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459 results on '"SCINTILLATORS"'

7. Image Reconstruction Analysis for Positron Emission Tomography With Heterostructured Scintillators

Author

Philipp Mohr, Nikos Efthimiou, Fiammetta Pagano, Nicolaus Kratochwil, Marco Pizzichemi, Charalampos Tsoumpas, Etiennette Auffray, Karl Ziemons, Faculteit Medische Wetenschappen/UMCG, and Guided Treatment in Optimal Selected Cancer Patients (GUTS)

Subjects
Positron emission tomography, Health Physics and Radiation Effects, Detectors, Multiple TOF kernels, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Photonics, Scintillators, Image reconstruction, Heterostructure, TOF PET, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Energy resolution, Metascintillator, Plastics, Instrumentation
Abstract

The concept of structure engineering has been proposed for exploring the next generation of radiation detectors with improved performance. A TOF-PET geometry with heterostructured scintillators with a pixel size of 3.0x3.1x15 mm3 was simulated using Monte Carlo. The heterostructures consisted of alternating layers of BGO as a dense material with high stopping power and plastic (EJ232) as a fast light emitter. The detector time resolution was calculated as a function of the deposited and shared energy in both materials on an event-by-event basis. While sensitivity was reduced to 32% for 100 μm thick plastic layers and 52% for 50 μm, the CTR distribution improved to 204±49 ps and 220±41 ps respectively, compared to 276 ps that we considered for bulk BGO. The complex distribution of timing resolutions was accounted for in the reconstruction. We divided the events into three groups based on their CTR and modeled them with different Gaussian TOF kernels. On a NEMA IQ phantom, the heterostructures had better contrast recovery in early iterations. On the other hand, BGO achieved a better contrast to noise ratio (CNR) after the 15th iteration due to the higher sensitivity. The developed simulation and reconstruction methods constitute new tools for evaluating different detector designs with complex time responses.

Published
2023

10. Photoluminescent and Scintillating Performance of Eu3+-Doped Boroaluminosilicate Glass Scintillators

Author

Guo, Yujia Gong, Lianjie Li, Junyu Chen, and Hai

Subjects
scintillators, Eu3+, X-ray imaging, glass
Abstract

In comparison with single crystal scintillators, glass scintillators are more promising materials for their benefits of easy preparation, low cost, controllable size, and large-scale manufacture. The emission of Eu3+ ion at 612 nm matches well with the photoelectric detector, making it suitable for the activator in glass scintillators. Therefore, the research on Eu3+ doped glass scintillators attract our attention. The photoluminescent and scintillating properties of Eu3+-activated boroaluminosilicate glass scintillators prepared by the conventional melt-quenching method were investigated in this work. The glass samples present good internal quantum yield. Under X-ray radiation, the optimal sample reveals high X-ray excited luminesce (XEL), and its integrated intensity of XEL is 22.7% of that of commercial crystal scintillator Bi4Ge3O12. Furthermore, the optimal specimen possesses a spatial resolution of 14 lp/mm in X-ray imaging. These results suggest that Eu3+-doped boroaluminosilicate glass is expected to be applied in X-ray imaging.

Published
2023
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11. New Inogranic Scintillators’ Application in the Electromagnetic Calorimetry in High-Energy Physics

Author

Dmitry Averyanov and Dmitry Blau

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Process Chemistry and Technology, General Engineering, General Materials Science, Instrumentation, Computer Science Applications, scintillators, light yield, scintillation detector, calorimetry, high resolution, GAGG, PWO
Abstract

Scintillation crystals Gd3Al2Ga3O12 (GAGG) are an excellent candidate for application in ionizing-radiation detectors because of their high radiation resistance, density and light yield. These crystals can be used in combination with lead tungstate (PbWO4 or PWO) crystals for the development of a new generation of electromagnetic calorimeter with advanced spatial and energy resolutions in a broad energy range. PWO crystals enable the accurate detection of high-energy photons, while GAGG crystals provide the possibility of precisely measuring photon energies, down to a few MeV. Different options for a composite electromagnetic calorimeter based on PWO and GAGG crystals are considered to optimize spatial and energy resolutions in a broad energy range (from 1 MeV to 100 GeV). In particular, different lengths of the GAGG section of the calorimeter are considered, from 0.5 to 10 cm. The separation of signals from photons and hadrons is also taken into consideration through the study of shower shape in the calorimeter. The optimization is based on Geant4 simulations, considering light collection as well as the use of different photodetectors and electronic noise. Simulations are verified with light yield measurements of GAGG samples obtained using radioactive sources and test beam measurements of the prototype of the PWO-based Photon Spectrometer of the ALICE experiment at CERN.

Published
2023
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14. Development and Characterisation of Halide Perovskite Visible Light and X-Ray Detection Devices

Author

Moseley, Oliver

Subjects
Semiconductors, Scintillators, Photodetectors, Detectors, Optoelectronics, X-ray Detectors, Perovskite
Abstract

Sending and receiving information with electromagnetic radiation is fundamental to imaging and communications. Humankind’s ability to utilise this radiation is dependent on how efficiently we can detect it, and improving detectors will advance these technologies. Visible light and X-rays make up two regions of the electromagnetic spectra, both key bands for imaging in different modalities. The visible spectrum represents the energies we can detect with our eyes, while X-rays are highly penetrative and allow the inside of opaque objects to be imaged. While their applications are highly complementary, their detector technologies also share commonalities, allowing the development of both simultaneously. In this thesis, the unique properties of metal halide perovskites are utilised to advance both visible light and Xray detectors. However, other properties of perovskites, such as ion migration, can provide challenges when characterising performance, and so techniques to accurately measure their detecting ability are also developed. Metal halide perovskites are exploited to design two new detector device structures, increasing the functionality of photodetectors and overcoming the existing limitations of direct X-ray detectors. A unique photodetector, utilising the band gap tunability of perovskites, is developed to produce a multiband response that can controllably detect different regions of the visible spectrum. The resulting device is employed in a method to send communications with added encryption. Additionally, a concept for a novel X-ray detecting device is developed, using the ability of perovskites to retain impressive properties after low-temperature solution deposition. The device structure decouples the dimensions of photon absorption and charge carrier collection to retain performance across the X-ray spectrum, overcoming the limitations currently preventing the commercial success of direct X-ray detectors. The potential of perovskites as scintillators for indirect X-ray detection is investigated. The published performances are contextualised with a detailed analysis of the operating mechanism. This mechanistic insight highlights the advantages this material could bring, and we propose the applications that would benefit most from perovskite scintillators, as well as the origins of the remaining limitations. The concurrent understanding of perovskites in other optoelectronic devices is utilised to suggest pathways to overcome the remaining challenges and bring the material closer to commercialisation. These suggestions are applied, and impressive scintillation performance is demonstrated from an emerging Cs2ZrBr6 nanocrystal scintillator system. This work also highlights the specific considerations required when characterising perovskitebased detectors. The large defect density in these materials is shown to be a double-edged sword; making measurements under low light intensities prone to errors, but also acting as another lever to control detection performance. The challenges of characterising direct X-ray detectors are also discussed, alongside the development of experimental procedures to robustly measure halide perovskite devices. Overall, this thesis utilises the unique properties of perovskites to develop detectors with new functionality, whilst ensuring the same properties do not reduce the accuracy when characterising their performance. The work brings perovskite detectors one step closer to a commercial reality.

Published
2023
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15. A Two-Dimensional Non-Destructive Beam Monitoring Detector for Ion Beams

Author

Saverio Braccini, Tommaso Stefano Carzaniga, Pierluigi Casolaro, Gaia Dellepiane, Laura Franconi, Isidre Mateu, Paola Scampoli, and Matthias Schmid

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, beam monitoring detector, ion beam, ion accelerator, medical cyclotron, scintillators, Process Chemistry and Technology, General Engineering, General Materials Science, Instrumentation, Computer Science Applications
Abstract

A two-dimensional beam monitoring detector named π2 has been developed and tested at the Bern University Hospital, using an 18 MeV proton beam provided by a medical cyclotron. This non-destructive device utilises a scintillating compound (P47 phosphor) coated onto a thin aluminium foil that is angled at 45∘ with respect to the beam axis. The scintillating light produced when the beam passes through the foil is captured by a CMOS camera, resulting in a two-dimensional image of the beam profile. Custom software is then used to analyse the image and extract valuable information about the beam’s position, shape, and intensity. The focus of the experimental work was on characterising the performance of the π2 with the 18 MeV proton beam. The linearity of the detector’s output signal was evaluated for proton fluxes ranging from 2·1010cm−2·s−1 to 5·1011cm−2·s−1. Furthermore, the beam profiles measured with the π2 were found to be consistent with reference measurements obtained using alternative beam monitors. Additionally, the experiments also involved studying the beam scattering caused by the foil and scintillating layer. Finally, in a long-term radiation test, the detector demonstrated a stable response up to an integrated proton flux of 3·1015cm−2. The π2 is currently being used at the Bern cyclotron for monitoring beams in the development of new methods for medical radioisotope production and for radiation hardness studies. The π2 has potential applications in several fields that involve the use of accelerated ions, such as cancer particle therapy, medical radioisotope production and radiation hardness studies.

Published
2023
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16. Two-dimensional perovskite functionalized fiber-type heterostructured scintillators

Author

E. G. Rogers, M. D. Birowosuto, F. Maddalena, C. Dujardin, F. Pagano, N. Kratochwil, E. Auffray, P. Krause, and G. Bizarri

Subjects
radioluminescence, metamaterials, heterostructures, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), perovskites, luminescence, optical metrology, scintillators, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, emission spectroscopy
Abstract

A fiber-type heterostructured scintillator based on bismuth germanate (Bi4Ge3O12) functionalized with the 2D-perovskite butylammonium lead bromide ((BA)2PbBr4) has been fabricated, and its scintillation performance analyzed toward its use for fast timing applications such as time-of-flight Positron Emission Tomography. The pixel shows energy sharing between the matrix and filler component, confirming that the two components are in synergy.

