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The YK 1 shipwreck, found at Yenikapı, Istanbul, is one of 37 shipwrecks dating to the medieval era. This paper describes the studies and the processes which were conducted to conserve the YK 1. Firstly, the level of physical and chemical degradation of the wood from the YK 1 was examined, which revealed that the wood was highly degraded. Therefore, PEG 2000 was chosen for the impregnation process before vacuum freeze-drying. In addition, the ASE values confirmed that the PEG 2000 impregnation and vacuum freeze-drying method together were successful in conserving the YK 1, with values higher than PEG 2000 impregnation and vacuum freeze-drying methods alone. The concentration of the PEG solution in the tank was monitored throughout the impregnation process. Following this, samples taken from the wood cores were analysed using FTIR to evaluate the effectiveness of the impregnation process. Finally, SEM was used to examine the effectiveness of the PEG 2000 impregnation and vacuum freeze-drying method. The SEM images showed that the PEG 2000 was uniformly distributed, and the wood had no deformation after freeze-drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yangshao cultural site is a representative site of the late Neolithic period, and many stone tools and cultural relics materials are unearthed. Among them, the folk cultural sites such as stoves, square foundations, and red clay pots have a considerable proportion, more than 80%, which is of farreaching significance for exploring the evolution of folk stoves. Taking the ancient stove site of Yangshao culture as the research object, this paper carries out a comprehensive analysis of the stove unearthed at the site of the Yangshao cultural stove and successively studies its classification and evolution to facilitate the evolution of domestic folk stoves and provides reasoble historical and cultural support. Studies have shown that the Yangshao culture stove site has distinctive characteristics and is highly representative, and at the same time, it is also the prototype of the stove in the earliest period. Whether it is for the modern stove, it has a positive impact. It is found that there are more table stoves, followed by ground stoves and the least pit stoves in Yangshao culture stoves. In some stove sites, the ground stove was reformed based on a pit stove and gradually evolved into a platform stove. In the 1: 1 reduction experiment, the pit furnace has the slowest heating speed and higher heat dissipation rate, followed by the ground furnace, and last is the bench furnace. This shows that the residents in the Yangshao area in the late Neolithic Age mastered the design method of the stove and improved the stove with experience to improve the burning rate of wood and the oxygen supply rate of the stove pit. In addition, the appearance of Table-type stoves also changed the shape of cooking utensils at that time, expanded the range of cooking food, and even prolonged the life of residents in the Yangshao area. Therefore, the Yangshao cultural stove site is significant to the archaeological study of food culture and life span in the late Neolithic Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Veteranisation is a promising management technique for dead wood creation at sites where dead wood, and ancient and veteran tree abundance is limited; it aims to replicate the microhabitats associated with ancient and veteran trees in younger trees by controlled physical damage of woody tissues. Five veteranisation treatments were applied, using a chainsaw, to healthy branches within the crowns of three mature oak trees. Treatments consisted of variations of cambium girdling, lopping, and lopping with girdling in combination; in addition, two branches that had died naturally were selected from each tree for comparison. Veteranised branches were harvested after 14 months. The fungal community composition was determined in different parts of the branch and their 3-dimensional structure mapped in representative branches. Stereum gausapatum was the most frequently isolated basidiomycete from veteranised branches, which occurred in all treatment types. The most commonly isolated ascomycete of veteranised branches was Ophiostoma quercus, which caused distinctive pockets of discoloured wood and was associated with half girdle treatments. There were significant differences in fungal species composition between veteranised branches and branches that had died naturally. This compositional difference may influence the development of later stage fungal communities, managers must consider these community compositional differences when prescribing veteranisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood surface defect detection poses challenges due to the diverse range of defects, making accurate localization and identification difficult. In this study, we introduce an enhanced approach for detecting flaws on wood surfaces by leveraging an augmented version of the YOLOv8s algorithm. To improve the focus on problematic target qualities, we initially constructed a HAM (hybrid attention module) structure within the Backbone. This structure incorporates spatial and channel attention techniques, enhancing the ability to identify defects. Additionally, we enhance the feature fusion capabilities by augmenting the expansion convolution module, reducing information loss during the connection with the Neck network. This augmentation improves the target receptive field, ensuring critical information preservation for effective diagnosis of wood surface defects. Furthermore, we introduce ghost convolution