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An ideal balance between the post length within root and the coronal extension should exist. Some theo⁃ ries advocated the use of the longest post as possible as the apical seal is not disturbed. Others advocated that the post should be longer than the crown or that the post should be a certain fraction of the length of the root. The conventional post length has been equal to 2/3⁃3/4 of the root length from half a century ago. Most of these theories have emphasized the post length in order to achieve sufficient retention and rigidity for coronal restoration. However, dental materials are evolving.With the use of fiber post and resin cement, stress distribution and post retention are improved over convention⁃ al metal post and zinc phosphate or glass⁃ionomer cement. Therefore, with improved bonding strength of fiber post, the post length within root should be minimized to maintain sufficient coronal rigidity. Factors affecting fracture resistance balance of a post⁃and⁃core system include the amount of Ferrule height (FH), Post length in root (PLIR), Post length in bone (PLIB), Abutment height (AH), Core length (CL) and Post length out of bone (PLOB). In view of the factors men⁃ tioned above, this paper investigated the mechanical factorsin a post⁃and⁃core system with literature review.

The lack of proper denture cleaning can put patients who wearing dentures at higher risk from opportunis⁃ tic oral infections, particularly fungal. The methods for cleaning dentures can be divided into mechanical and chemical. Although the aforementioned methods seem to be effective, however, underused long ⁃ term and inappropriately care might not sufficient to control the growth of fungi and other microorganisms that easily adhere to the inner structure of acrylic resin. Denture cleaning should be quickly and easily to perform, especially in long⁃term care facilities. The use of a microwave oven has been suggested for cleaning and disinfecting dentures. There was no standardization for micro⁃ wave use for denture cleaning. This review paper aims to synthesize and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of us⁃ ing a conventional microwave oven to clean and disinfect complete dentures and its potential risk for causing structural damage.

Bisphosphonate ⁃ related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a class of disease due to complications of long ⁃term use of bisphosphonates drugs such as zoledronic acid, phosphoric acid, etc. It is mainly manifested in the mouth as a result of tooth extraction or appearing spontaneously mandibular long⁃term healing wounds, sequestrum expo⁃ sure, local soft tissue swelling with pain and pus, etc. The X⁃ray showed irregular bone destruction and bone sclerosis as the lesions progress. At present, the diagnosis and treatment of the disease has not reached agreement. In this paper, clinical diagnosis and treatment on BRONJ in recent years were reviewed.

With many advantages such as safety, effective cutting of enamel and dentin, Er, Cr: YSGG laser has gained more and more attention in recent years. After irradiation, the morphology, composition, and structure of tooth surface has changed, yet, the effect of these alterations to the bonding strength of the subsequent material is controver⁃ sial. The paper has made a review from the following four aspects: Mechanism for tooth hard tissue cutting with Er, Cr: YSGG laser; The structure characteristics of primary teeth; The enamel bonding strength of primary teeth after Er, Cr: YSGG laser treatment; Safety, superiority and expectation for the application of Er, Cr: YSGG laser in primary teeth.

Tissue engineering has been applied to induce pulp⁃dentin complex regeneration, and proposed the con⁃ cept of regenerative endodontics. As a new subject in stomatology, regenerative endodontics promotes root development and pulp regeneration with the combination of dental stem cells, biomaterial scaffolds and growth factors. Clinically, pulp regenerative technique has been used to treat necrosis and periapical periodontitis of immature permanent teeth. Numerous case reports and studies have proved the possibility of pulp regeneration, and regenerative endodontics will become a potential new treatment alternative of dental pulp diseases for dental clinician. In the present paper, we will summarize and analyze the current process and prospective of regenerative endodontics.

Dental implant restoration is an effective way to restore the chewing and aesthetic function for edentu⁃lous. However, dental implant restoration is facing great challenges of the lack of available bone, the maxillary sinus or inferior alveolar nerve vascular bundle, which is often necessary to carry out the related bone augmentation operation. All⁃on⁃Four technique is to use four implants in the anterior part of complete edentulous jaws, the two most anterior im⁃ plants are placed axially whereas the two posterior implants are placed distally angled, to support a provisional, fixed, and immediately loaded prosthesis. The technique avoids the artificial bone substitutes implantation and maxillary sinus augmentation or other bone augmentation surgery. Besides, it could alleviate patients' psychological reaction, postopera⁃ tive reaction, as well as time and money costs. It is considered a feasible treatment method to combine the application of the oblique implant and the axial implant in the treatment of the edentulous patients. This paper will elaborate on the concept of All⁃on⁃Four, the conventional technology, the evaluation research and some new viewpoints.

