse reflection spectra of filter papers dyed with sixteen 1-arylazo-2-naphthols were examined in the range from 350 to 700 mμ. The absorption bands due to both the azo and hydrazone tautomers were observed in this state. Appreciable changes in the hue of the dyed papers caused by moisture were attributed to the deviation from the Kubelka-Munk theory due to the increased regular reflection; however, the movement of the tautomeric equilibrium caused by moisture was also clearly demonstrated in many cases. The direction was found to depend upon the kind and position of the substituents, e.g., towards the azo tautomer in the case of the p-Cl and o-NO2 derivatives and towards the hydrazone tautomer in the case of the m-Cl and o-MeO derivatives.

Paper electrophoretic migrations of adenine, adenosine, and adenosine nucleotides as a function of pH-values of various supporting solutions have been studied. The buffering capacity of the supporting solution played an important role in the migration and is discussed along with the electroosmosis. The Rf-values of adenines in the supporting solutions are also presented.

Measurements of ionic mobilities of a number of cations and anions in nonaqueous and mixed solvents were made from electromigration on filter paper, and the apparent advantages of the ionophoretic method over other modern techniques have been explained. The values so obtained have been corrected for (a) electroosmotic and (b) tortuosity (i.e., ‘added migration path length’) effects, in order to compare them with those in free solution. Considering the combined effect of dielectric constant and viscosity the ionic mobilities obtained by the electrophoretic method are considered to be of correct order of magnitude. The ionic mobilities at constant dielectric constant when plotted against reciprocal of viscosity show a slight deviation from linearity.

The optimum pH value and concentration of EDTA for separating rare earths (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and yttrium) by the technique of paper electromigration have been evaluated on the basis of the migration theory. The validity of the theory has then been justified experimentally. The best condition for separating was at the range of pH 1.7–2.1 of 5×10−3 M EDTA. Also, the applicability for focusing chromatographic separation has been examined with several pH arrangements between hydrochloric acid on the anodic side and a EDTA complexing agent solution on the cathodic side. Summarizing the above results, it has been concluded that the initial optimum pH of an anodic solution for separation may be obtained by selecting the pH range close to the expected one for the ordinary electromigration, while the effect of pH in a cathodic solution was not as severe as the former.

The mechanism of paper chromatography consists of three stages: i) adsorption; ii) desorption; iii) migration due to solvation. Solvation depends on the physical properties of the solvent. The present paper will attempt to correlate the Rf values of metal ions with such physical properties of the solvent as (a) surface tension, (b) viscosity, (c) solubilisation, and (d) the dielectric constant. Experiments have been conducted with pure and mixed solvents of the aliphatic alcohol series. As a result, it may be reported that the Rf values of cations (silver, copper, nickel and ferric ions) bear almost a linear relationship to the dielectric constant/viscosity quotient.

Complete resolution of racemic [M en3]3+ (M=CoIII, CrIII, and RhIII) by means of electrophoresis was achieved in a background solution of sodium d-tartrate and aluminum chloride. Electrophoretic data obtained under various conditions (various compositions, concentrations, and pH values of supporting electrolyte solutions) indicated that the separation of the enantiomers of [M en3]3+ complexes was accomplished not by the d-tartrate anion but by some aluminum d-tartrate complex anion.

The effects of using acetic acid saturated with isobutanol and n-butyric acid saturated with isobutanol as different developing solvents are discussed. When the latter was used, the separation of cations was achieved at a higher concentration than for the acetic acid system. Coprecipitation was minimized by increasing the acidity of the developing solvent.

Fatty acids extracted from archaeological pottery vessels (B.C. 900—720 y) excavated at Tell Mastuma, Syria, are characteristic of individual vessels. The molecular-distribution patterns of n-fatty acids of these vessels are different from those of the underfloor soil and a human hand, indicating that the fatty acids recovered are proper to the samples. The lamps show a predominance of hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids with a near absence of other acids in the patterns, suggesting that olive oil was used in the lamps. On the other hand, large pottery jars show a clear presence of nonanoic acid in their patterns. The acid presence is also strikingly noted in carbonized olive, suggesting that olive and/or a chemically olive-related material was stored in the jars. The relative concentration of cis-9-octadecenoic acid to octadecanoic acid decreases drastically from modern olive pulp to carbonized olive, and further in the jars and lamps. Apparently, a degradation of the acid had occurred intensely during b...

Studies have been carried out on the effects of cationizable and anionizable groups of ion exchange cellulose papers on an electroosmotic flow over a range of pH=5–10 and on the electrophoretic migrations of adenine, adenosine, and adenosine nucleotides. The ionizable groups strongly affected the mobilities of adenosines.