to enhance feature expression while minimizing the number of parameters. This approach optimizes the model's overall performance. Through extensive testing, our proposed GH-YOLOv8s model demonstrates accurate detection of five distinct types of wood surface defects, including defect types such as Live Knot, Dead Knot, Resin, Knot with crack, and Crack, achieving a mean average precision (mAP) of 98.4%. This performance surpasses the original model by 2.0% and maintains a high FPS (Frames Per Second) rate of 163.9, this means it can achieve efficient object detection in real-time scenarios. Moreover, our approach outperforms commonly used target detection methods, establishing its superiority in wood surface defect detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dong Minority Drum Tower is an essential element of Chinese wooden structural heritage. Although its historical and cultural context has been frequently discussed, the material characteristics remain virtually unexplored. This study focuses on Yashang Drum Tower as a representative Dong Minority wooden structure and aims to understand the current conservation condition of this piece of vernacular heritage today. This study presents the first technical results of an in situ material investigation wherein the wood species and the physical and mechanical properties of two samples were identified. A macroscopic inspection and visual classification were conducted, and the moisture content and the internal qualities of the wooden structures were detected via non-/minor-destructive tests. The preliminary conclusions with regard to three critical issues include the wood species of this particular indigenous material, a visual classification of the wooden structure, and the condition of the wood material in terms of conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cholla cactus is a species of cacti that survives in arid environments and produces a unique mesh-like porous wood. In this article, we present a comprehensive investigation on the hierarchical structure and micromechanical properties of the Cholla cactus wood. Multiple approaches consisting of X-ray tomography, scanning electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, nanoindentation, and finite element simulations were used to gain insight into the structure, property, and design principles of the Cholla cactus wood. The microstructure of the Cholla cactus wood consists of different components, including vessels, rays, and fibers. In the present study, we quantitatively describe the structure of each of these wood components and their likely functions, both from the perspective of biological and mechanical behavior. Nanoindentation experiments revealed for the first time that the cell walls of the fibers exhibit stiffness and hardness higher than those of rays. Furthermore, the idea of making porous, thin-walled cylinders was abstracted from the design of vessel elements, and the structures inspired by this principle were studied in tensile and torsional loading conditions using finite element simulations. Finite element simulations revealed that the utilization of a larger volume of material to carry the load leads to an increase in toughness of these structures, and thus suggested that the pores should be architected to maximize the distribution of load. The Cholla cactus wood possess a unique hierarchical structure that enables it to thrive in arid environments. Our correlative microscopy approach reveals incredible strategies that individual wood components exhibit to enable the survival of Cholla cactus in extreme environments. The present work quantifies the microstructure and mechanical properties of this very interesting natural system. We further investigate a design principle inspired by the vessel elements, one of the wood components of Cholla cactus, using finite element simulations. The study presented here advances our understanding of the structural significance of Cholla cactus and potentially other desert plants and will further help design architected structural materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The integration of entomology into xylological analysis is a new but increasingly common approach taken by heritage conservation scientists. Archaeology, however, has yet to embrace its full potential. Here, for the first time, entomology is integrated into the xylological analysis of waterlogged timber from the harbour site of a Roman port town in Rezé Saint-Lupien, France. Xylophagous insects were characterised based on the traces they had left in the timber, i.e. galleries and larval pellets. Their identification, sometimes to species level, provided clues about the nature and condition of the timber that had been used to build the harbour, and helped determine when the wood had been colonised, i.e. within the living standing tree, during storage as timber, during construction work or when part of the final structure. Combined with archaeological data, the xylological and entomological analyses have enhanced our understanding of the harbour's construction history and provided valuable insights into the timber choices made by the Roman construction workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decayed wood occurs relatively frequently in charcoal assemblages from Iron Age sites in northwest Iberia, and the presence of fungal hyphae and wood-borer galleries has been identified in charred wood remains from different kinds of archaeological contexts. This study analysed the evidence of decayed wood, as a result of fungal and insect attack, including the affected taxa and other dendrological attributes, their