Enamel demineralization usually occurs during orthodontic treatment which is found white spots that affect the esthetic of teeth. Characterized by minimally invasive and painless, infiltration resin can be easily accepted by the patients which blocks the development of caries and improves the appearance of the teeth. This paper discusses the characteristics of infiltration resin such as color stability and micro-hardness.

Chronic recurrent parotitis (CRP) is a non⁃obstructive parotid inflammation in young children or adults,generally associated with recurrent and intermittent swelling of parotid gland, while children are more susceptible. The etiology of this disease is not clear, clinical manifestations are similar to other diseases, and the effective prevention and control measures are lack currently. This paper reviewed the research progress of the etiology of CRP in recent years, and summarized the role of sialography, ultrasonography and sialoendoscopy in diagnosis and treatment, and summa⁃ rized the main points of diagnosis and differential diagnosis of CRP in children and adults. The relationship and identifi⁃ cation of two kinds of CRP and clinically confusing Sjǒgren's syndrome were analyzed.

Enamel demineralization usually occurs during orthodontic treatment which is found white spots that af⁃ fect the esthetic of teeth. Characterized by minimally invasive and painless, infiltration resin can be easily accepted by the patients which blocks the development of caries and improves the appearance of the teeth. This paper discusses the characteristics of infiltration resin such as color stability and micro⁃hardness.

Human dental erosion is an irreversible loss of dental structure caused by acid dissolution, which can leads to tooth fracture, clinical crown loss and occlusal disorders. Early diagnosis, timely blocking the destruction of acidic substances and do the corresponding repairment according to the tooth defect is a challenge for dentists. This paper reports a case of porcelain laminate veneer restoration of tooth defect caused by early acid etching with minimal invasive and bonding repair in order to protect and repair the remaining tooth structure.

Third molars, late-eruption permanent teeth in humans, have commonly been extracted in clinical treat⁃ ments. However, with the development of oral medicine, the value of maxillary third molars in clinical treatments, as well as in oral prosthetics, orthodontics, and oral implant applications, has gradually become recognized. This paper summarizes the research on the morphology of the crown, root, root canal and root tip of the maxillary third molar in a review to facilitate related research and clinical treatments

The Nme (neoplasm metastasis) gene family was previously known as the nm23 (non-metastatic 23) gene family. The nm23 gene was the earliest tumor metastasis suppressor gene discovered by Steeg in 1988. All products of the 10 members (Nme1-Nme10) discovered so far of the gene family have a nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) active structure. Proteins encoded by the Nme gene family participate in processes including cellular differentiation, development, metabolism and signal transduction,and play an important role in the development of carcinoma. The Nme1 and Nme2 have been subjects of most relevant studies which show that the Nme1 isclosely associated with cellular differentiation and metastasis suppressor function in tumor. This paper provides an overview of studies in recent years on the Nme(nm23) gene family in oral squamous cell carcinomas.

During oral treatment, accidental foreign body ingestion not only caused the psychological and physical damage to patient, but in severe case may endanger the patient’s life. This paper focus on this accidental situation by systematic review of literature, in order to alarm the dentists in terms of medical security.

With the advent of dental operating microscope, periradicular microsurgery significantly improved success rate of traditional periradicular surgery, which includes periradiacular curettage, apicoectomy and retrograde filling. The present paper summarizes indication, apical sealing inspection, incision and flap design in anterior aesthetic region, and healing criteria for periradicular microsurgery.

Over the past ten years, with the progress of science and technology and improvement of equipment, the root canal treatment level has been promoted rapidly, and the root canal treatment effect has realized qualitative improvement. The 3 elements for the success of the root canal therapy which were the understanding of the root canal, sufficient preparation, close obturation were summarized and analyzed in this paper.

Fused teeth are one of the development abnormalities in tooth morphology which mainly occurred in the anterior teeth area and relatively rare in the posterior area. This paper reports one case of maxillary first molar and second molar tooth relative fusion, which provide reference for the clinical treatment of patients.