Published
2023

17. Photodetectors for Gamma-Ray Astronomy

Author

Elisabetta Bissaldi, Carlo Fiorini, and Alexey Uliyanov

Subjects
Silicon drift detectors, Avalanche photodiodes, Readout electronics, Scintillators, Photomultiplier tubes, Photodiodes, Avalanche photodiodes, Silicon photomultipliers, Silicon drift detectors, Scintillators, Readout electronics, Silicon photomultipliers, Photomultiplier tubes, Photodiodes
Published
2023

18. All-Inorganic Glass Scintillators: Scintillation Mechanism, Materials, and Applications

Author

Jiaqi Liu, Xudong Zhao, Yinsheng Xu, Haodi Wu, Xuhui Xu, Ping Lu, Xianghua Zhang, Xiujian Zhao, Mengling Xia, Jiang Tang, Guangda Niu, Wuhan University of Technology (WHUT), Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), Kunming University of Science and Technology (KMUST), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Natural Science Foundation of China [62275206, U2241236, 61905082, 61975156], and State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures (Wuhan University of Technology) [SYSJJ2021-01]

Subjects
luminescent glass, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, scintillators, 6Li-glass, Condensed Matter Physics, neutron detection, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, X-ray Imaging, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Abstract

International audience; Glass scintillators have several benefits compared to the currently used single or polycrystalline scintillators, including non-hygroscopicity, mechanical ruggedness, ease of producing customizable shapes, and low-cost synthesis. The combination of the inert glass matrix and the embedded highly scintillating center render them significant materials for medical imaging and therapy, non-destructive probing, nuclear monitoring, and high-energy physics. Recently, great progress has been made in exploring new kinds of glass scintillator materials, improving imaging resolution for radiation detection, and developing an enormous range of commercial products. However, the majority of efforts have been devoted to the variation of materials, while rationally designing this new family of scintillators toward expected properties and applications is still lacking. In this review, the focus is specifically on advances in glass scintillators, including the scintillation fundamentals, material designing rule, and current application status, as well as future challenges and future directions.

Published
2023

19. HRFlexToT: A High Dynamic Range ASIC for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Author

O. Vela, Gerard Guixé, J. Marín, Albert López, David Sanchez, Joan Mauricio, R. Manera, Jose Maria Perez, Andreu Sanuy, Lluis Freixas, Pedro Rato, David Gascon, Anand Sanmukh, Carolina Pujol, S. Gomez, and E. Picatoste

Subjects
Materials science, Dynamic range, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Scintillator, Crystals, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Energy measurement, Crystal, Full width at half maximum, Time of flight, Photonics, Silicon photomultiplier, CMOS, Scintillators, Power demand, Optoelectronics, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Timing, Energy resolution, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

Time-of-Flight positron emission tomography scanners demand fast and efficient photo sensors and scintillators coupled to fast readout electronics. This article presents the high resolution flexible Time-over-Threshold (HRFlexToT), a 16-channel application-specific-integrated circuit for silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) anode readout manufactured using XFAB 0.18- \mu \text{m} CMOS technology. The main features of the HRFlexToT are a linear Time-over-Threshold with an extended dynamic range (10 bits) for energy measurement, low power consumption (≈ 3.5 mW/ch), and an excellent timing response. The experimental measurements show an energy linearity error of ≈ 3% and an energy resolution of about 12% at 511 keV. Single-photon time resolution measurements performed using an Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) SiPM NUV-HD ( 4 \times 4 mm2 pixel, 40- \mu \text{m} cell) and a Hamamatsu SiPM S13360-3050CS are around 142 and 167 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM), respectively. Coincidence time resolution (CTR) measurements with small cross-section pixelated crystals (LSO:Ce,Ca 0.4%, 2 \times 2 \times 5 mm3) coupled to the same Hamamatsu S13360-3050CS and FBK NUV-HD sensors yield a CTR of 117 ps and 119 ps, respectively. Measurements performed with a large cross-section monolithic crystal (LFS crystal measuring 25 \times 25 \times 20 mm3) and a Hamamatsu SiPM array S13361-6050NE-04 show a CTR of 324 ps FWHM after time-walk and time-skew correction.

Published
2022

21. Evaluation of Cerium-Doped Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr3:Ce) Single-Crystal Scintillator’s Luminescence Properties under X-ray Radiographic Conditions

Author

Stavros Tseremoglou, Christos Michail, Ioannis Valais, Konstantinos Ninos, Athanasios Bakas, Ioannis Kandarakis, George Fountos, and Nektarios Kalyvas

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Process Chemistry and Technology, General Engineering, General Materials Science, LaBr3:Ce, scintillators, crystals, radiation detectors, medical-imaging applications, Instrumentation, Computer Science Applications
Abstract

In the present study, the response of the crystalline scintillator LaBr3:Ce when excited with X-rays at tube voltages from 50 kVp to 150 kVp was investigated, for possible use in hybrid medical-imaging systems. A single crystal (10 × 10 × 10 mm3) was irradiated by X-rays within the aforementioned tube-voltage range, and the absolute efficiency (AE), as well as the detective quantum efficiency for zero spatial-frequency (DQE(0)), were measured. The energy-absorption efficiency (EAE), the quantum-detection efficiency (QDE) and the spectral compatibility with various optical photodetectors were also calculated. The results were compared with the published data for the LaCl3:Ce, Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO), Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO), and CdWO4 single crystals of equal dimensions. The AE values of the examined crystal were found to be higher than those of the compared crystals across the whole X-ray tube-voltage range. Regarding the EAE, LaBr3:Ce demonstrated a comparatively better performance than the LaCl3:Ce crystal. The emitted-light spectrum of LaBr3:Ce was found to be compatible with various types of photocathodes and silicon photomultipliers. Moreover, the LaBr3:Ce crystal exhibited excellent performance concerning its DQE(0). Considering these properties, the LaBr3:Ce crystal could be considered as a radiation-detector option for hybrid medical-imaging modalities, such as PET/CT and SPECT/CT.

Published
2022
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22. Organic Semiconductors, Lead Halide Perovskites, and Quantum Dots: Interface Engineering of Multi-Component, Solution-Processible Semiconductors for Optoelectronic Device Applications

Subjects
lead halide perovskites, molecular packing, singlet fission, scintillators, interface engineering
Abstract

Semiconductors are ubiquitous in modern life, existing as transistors in electronics, light emitting diodes in visual displays, and solar cells on houses and company rooftops. Scientists continue to push the limits of material properties to ameliorate the most technologically challenging problems facing humanity, such as climate change, the breakdown of Moore’s law, and the continued need for affordable, widely-available technology for our expanding population. At the heart of semiconductor technology is the necessity to deeply understand and control material-dependent structure-property relationships. However, single-component materials can have trade-offs or intrinsic limitations that hinder further advancement. But with a plethora of semiconductors available, increasingly-clever design of multi-component, hybrid materials with complementary properties have proven instrumental in overcoming intrinsic limitations of single-phase materials. In this work, we utilize organic semiconductors, three-dimensional perovskites, two-dimensional perovskites, and quantum dots to exploit their unique properties to enhance structure-property relationships. In this work, we first combine organic semiconductors with two-dimensional perovskites, and second, we incorporate quantum dot dopants in three-dimensional perovskites. In the first pairing, we leveraged the structural tunability of two-dimensional perovskites to finely control the crystal structure of a small molecule organic semiconductor, 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-pentacene), whose propensity to adopt multiple molecular packing motifs with highly-contrasting optoelectronic properties has been an ongoing challenge. Next, we studied singlet fission, an exciton multiplication process with applications in organic photovoltaics, of the perovskite-templated TIPS-pentacene structures to show that a key exciton separation process is enhanced by a factor greater than two when molecular packing structural disorder is reduced. Finally, modeling of TIPS-pentacene/perovskite interfacial structures revealed that perovskite surfaces allow for closer packing of TIPS-pentacene molecules. In the second pairing, we doped three-dimensional perovskite with lead sulfide quantum dots to utilize the outstanding charge carrier mobility of three-dimensional perovskites with the quantum-confined, narrow band emission of the quantum dots for its application as scintillation X-ray detectors. We show that the light yield, a key performance metric for scintillators, of quantum-dot-doped perovskites is substantially improved compared to that reported for single-phase perovskites. These works motivate the interface engineering of hybrid semiconductor material systems to control structural-optoelectronic properties.

Published
2022
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23. Enhancing large-area scintillator detection with photonic crystal cavities

Author

Wenzheng Ye, Gregory Bizarri, Muhammad Danang Birowosuto, Liang Jie Wong, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and CNRS International NTU THALES Research Alliances

Subjects
Physics::Nuclear and particle physics [Science], high-energy particles, High Energy Particles, Electrical and electronic engineering [Engineering], nanophotonics, scintillators, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, spontaneous emission, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Purcell effect, Biotechnology, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Abstract

Scintillators are materials that emit visible photons when bombarded by high-energy particles (X-ray, γ-ray, electrons, neutrinos, etc.) and are crucial for applications, including X-ray imaging and high-energy particle detection. Here, we show that one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PhC) cavities, added externally to scintillator materials, can be used to tailor the intrinsic emission spectrum of scintillators via the Purcell effect. The emission spectral peaks can be shifted, narrowed, or split, improving the overlap between the scintillator emission spectrum and the quantum efficiency (QE) spectrum of the photodetector. As a result, the overall photodetector signal can be enhanced by over 200%. The use of external PhC cavities especially benefits thick and large-area scintillators, which are needed to stop particles with ultrahigh energy, as in large-area neutrino detectors. Our findings should pave the way to greater versatility and efficiency in the design of scintillators for applications, including X-ray imaging and positron emission tomography. Nanyang Technological University Submitted/Accepted version L.J.W. acknowledges the Nanyang Assistant Professorship Start-up Grant.