association with firewood remains or evidence of wooden crafts and other contextual evidence, from nine Iron Age sites. The data available to date indicate that Corylus avellana, Quercus sp. deciduous, Alnus sp. and Fabaceae have been affected the most by the action of fungus and wood-borers, and evidence of xylophagous activity is correlated with the occurrence of fire events and/or the presence of worked wood. This paper highlights the potential of combining taxonomical identification with taphonomical and dendrological attributes to understand the processes of wood degradation in archaeological contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wood Industry / Drvna Industrija is the property of Drvna Industrija and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This document provides information on the history and ownership changes of Heber Wells, a wood type manufacturing company. In 1890, Heber Wells became the sole owner of the company after purchasing his partner's shares. The company changed locations multiple times before filing for bankruptcy in 1899 and being acquired by The Hamilton Manufacturing Co. The document also emphasizes the importance of accurately identifying and dating wood type blocks and discusses the development of a list of manufacturer's stamps used by wood type manufacturers. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Recursos Rurais is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The wood industry demands advanced methods for material classification and workpiece characteristic modelling to enhance process monitoring and adaptive process control. This paper presents a sensor fusion approach that integrates data from acoustic emissions, airborne sound, and power consumption during the milling of solid wood and wood-based composites. The aims are to achieve accurate material classification and to model workpiece characteristics such as surface roughness or density. A design matrix was generated by extracting relevant features from the multimodal signals to serve as an input for the classification and regression algorithms. The tested classification approaches to differentiate between workpiece type demonstrated high precision with an average validation accuracy of 92.16 %. Regression models for predicting the surface roughness showed R 2 values between 0.79 and 0.97. The density could be predicted with R2 values between 0.84 and 0.98. As a conclusion, workpiece types could be classified and important workpiece properties during machining, such as surface roughness and density, could be well described by using information from multiple sensors during machining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the adsorption capacity of the biochar obtained from Pinus patula biomass micro-gasification was studied using malachite green (MG) as the probe pollutant. For this purpose, the biomass type (wood pellets and chips) was selected to produce two kinds of biochar (BC). Afterwards, the effects of the adsorbent dose (6, 9 and 12 g/L), the solution pH (4, 7 and 10) and the BC particle size distribution (150–300, 300–450 and 450–600 μ m) for the maximization of the MG retention by the selected BC were evaluated using a faced-centered central composite design, as response surface methodology. The results indicated that the BC derived from wood chips (BWC) exhibited a higher MG dye adsorption capacity than the BC obtained from the wood pellets (BWP) gasification under the same operating conditions after having reached the equilibrium. A second-order regression model was built for describing the MG adsorption behaviour by BWC under the considered experimental domain. The model, which was validated, resulted to be statistically significant and suitable to represent the MG adsorption by the studied BC with a p-value of 0.00 and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 95.59%. Additionally, a three-dimensional response surface graph and a contour plot were utilized to analyze the interaction effects between the factors influencing the adsorption system and to discern the optimal operating conditions for the use of BWC. The maximal MG dye retention (99.70%) was found to be at an adsorbent dose, pH solution and a particle size distribution of 9.80 g/L, 10 and from 150 to 300 μ m, respectively. Therefore, the BWC tested can be utilized for the treatment of water polluted with dyes, contributing to the establishment of a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, wood identification is made by experts using hand lenses, wood atlases, and field manuals which take a lot of cost and time for the training process. The quantity and species must be strictly set up, and accurate identification of the wood species must be made during exploitation to monitor trade and enforce regulations to stop illegal logging. With the development of science, wood identification should be supported with technology to enhance the perception of fairness of trade. An automatic wood identification system and a dataset of 50 commercial wood species from Asia are established, namely, wood anatomical images collected and used to train for the proposed model. In the convolutional neural network (CNN), the last layers are usually soft-max functions with dense layers. These layers contain the most parameters that affect the speed model. To reduce the number of parameters in the last layers of the CNN model and enhance the accuracy, the structure of the model should be optimized and developed. Therefore, a hybrid of convolutional neural network and random forest model (CNN-RF model) is introduced towood identification. The accuracy's hybrid