Glassy and crystalline substances of the NaPO3-Sb2O3-Na2O system with P/Sb ratios in the range from 1.0 to 300 were prepared by heating NaPO3Sb2O3, and Na2CO3 at 1000°C and by then quenching the melts of the mixtures. Samples with P/Sb ratios smaller than 5.0 were obtained as crystalline substances containing amorphous substances. The chemical compositions of these crystalline substances were estimated from the data obtained by X-ray diffractometry and paper chromatography. Samples with P/Sb ratios larger than 7.0 were obtained as glassy substances. Condensed phosphates were separated by paper-chromatographic analysis, and the average degree of the polymerization of the phosphates was measured by the pH-titration method. It has been found that the crystalline substances in the samples with P/Sb ratios in the range from 1.0 to 5.0 were Sb2O5, NaSbO3, and an unknown crystalline substance. Assuming that the glasses have the P-O-P, P-O−, P-O-Sb, and Sb-O− linkages, a theoretical treatment of the degree of pol...

Crystals and glasses of the NaPO3–Na2SiO3 and NaPO3-SiO2 systems with various P/Si ratios have been prepared from sodium metaphosphate, silicon dioxide, and sodium carbonate. The samples with P/Si ratios in the range from 0.05 to 4.00 have been obtained as crystalline substances containing amorphous substances, while those with P/Si ratios in the range from 6.00 to 200 have been obtained as glassy substances. By the X-ray diffractometry and the paper chromatography, it has been revealed that the crystals of neither system contains any P–O–Si linkages. By the paper chromatography and the pH-titration method, it has been disclosed that the glassy substances of either system with P/Si ratios higher than 6 are hydrolyzed to give mixtures of polyphosphates when dissolved in water. The lower the P/Si ratio, the more shorter chain polyphosphates are formed. The variation in the average chain length of the polyphosphates with the P/Si ratio indicates that these glassy substances are condensed phosphate-silicates ...

1. Three cellulose acetates from cotton linters, Kayaceta and a domestic pulp were fractionally precipitated from acetone solution with ethanol, and viscosity measurements in acetone solution and pentosan determinations by paper chromatography of the individual fractions were made. 2. Another acetate from Rayaceta was again fractionated into five fractions and viscosities in acetone and cupriethylene diamine solution and pentosan contents of the individual fractions were determined. 3. The results showed a close relationship between the initial acetone-insoluble fractions or in acetone haze-producing fractions and their pentosan content. These fractions include abnormal materials which show low viscosity (probably low D. P.) in cupriethylene diamine solution as well as in acetone. They are in-cluded much in the acetates from wood pulps. 4. It could not be decided whether these acetone-insoluble fractions were due to association by salt bridge effect of calcium ions between carboxyl or sulfuric half-ester ...

To elucidate the amino acid sequence of glumamycin, glumamycin and DNP-glumamycin have been partially hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid, and various peptides have been isolated by column chromatography on ionexchange resin or talc-celite, paper chromatography and paper ionophoresis. From the structures of the peptides, two possible structures (A and B) for glumamycin have been presumed.

The reaction of cyclo-triphosphate(P3m) with L-valine in an aqueous solution was studied by means of anionexchange chromatography, paper chromatography, chemical analysis for phosphorus and valine, IR spectroscopy, and ninhydrin reaction. 1) P3m reacted with L-valine at pH 10–12 to form an unknown compound, the amount of which reached about 22% at pH 12 and about 9% at pH 10. This compound decomposed into orthophosphate(P1) and valine at a lower pH. 2) The unknown compound was proved to be a P1-derivative of valine, (Remark: Graphics omitted.), which has a P–N bond in its molecule. 3) In the reaction of P3m with L-valine at pH 10, in addition to the unknown compound, small amounts of tetra(P4) and pentaphosphate(P5) were produced. 4) The disappearance rate of P3m in this reaction was first-order, and its rate constants were 0.317 and 0.138 d−1 at pH 12 and 10 respectively at room temperature. 5) Short-chain phosphates, such as P1 pyro (P2), and triphosphate(P3), did not react with L-valine at all. 6) The ...

A stereoselective synthesis of unusual basic amino acids, ornithine, 2,4-diaminopentanoic acid, and 2,4-diamino-6-methylheptanoic acid, was achieved by the hydrogenation of cyclic α,β-dehydro dipeptides obtained by the condensation of cyclo(–Gly–L(or D)-aminoacyl–) and protected linear or chiral amino aldehydes. The degree of chiral induction greatly depended on the bulkiness of the side chains of α,β-dehydro amino acids. The Rf values on paper chromatography of (2S,4S or 2R,4S)-diaminopentanoic acid prepared by the present method were different from the reported values of a compound which had been obtained from metabolic products of Clostridium sticklandii and estimated to be 2,4-diaminopentanoic acid.

(1) Dissolved state of cobalt ions in 10−3 molar aqueous solution of cobaltous chloride, varying in pH, was studied by a radiotracer electrodialysis coupled with an ordinary filtration. (2) Formation of colloidal particles permeable to filter paper but not permeable to cellophane membrane were confirmed in the solution, in the region of pH from 6 to 10. (3) Macroscopic precipitates of cobaltous hydroxide began to form at about pH 8 and practically all cobalt ions were precipitated at a pH greater than 10. (4) The value of pH of insoluble cobaltous hydroxide formation in aqueous 10−3 molar cobalt salt solution calculated from the solubility product of cobaltous hydroxide was found to be situated between the pH of the initiation of colloidal particle formation and the pH of the initiation of macroscopic agglomerate formation.