Published
2022

24. Investigation of new technologies to improve light collection from scintillating crystals for fast timing

Author

Pots, Rosalinde Hendrika, Shah, Nadim Joni, Stahl, Achim, and Ziemons, Karl

Subjects
Engineering, coincidence time resolution, BaF2, cross-luminescence, photonic crystals, positron emission tomorgraphy, scintillators, ddc:530, Detectors and Experimental Techniques
Abstract

Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2022; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2022). = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2022, Inorganic scintillating crystals have been very successful in a variety of applications, such as high energy physics, medical physics, home land security and others. Next to the energy information these detectors deliver, also their potential to achieve precise timing information has become of increasing importance. Already today, recent developments in time-of-flight detectors based on scintillating crystals have reached coincidence time resolutions as high as ~100 ps FWHM for 20 mm long crystals. The goal of this thesis is to pave the road towards the 10 ps regime, to make high energy physics cope with the future extreme luminosity and ultrashort bunch crossing intervals (as low as 500 ps) at the next generation of colliding beam accelerators. It may also serve to make medical physics benefit from simpler reconstruction algorithms, leading to higher image resolution and shorter imaging time in, e.g., PET. To reach this ambitious goal, an interdisciplinary approach in the domain of photodetection in general is needed. Therefore, this work must go hand in hand with advancements in the fields of scintillators, photodetectors and ultrafast electronics. Among these, this thesis focuses on the fields of scintillators and light transport. One aspect investigated in this thesis, is light transport inside- and light extraction from the crystal, based on the knowledge of the photon propagation modes in the crystal. Owing to the fact that scintillation light is emitted isotropically, the high refractive index of the crystal makes light rays undergo multiple reflections at the crystal surfaces, preventing an efficient and fast light extraction. To overcome the time spread generated by this effect, which ultimately limits the time resolution, photonic crystals slabs applied at the scintillator readout face might be a promising method to improve light extraction at the crystal-photodetector interface. The work in this thesis starts with a study on improving imaging quality of an existing, breast-dedicated, scanner by introducing photonic crystals on the readout surfaces of the existing large monolithic LYSO crystals, of order 50x50 mm2, already in use in the device. For that purpose, the author, in collaboration with partners of the TurboPET project, developed production methods for photonic crystals that were then applied and tested on the large LYSO crystals for the purpose of selecting the best method for a new prototype of this PET scanner. The best results were obtained with a sol-gel lithography process, that has produced a pattern of TiO2 cones (RI=2.4) with a 1.17 times increase in light output and a 1.3 times increase in energy resolution (at the single-crystal level). In total 10 such large crystals were produced with this pattern, which then led to an average increase in light output by a factor of 1.16 and an average improvement in energy resolution by a factor of 1.3. Following their implementation in the existing PET scanner, phantom tests were run to evaluate the overall performance of the device. These tests showed that the modified PET scanner benefited from an increase in signal-to-noise ratio of only ~6%, nonetheless a promising result taken the fact that this was a first attempt of improving an existing PET scanner. The second part of the thesis entailed a dedicated investigation of photonic crystals, applied to smaller crystals, to search for an improvement in light output and in addition an improvement in the timing behavior in terms of coincidence time resolution (CTR). The focal point was a comparison between two photonic patterns, one with TiO2 pillars (RI=2.4) and the other with polymer cones (RI=1.82), both in a square lattice and imprinted on 10 mm LYSO cubes. It turns out from this comparison that the polymer cone pattern is superior in both light output (x1.7 over unpatterned) and CTR (x1.5 over unpatterned) than the TiO2 pillar pattern (x1.5 and 1.2, respectively). Additional tests addressed the question how the classical methods of improving light output, i.e. wrapping and optical coupling of the crystals, would compare to the results obtained with the results derived from photonic patterning. The third subject investigated in this thesis is related to exploring intrinsically fast scintillation mechanisms. The reason for this is that the determining factor for the time resolution of a scintillator is the initial photon density upon gamma conversion in the crystal. To first approximation, this initial photon density is given by the light output of the crystal divided by its decay time. As such, a high light output and a short decay time are crucial ingredients for fast timing. To break the CTR bench mark of 58 ps FWHM, obtained with classical, 3 mm long, LSO:Ce:0.4%Ca crystals, BaF2 was chosen as a promising candidate owing to its sub-nanosecond scintillation process due to cross-luminescence in this crystal. A true challenge coming from using cross-luminescence stems from the very short emission wavelengths, usually in the deep UV, like e.g. 210 nm and 195 nm in BaF2. This imposes significant constraints on the use of photodetectors, as well as optical coupling agents and reflective wrapping materials, to cope with this short wavelength region. This limits the choice of fast UV-sensitive SiPMs, and in the long run only two producers were found to manufacture adequate SiPMs, i.e. Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) and Hamamatsu, albeit with still relatively low photon detection efficiencies of around 20%. Comparing the two different producers it was found that, while both deliver adequate results, FBK clearly outperforms the Hamamatsu devices. As to the BaF2 crystals themselves, two different producers for their manufacture were chosen: Epic and Proteus. Among the two tested candidates, Epic and Proteus, the Epic crystal delivered consistently better results owing to its higher transparency at the cross-luminescence wavelengths. In first instance, the CTR measurements were made with air-coupling only. As such, from the arguments above an Epic crystal in conjunction with a Hamamatsu device delivered a CTR of 98+/-5 ps FWHM. In the case of coupling the same crystal to an FBK device, a clearly superior CTR of 54+/-6 ps FWHM was reached. Further to this, different optical coupling agents were tested in an attempt to see if the already very promising air-coupling results could still be improved. After initial selection tests, only glycerine and Viscasil remained as promising candidates for an eventual improvement in the CTR. While the behaviour of the two coupling agents, in particular glycerine, in terms of their potential improvement in CTR, is still debatable, the best result obtained with BaF2 coupled to a FBK SiPM with glycerine sets a new record in CTR of 51+/-6 ps FWHM, despite the FBK's significantly inferior photon detection efficiency in the deep UV. This thesis has shown that exploiting cross-luminescence in crystals like BaF2 is a promising road to further research in the domain of ultra-high time resolution with photons., Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

Published
2022

28. Monte Carlo characterization of high atomic number inorganic scintillators for in vivo dosimetry in 192Ir brachytherapy

Author

Vaiva Kaveckyte, Erik B. Jørgensen, Gustavo Kertzscher, Jacob G. Johansen, and Åsa Carlsson Tedgren

Subjects
brachytherapy, General Medicine, Radiologi och bildbehandling, scintillators, Monte Carlo, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Abstract

Background There is increased interest in in vivo dosimetry for 192Ir brachytherapy (BT) treatments using high atomic number (Z) inorganic scintillators. Their high light output enables construction of small detectors with negligible stem effect and simple readout electronics. Experimental determination of absorbed-dose energy dependence of detectors relative to water is prevalent, but it can be prone to high detector positioning uncertainties and does not allow for decoupling of absorbed-dose energy dependence from other factors affecting detector response . Purpose To investigate which measurement conditions and detector properties could affect their absorbed-dose energy dependence in BT in vivo dosimetry. Methods We used a general-purpose Monte Carlo (MC) code PENELOPE for the characterization of high-Z inorganic scintillators with the focus on ZnSe () Z. Two other promising media CsI () and Al2O3 () were included for comparison in selected scenarios. We determined absorbed-dose energy dependence of crystals relative to water under different scatter conditions (calibration phantom 12 × 12 × 30 cm3, characterization phantoms 20 × 20 × 20 cm3, 30 × 30 × 30 cm3, 40 × 40 × 40 cm3, and patient-like elliptic phantom 40 × 30 × 25 cm3). To mimic irradiation conditions during prostate treatments, we evaluated whether the presence of pelvic bones and calcifications affect ZnSe response. ZnSe detector design influence was also investigated. Results In contrast to low-Z organic and medium-Z inorganic scintillators, ZnSe and CsI media have substantially greater absorbed-dose energy dependence relative to water. The response was phantom-size dependent and changed by 11% between limited- and full-scatter conditions for ZnSe, but not for Al2O3. For a given phantom size, a part of the absorbed-dose energy dependence of ZnSe is caused not due to in-phantom scatter but due to source anisotropy. Thus, the absorbed-dose energy dependence of high-Z scintillators is a function of not only the radial distance but also the polar angle. Pelvic bones did not affect ZnSe response, whereas large and intermediate size calcifications reduced it by 9% and 5%, respectively, when placed midway between the source and the detector. Conclusions Unlike currently prevalent low- and medium-Z scintillators, high-Z crystals are sensitive to characterization and in vivo measurement conditions. However, good agreement between MC data for ZnSe in the present study and experimental data for ZnSe:O by Jørgensen et al. (2021) suggests that detector signal is proportional to the average absorbed dose to the detector cavity. This enables an easy correction for non-TG43-like scenarios (e.g., patient sizes and calcifications) through MC simulations. Such information should be provided to the clinic by the detector vendors. Funding Agencies|Danish Comprehensive Cancer Center; Swedish Cancer Society (Cancerfonden) [CAN 2017/1029, CAN 2018/622]; Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF); Research Center for Radiotherapy, Danish Cancer Society [R191-A11526]