model ismore than 98%, and the processing speed is 3 times higher than the CNN model. The highest accuracy is 1.00 in some species, and the lowest is 0.92. These results show the excellent adaptability of the hybrid model in wood identification based on anatomical images. It also facilitates further investigations of wood cells and has implications for wood science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of ensuring accurate and efficient collection and preservation of physical evidence is known as crime scene management. Incriminating evidence can be strongly supported during criminal investigations by forensic botany. This article aims to show how crucial the role of forensic botany can be at crime scenes. When crime scene and autopsy findings are insufficient to determine the dynamics and mode of death, botanical evidence may come to the rescue. The use of plant studies in legal proceedings is known as forensic botany. In order to piece together evidence that will help solve serious crimes, including the cause of death, kidnapping, and murder, forensic botany uses evidence from plants and plant parts. Various subfields within forensic botany help solve criminal cases. Palynology is the study of pollen grains and spores, which can withstand degradation and can be used to confirm or reject a relationship between individuals, locations, and articles that are the subject of investigation in both criminal and civil cases. Moss shoots are easily attached to clothing and shoes, or even the human body, just as pollen grains, and may be useful to make connections between individuals and crime. DNA barcoding, which involves rapid species identification based on DNA sequences, and dendrochronology, which is the study of tree rings, are also useful as strong evidence. Though forensic botany has grown significantly in importance and is increasingly being applied to investigate crimes, greater awareness of the field and expertise are required. Forensic botany can also be taken up as a challenging career option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article features photographs of an educational poster and a carved wooden bird effigy. The poster, titled "Prehistoric Technology of the Florida Indians," was commissioned by Anne Reynolds in 1999 and created by archaeologist Scott Mitchell. The artifact, a carved wooden bird effigy, was discovered in 2005 during road construction in Highlands County, Florida. The artifact is believed to be a "whole animal carving" and is conserved at the Museum of Florida Art and Culture. The article provides details about the artifact's wood composition and radiocarbon dating. [Extracted from the article]

The objective of this research is to investigate different chemical pretreatment methods to reduce the lignin and hemicellulose content of Omani Prosopis Juliflora. The pretreated wood will then be acid hydrolyzed to convert the cellulose content to sugar. Four types of pretreatment methods were employed, namely: Alkaline pretreatment (Method I), Alkaline + Hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (Method II), Alkaline + Hydrogen peroxide + acid-chlorite pretreatment (Method III) and Alkaline + H 2 O 2 + Acid-chlorite + bicarbonate pretreatment (Method IV). The effectiveness of each pretreatment method was assessed by measuring lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose contents and the crystallinity index (CrI) using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results were further assessed by taking images of the wood samples after each pretreatment step using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results showed that the CrI increased from 51% for the untreated samples to 61%, 65%, 68% and 73.2% after treating with Method I, II, III and IV, respectively. Measuring the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents showed that the effectiveness of the methods in ascending order was Method I < Method II < Method III < Method IV. The pretreated wood samples by method IV were acid hydrolyzed. The effect of acid type, namely: H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 , HCl and H 3 PO 4 , concentration and hydrolysis time on the %conversion of cellulose to sugar was investigated. The results revealed that H 2 SO 4 was the most effective acid, whereas H 3 PO 4 was the weakest. The efficiency of the tested acids follows the following order: H 2 SO 4 > HNO 3 > HCL > H 3 PO 4. For all acids tested, the %conversion of cellulose to reducing sugar as a function of time increases linearly till t = 90 min, after which no change in the %conversion was obtained. Investigating the effect of acid concentration showed that as the concentration increases, the %conversion increases too. Upon increasing acid concentration from 1% to 10%, the %conversion increases from 12% to 62% for H 2 SO 4 , from 5% to 43% for HNO 3 , from 0% to 47% for HCl, and from 5% to 34% for H 3 PO 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desiccated objects made out of wood and plant fibres are exceptional archaeological finds in Europe, due to prevailing climatic conditions. The use of wood and plant fibres as raw materials in the past is not well-known due to the scarce availability of archaeological finds, especially in comparison with other non-perishable materials (lithic, pottery, metals). Dry environments suitable for the conservation of perishable materials are limited to some areas of the Iberian Peninsula, as for example the caves and shelters of the central Ebro basin. This region is emerging in recent years as a highly important area for the discovery of archaeological remains made out of