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Lateral light scattering simulations of printed dots are analyzed using general radiative transfer theory. We investigated the appearance of a printed paper in relation to the medium parameters like thickness of the paper sample, its optical properties, and the asymmetry factor. It was found that the appearance of a print greatly depends on these factors making it either brighter or darker. A thicker substrate with higher single scattering albedo backed with an absorbing surface makes the dots brighter due to increased number of scattering events. Additionally, it is shown that the optical effects of print also depend on illuminating and viewing angles along with the depth of ink penetration. A larger single scattering angle implies less intensity and the dots appear much blurred due to the shadowing effect prominent when viewed from sides. A fully penetrated dot of the same extinction coefficient as a partial penetrated one is darker due to increased absorption. These results can be used in applications dealing with lateral light scattering.

Prior work has established the existence of a color-performance relationship in achievement contexts and has demonstrated its presence in some undergraduate course examinations. This study examines the manifestation of such a relationship in an introductory, 430-student, calculus-based electricity and magnetism course during which the paper color used in examinations was varied. In this report, we analyze three separate exams and differentiate between students’ multiple choice, written response, conceptual, and computational performances. Also considered are factors such as the time students require to complete exams and their confidence levels prior to and immediately following assessment. Performance in all categories appears to be independent of paper color.

Deviations of the electron function velocity distribution from Maxwellian behavior in the high energy range have been extensively studied during the past two decades. A brief review of the experimental techniques and findings on the subject is given in this paper. There are indications that the electron distribution function in thermonuclear plasmas could be significantly different from the Maxwellian one even near the thermal velocity range when particular circumstances occur. These reasons motivate a renewed effort in the measurements that could detect low energies distortions, among which is the new Oblique Electron Cyclotron Emission diagnostics that has entered operations during 2006 experimental campaign at JET and aims to resolve relatively small differences in the ECE spectra taken at three toroidal angles. Such measurements allow insight into the characteristics of the electron distribution function. First results of such experimental system are discussed in this paper, along with emission simulations.

In the 1933 Bohr and Rosenfeld’s famous article on electromagnetic field measurements they did not consider the measurement of a magnetic component in a given space‐time region, nor the measurement of two parallel magnetic components, nor the measurement of two non‐parallel magnetic components, nor the parallel measurement of one magnetic and one electric component, nor the non‐parallel measurement of one electric and one magnetic component, nor the non‐parallel measurement of one magnetic and one electric component in two different space‐time regions. This article covers the first one of these pending matters.

When the atomic physicist measures or computes, applications of their results may not be immediately obvious. However, atomic data form the basis of many mature and developing applications. Two of these applications and their dependence on data are reviewed here. In particular, the national standard for radiation exposure and the processing of the United States mail with radiation are discussed.

Solar flares provide a unique site for the study of energy release and particle acceleration in astrophysics. This paper summarizes the charged particle and gamma ray aspects of the Workshop on High Energy Solar Physics held at the Goddard Space Flight Center in August 1995. The X‐ray aspects of the Workshop are summarized in another paper. Here are our highlights: (i) both the charged particle, and now also gamma ray observations have shown that stochastic acceleration due to gyroresonant interactions with plasma waves is very important in solar flares; (ii) CME driven shocks accelerate the particles observed in space from gradual flares; (iii) accelerated MeV/nucl ions can contain a large fraction of the energy released in flares; (iv) GeV ions are either trapped at the Sun or accelerated for hours; (v) nuclear gamma ray spectroscopy has become a tool for abundance determinations in the solar atmosphere; (vi) behind‐the‐limb flares can provide imaging information for solar gamma ray emission.

In this short paper we show the existence of solitonic solutions of four dimensional ungauged N = 1 supergravity coupled to arbitrary vector and chiral multiplets whose Ricci scalar curvature is constant. The Ricci scalar of spacetimes indeed depends on the σ‐model, namely the complex scalars and their first derivative. Then, we give two explicit models, namely static domain walls and static spherical symmetric black holes which are related to our previous works.

We summarize some current research on the formation and evolution of the universe and overview some of the key questions surrounding the the big bang. There are really only two observational cosmological probes of the physics of the early universe. Of those two, the only probe during the relevant radiation dominated epoch is the yield of light elements during the epoch of big bang nucleosynthesis. The synthesis of light elements occurs in the temperature regime from 108 to 1010 K and times of about 1 to 104 sec into the big bang. The other probe is the spectrum of temperature fluctuations in the CMB which (among other things) contains information of the first quantum fluctuations in the universe, along with details of the distribution and evolution of dark matter, baryonic matter and photons up to the surface of photon last scattering. Here, we emphasize the role of these probes in answering some key questions of the big bang and early universe cosmology.

D meson 3‐body hadronic decay data in the past were analyzed with Breit‐Wigner amplitude fits. However, the complicated dynamics of the final states is known from previous studies to be poorly described by Breit‐Wigner models. This short paper discusses work within CLEO to use coupled channel techniques to describe these decays.

In this paper the authors studied ordered algebraic structures (semimodules) which generalize rings, fields, modules and vector spaces as known from the theory of Algebra. Additionally these structures will be ordered and will satisfy monotonicity conditions similar to the case of ordered semigroups. In this paper we discuss the following results. (1) A linearly ordered integral domain R can be embedded in a linearly ordered field. (2) Let H be an ordered semimodule over R. (a) If H is a group then x ≤ y ⇒ x □ c ≤ y □ c for all x, y ∈ R and c ∈ H, implies x □ d ≥ y □ d for d ∈ H and d ≤ e (d ∈ H). (b) If R is a ring then a ≤ b ⇒ r □ a ≤ r □ b for all a, b and r ∈ R implies s □ a ≥ s □ b for all a, b ∈ H and s ∈R. (c) If R is the positive cone of a linearly ordered ring R and H is the positive cone of a linearly ordered group H then the external composition can be continued (extended) in a unique way on R x H such that H is a linearly ordered module over R. In fact result (1) is useful in the study of Algebraic path problems [2].