Published
2022

29. Performance Evaluation of the TOF-Wall Detector of the FOOT Experiment

Author

R. Mirabelli, Esther Ciarrocchi, Nicola Belcari, A.C. Kraan, Marco Francesconi, Matteo Morrocchi, Alberto Del Guerra, Giancarlo Sportelli, P. Carra, Sandro Bianucci, M. Pullia, Alessio Sarti, Andrea Moggi, Giacomo Traini, Silvia Muraro, Maria Giuseppina Bisogni, Niccolò Camarlinghi, M. Fischetti, Micol De Simoni, Valeria Rosso, Alessandro Profeti, L. Galli, and Roberto Zarrella

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Proton, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scintillator, 01 natural sciences, Bars, Carbon, Charged Particle Therapy, Detectors, Ions, Nuclear Fragmentation, Particle beams, Plastic scintillator, Plastics, Scintillators, Silicon Photomultiplier, Time of Flight, Ion, Silicon photomultiplier, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nuclear Experiment, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Charged particle, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Atomic physics, Energy (signal processing), Beam (structure)
Abstract

The correct quantification of the dose released in charged particle therapy treatments requires the knowledge of the double differential fragmentation cross section of particles composing both the beam and the target. The FragmentatiOn Of Target (FOOT) experiment aims at measuring these cross sections for ions of interest for charged particle therapy applications. This article describes the performance of the time-of-flight (TOF)-wall detector of the experiment. The detector is composed of two layers of 44 cm $\times 2$ cm $\times 3$ mm plastic scintillator bars (20 for each layer), arranged orthogonally and read-out by silicon photomultipliers. The detector is designed to identify the charge of fragments ranging from protons to oxygen ions, with a maximum energy of 700 MeV/u, by measuring the energy released in the scintillators and the TOF with respect to a start counter. In this study, the detector was scanned with carbon ions of energy between 115 and 400 MeV/u and with a 60-MeV proton beam. The measurements show an energy resolution ( $\sigma _{E}/\mu _{E}$ ) between 6% and 4% and a contribution of the detector to the TOF system time resolution between 25 and 20 ps (standard deviation) for carbon ions and between 100 and 80 ps for protons.

Published
2021

30. Luminescence Efficiency of Cerium Bromide Single Crystal under X-ray Radiation

Author

Dionysios Linardatos, Christos Michail, Nektarios Kalyvas, Konstantinos Ninos, Athanasios Bakas, Ioannis Valais, George Fountos, and Ioannis Kandarakis

Subjects
Inorganic Chemistry, General Chemical Engineering, scintillators, crystals, radiation sensors, medical detectors, cerium bromide, General Materials Science, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

A rare-earth trihalide scintillator, CeBr3, in 1 cm edge cubic monocrystal form, is examined with regard to its principal luminescence and scintillation properties, as a candidate for radiation imaging applications. This relatively new material exhibits attractive properties, including short decay time, negligible afterglow, high stopping power and emission spectrum compatible with several commercial optical sensors. In a setting typical for X-ray radiology (medical X-ray tube, spectra in the range 50–140 kVp, human chest equivalent filtering), the crystal’s light energy flux, absolute efficiency (AE) and X-ray luminescence efficiency (XLE) were determined. Light energy flux results are superior in comparison to other four materials broadly used in modern medical imaging (slope of the linear no-threshold fit was 29.5). The AE is superior from 90 kVp onwards and reaches a value of 29.5 EU at 140 kVp. The same is true for the XLE that, following a flat response, reaches 9 × 10−3 at 90 kVp. Moreover, the spectral matching factors and the respective effective efficiencies (EE) are calculated for a variety of optical sensors. The material exhibits full compatibility with all the flat-panel arrays and most of the photocathodes and Si PMs considered in this work, a factor that proves its suitability for use in state-of-the-art medical imaging applications, such as CT detectors and planar arrays for projection imaging.

Published
2022
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31. Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC

Author

Abud, AA, Abi, B, Acciarri, R, Acero, MA, Adames, MR, Adamov, G, Adams, D, Adinolfi, M, Aduszkiewicz, A, Aguilar, J, Ahmad, Z, Ahmed, J, Ali-Mohammadzadeh, B, Alion, T, Allison, K, Monsalve, SA, Alrashed, M, Alt, C, Alton, A, Amedo, P, Anderson, J, Andreopoulos, C, Andreotti, M, Andrews, MP, Andrianala, F, Andringa, S, Anfimov, N, Ankowski, A, Antoniassi, M, Antonova, M, Antoshkin, A, Antusch, S, Aranda-Fernandez, A, Ariga, A, Arnold, LO, Arroyave, MA, Asaadi, J, Asquith, L, Aurisano, A, Aushev, V, Autiero, D, Ayala-Torres, M, Azfar, F, Back, A, Back, H, Back, JJ, Backhouse, C, Baesso, P, Bagaturia, I, Bagby, L, Balashov, N, Balasubramanian, S, Baldi, P, Baller, B, Bambah, B, Barao, F, Barenboim, G, Barker, GJ, Barkhouse, W, Barnes, C, Barr, G, Monarca, JB, Barros, A, Barros, N, Barrow, JL, Basharina-Freshville, A, Bashyal, A, Basque, V, Belchior, E, Battat, JBR, Battisti, F, Bay, F, Alba, JLB, Beacom, JF, Bechetoille, E, Behera, B, Bellantoni, L, Bellettini, G, Bellini, V, Beltramello, O, Belver, D, Benekos, N, Montiel, CB, Neves, FB, Berger, J, Berkman, S, Bernardini, P, Berner, RM, Berns, H, Bertolucci, S, Betancourt, M, Rodríguez, AB, Bevan, A, Bezerra, TJC, Bhattacharjee, M, Bhuller, S, Bhuyan, B, Biagi, S, Bian, J, Biassoni, M, and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), Scintillators, visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes, APDs, Si-PMTs, G-APDs, CCDs, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, CMOS imagers, etc), Time projection Chambers (TPC), Noble liquid detectors (scintillation, ionization, double-phase), Photon detectors for UV
Abstract

The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, U.S.A. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector incorporates full-size components as designed for DUNE and has an active volume of 7 × 6 × 7.2 m3. The H4 beam delivers incident particles with well-measured momenta and high-purity particle identification. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation between 2018 and 2020 demonstrates the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. This paper describes the design, construction, assembly and operation of the detector components.

Published
2022
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32. Efficiency Properties of Cerium-Doped Lanthanum Chloride (LaCl3:Ce) Single Crystal Scintillator under Radiographic X-ray Excitation

Author

Stavros Tseremoglou, Christos Michail, Ioannis Valais, Konstantinos Ninos, Athanasios Bakas, Ioannis Kandarakis, George Fountos, and Nektarios Kalyvas

Subjects
Inorganic Chemistry, General Chemical Engineering, scintillators, single crystals, radiation detectors, LaCl3:Ce, General Materials Science, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the suitability of crystalline scintillator LaCl3:Ce for possible use in hybrid medical imaging systems, such as PET/CT and SPECT/CT scanners. For this purpose, a single crystal (10 × 10 × 10 mm3) was irradiated by X-rays within the tube voltage range from 50 to 150 kVp, and the absolute efficiency (AE) was measured experimentally. The energy absorption efficiency (EAE), quantum detection efficiency (QDE), and the spectral compatibility with various optical detectors were also calculated with the use of mathematical formulas. The results were compared with published data for Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO), Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO), and CdWO4 single crystals of equal dimensions, commonly used in medical imaging applications. The luminescence efficiency values of the examined crystal were found to be higher than those of LSO, BGO, and CdWO4 crystals, within the whole X-ray tube voltage range. In the matter of EAE, LaCl3:Ce demonstrated reduced performance with respect to LSO and CdWO4 crystals. The emission spectrum of LaCl3:Ce was found to be compatible with various types of photocathodes and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Considering these properties, LaCl3:Ce crystal could be considered suitable for use in hybrid medical imaging systems.

Published
2022
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33. Enriched Crystal Scintillators for 2β Experiments

Author

Oksana G. Polischuk

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, double beta decay, Elementary particle, scintillators, Scintillator, 01 natural sciences, enriched crystals, lcsh:QC1-999, Nuclear physics, Crystal, MAJORANA, Effective mass (solid-state physics), Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclide, Neutrino, 010306 general physics, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

The investigation of 2β decay is an important issue in modern physics, allowing the test of the Standard Model of elementary particles and the study of the nature and properties of neutrinos. The crystal scintillators, especially made of isotopically-enriched materials, are powerful detectors for 2β decay experiments thanks to the high radiopurity level and the possibility to realize the calorimetric “source = detector” approach with a high detection efficiency. For the moment, the 2ν2β processes have been observed at the level of 1019–1024 years with enriched crystals; the sensitivity to the 0ν mode have reached the level of 1024–1026 years in some decay channels for different nuclides allowing one to calculate the upper limits on the effective mass of the Majorana neutrino at the level of 0.1–0.6 eV. The paper is intended to be a review on the latest results to investigate 2β processes with crystal scintillators enriched in 48Ca, 106Cd, and 116Cd.