short-lived materials. This work presents the results of taxonomic, typological and technical studies, including previously unpublished work, regarding the assemblage of wooden objects and basketry from the Moro de Alins (NE Iberia) cave-site. Direct radiocarbon dating has been vital for the contextualisation of the entire assemblage, which was illegally despoiled in the early 90s, and contains three well-differentiated phases of occupation: Neolithic, Bronze Age and Late Antiquity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wooden tomb effigies are now rare in England and Wales, although it is likely that they were once relatively common. Of the total of 120 known examples, only ninety-three survive. The other twenty-seven documented figures have been lost or destroyed owing to woodworm, fire, iconoclasm, theft and the general misuse that has beset this monumental type. Most remaining examples are mere skeletons of their original state, with any surface decoration worn away or cleaned off over the centuries, leaving only bare wood with perhaps traces of polychromy in crevices. A minority are now painted, but most do not display the original surface finish. The effigies at Goudhurst (Kent) to Sir Alexander Culpepper (d. 1541) and his second wife were thought to have been similarly overpainted, but new evidence from recent pigment analysis using polarized light microscopy shows that this was probably only partial. Physical and documentary evidence throw much light on the dating of the monument, the two effigies of which were produced at different times, the older parts dating to 1537. A detailed assessment of the memorial and its comparanda underlines the unique nature of the pair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Morroco, Cedarwood lignivorous fungi cause significant damage to cedar groves. The losses have been estimated to be more than 30% due to these fungi. This latter brings about two primary diseases known as M'jej and Saboune. The study tries to show the molecular identification of the lignivorous fungi of the Atlas cedar in the cedar groves of Tazekka and Azrou and their biological control by the essential oils extracted from both the healthy and infected cedarwood. Therefore, this molecular research has identified three phytopathogenic fungi:(Paecilomyces maximus, Pleurostoma richardsiae, and Alternaria tenuissima). The data analysed in this study has also confirmed that the oil extracted from Saboune-infected wood showed a noticeable fungistatic effect against these fungi, with a MIC reaching 1/500, followed by the EO extracted from M'jej-infected wood. However, the healthy cedarwood gave an EO without antifungal activity. A mixture of these three oils gave significant antifungal results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Within the project 'Harvesting Memories: Ecology and Archaeology of Monti Sicani Landscapes', this paper aims to reconstruct human–environment interactions in the inland areas of Western Sicily during the Early Middle Ages through a comparative analysis of environmental archaeological data. We analyse carpological and anthracological finds and faunal remains originating from different layers of the rural settlement of Contrada Castro (Corleone, Palermo), excavated in 2017–2019. The site was mainly occupied between the Byzantine and Islamic periods (late 8th to 11th c. AD). The examination of wood charcoal enabled the identification of plant species selected and exploited in the landscape of the site for each main chronological period. The archaeobotanical data indicated a precise, qualitative picture on the historical vegetation of this area, accompanied with the agricultural practices of the communities. The zooarchaeological data added further information on the reconstruction of rural economy and animal exploitation patterns. An integrated comparison of the characteristic landscape and the archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data presented the dynamics of agricultural strategy, wood exploitation, and management of animal resources of an early medieval rural community in Western Sicily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida auris persists in the environment despite disinfection. Its survival on various environmental surfaces and the effect of sublethal concentrations of disinfectants on C. auris has not been studied. To investigate the survival of C. auris on environmental surfaces, and the effect of sublethal concentrations of disinfectants. Surface material blocks were fabricated and artificially contaminated with C. auris. Viable counts were assessed for 3 weeks. In addition, C. auris cells were pulsed daily with disinfectants for 15 days, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined. Ergosterol quantities and efflux pump assays were performed on disinfectant-exposed strains using standard methods. C. auris survived on all the surfaces for >3 weeks, with the lowest count of 2.3 log colony-forming units, regardless of wet or dry conditions. Wet wood supported the growth of C. auris (a 1 log increase), whereas dry wood inhibited this organism (both P <0.01). In the biofilm form, C. auris flourished on all surfaces. Although the MICs increased in C. auris cells pulsed with sodium dichloroisocyanurate and benzalkonium chloride, only C. auris exposed to benzalkonium chloride showed decreased ergosterol content and an activated efflux pump. Although C. auris survived on all tested surfaces, survival on wet wood was remarkable. C. auris pulsed with benzalkonium chloride developed some degree of tolerance to disinfectant and showed efflux pump activation, suggesting the