When radio waves are transmitted on the ocean, their signals will gradually decay due to the influence of the propagation medium such as free space, ionosphere and sea surface. This paper designs a reflection loss model to analyze HF radio waves reflected off the ocean. Then, combined with reflection loss model, this paper establishes maritime communication channel model to discuss marine HF radio wave communication. Through simulation, this paper summarizes the multi-hop HF radio wave propagation characteristics at sea. Regarding the reflection loss model, this paper calculated free space reflection loss, ionospheric absorption loss and sea surface reflection loss that occur before the HF radio wave is reflected by the sea for the first time. According to the relation between reflected power, incident power and reflection loss, this paper solved the reflected power to determine the strength of the first reflection of the HF signal off the ocean. Depending on FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), this paper generated a three-dimensional ocean wave model from a 2D PM wave spectrum to simulate ocean fluctuations. By calculating, we found that reflections off a turbulent ocean are attenuated more than reflections off a calm ocean. This paper builds a smooth sea surface SNR estimation model. The model takes the atmospheric noise power and the radio wave received power as the parameters, and then this paper calculated the maximum number of hops the signal can take before its strength falls below a usable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold.

Since the publication of the Newman-Penrose (“NP”) equations in 1962 they have been regarded as simply a different version of the Einstein field equations (“EFEs”). This paper reports the fact that symmetry methods can be employed to reduce the complexity of the NP equations, reformulated in terms of the elements of the metric tensor rather than the spin coefficients, and to derive the exact solution in the reference frame of an observer who is in radial free fall through the external vacuum gravitational field of an isolated, non-rotating, spherically symmetric gravitating body. While the domain of the solution is confined to the axis along which the observer falls, it can be directly compared to the Schwarzschild solution and is shown to differ from that solution.Since the publication of the Newman-Penrose (“NP”) equations in 1962 they have been regarded as simply a different version of the Einstein field equations (“EFEs”). This paper reports the fact that symmetry methods can be employed to reduce the complexity of the NP equations, reformulated in terms of the elements of the metric tensor rather than the spin coefficients, and to derive the exact solution in the reference frame of an observer who is in radial free fall through the external vacuum gravitational field of an isolated, non-rotating, spherically symmetric gravitating body. While the domain of the solution is confined to the axis along which the observer falls, it can be directly compared to the Schwarzschild solution and is shown to differ from that solution.

This paper describes the design and analytical study of tubular linear electromagnetic pulsing motor (EMPM) model with the high response characteristic to suit the electric vehicle (EV) application. The new tubular linear EMPM model based on the working principle of the reciprocating motion, which can eliminate problems related to internal combustion engines such as engine weight and friction where fewer components are used. In this paper, the tubular linear EMPM model has established a mathematical model by equivalent magnetic circuits and permeance analysis methods, which it the same technique as the electric circuit. Furthermore, the magnetic force of the coil and plunger rod was calculated; the design of the electromagnetic tubular linear EMPM is focused on engineering finite element analysis 3D Maxwell software. Finally, the simulation result of tubular linear EMPM are measured the plunger force is ∼37.2KN, thrust is ∼60Nm, plunger distance is 75mm, motor speed is ∼7500RPM and power motor is ∼12.3KW. at current supply 200A. Thus, the graph result shows the comparison between a theoretical and finite element of analysis tubular linear EMPM.

This paper describes the overview of quantum approach for measurements and analysis of data, obtained with the help of acoustic emission, which is considered as a new approach in the field of detection, determination of coordinates and monitoring of sources of acoustic emission associated with discontinuities on the surface, or in the volume of the vessel wall, welded joint and manufactured parts and components. An analysis of the advantages of this approach over the classical approach is given. A block diagram of the quantum system of AE (acoustic emission) – control is presented.This paper describes the overview of quantum approach for measurements and analysis of data, obtained with the help of acoustic emission, which is considered as a new approach in the field of detection, determination of coordinates and monitoring of sources of acoustic emission associated with discontinuities on the surface, or in the volume of the vessel wall, welded joint and manufactured parts and components. An analysis of the advantages of this approach over the classical approach is given. A block diagram of the quantum system of AE (acoustic emission) – control is presented.

The paper introduces a new approach to magnify vibration responses of an object. In general, the higher the frequency of vibration, the lower the amplitude of displacement, so the response can be loaded by noise. The aim of this paper is to present practical application of the proposed approach in 3D digital image correlation method. This method uses two high speed cameras to measure displacements of the object. The phase-based motion magnification technique is used to magnify motion in captured image frames. Magnified frames are subsequently correlated to acquire displacement and deformation fields of the object. By this way, the amplified response is obtained. This approach also can be useful when the level of excitation is too low. The paper describes the experimental measurement that is based on the following procedure. As first the experimental modal analysis is performed and one of vibration mode is chosen for the further analysis. Thereafter, the object is excited using an acoustic exciter by harmonic signal with frequency of the chosen mode at two different amplitudes of excitation. The measurement with the higher level excitation is considered as the reference one. The responses acquired under the low level of excitation are subjected to the given procedure to magnify vibration motion. Results of both measurements are compared and commented.

The paper reports on a general computer program for modeling spectra of diatomic molecules. It can treat both single and multi-channel problems accounting for various operators coupling the electronic states. The program delivers eigenenergies and eigenvectors, wherefrom line frequencies and line intensities can be calculated. The paper discusses the theoretical background of the program, the main numerical procedures and illustrates its ability to solve also inverse spectroscopic problems.

This paper constructed a new high speed and power density servo motor design scheme based on magnetic pole eccentricity proposed according to the requirements of electrical performance parameters. The analytical formulae were deduced in view of the theory of thick-walled elastic cylinders and the actual model by analytical calculations and finite element calculations. The structure strength of permanent magnet was analyzed. Furthermore, comprehensively comparing and analyzing the calculation results of the two methods verify the accuracy of the analytical calculation method and the rationality of the permanent magnet structure design. In brief, this paper provides a reference for the design of high-speed motor magnetic pole eccentricity.