A series of phenylphosphorus compounds, such as triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine oxide, triphenylphosphite, diphenylphosphite, tricresylphosphite, monophenylphosphate, triphenylphosphate, phenylphosphonic acid and phenylphosphonous acid, were irradiated in a nuclear reactor for 15–2100 min with a thermal neutron flux of 5×1012 n/cm2/sec. The relative amounts of the 32P-labeled gaseous products and the products soluble in an aqueous solution in the irradiated samples were then estimated. It was found that the compounds containing an oxygen atom bonded as P=O in a molecule had a tendency to yield the higher percentages of the products which were nonvolatile and soluble in an aqueous solution. The recoil products were separated into components by paper chromatography, and the chemical form of each component was identified. It was shown that the number of recoil products separated and the distribution of the chemical forms were greatly influenced by the chemical forms of the target compounds. The chemic...

In order to throw light on the chemical structure of the ion-exchange membrane prepared by the “Paste Method,” the ion-exchange membrane and its base membrane were extracted with tetrahydrofuran. The base membrane was composed of polyvinyl chloride and the resin component of the styrene-divinyl benzene system or of the 2-methyl-5-vinyl pyridine-divinyl benzene system, the ion-exchange group was introduced into this resin component. It was established that the resin component was partially extractable through a filter paper. Although the resin component and polyvinyl chloride should be entwined with each other, and although the resin component might be grafted on polyvinyl chloride, it could be concluded that the chemical structure of the ion-exchange membrane prepared by the “Paste Method” is different from that of Amberlite IR-120, i. e., the homogeneously crosslinked gel-structure.

1) A cell-free enzyme preparation of a halotolerant bacterium activates aromatic nitroso and hydroxylamino compounds as well as nitro compounds and accelerates their reduction by hydrogen donator systems. 2) The enzymatic reduction of nitroso and hydroxylamino was more strongly inhibited by cyanide and azide than that of nitro. 3) Methylene blue, which can not be used as an intermediary hydrogen carrier in the case of nitro reduction, can be used in the cases of nitroso and hydroxylamino reduction. 4) From these facts, we have been led to the consideration that there exist special enzymes such as nitroso-reductase and hydroxylamino-reductase besides nitro-reductase. 5) Azoxy, azo, and hydrazo compound cannot be reduced by the enzyme preparation. 6) From the studies of reaction velocity and paper chromatography of the intermediates and the end products, we proposed a scheme concerning the enzymatic reduction of nitro to amino, namely: (Remark: Graphics omitted.)

The hexyl (Dipicrylamine) anion, hexylate, and picrate form weak ion-pairs with alkali metal cations in an aqueous solution. The composition and the association constants of the ion-pairs are determined by capillary analysis based on the difference in the adsorbability of the anions and of the ion-pairs on a filter paper. A new constant temperature-humidity apparatus is devised, and by means of it the analysis is successfully carried out. The compositions of the cation and the anion in the ion-pairs formed are 1:1, in either case; the association constants of the ion-pairs for Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs cations are about 102, and they tend gradually to decrease with the ionic radii.

Egyptian cotton linters, its purified linters, Japanese red pine and beech were hydrolyzed. It has been shown by paper chromatography that the hydrolyzates contain certain monosaccharides, uronic acids and amino acids. Raw cotton linters have been found to contain, besides glucose, about 1,5% arabinose, and a small amount of glactose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid. The amounts of the various amino acids contained in the hydrolyzates of raw cotton linters, red pine and beech are somewhat different from each other, but the kinds of the amino acids are the same and they are assumed to be cystine, aspartic acid, aspargine, arginine, glutamic acid, alanine and tryptophane. Glutamic acid changes to pyrrolidoncarboxylic acid in the process of hydrolysis of the materials and shows special colorizations reactions with ninhydrin and bromo-phenol-blue indicator. Purified cotton linters and sulfate rayon pulps treated by alkali cooking do not contain any amino acid, but sulfite rayon pulps contain cystine, al...

The change in sodium trimetaphosphate by grinding at low pressure was examined by the X-ray diffraction method and paper chromatography. The crystalline sodium trimetaphosphate became amorphous more rapidly when ground at low pressure than in dry air or nitrogen gas, and in these cases the chain phosphates higher than triphosphate were produced in addition to ortho-, pyro- and tri-phosphates.

The phase transition ranges were obtained at 20°C and 45°C for the linters pulp, the sulfate pulp and the sulfite pulp. It was concluded that the resistance of the linters pulp against the mercerization is higher than those of the wood pulp, where as no difference is observed between the sulfate and the sulfite pulp. It was suggested also that the visual estimation of the X-ray diffraction diagrams may transition range.

The specific coloration of the benzylamine type compounds in the ninhydrin color reaction is extended to other kinds of compounds. Alloxan resembles ninhydrin in its behaviour as reagent. The fact that the specific coloration reaction seems to be common to the benzylamine type compounds, is verified. However a few exceptions are observed as in the case of benzylaniline (17) and p-dimethylaminobenzylamine (18). The fact that the color change of these compounds in the usual paper chromatography is due to moisture in the air, is confirmed.