Published
2021

34. Single Crystalline Films of Ce3+-Doped Y3MgxSiyAl5−x−yO12 Garnets: Crystallization, Optical, and Photocurrent Properties

Author

Vitaliy Gorbenko, Tetiana Zorenko, Anna Shakhno, Paweł Popielarski, Andres Osvet, Miroslaw Batentschuk, Alexander Fedorov, Sebastian Mahlik, Tadeusz Leśniewski, Natalia Majewska, and Yuriy Zorenko

Subjects
Ce3+-doped, liquid-phase epitaxy, phosphor converters, single crystalline films, luminescence, General Materials Science, scintillators, photocurrent, ddc:600, Mg2+–Si4+-based garnet
Abstract

This research focuses on LPE growth, and the examination of the optical and photovoltaic properties of single crystalline film (SCF) phosphors based on Ce3+-doped Y3MgxSiyAl5−x−yO12 garnets with Mg and Si contents in x = 0–0.345 and y = 0–0.31 ranges. The absorbance, luminescence, scintillation, and photocurrent properties of Y3MgxSiyAl5−x−yO12:Ce SCFs were examined in comparison with Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG:Ce) counterpart. Especially prepared YAG:Ce SCFs with a low (x, y < 0.1) concentration of Mg2+ and Mg2+–Si4+ codopants also showed a photocurrent that increased with rising Mg2+ and Si4+ concentrations. Mg2+ excess was systematically present in as-grown Y3MgxSiyAl5−x−yO12:Ce SCFs. The as-grown SCFs of these garnets under the excitation of α–particles had a low light yield (LY) and a fast scintillation response with a decay time in the ns range due to producing the Ce4+ ions as compensators for the Mg2+ excess. The Ce4+ dopant recharged to the Ce3+ state after SCF annealing at T > 1000 °C in a reducing atmosphere (95%N2 + 5%H2). Annealed SCF samples exhibited an LY of around 42% and similar scintillation decay kinetics to those of the YAG:Ce SCF counterpart. The photoluminescence studies of Y3MgxSiyAl5−x−yO12:Ce SCFs provide evidence for Ce3+ multicenter formation and the presence of an energy transfer between various Ce3+ multicenters. The Ce3+ multicenters possessed variable crystal field strengths in the nonequivalent dodecahedral sites of the garnet host due to the substitution of the octahedral positions by Mg2+ and the tetrahedral positions by Si4+. In comparison with YAG:Ce SCF, the Ce3+ luminescence spectra of Y3MgxSiyAl5−x−yO12:Ce SCFs greatly expanded in the red region. Using these beneficial trends of changes in the optical and photocurrent properties of Y3MgxSiyAl5−x−yO12:Ce garnets as a result of Mg2+ and Si4+ alloying, a new generation of SCF converters for white LEDs, photovoltaics, and scintillators could be developed.

Published
2023

37. Prompt Response Function (PRF) of Lifetime Measurement in the 2+ State of 192Os Nuclei Energy Levels from Triple-Gamma Coincidence Techniques

Author

Alin Titus Serban, I. Ochala, V. Werner, R. Mărginean, M. Boromiza, L. Stan, R.E. Mihai, T. Berry, Rares Suvaila, C. R. Nita, E. C. Hemba, Zsolt Podolyak, L. A. Gurgi, Stanimir Kisyov, C. Costache, Raymond J. Carroll, S. J. Gemanam, Terver Daniel, C. Sotty, A. Turturica, Kosuke Nomura, A. Oprea, S. Toma, F. Gbaorun, A. Olacel, M. Rudigier, P. H. Regan, and N. Marginean

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, General Mathematics, Yrast, Prompt response, General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, Function (mathematics), Scintillator, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Spectral line, Coincidence, Full width at half maximum, Coincident, Scintillators, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Lifetime, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

The effective prompt response function full width at half maximum, PRF FWHM of 637 ps (obtained from the prompt gamma pairs of 477 keV and 700 keV associated with the yrast 2+ state in 206Po), and 1007 ps (obtained from the Compton gamma pairs of 189 keV and 237 keV associated with the 192Os(18O,16O)194Os 2 neutron transfer reaction) were used in fitting the time difference spectra obtained from the gamma coincident pairsof 206 keV and 374 keV in a symmetrised LaBr3(Ce) associated with the gamma transitions in 192Os, using the Half-life program. The values of half-life measured by fitting these PRF FWHM of 637 ps and 1007 ps separately show an excellent agreement of 282(16) ps and 272(21) ps, respectively, which correspond to the global half-life value of 282(4) ps for the 192Os. The mean value of 277(12) ps from these two measurements was used in calculating the B(E2; IL ->IL-2) of 4233(114) e2fm4, which is equivalent to be 81(19) W.u.

Published
2020

38. Scintillation timing characteristics of common plastics for radiation detectionexcited with 120 GeV protons

Author

Nilay Bostan, E. Tiras, Burak Bilki, Ohannes Kamer Köseyan, and James Wetzel

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Materials science, Scintillators, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Fizik, Ortak Disiplinler, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Physics::Medical Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Scintillator, Particle detector, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), chemistry.chemical_compound, Scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), Scintillators and scintillating fibres and light guides, Fermilab, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Polyethylene naphthalate, Scintillation, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Polyethylene, Scintillators,scintillation and light emission processes (solid,gas and liquid scintillators),scintillators and scintillating fibres and light guides, chemistry, Excited state, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Abstract

The timing characteristics of scintillators must be understood in order to determine which applications they are appropriate for. Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) are common plastics with uncommon scintillation properties. Here, we report the timing characteristics of PEN and PET, determined by exciting them with 120 GeV protons. The test beam was provided by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and the scintillators were tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. PEN and PET are found to have dominant decay constants of 34.91 ns and 6.78 ns, respectively., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures

Published
2020

39. Operation and performance of a dual-phase crystalline/vapor xenon time projection chamber

Author

Kravitz, S, Chen, H, Gibbons, R, Haselschwardt, SJ, Xia, Q, and Sorensen, P

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Time projection chambers, Physics::Medical Physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, scintillation and light emission processes, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Engineering, Scintillators, Physical Sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Dark Matter detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Mathematical Physics
Abstract

We have built and operated a crystalline/vapor xenon TPC, with the goal of improving searches for dark matter. The motivation for this instrument is the fact that beta decays from the radon decay chain to the ground state presently limit the state-of-the-art liquid/vapor xenon experiments. In contrast, a crystalline xenon target has the potential to exclude, or tag and reject radon-chain backgrounds. As a preamble to demonstrating such capabilities, the present article makes a first demonstration of the operation of a crystalline/vapor xenon TPC with electroluminescence (gas gain) for the electron signal readout. It also shows that the scintillation yield in crystalline xenon appears to be identical to that in liquid xenon, in contrast to previous results.

Published
2022

40. Scintillator ageing of the T2K near detectors from 2010 to 2021

Author

The T2K Collaboration, Abe, Ke, Akhlaq, Nauman, Akutsu, Ryosuke, Ali, Ajmi, Alt, Christoph, Andreopoulos, Costas, Antonova, Maria, Aoki, Shigeki, Arihara, Takuji, Asada, Yoshiaki, Ashida, Yosuke, Atkin, Ed, Ban, Sei, Barbi, Mauricio, Barker, Gary John, Barr, Giles D., Barrow, Daniel, Batkiewicz-Kwasniak, Marcela, Bench, Francis, Berardi, Vincenzo, Fusshoeller, Kevin, Radics, Balint, Schloesser, Caspar, Sgalaberna, Davide, and Zhao, X.Y

Subjects
scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), Gamma detectors (scintillators, CZT, HPGe, HgI etc), Neutrino detectors, Performance of High Energy Physics detectors, Scintillators
Abstract

The T2K experiment widely uses plastic scintillator as a target for neutrino interactions and an active medium for the measurement of charged particles produced in neutrino interactions at its near detector complex. Over 10 years of operation the measured light yield recorded by the scintillator based subsystems has been observed to degrade by 0.9-2.2% per year. Extrapolation of the degradation rate through to 2040 indicates the recorded light yield should remain above the lower threshold used by the current reconstruction algorithms for all subsystems. This will allow the near detectors to continue contributing to important physics measurements during the T2K-II and Hyper-Kamiokande eras. Additionally, work to disentangle the degradation of the plastic scintillator and wavelength shifting fibres shows that the reduction in light yield can be attributed to the ageing of the plastic scintillator. The long component of the attenuation length of the wavelength shifting fibres was observed to degrade by 1.3-5.4% per year, while the short component of the attenuation length did not show any conclusive degradation., Journal of Instrumentation, 17 (10), ISSN:1748-0221

Published
2022
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41. Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP liquid argon TPC

Author

Chagas, Ewerton Belchior Batista das, Holanda, Pedro Cunha de, 1973, Souza, Gustavo Fernandes de, Garcia Bonilla, Alba Carolina, Gelli, Bruno Passarelli, 1995, Giammaria, Paolo, Guzzo, Marcelo Moraes, 1963, Kemp, Ernesto, 1965, Machado, Ana Amélia Bergamini, 1975, Peres, Orlando Luis Goulart, 1969, Prakash, Suprabh, 1984, Bazetto, Maria Cecilia Queiroga, 1989, Segreto, Ettore, 1973, Souza, Henrique Vieira de, 1990, and UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS

Subjects
Scintillators, Artigo original, Argônio líquido, Detectors, Noble liquid detectors (Scintillation, ionization, double-phase), Cintiladores, Liquid argon, Detectores, Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (Solid, gas and liquid scintillators), Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (Solid-state) (PIN diodes, APDs, Si-PMTs, G-APDs, CCDs, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, CMOS imagers, etc), Time projection chambers (TPC)
Abstract

Agradecimentos: The ProtoDUNE-SP detector was constructed and operated on the CERN Neutrino Platform. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the CERN management, and the CERN EP, BE, TE, EN and IT Departments for NP04/ProtoDUNE-SP. This document was prepared by the DUNE collaboration using the resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) , a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by FermiResearch Alliance, LLC (FRA) , acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. This work was supported by CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPEG and FAPESP, Brazil; CFI, IPP and NSERC, Canada; CERN; MSMT, Czech Republic; ERDF, H2020-EU and MSCA, European Union; CNRS/IN2P3 and CEA, France; INFN, Italy; FCT, Portugal; NRF, South Korea; CAM, Fundacion "La Caixa", Junta de Andalucfa-FEDER, and MICINN, Spain; SERI and SNSF, Switzerland; TuBiTAK, Turkey; The Royal Society and UKRI/STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) , a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 Abstract: The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, U.S.A. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector incorporates full-size components as designed for DUNE and has an active volume of 7 x 6 x 7.2 m3. The H4 beam delivers incident particles with well-measured momenta and high-purity particle identification. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation between 2018 and 2020 demonstrates the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. This paper describes the design, construction, assembly and operation of the detector components CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ FUNDAÇÃO CARLOS CHAGAS FILHO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO - FAPERJ FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS - FAPEG FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP Aberto

Published
2022

43. Ultrafast hybrid nanocomposite scintillators: A review

Author

Shevelev, V. S., Ishchenko, A. V., Vanetsev, A. S., Nagirnyi, V., and Omelkov, S. I.