The paper deals with homogenization of the generalized Poisson–Nernst–Planck problem stated in the disconnected domain composed of solid and pore phases. The nonlinear cross-diffusion transport equations are coupled with the Stokes flow model. At the interface between two phases, field variables are discontinuous allowing jumps, and nonlinear interface conditions describing electro-chemical reactions are taken into consideration. The first-order asymptotic corrector corresponding to the non-periodic interface data is derived rigorously and justified by residual error estimates within the homogenization procedure.The paper deals with homogenization of the generalized Poisson–Nernst–Planck problem stated in the disconnected domain composed of solid and pore phases. The nonlinear cross-diffusion transport equations are coupled with the Stokes flow model. At the interface between two phases, field variables are discontinuous allowing jumps, and nonlinear interface conditions describing electro-chemical reactions are taken into consideration. The first-order asymptotic corrector corresponding to the non-periodic interface data is derived rigorously and justified by residual error estimates within the homogenization procedure.

In this paper, we report studies on the dynamics of Bose-condensed dipole-active phonons and internal Frohlich photons in biological media. The theoretical model is used to calculate the behavior of photons and phonons for different parameters of the system. Using the system of equations that describes the dynamics of nonlinear interaction of millimeter waves with phonons generated by the system of molecules, we study the time evolution of number of phonons, phase portrait and emission spectrum for different values detuning, phonon frequency, and optical feedback parameters. The mechanism of formation of optical phonons and their interaction with the generated field by the cell system are studied. It is shown that the system displays, under certain conditions, periodic and chaotic behaviours. For certain bifurcation parameter values of the molecular system Hopf and period doubling bifurcations may occur. Finally, we show the method of controlling the unstable dynamics of Bose-condensed dipole-active phonons and internal Frohlich photons in biological media subject to delayed feedback.In this paper, we report studies on the dynamics of Bose-condensed dipole-active phonons and internal Frohlich photons in biological media. The theoretical model is used to calculate the behavior of photons and phonons for different parameters of the system. Using the system of equations that describes the dynamics of nonlinear interaction of millimeter waves with phonons generated by the system of molecules, we study the time evolution of number of phonons, phase portrait and emission spectrum for different values detuning, phonon frequency, and optical feedback parameters. The mechanism of formation of optical phonons and their interaction with the generated field by the cell system are studied. It is shown that the system displays, under certain conditions, periodic and chaotic behaviours. For certain bifurcation parameter values of the molecular system Hopf and period doubling bifurcations may occur. Finally, we show the method of controlling the unstable dynamics of Bose-condensed dipole-active phono...

Applications of the diffuse optical tomography to a thyroid cancer detection have been investigated by using the optical contrast. For the application, one needs to investigate effects of two factors (the diffusive reflection and refractive-index mismatch) at the tissue-trachea interface on light propagation in the human neck. In a previous work, the human neck was modeled as a two-dimensional circular heterogeneous medium consisting of a background medium and a circular void region, and the effects of the two factors at the medium-void interface in the simple heterogeneous medium were investigated using the time-dependent radiative transfer equation (RTE) in the time domain (TD). Nevertheless, the effects of the two factors in the continuous wave (CW) is still unclear because a crossover from the ballistic light to diffusive light in the CW differs from that in the TD. In this paper, we investigated the effects of the two factors using the steady-state RTE in the CW for the simple heterogeneous medium. The numerical results showed that the diffusive reflection dominated over the refractive-index mismatch at the medium-void interface even when the void region was located near the light source, where light is scattered anisotropically. The results in the CW were quite different from those in the TD, where the strong effects of the refractive-index mismatch were observed. The difference in the effects between the TD and CW is probably ascribed to a fact the refractive index influences in a shorter time scale compared to the time period for the average in the TD.Applications of the diffuse optical tomography to a thyroid cancer detection have been investigated by using the optical contrast. For the application, one needs to investigate effects of two factors (the diffusive reflection and refractive-index mismatch) at the tissue-trachea interface on light propagation in the human neck. In a previous work, the human neck was modeled as a two-dimensional circular heterogeneous medium consisting of a background medium and a circular void region, and the effects of the two factors at the medium-void interface in the simple heterogeneous medium were investigated using the time-dependent radiative transfer equation (RTE) in the time domain (TD). Nevertheless, the effects of the two factors in the continuous wave (CW) is still unclear because a crossover from the ballistic light to diffusive light in the CW differs from that in the TD. In this paper, we investigated the effects of the two factors using the steady-state RTE in the CW for the simple heterogeneous medium. T...

Let X be a finite set of m elements. Let On(X) be the set of all n-ary operations on X. On On(X), it is defined operation “+” with (f+g)(x¯)=f(g(x_1),g(x_2),…,g(x_n)), for all f, g ∈ On(X) and x¯=(x1,x2,…,xn) ∈ Xn, so that (On(X), +) is a semigroup. In this paper we give some properties of idempotent elements, regular elements, coregular elements, left zero elements and right identity elements on On(X). Moreover, from this properties, we provide some properties of nontrivial subsemigroups of the semigroup (On(X), +).Let X be a finite set of m elements. Let On(X) be the set of all n-ary operations on X. On On(X), it is defined operation “+” with (f+g)(x¯)=f(g(x_1),g(x_2),…,g(x_n)), for all f, g ∈ On(X) and x¯=(x1,x2,…,xn) ∈ Xn, so that (On(X), +) is a semigroup. In this paper we give some properties of idempotent elements, regular elements, coregular elements, left zero elements and right identity elements on On(X). Moreover, from this properties, we provide some properties of nontrivial subsemigroups of the semigroup (On(X), +).

This paper focuses on the acoustic backscattering from objects with non-convex shape in two-dimensional space. The scattering simulations are provided using the boundary integral formulation and Nystrom discretization in a single parameter approach. Several numerical examples covering three non-convex kite-shape cross sections and two wave numbers in acoustic domain are carried out to show the influence of shapes on acoustic scattering. Also, the material absorption properties are considered. The error on the accuracy of simulation results is considered in terms of wave numbers.This paper focuses on the acoustic backscattering from objects with non-convex shape in two-dimensional space. The scattering simulations are provided using the boundary integral formulation and Nystrom discretization in a single parameter approach. Several numerical examples covering three non-convex kite-shape cross sections and two wave numbers in acoustic domain are carried out to show the influence of shapes on acoustic scattering. Also, the material absorption properties are considered. The error on the accuracy of simulation results is considered in terms of wave numbers.