development of low-level resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The first inventory of saproxylic beetles collected during 2009-2022 years from 19 forest ecosystems was performed in the Republic of Moldova. A total of 103 Coleoptera species belonging to 91 genera and 36 families were identified. One genus (Xylophilus) and 12 species (Aesalus scarabaeoides (Panzer, 1794), Calodromius spilotus (Illiger, 1798), Malthinus balteatus Suffrian, 1851, Mycetochara flavipes (Fabricius, 1792), Mycetophagus fulvicollis Fabricius, 1793, Plegaderus dissectus Erichson, 1839, Ptenidium formicetorum Kraatz, 1851, Rhizophagus bipustulatus (Fabricius, 1792), Siagonium humerale Germar, 1836, Synchita undata Guérin-Méneville, 1844, Tritoma bipustulata Fabricius, 1775 and Xylophilus testaceus (Herbst, 1806)) are new for the fauna of the Republic of Moldova. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the wood milling process, the milling cutter will jeopardize the continuity and integrity of wood fibres, resulting in the surface roughness not meeting the requirements. Surface roughness is an important indicator to assess the surface quality of wood products, which has a great impact on its subsequent sealing performance, painting and decorative quality. Therefore, the surface roughness requirements should be factored in when designing the machining process and determining the machining allowance. This paper uses a computer numerical control (CNC) woodworking milling machine to process camphor wood products. During this processing experiment, the paper analyses the impact of changes in major processing parameters on the surface roughness of wood products, such as spindle speed, feed rate, movement trajectory, milling depth, along and against the grain. When it comes to the state of the wood product surface not meeting the subsequent process requirements after milling, further measures are proposed for ablative finishing treatment. In order to find the best way to remove the surface burr without damaging the base surface, the surface burr of milling wood was studied and analyzed from the micro-angle. Using scanning electron microscopy along with microscopic imaging technology to observe and analyse, the paper establishes an ablation model of processing surface burrs and conducts simulation analysis of the influence of parameter changes, to provide some theoretical basis for practical production and related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sapwood of Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica D. Don ) was decayed by the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris under bright and dark conditions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of mycelia inside the wood even after 1 week from the start of fungal exposure. Moreover, holes were observed in the torus after fungal exposure. Ruthenium red staining revealed that the pectin in pits was largely absent for 3 weeks. These events occurred before the mass loss of wood samples was confirmed at the early stage. Moreover, Fp PG28A was more highly expressed at the hyphal front on a pectin-containing medium under dark conditions compared with bright conditions. This up-regulation under dark conditions indicated that the pectin decomposition ability was promoted inside the wood where light could not reach. In conclusion, we suggest that the brown-rot fungus completed its hyphal expansion within the wood via pectin decomposition in pits before holocellulose decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus wallichiana and Dalbergia sissoo wood is widely used in the construction and furniture industry in Pakistan. However, directional variability of physical properties, which can be important for wood-based industry, remains poorly documented. In both wood types, water and moisture uptake, water contact angle, and compressional strength varied significantly along the three directions. Water and moisture uptake was found significantly higher in tangential direction while water contact angle, and compressional strength was found the highest along the longitudinal direction in both wood types. Furthermore, thermal conductivity and diffusivity were found the highest along longitudinal direction however, specific heat capacity was found the highest in radial direction. Based on the results it can be concluded that although, dimensional variability was more pronounced in Dalbergia sissoo wood however, studies on site-specific variations in physical properties need further investigations for better recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of a closed system thermal modification process on some physical and mechanical properties of eucalypt and teak short-rotation wood. We assessed untreated eucalypt and teak (EW and TW) and thermally modified eucalypt and teak wood (TMEW and TMTW). The process was carried out at 160°C for 45 min, and we performed some physical and mechanical tests. Thermal modification reduced the mechanical resistance and hygroscopicity and increased the dimensional stability of wood. The normal density (ρ12) of TMTW was reduced, but no significant effect was verified for TMEW, although it had an absolute reduction of 7%. For both conditions (untreated and thermally modified), teak was more resistant to failure (higher MOR in static bending), and no difference between the species was verified for MOE. Eucalypt wood was more resistant to compression parallel to the grain in both conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wood Industry / Drvna Industrija is the property of Drvna Industrija and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)