In this paper we discuss tachyon scalar field with constraints in the cosmological context. The tachyon field is described by a Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) type action. In order to quantize the system using path integral method we propose extension of the system introducing an auxiliary field in the minisuperspace framework.In this paper we discuss tachyon scalar field with constraints in the cosmological context. The tachyon field is described by a Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) type action. In order to quantize the system using path integral method we propose extension of the system introducing an auxiliary field in the minisuperspace framework.

The effect of concentration modulation and magnetic field in a couple stress fluid with porous medium and salted from above is studied using linear and non-linear analysis. Venezian approach based on perturbation method is used to obtain the expression for solute Rayleigh number and correction solute Rayleigh number. The expression for correction solute Rayleigh number is obtained as a function of couple stress parameter, Chandrashekar number, Darcy number and Schmidt number. The effect of parameters on symmetric and asymmetric concentration modulation are discussed in the paper. A non-autonomous Ginzburg-Landau equation with time periodic co-efficient is obtained to study the effect of parameters on mass transfer. It is found that onset of convection and mass transfer can be delayed or advanced by varying the parameters of the problem. Asymmetric modulation is found to be more stable than the symmetric modulation.The effect of concentration modulation and magnetic field in a couple stress fluid with porous medium and salted from above is studied using linear and non-linear analysis. Venezian approach based on perturbation method is used to obtain the expression for solute Rayleigh number and correction solute Rayleigh number. The expression for correction solute Rayleigh number is obtained as a function of couple stress parameter, Chandrashekar number, Darcy number and Schmidt number. The effect of parameters on symmetric and asymmetric concentration modulation are discussed in the paper. A non-autonomous Ginzburg-Landau equation with time periodic co-efficient is obtained to study the effect of parameters on mass transfer. It is found that onset of convection and mass transfer can be delayed or advanced by varying the parameters of the problem. Asymmetric modulation is found to be more stable than the symmetric modulation.

The magnificent increase in the performance of integrated circuits is made possible by semiconductor Physics. Due to very large-scale integration, scaling has approached its fundamental limits, which is the biggest challenge for the semiconductor industry. Therefore, in the recent years researchers across the globe are focusing on emerging field of spintronics. In this thrust area of spintronics research, spin field effect transistor (s-FET) is an extensively studied device. In literature, researchers have studied and optimized two main types of spin field effect transistors namely Ballistic and Non-Ballistic spin-field effect transistors. This research paper has presented the recent developments in the field of Ballistic and Non-Ballistic spin-field effect transistors. This paper has briefly explained the approach to design, development and fabrication of s-FET by taking a case study. Firstly, the spin field effect transistor was proposed by Datta–Das, which has proved to be the milestone in the area of spintronic technology. Mainly, spin transistor is prepared using a ballistic semiconductor, sandwiched between ferromagnetic metallic source and drain contacts.The magnificent increase in the performance of integrated circuits is made possible by semiconductor Physics. Due to very large-scale integration, scaling has approached its fundamental limits, which is the biggest challenge for the semiconductor industry. Therefore, in the recent years researchers across the globe are focusing on emerging field of spintronics. In this thrust area of spintronics research, spin field effect transistor (s-FET) is an extensively studied device. In literature, researchers have studied and optimized two main types of spin field effect transistors namely Ballistic and Non-Ballistic spin-field effect transistors. This research paper has presented the recent developments in the field of Ballistic and Non-Ballistic spin-field effect transistors. This paper has briefly explained the approach to design, development and fabrication of s-FET by taking a case study. Firstly, the spin field effect transistor was proposed by Datta–Das, which has proved to be the milestone in the area of ...

The basic problems of the previous generations of the mirror traps, like MHD and kinetic stability and longitudinal thermal conductivity, were successfully solved, making it possible to reach temperatures much higher than it was supposed by the sceptics in early 2000-s. This paper sums up the experiments on magnetic mirrors in the Budker INP and their contribution to the next-step linear machine efforts. Current program of the linear machines for fusion exploits both experimentally verified and recently proposed methods of the longitudinal particle and energy loss suppression. Linear machine with improved enough longitudinal confinement is suitable for fusion with advanced fuels. Ways of the suppression are verified at GDT (gas-dynamic), GOL-NB (multiple-mirror), SMOLA (helical) and CAT (diamagnetic) devices. Next-generation GDMT project includes all the discussed ideas.The basic problems of the previous generations of the mirror traps, like MHD and kinetic stability and longitudinal thermal conductivity, were successfully solved, making it possible to reach temperatures much higher than it was supposed by the sceptics in early 2000-s. This paper sums up the experiments on magnetic mirrors in the Budker INP and their contribution to the next-step linear machine efforts. Current program of the linear machines for fusion exploits both experimentally verified and recently proposed methods of the longitudinal particle and energy loss suppression. Linear machine with improved enough longitudinal confinement is suitable for fusion with advanced fuels. Ways of the suppression are verified at GDT (gas-dynamic), GOL-NB (multiple-mirror), SMOLA (helical) and CAT (diamagnetic) devices. Next-generation GDMT project includes all the discussed ideas.

In this paper, we present the theoretical study of double electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a four-level V-type system which is formed by two co-propagating laser fields and the Zeeman sublevels of hyperfine transitions of 87Rb D2 line. The density matrix equations for the four-level V-type system are derived from the Liouville’s equation of motion and numerically solved under steady state condition to get the EIT signals. We consider both the probe and pump transmission spectra for the observation of double EIT signals under both Doppler free and Doppler broadened conditions. In case of Doppler free medium, two EIT peaks are formed in the two Lorentzian shape dips present in the both Doppler free probe and pump transmission spectra. When the medium becomes Doppler broadened, the two EIT peaks are formed in the probe transmission spectrum having Doppler broadened background, but the pump transmission spectrum gives two EIT peaks in the Doppler free background. The effect of probe intensity variation on the two EIT peaks is studied in case of Doppler broadened probe transmission spectrum. It is found that the heights of the EIT peaks decrease as the probe intensity increases, and interestingly one EIT peak converts into EIA (electromagnetically induced absorption) dip at some strong probe intensity value. The depth of the EIA dip is significantly increased as the intensity of the probe field increases. We also present the effect of probe intensity variation on the EIT peaks in the pump transmission spectrum and found that the EIT peak heights are increased as the probe intensity increases.In this paper, we present the theoretical study of double electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a four-level V-type system which is formed by two co-propagating laser fields and the Zeeman sublevels of hyperfine transitions of 87Rb D2 line. The density matrix equations for the four-level V-type system are derived from the Liouville’s equation of motion and numerically solved under steady state condition to get the EIT signals. We consider both the probe and pump transmission spectra for the observation of double EIT signals under both Doppler free and Doppler broadened conditions. In case of Doppler free medium, two EIT peaks are formed in the two Lorentzian shape dips present in the both Doppler free probe and pump transmission spectra. When the medium becomes Doppler broadened, the two EIT peaks are formed in the probe transmission spectrum having Doppler broadened background, but the pump transmission spectrum gives two EIT peaks in the Doppler free background. The effect of probe intensity...

As a part of the Argonne Strategic Partnership Project (SPP) 85E77, collaboration between Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), has produced designs for a precision compact flexure bending mechanism to provide elliptically shaped 90-mm and 160-mm long hard x-ray mirrors. The design utilizes Argonne’s laminar nanopositioning flexure technique. The flexure mirror bending mechanism will be incorporated into the beamline upgrade project at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). Additionally, an Argonne Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) has adopted a modified optomechanical design of the precision compact mirror benders for 300-mm-long hard x-ray mirrors with integrated profile monitoring and feedback, which are described in this paper. The mirror benders are designed with configurations for open-loop or closed-loop controls. Capacitive sensors can be applied to the mirror benders to ensure positioning reproducibility. Design specifications as well as finite element analyses results of the compact mirror benders for hard x-ray mirrors with trapezoid and rectangular shapes are discussed in this paper.

Spherical Tokamak (ST) path to Fusion has been proposed [1] and experiments on STs demonstrated feasibility of this approach. Advances in High Temperature Superconductor technology [2] allows significant increase in the toroidal field (TF) which was found to improve confinement in STs. The combination of the high normalised plasma pressure, β, which has been achieved in STs [3], and high TF that can be produced by HTS TF magnets, opens a path to lower-volume fusion reactors, in accordance with the fusion power scaling proportional to β2Bt4V. Modular approach then becomes an alternative to high power, GW-scale Fusion reactors [4,5]. Feasibility of low-power compact ST reactor module and physics and engineering challenges of the accelerated, ST path to Fusion Power are discussed in this paper, on example of the first our prototype on this route, high-field compact spherical tokamak ST40.Spherical Tokamak (ST) path to Fusion has been proposed [1] and experiments on STs demonstrated feasibility of this approach. Advances in High Temperature Superconductor technology [2] allows significant increase in the toroidal field (TF) which was found to improve confinement in STs. The combination of the high normalised plasma pressure, β, which has been achieved in STs [3], and high TF that can be produced by HTS TF magnets, opens a path to lower-volume fusion reactors, in accordance with the fusion power scaling proportional to β2Bt4V. Modular approach then becomes an alternative to high power, GW-scale Fusion reactors [4,5]. Feasibility of low-power compact ST reactor module and physics and engineering challenges of the accelerated, ST path to Fusion Power are discussed in this paper, on example of the first our prototype on this route, high-field compact spherical tokamak ST40.

In this paper we present conservation laws for a (3 + 1)-dimensional extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation which describes an isothermal multicomponent magnetised plasma and can also be obtained by using the perturbation method in the propagation of dust.In this paper we present conservation laws for a (3 + 1)-dimensional extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation which describes an isothermal multicomponent magnetised plasma and can also be obtained by using the perturbation method in the propagation of dust.

Induction heating is a process of heat generation which uses metal conductors and the Joule effect. The induction heating process has many applications in industry, such as metal melting, preheating for forging operations, hardening, and welding. A model of induction heating is given by a coupled system of partial differential equations relating temperature field and magnetic potential. Precisely, a coupled system of Maxwell and heat equations is given in the workpiece, while in the exterior domain the Laplace equation for the magnetic potential is formulated. Finally, nonlinear boundary condition for the heat equation, transmission conditions and asymptotic condition for the magnetic potential are given. Solution of such coupled multifield problems requires advanced coupled numerical methods. Therefore, in this paper we present a coupled numerical approach connecting Finite Difference Method and discrete potential theory. The use of discrete potential theory is motivated by the fact that asymptotic conditions are satisfied exactly on the discrete level. Thus, a general scheme for the coupled numerical method is presented in this paper.Induction heating is a process of heat generation which uses metal conductors and the Joule effect. The induction heating process has many applications in industry, such as metal melting, preheating for forging operations, hardening, and welding. A model of induction heating is given by a coupled system of partial differential equations relating temperature field and magnetic potential. Precisely, a coupled system of Maxwell and heat equations is given in the workpiece, while in the exterior domain the Laplace equation for the magnetic potential is formulated. Finally, nonlinear boundary condition for the heat equation, transmission conditions and asymptotic condition for the magnetic potential are given. Solution of such coupled multifield problems requires advanced coupled numerical methods. Therefore, in this paper we present a coupled numerical approach connecting Finite Difference Method and discrete potential theory. The use of discrete potential theory is motivated by the fact that asymptotic condi...

The most recent Nijmegen extended-soft-core ESC16 model for the baryon-baryon (BB) interactions of the SU(3) flavor-octet of baryons (N, Λ, Σ, and Ξ) is presented. The ESC model ESC16, as well as its predecessors ESC08 and ESC04, describe the nucleon-nucleon (NN), hyperon-nucleon (YN), and hyperon-hyperon (YY) interactions in a unified way using broken SU(3) symmetry. In this paper we outline the differences between ESC16 and ESC08c.The parameters of the ESC models are established in a simultaneous fit to the NN and YN data, taking into account information about ΛΛ, ΞN, and Λ-hypernuclei in the form of constraints. In particular, the experimental indications for ΛΛ-attraction, Ξ-nuclear and Σ-nuclear well-depth were taken into account as much as possible. About 25 physical coupling parameters and 8 cut-off and diffractive masses, were searched. The obtained OBE-couplings and the F/(F+D) ratios can be well understood in the context of the quark-antiquark pair creation (QPC) mechanism.The fit of the ESC-models to the NN- and YN- scattering data with a single set of parameters has achieved excellent results for the NN and YN data, and for the YY data in accordance with the experimental indications for ΛΛ. In the case of the most recent ESC model, called ESC16, the achievements are: (i) For the selected 4313 pp and np scattering data with energies 0 ≤ Tlab ≤ 350 MeV, the model reaches a fit having χ2/Ndata = 1.10. (ii) The deuteron binding energy and all of the NN scattering lengths are fitted very nicely. (iii) The YN data are described very well with χ2 /Ndata = 1.11, giving at the same time good descriptions of the Λ, Σ, and Ξ nuclear well-depths. (iv) The model has no bound states for S = −1,−2,−3,−4. (v) The nuclear saturation, and well-depths UΣ, UΞ require important contributions from three-body forces.The most recent Nijmegen extended-soft-core ESC16 model for the baryon-baryon (BB) interactions of the SU(3) flavor-octet of baryons (N, Λ, Σ, and Ξ) is presented. The ESC model ESC16, as well as its predecessors ESC08 and ESC04, describe the nucleon-nucleon (NN), hyperon-nucleon (YN), and hyperon-hyperon (YY) interactions in a unified way using broken SU(3) symmetry. In this paper we outline the differences between ESC16 and ESC08c.The parameters of the ESC models are established in a simultaneous fit to the NN and YN data, taking into account information about ΛΛ, ΞN, and Λ-hypernuclei in the form of constraints. In particular, the experimental indications for ΛΛ-attraction, Ξ-nuclear and Σ-nuclear well-depth were taken into account as much as possible. About 25 physical coupling parameters and 8 cut-off and diffractive masses, were searched. The obtained OBE-couplings and the F/(F+D) ratios can be well understood in the context of the quark-antiquark pair creation (QPC) mechanism.The fit of the ESC-mod...

We numerically studied light propagation in the two-dimensional human neck model using the time-dependent radiative transfer equation (RTE) for an application of diffuse optical tomography to a thyroid cancer detection. Because complicated light propagation is induced by a heterogeneity of the human neck, highly forward-peaked scattering of light by the tissue volumes except the trachea, and the refractive-index mismatch at the trachea-tissue interface and external boundary, one needs a large number of discrete angular directions (ND) for the RTE calculations, meaning high computational loads. Toward a construction of an efficient numerical scheme of the RTE, in this paper, we focused on a numerical treatment of the highly forward-peaked scattering of light. Then, we investigated numerical errors of the RTE calculations using two kinds of renormalization approaches to the highly forward-directed phase function: the conventional Liu’s approach and developed approach by some of the authors. The investigations showed that the developed approach provided accurate results of the RTE calculations around the peak time regimes even when ND decreased. In the decay time regime, however, the developed approach provided less accurate results because in that regime the refractive-index mismatch at the trachea-tissue interface dominated in the light propagation over the highly forward-peaked scattering.We numerically studied light propagation in the two-dimensional human neck model using the time-dependent radiative transfer equation (RTE) for an application of diffuse optical tomography to a thyroid cancer detection. Because complicated light propagation is induced by a heterogeneity of the human neck, highly forward-peaked scattering of light by the tissue volumes except the trachea, and the refractive-index mismatch at the trachea-tissue interface and external boundary, one needs a large number of discrete angular directions (ND) for the RTE calculations, meaning high computational loads. Toward a construction of an efficient numerical scheme of the RTE, in this paper, we focused on a numerical treatment of the highly forward-peaked scattering of light. Then, we investigated numerical errors of the RTE calculations using two kinds of renormalization approaches to the highly forward-directed phase function: the conventional Liu’s approach and developed approach by some of the authors. The investigatio...

In this paper, Z=(t2y+z) type plane gravitational wave is studied with source Cosmic cloud strings coupled with Electromagnetic fields in Rosen’s bimetric theory of relativity. It is shown that there is nil contribution either from cosmic cloud or from Maxwell’s field and for cosmic cloud strings coupled with Maxwell’s field in this theory. Only vacuum model can be constructed.In this paper, Z=(t2y+z) type plane gravitational wave is studied with source Cosmic cloud strings coupled with Electromagnetic fields in Rosen’s bimetric theory of relativity. It is shown that there is nil contribution either from cosmic cloud or from Maxwell’s field and for cosmic cloud strings coupled with Maxwell’s field in this theory. Only vacuum model can be constructed.

Mufflers represent devices used to reduce sound and pulsations for internal combustion engines and other equipment like volumetric compressors. Depending on application they are designed to reduce low, medium or high frequency pulsations. The main design is represented by acoustic filters which use the acoustic analogy method. Dealing with low frequency pulsations this type of filters result in bulky constructions. The use of metamaterials results in a more compact design for these type of mufflers. This paper investigates by numerical simulations the transmission loss (TL) of such muffler based on acoustic black hole (ABH) metamaterial principle. In the first part of the paper the FEM results are compared with the acoustic measurements performed on an adapted impedance tube, in order to validate the model. In the second part the influences of the geometric parameters (length of the muffler, lamellae depth and thickness) will be investigated. The comparative analysis between the FEM and the measured results indicates good agreement. The geometric parameters analysis highlighted that the acoustic attenuation can be increased by using a long muffler.

This paper provides a method for determining the rotational temperature of a molecular ensemble subject to a pump pulse. To implement it, we measure the rotational energy by using the molecular wave function, take the rotational energy as the thermal energy, and extract the rotational temperature. This method is able to follow the dynamics of rotational temperature, calculate the temperature increase during the interaction with the pump pulse, and predict the cause. An accurate rotational temperature ensures better information about molecular ensembles.This paper provides a method for determining the rotational temperature of a molecular ensemble subject to a pump pulse. To implement it, we measure the rotational energy by using the molecular wave function, take the rotational energy as the thermal energy, and extract the rotational temperature. This method is able to follow the dynamics of rotational temperature, calculate the temperature increase during the interaction with the pump pulse, and predict the cause. An accurate rotational temperature ensures better information about molecular ensembles.

This paper mainly deals with the mathematical modeling, numerical analysis and Comparison of the thermal performance characteristics of a two-dimensional model of a nuclear fuel element cooled in a surrounding medium with those of one-dimensional model for different cladding materials and cladding thickness. Accordingly, the steady state equations governing the temperature field both for one and two-dimensional models with appropriate boundary conditions are solved numerically using second order central finite difference scheme. Line-by-Line method of solution procedure is then employed to get the algebraic equations which are solved using the famous Thomas Algorithm. Numerically simulated results for a wide range of Biot number, Bi, Conductivity ratio Cr, thickness ratio Th and heat generation parameter, Qt are presented and discussed. It is observed that the one dimensional model prediction is satisfactory only for lower values of parameters considered, for higher values of parameters it over predicts the two dimensional model. It is also observed that for fixed values of Ar, Qt and Bi, there exists a critical value of Th beyond which maximum temperature in the fuel element exceeds its allowable limit.This paper mainly deals with the mathematical modeling, numerical analysis and Comparison of the thermal performance characteristics of a two-dimensional model of a nuclear fuel element cooled in a surrounding medium with those of one-dimensional model for different cladding materials and cladding thickness. Accordingly, the steady state equations governing the temperature field both for one and two-dimensional models with appropriate boundary conditions are solved numerically using second order central finite difference scheme. Line-by-Line method of solution procedure is then employed to get the algebraic equations which are solved using the famous Thomas Algorithm. Numerically simulated results for a wide range of Biot number, Bi, Conductivity ratio Cr, thickness ratio Th and heat generation parameter, Qt are presented and discussed. It is observed that the one dimensional model prediction is satisfactory only for lower values of parameters considered, for higher values of parameters it over predicts t...

In this paper, we examine the geodesic equation around a global monopole within an asymptotically flat black hole using Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) theory of gravity. In particular, we study massive particle motion around the black hole. We find that the effective potential and radial force for this massive particle depend on the coupling constant of EiBI gravity.In this paper, we examine the geodesic equation around a global monopole within an asymptotically flat black hole using Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) theory of gravity. In particular, we study massive particle motion around the black hole. We find that the effective potential and radial force for this massive particle depend on the coupling constant of EiBI gravity.

In the paper a description of heat transfer in a one-dimensional two-layered metal film is considered. The fuzzy coupled lattice Boltzmann equations for electrons and phonons supplemented by appropriate boundary and initial conditions are applied to analyse the thermal process in a thin metal film. The model with fuzzy values of relaxation times and boundary-initial conditions for gold and titanium is proposed. The problem considered is solved by the fuzzy lattice Boltzmann method using α-cuts and the rules of directed interval arithmetic. The application of α-cuts allows one to avoid complicated arithmetical operations in the fuzzy numbers set. In the final part of the paper an example for a numerical solution is presented.In the paper a description of heat transfer in a one-dimensional two-layered metal film is considered. The fuzzy coupled lattice Boltzmann equations for electrons and phonons supplemented by appropriate boundary and initial conditions are applied to analyse the thermal process in a thin metal film. The model with fuzzy values of relaxation times and boundary-initial conditions for gold and titanium is proposed. The problem considered is solved by the fuzzy lattice Boltzmann method using α-cuts and the rules of directed interval arithmetic. The application of α-cuts allows one to avoid complicated arithmetical operations in the fuzzy numbers set. In the final part of the paper an example for a numerical solution is presented.

This paper reports the design and performance of CPW fed UWB antenna having two U–shaped slots etched in the radiating structure. UWB performance of proposed structure is obtained through the truncated shape of the patch and L-slits etched in ground plane. By applying two U- shaped slots in a radiating patch, we achieved dual notch band characteristics. The proposed antenna is simulated by applying CST Microwave Studio simulator. This antenna provides wide impedance bandwidth of 12.585 GHz (2.74GHz - 15.325 GHz) with dual notched band characteristics. This antenna may be proved as a useful structure for modern wireless communication systems including UWB band.This paper reports the design and performance of CPW fed UWB antenna having two U–shaped slots etched in the radiating structure. UWB performance of proposed structure is obtained through the truncated shape of the patch and L-slits etched in ground plane. By applying two U- shaped slots in a radiating patch, we achieved dual notch band characteristics. The proposed antenna is simulated by applying CST Microwave Studio simulator. This antenna provides wide impedance bandwidth of 12.585 GHz (2.74GHz - 15.325 GHz) with dual notched band characteristics. This antenna may be proved as a useful structure for modern wireless communication systems including UWB band.

Penetration conditions of electromagnetic and electrostatic waves propagating in electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source (ECRIS) plasma in Osaka Univ. have been examined in detail, and its relationship with the production of multicharged ions have been investigated experimentally. It has been clarified that there exists efficient configurations of ECR zones for producing multicharged ion beams, and it has been suggested that new resonances, i.e. upper hybrid resonances, must have occurred. We have been conducting new advanced experiments inducing actively these additional effects to enhance multicharged ion beams by launching extra-ordinary (x) mode waves. We have been trying to apply 4-6GHz x-mode microwaves to the 2.45GHz ECRIS, and in this paper we will describe the preliminary experimental results.Penetration conditions of electromagnetic and electrostatic waves propagating in electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source (ECRIS) plasma in Osaka Univ. have been examined in detail, and its relationship with the production of multicharged ions have been investigated experimentally. It has been clarified that there exists efficient configurations of ECR zones for producing multicharged ion beams, and it has been suggested that new resonances, i.e. upper hybrid resonances, must have occurred. We have been conducting new advanced experiments inducing actively these additional effects to enhance multicharged ion beams by launching extra-ordinary (x) mode waves. We have been trying to apply 4-6GHz x-mode microwaves to the 2.45GHz ECRIS, and in this paper we will describe the preliminary experimental results.

The stagnation point flow over a shrinking permeable sheet in the existence of magnetic field is numerically investigated in this paper. The system of partial differential equations are transformed to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation using similarity transformation and is solved numerically using the boundary value problem solver, bvp4c, in Matlab software. It is found that dual solutions exist for a certain range of the shrinking strength.The stagnation point flow over a shrinking permeable sheet in the existence of magnetic field is numerically investigated in this paper. The system of partial differential equations are transformed to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation using similarity transformation and is solved numerically using the boundary value problem solver, bvp4c, in Matlab software. It is found that dual solutions exist for a certain range of the shrinking strength.

Effect of polarization force on dust kinetic Alfven waves (DKAWs) has been studied in this paper. We incorporated the effect of polarization in fluid model equations and derived the expression for Sagdeev pseudopotential. From the numerical analysis, it is seen that DKAWs are significantly affected by the variation of polarization force, plasma beta and Mach number. This study may be useful in understanding the formation of coherent nonlinear structures and diagnostics of dusts in laboratory as well as in space/astrophysical plasma environments.Effect of polarization force on dust kinetic Alfven waves (DKAWs) has been studied in this paper. We incorporated the effect of polarization in fluid model equations and derived the expression for Sagdeev pseudopotential. From the numerical analysis, it is seen that DKAWs are significantly affected by the variation of polarization force, plasma beta and Mach number. This study may be useful in understanding the formation of coherent nonlinear structures and diagnostics of dusts in laboratory as well as in space/astrophysical plasma environments.

In the present paper, we have theoretically calculated the nuclear neutron and proton densities, initial exciton numbers and binding energies of the Strontium isotopes (84-96Sr). The Skyrme Hartree Fock (SHF) parameterizations S2, S3, SG2, SKa, SKM, SKM*, and T3 are used in the neutron and proton density calculations. The initial neutron and proton exciton numbers of the 84-96Sr isotopes have been calculated using the SKM* Skyrme parameter. The obtained results from Skyrme force parameters are discussed and compared with each other’s and are shown to be in agreement with each other.In the present paper, we have theoretically calculated the nuclear neutron and proton densities, initial exciton numbers and binding energies of the Strontium isotopes (84-96Sr). The Skyrme Hartree Fock (SHF) parameterizations S2, S3, SG2, SKa, SKM, SKM*, and T3 are used in the neutron and proton density calculations. The initial neutron and proton exciton numbers of the 84-96Sr isotopes have been calculated using the SKM* Skyrme parameter. The obtained results from Skyrme force parameters are discussed and compared with each other’s and are shown to be in agreement with each other.

In this paper, we have to find the numercial solutions of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flow of an electrically conducting incompressible viscous dissipative fluid along an infinite vertical porous plate with heat absorption, heat and mass transfer. The problem is solved, numerically by element free galerkin method for velocity, temperature, concentration fields for different pertinent parameters on the flow field are physically interpreted and shown through graphs and tables. Numerical comparison is also presented between the existing published results as a special case of our study.In this paper, we have to find the numercial solutions of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flow of an electrically conducting incompressible viscous dissipative fluid along an infinite vertical porous plate with heat absorption, heat and mass transfer. The problem is solved, numerically by element free galerkin method for velocity, temperature, concentration fields for different pertinent parameters on the flow field are physically interpreted and shown through graphs and tables. Numerical comparison is also presented between the existing published results as a special case of our study.

Nuclear reaction network flow diagrams are useful for understanding which reactions are governing the abundance changes at a particular time during nucleosynthesis. This is especially true when the flows are largely unidirectional, such as during the s-process of nucleosynthesis. In explosive nucleosynthesis, when reaction flows are large, and when forward reactions are nearly balanced by their reverses, reaction flows no longer give a clear picture of the abundance evolution in the network. This paper presents a way of understanding network evolution in terms of sums of branchings on a directed graph, which extends the concept of reaction flows to allow for multiple reaction pathways.Nuclear reaction network flow diagrams are useful for understanding which reactions are governing the abundance changes at a particular time during nucleosynthesis. This is especially true when the flows are largely unidirectional, such as during the s-process of nucleosynthesis. In explosive nucleosynthesis, when reaction flows are large, and when forward reactions are nearly balanced by their reverses, reaction flows no longer give a clear picture of the abundance evolution in the network. This paper presents a way of understanding network evolution in terms of sums of branchings on a directed graph, which extends the concept of reaction flows to allow for multiple reaction pathways.

In this paper is presented a wind turbine model operating in the maximum power zone and an H∞ controller is synthesized for the system. The developed turbine model consists of: a model of the wind speed, mechanical and electrical model of the generator and a model of the tower oscillations. The controller adjusts the pitch angle of the blades so that the rotor angular velocity stays close to its nominal value and as a result the tower oscillations are decreased. Finally, the operation of the closed-loop system model is validated by simulationsIn this paper is presented a wind turbine model operating in the maximum power zone and an H∞ controller is synthesized for the system. The developed turbine model consists of: a model of the wind speed, mechanical and electrical model of the generator and a model of the tower oscillations. The controller adjusts the pitch angle of the blades so that the rotor angular velocity stays close to its nominal value and as a result the tower oscillations are decreased. Finally, the operation of the closed-loop system model is validated by simulations

The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of the flow around a hypersonic inlet forebody to the entrance to the channel as well as the flow in a single boundary layer bleed channel. Simulation of the flow around the hypersonic inlet forebody has been carried out at Mach numbers M = 3, 4 6 and angles of attack of 4° and 6° using numerical solution of the Reynolds- averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Distributions of static pressure along the plane of symmetry and in the transverse direction are presented in the paper. Comparison of the numerical simulation results with experimental data has shown their satisfactory agreement. The parameters behind the bow shock wave obtained at the simulation of the flow around the inlet forebody have been used to specify the initial conditions for simulation of the flow through a boundary layer bleed hole.