Subjects
DOTS, TIMING CIRCUITS, MEDICAL IMAGING, DOT, PLASTIC HOST, POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY, SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO, INORGANIC-FILLERS, INORGANIC FILLER, NANOCOMPOSITES, SCINTILLATION COUNTERS, FILLERS, ULTRA-FAST, NANOCRYSTALS, SCINTILLATORS, INORGANICS, TIME-RESOLUTION, IONIZATION, FAST TIMING, SCINTILLATION, QUANTUM, ORGANIC DOPANTS, HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES
Abstract

In recent years, demand for scintillation detectors with high time resolution (better than 100 ps) has emerged in high-energy physics and medical imaging applications. In particular, time of flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) can greatly benefit from increasing time resolution of scintillators, which leads to the increase of signal-to-noise ratio, decrease of patient dose, and achievement of the superior spatial resolution of PET images. Currently, extensive research of various types of materials is carried out to achieve the best time resolution. In this review, the recent progress of various approaches is summarized and scintillation compounds with the best temporal characteristics are first reviewed. The review presents the physical processes causing fast luminescence in inorganic and organic materials. Special attention is paid to nanocomposites which belong to a new perspective class of scintillating materials, consisting of a plastic matrix, inorganic nanocrystalline fillers, and organic or inorganic luminescence activators and shifters. The main features and functions of all parts of existing and prospective nanocomposite scintillators are also discussed. A number of currently created and investigated nanocomposite materials with various compounds and structures are reviewed. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. Eesti Teadusagentuur, ETAg: PRG111, PRG629; European Regional Development Fund, ERDF: 2014-2020.4.01.15–0011, TK141 Authors thank Minobrnauki project FEUZ-2020-0059 and Estonian Research Council (grants PRG629 and PRG111 ) for financial support. Authors are also grateful for partial support from the European Regional Development Fund (DoRA Pluss program) and the ERDF funding in Estonia granted to the Center of Excellence TK141 “ Advanced materials and high-technology devices for sustainable energetics, sensorics and nanoelectronics ” (project No. 2014-2020.4.01.15–0011 ).

Published
2022

44. Light yield non-proportionality of inorganic crystals and its effect on cosmic-ray measurements

Author

Adriani, O., Berti, E., Betti, P., Bigongiari, G., Bonechi, L., Bongi, M., Bottai, S., Brogi, P., Castellini, G., Checchia, C., D'Alessandro, R., Detti, S., Finetti, N., Maestro, P., Marrocchesi, P. S., Mori, N., Olmi, M., Pacini, L., Papini, P., Poggiali, C., Ricciarini, S., Spillantini, P., Starodubtsev, O., Stolzi, F., Tiberio, A., and Vannuccini, E.

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), gas and liquid scintillators), Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, FOS: Physical sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Calorimeters, Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, interaction of hadrons with matter, etc), Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), scintillation and light emission processes (solid, interaction of hadrons with matter, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Scintillators, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Mathematical Physics, etc)
Abstract

The multi-TeV energy region of the cosmic-ray spectra has been recently explored by direct detection experiments that used calorimetric techniques to measure the energy of the cosmic particles. Interesting spectral features have been observed in both all-electron and nuclei spectra. However, the interpretation of the results is compromised by the disagreements between the data obtained from the various experiments, that are not reconcilable with the quoted experimental uncertainties. Understanding the reason for the discrepancy among the measurements is of fundamental importance in view of the forthcoming high-energy cosmic-ray experiments planned for space, as well as for the correct interpretation of the available results. The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility that a systematic effect may derive from the non-proportionality of the light response of inorganic crystals, typically used in high-energy calorimetry due to their excellent energy-resolution performance. The main reason for the non-proportionality of the crystals is that scintillation light yield depends on ionisation density. Experimental data obtained with ion beams were used to characterize the light response of various scintillator materials. The obtained luminous efficiencies were used as input of a Monte Carlo simulation to perform a comparative study of the effect of the light-yield non-proportionality on the detection of high-energy electromagnetic and hadronic showers. The result of this study indicates that, if the calorimeter response is calibrated by using the energy deposit of minimum ionizing particles, the measured shower energy might be affected by a significant systematic shift, at the level of few percent, whose sign and magnitude depend specifically on the type of scintillator material used., Comment: to be published in JINST

Published
2022
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45. Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC

Author

Collaboration, DUNE, Abud, AA, Abi, B, Acciarri, R, Acero, MA, Adames, MR, Adamov, G, Adams, D, Adinolfi, M, Aduszkiewicz, A, Aguilar, J, Ahmad, Z, Ahmed, J, Ali-Mohammadzadeh, B, Alion, T, Allison, K, Monsalve, SA, Alrashed, M, Alt, C, Alton, A, Amedo, P, Anderson, J, Andreopoulos, C, Andreotti, M, Andrews, MP, Andrianala, F, Andringa, S, Anfimov, N, Ankowski, A, Antoniassi, M, Antonova, M, Antoshkin, A, Antusch, S, Aranda-Fernandez, A, Ariga, A, Arnold, LO, Arroyave, MA, Asaadi, J, Asquith, L, Aurisano, A, Aushev, V, Autiero, D, Ayala-Torres, M, Azfar, F, Back, A, Back, H, Back, JJ, Backhouse, C, Baesso, P, Bagaturia, I, Bagby, L, Balashov, N, Balasubramanian, S, Baldi, P, Baller, B, Bambah, B, Barao, F, Barenboim, G, Barker, GJ, Barkhouse, W, Barnes, C, Barr, G, Monarca, JB, Barros, A, Barros, N, Barrow, JL, Basharina-Freshville, A, Bashyal, A, Basque, V, Belchior, E, Battat, JBR, Battisti, F, Bay, F, Alba, JLB, Beacom, JF, Bechetoille, E, Behera, B, Bellantoni, L, Bellettini, G, Bellini, V, Beltramello, O, Belver, D, Benekos, N, Montiel, CB, Neves, FB, Berger, J, Berkman, S, Bernardini, P, Berner, RM, Berns, H, Bertolucci, S, Betancourt, M, Rodríguez, AB, Bevan, A, Bezerra, TJC, Bhattacharjee, M, Bhuller, S, Bhuyan, B, Biagi, S, Bian, J, Biassoni, M, Biery, K, Bilki, B, Bishai, M, Bitadze, A, Blake, A, Blaszczyk, FDM, Blazey, GC, Blucher, E, Boissevain, J, Bolognesi, S, Bolton, T, Bomben, L, Bonesini, M, Bongrand, M, Bonini, F, Booth, A, Booth, C, Boran, F, Bordoni, S, Borkum, A, Boschi, T, Bostan, N, Bour, P, Bourgeois, C, Boyd, SB, Boyden, D, Bracinik, J, Braga, D, Brailsford, D, Branca, A, Brandt, A, Bremer, J, Brew, C, Brianne, E, Brice, SJ, Brizzolari, C, Bromberg, C, Brooijmans, G, Brooke, J, Bross, A, Brunetti, G, Brunetti, M, Buchanan, N, Budd, H, Butorov, I, Cagnoli, I, Caiulo, D, Calabrese, R, Calafiura, P, Calcutt, J, Calin, M, Calvez, S, Calvo, E, Caminata, A, Campanelli, M, Cankocak, K, Caratelli, D, Carini, G, Carlus, B, Carneiro, MF, Carniti, P, Terrazas, IC, Carranza, H, Carroll, T, Casta, JF, Castillo, A, Castromonte, C, Catano-Mur, E, Cattadori, C, Cavalier, F, Cavanna, F, Centro, S, Cerati, G, Cervelli, A, Villanueva, AC, Chalifour, M, Chappell, A, Chardonnet, E, Charitonidis, N, Chatterjee, A, Chattopadhyay, S, Chen, H, Chen, K, Chen, M, Chen, Y, Chen, Z, Cheon, Y, Cherdack, D, Chi, C, Childress, S, Chiriacescu, A, Chisnall, G, Cho, K, Choate, S, Chokheli, D, Chong, PS, Choubey, S, Christensen, A, Christian, D, Christodoulou, G, Chukanov, A, Chung, M, Church, E, Cicero, V, Clarke, P, Coan, TE, Cocco, AG, Coelho, JAB, Conley, E, Conley, R, Conrad, JM, Convery, M, Copello, S, Corwin, L, Valentim, R, Cremaldi, L, Cremonesi, L, Crespo-Anadon, JI, Crisler, M, Cristaldo, E, Cross, R, Cudd, A, Cuesta, C, Cui, Y, Cussans, D, Dabrowski, M, Dalager, O, Motta, HD, Peres, LDS, David, C, David, Q, Davies, GS, Davini, S, Dawson, J, De, K, Almeida, RMD, Debbins, P, Bonis, ID, Decowski, MP, Gouvea, AD, Holanda, PCD, Astiz, ILDI, Deisting, A, Jong, PD, Delbart, A, Delepine, D, Delgado, M, Dell'Acqua, A, Lurgio, PD, Neto, JRTDM, DeMuth, DM, Dennis, S, Densham, C, Deptuch, GW, Roeck, AD, Romeri, VD, Souza, GD, Devi, R, Dharmapalan, R, Dias, M, Diaz, F, Diaz, JS, Domizio, SD, Giulio, LD, Ding, P, Noto, LD, Distefano, C, Diurba, R, Diwan, M, Djurcic, Z, Doering, D, Dolan, S, Dolek, F, Dolinski, MJ, Domine, L, Douglas, D, Douillet, D, Drake, G, Drielsma, F, Duarte, L, Duchesneau, D, Duffy, K, Dunne, P, Durkin, T, Duyang, H, Dvornikov, O, Dwyer, DA, Dyshkant, AS, Eads, M, Earle, A, Edmunds, D, Eisch, J, Emberger, L, Emery, S, Ereditato, A, Erjavec, T, Escobar, CO, Eurin, G, Evans, JJ, Ewart, E, Ezeribe, AC, Fahey, K, Falcone, A, Faní, M, Farnese, C, Farzan, Y, Fedoseev, D, Felix, J, Feng, Y, Fernandez-Martinez, E, Menendez, PF, Morales, MF, Ferraro, F, Fields, L, Filip, P, Filthaut, F, Fiorentini, A, Fiorini, M, Fitzpatrick, RS, Flanagan, W, Fleming, B, Flight, R, Forero, DV, Fowler, J, Fox, W, Franc, J, Francis, K, Franco, D, Freeman, J, Freestone, J, Fried, J, Friedland, A, Robayo, FF, Fuess, S, Furic, I, Furmanski, AP, Gabrielli, A, Gago, A, Gallagher, H, Gallas, A, Gallego-Ros, A, Gallice, N, Galymov, V, Gamberini, E, Gamble, T, Ganacim, F, Gandhi, R, Gandrajula, R, Gao, F, Gao, S, B, ACG, Garcia-Gamez, D, García-Peris, MA, Gardiner, S, Gastler, D, Gauvreau, J, Ge, G, Gelli, B, Gendotti, A, Gent, S, Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z, Giammaria, P, Giammaria, T, Gibin, D, Gil-Botella, I, Gilligan, S, Girerd, C, Giri, AK, Gnani, D, Gogota, O, Gold, M, Gollapinni, S, Gollwitzer, K, Gomes, RA, Bermeo, LVG, Fajardo, LSG, Gonnella, F, Gonzalez-Cuevas, JA, Diaz, DG, Gonzalez-Lopez, M, Goodman, MC, Goodwin, O, Goswami, S, Gotti, C, Goudzovski, E, Grace, C, Graham, M, Gran, R, Granados, E, Granger, P, Grant, A, Grant, C, Gratieri, D, Green, P, Greenler, L, Greer, J, Grenard, J, Griffith, WC, Groh, M, Grudzinski, J, Grzelak, K, Gu, W, Guardincerri, E, Guarino, V, Guarise, M, Guenette, R, Guerard, E, Guerzoni, M, Guglielmi, A, Guo, B, Guthikonda, KK, Gutierrez, R, Guzowski, P, Guzzo, MM, Gwon, S, Ha, C, Habig, A, Hadavand, H, Haenni, R, Hahn, A, Haiston, J, Hamacher-Baumann, P, Hamernik, T, Hamilton, P, Han, J, Harris, DA, Hartnell, J, Harton, J, Hasegawa, T, Hasnip, C, Hatcher, R, Hatfield, KW, Hatzikoutelis, A, Hayes, C, Hayrapetyan, K, Hays, J, Hazen, E, He, M, Heavey, A, Heeger, KM, Heise, J, Hennessy, K, Henry, S, Morquecho, MAH, Herner, K, Hertel, L, Hewes, J, Higuera, A, Hill, T, Hillier, SJ, Himmel, A, Hirsch, LR, Ho, J, Hoff, J, Holin, A, Hoppe, E, Horton-Smith, GA, Hostert, M, Hourlier, A, Howard, B, Howell, R, Hristova, I, Hronek, MS, Huang, J, Hugon, J, Iles, G, Ilic, N, Iliescu, AM, Illingworth, R, Ingratta, G, Ioannisian, A, Isenhower, L, Itay, R, Izmaylov, A, Jackson, CM, Jain, V, James, E, Jang, W, Jargowsky, B, Jediny, F, Jena, D, Jeong, YS, Jesus-Valls, C, Ji, X, Jiang, L, Jimenez, S, Jipa, A, Johnson, R, Johnston, N, Jones, B, Jones, SB, Judah, M, Jung, CK, Junk, T, Jwa, Y, Kabirnezhad, M, Kaboth, A, Kadenko, I, Kalra, D, Kakorin, I, Kalitkina, A, Kamiya, F, Kaneshige, N, Karagiorgi, G, Karaman, G, Karcher, A, Karolak, M, Karyotakis, Y, Kasai, S, Kasetti, SP, Kashur, L, Kazaryan, N, Kearns, E, Keener, P, Kelly, KJ, Kemp, E, Kemularia, O, Ketchum, W, Kettell, SH, Khabibullin, M, Khotjantsev, A, Khvedelidze, A, Kim, D, King, B, Kirby, B, Kirby, M, Klein, J, Koehler, K, Koerner, LW, Kohn, S, Koller, PP, Kolupaeva, L, Korablev, D, Kordosky, M, Kosc, T, Kose, U, Kostelecky, VA, Kothekar, K, Krennrich, F, Kreslo, I, Kropp, W, Kudenko, Y, Kudryavtsev, VA, Kulagin, S, Kumar, J, Kumar, P, Kunze, P, Kuruppu, C, Kus, V, Kutter, T, Kvasnicka, J, Kwak, D, Lambert, A, Land, BJ, Lande, K, Lane, CE, Lang, K, Langford, T, Langstaff, M, Larkin, J, Lasorak, P, Last, D, Lastoria, C, Laundrie, A, Laurenti, G, Lawrence, A, Lazanu, I, LaZur, R, Lazzaroni, M, Le, T, Leardini, S, Learned, J, LeBrun, P, LeCompte, T, Lee, C, Lee, SY, Miotto, GL, Lehnert, R, Oliveira, MALD, Leitner, M, Lepin, LM, Li, L, Li, SW, Li, T, Li, Y, Liao, H, Lin, CS, Lin, Q, Lin, S, Ling, J, Lister, A, Littlejohn, BR, Liu, J, Lockwitz, S, Loew, T, Lokajicek, M, Lomidze, I, Long, K, Loo, K, Lord, T, LoSecco, JM, Louis, WC, Lu, X-G, Luk, KB, Luo, X, Luppi, E, Lurkin, N, Lux, T, Luzio, VP, MacFarlane, D, Machado, AA, Machado, P, Macias, CT, Macier, JR, Maddalena, A, Madera, A, Madigan, P, Magill, S, Mahn, K, Maio, A, Major, A, Maloney, JA, Mandrioli, G, Mandujano, RC, Maneira, J, Manenti, L, Manly, S, Mann, A, Manolopoulos, K, Plata, MM, Manyam, VN, Manzanillas, L, Marchan, M, Marchionni, A, Marciano, W, Marfatia, D, Mariani, C, Maricic, J, Marie, R, Marinho, F, Marino, AD, Marsden, D, Marshak, M, Marshall, CM, Marshall, J, Marteau, J, Martin-Albo, J, Martinez, N, Caicedo, DAM, Martynenko, S, Mascagna, V, Mason, K, Mastbaum, A, Masud, M, Matichard, F, Matsuno, S, Matthews, J, Mauger, C, Mauri, N, Mavrokoridis, K, Mawby, I, Mazza, R, Mazzacane, A, Mazzucato, E, McAskill, T, McCluskey, E, McConkey, N, McFarland, KS, McGrew, C, McNab, A, Mefodiev, A, Mehta, P, Melas, P, Mena, O, Menary, S, Mendez, H, Mendez, P, M, DP, Menegolli, A, Meng, G, Messier, MD, Metcalf, W, Mettler, T, Mewes, M, Meyer, H, Miao, T, Michna, G, Miedema, T, Mikola, V, Milincic, R, Miller, G, Miller, W, Mills, J, Milne, C, Mineev, O, Miranda, OG, Miryala, S, Mishra, CS, Mishra, SR, Mislivec, A, Mladenov, D, Mocioiu, I, Moffat, K, Moggi, N, Mohanta, R, Mohayai, TA, Mokhov, N, Molina, J, Bueno, LM, Montagna, E, Montanari, A, Montanari, C, Montanari, D, Zetina, LMM, Moon, J, Moon, SH, Mooney, M, Moor, AF, Moreno, D, Morris, C, Mossey, C, Motuk, E, Moura, CA, Mousseau, J, Mouster, G, Mu, W, Mualem, L, Mueller, J, Muether, M, Mufson, S, Muheim, F, Muir, A, Mulhearn, M, Munford, D, Muramatsu, H, Murphy, S, Musser, J, Nachtman, J, Nagu, S, Nalbandyan, M, Nandakumar, R, Naples, D, Narita, S, Nath, A, Navas-Nicolás, D, Navrer-Agasson, A, Nayak, N, Nebot-Guinot, M, Negishi, K, Nelson, JK, Nesbit, J, Nessi, M, Newbold, D, Newcomer, M, Newhart, D, Newton, H, Nichol, R, Nicolas-Arnaldos, F, Niner, E, Nishimura, K, Norman, A, Norrick, A, Northrop, R, Novella, P, Nowak, JA, Oberling, M, Ochoa-Ricoux, JP, Campo, AOD, Olivier, A, Olshevskiy, A, Onel, Y, Onishchuk, Y, Ott, J, Pagani, L, Pakvasa, S, Palacio, G, Palamara, O, Palestini, S, Paley, JM, Pallavicini, M, Palomares, C, Palomino-Gallo, JL, Vazquez, WP, Pantic, E, Paolone, V, Papadimitriou, V, Papaleo, R, Papanestis, A, Paramesvaran, S, Parke, S, Parozzi, E, Parsa, Z, Parvu, M, Pascoli, S, Pasqualini, L, Pasternak, J, Pater, J, Patrick, C, Patrizii, L, Patterson, RB, Patton, SJ, Patzak, T, Paudel, A, Paulos, B, Paulucci, L, Pavlovic, Z, Pawloski, G, Payne, D, Pec, V, Peeters, SJM, Pennacchio, E, Penzo, A, Peres, OLG, Perry, J, Pershey, D, Pessina, G, Petrillo, G, Petta, C, Petti, R, Piastra, F, Pickering, L, Pietropaolo, F, Plunkett, R, Poling, R, Pons, X, Poonthottathil, N, Poppi, F, Pordes, S, Porter, J, Potekhin, M, Potenza, R, Potukuchi, BVKS, Pozimski, J, Pozzato, M, Prakash, S, Prakash, T, Prest, M, Prince, S, Psihas, F, Pugnere, D, Qian, X, Bazetto, MCQ, Raaf, JL, Radeka, V, Rademacker, J, Radics, B, Rafique, A, Raguzin, E, Rai, M, Rajaoalisoa, M, Rakhno, I, Rakotonandrasana, A, Rakotondravohitra, L, Ramachers, YA, Rameika, R, Delgado, MAR, Ramson, B, Rappoldi, A, Raselli, G, Ratoff, P, Raut, S, Razakamiandra, RF, Rea, E, Real, JS, Rebel, B, Reggiani-Guzzo, M, Rehak, T, Reichenbacher, J, Reitzner, SD, Sfar, HR, Renshaw, A, Rescia, S, Resnati, F, Reynolds, A, Ribas, M, Riboldi, S, Riccio, C, Riccobene, G, Rice, LCJ, Ricol, J, Rigamonti, A, Rigaut, Y, Rivera, D, Robert, A, Rochester, L, Roda, M, Rodrigues, P, Alonso, MJR, Bonilla, ER, Rondon, JR, Villa, LAR, Rosauro-Alcaraz, S, Rosenberg, M, Rosier, P, Roskovec, B, Rossella, M, Rossi, M, Rout, J, Roy, P, Roy, S, Rubbia, A, Rubbia, C, Rubio, FC, Russell, B, Ruterbories, D, Rybnikov, A, Saa-Hernandez, A, Saakyan, R, Sacerdoti, S, Safford, T, Sahu, N, Sala, P, Samios, N, Samoylov, O, Sanchez, MC, Sandberg, V, Sanders, DA, Sankey, D, Santana, S, Santos-Maldonado, M, Saoulidou, N, Sapienza, P, Sarasty, C, Sarcevic, I, Savage, G, Savinov, V, Scaramelli, A, Scarff, A, Scarpelli, A, Schaffer, T, Schellman, H, Schifano, S, Schlabach, P, Schmitz, D, Scholberg, K, Schukraft, A, Segreto, E, Selyunin, A, Senise, CR, Sensenig, J, Seoane, M, Seong, I, Sergi, A, Sgalaberna, D, Shaevitz, MH, Shafaq, S, Shamma, M, Sharankova, R, Sharma, HR, Sharma, R, Kumar, R, Shaw, T, Shepherd-Themistocleous, C, Sheshukov, A, Shin, S, Shoemaker, I, Shooltz, D, Shrock, R, Siegel, H, Simard, L, Simon, F, Simos, N, Sinclair, J, Sinev, G, Singh, J, Singh, L, Singh, V, Sipos, R, Sippach, FW, Sirri, G, Sitraka, A, Siyeon, K, Skarpaas, K, Smith, A, Smith, E, Smith, P, Smolik, J, Smy, M, Snider, EL, Snopok, P, Snowden-Ifft, D, Nunes, MS, Sobel, H, Soderberg, M, Sokolov, S, Salinas, CJS, Soldner-Remböld, S, Soleti, SR, Solomey, N, Solovov, V, Sondheim, WE, Sorel, M, Sotnikov, A, Soto-Oton, J, Sousa, A, Soustruznik, K, Spagliardi, F, Spanu, M, Spitz, J, Spooner, NJC, Spurgeon, K, Staley, R, Stancari, M, Stanco, L, Stanley, R, Stein, R, Steiner, HM, Lisboa, AFS, Stewart, J, Stillwell, B, Stock, J, Stocker, F, Stokes, T, Strait, M, Strauss, T, Striganov, S, Stuart, A, Suarez, JG, Sullivan, H, Summers, D, Surdo, A, Susic, V, Suter, L, Sutera, CM, Svoboda, R, Szczerbinska, B, Szelc, AM, Tanaka, HA, Oregui, BT, Tapper, A, Tariq, S, Tatar, E, Tayloe, R, Teklu, AM, Tenti, M, Terao, K, Ternes, CA, Terranova, F, Testera, G, Thakore, T, Thea, A, Thompson, JL, Thorn, C, Timm, SC, Tishchenko, V, Todd, J, Tomassetti, L, Tonazzo, A, Torbunov, D, Torti, M, Tortola, M, Tortorici, F, Tosi, N, Totani, D, Toups, M, Touramanis, C, Travaglini, R, Trevor, J, Trilov, S, Trzaska, WH, Tsai, Y, Tsai, YT, Tsamalaidze, Z, Tsang, KV, Tsverava, N, Tufanli, S, Tull, C, Tyley, E, Tzanov, M, Uboldi, L, Uchida, MA, Urheim, J, Usher, T, Uzunyan, S, Vagins, MR, Vahle, P, Valdiviesso, GA, Valencia, E, Pia, V, Vallari, Z, Vallazza, E, Valle, JWF, Vallecorsa, S, Berg, RV, Water, RGVD, Varanini, F, Vargas, D, Varner, G, Vasel, J, Vasina, S, Vasseur, G, Vaughan, N, Vaziri, K, Ventura, S, Verdugo, A, Vergani, S, Vermeulen, MA, Verzocchi, M, Vicenzi, M, Souza, HVD, Vignoli, C, Vilela, C, Viren, B, Vrba, T, Wachala, T, Waldron, AV, Wallbank, M, Wallis, C, Wang, H, Wang, J, Wang, L, Wang, MHLS, Wang, Y, Warburton, K, Warner, D, Wascko, MO, Waters, D, Watson, A, Weatherly, P, Weber, A, Weber, M, Wei, H, Weinstein, A, Wenman, D, Wetstein, M, White, A, Whitehead, LH, Whittington, D, Wilking, MJ, Wilkinson, C, Williams, Z, Wilson, F, Wilson, RJ, Wisniewski, W, Wolcott, J, Wongjirad, T, Wood, A, Wood, K, Worcester, E, Worcester, M, Wret, C, Wu, W, Xiao, Y, Xie, F, Yandel, E, Yang, G, Yang, K, Yang, S, Yang, T, Yankelevich, A, Yershov, N, Yonehara, K, Young, T, Yu, B, Yu, H, Yu, J, Yuan, W, Zaki, R, Zalesak, J, Zambelli, L, Zamorano, B, Zani, A, Zazueta, L, Zeller, GP, Zennamo, J, Zeug, K, Zhang, C, Zhao, M, Zhivun, E, Zhu, G, Zilberman, P, Zimmerman, ED, Zito, M, Zucchelli, S, Zuklin, J, Zutshi, V, Zwaska, R, XENON (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Other Research IHEF (IoP, FNWI), ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), DUNE, UAM. Departamento de Física Teórica, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M.A. Acero, M.R. Adame, G. Adamov, D. Adam, M. Adinolfi, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh, T. Alion, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, A. Alton, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulo, M. Andreotti, M.P. Andrew, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, N. Anfimov, A. Ankowski, M. Antoniassi, M. Antonova, A. Antoshkin, S. Antusch, A. Aranda-Fernandez, A. Ariga, L.O. Arnold, M.A. Arroyave, J. Asaadi, L. Asquith, A. Aurisano, V. Aushev, D. Autiero, M. Ayala-Torre, F. Azfar, A. Back, H. Back, J.J. Back, C. Backhouse, P. Baesso, I. Bagaturia, L. Bagby, N. Balashov, S. Balasubramanian, P. Baldi, B. Baller, B. Bambah, F. Barao, G. Barenboim, G.J. Barker, W. Barkhouse, C. Barne, G. Barr, J. Barranco Monarca, A. Barro, N. Barro, J.L. Barrow, A. Basharina-Freshville, A. Bashyal, V. Basque, E. Belchior, J.B.R. Battat, F. Battisti, F. Bay, J.L. Bazo Alba, J.F. Beacom, E. Bechetoille, B. Behera, L. Bellantoni, G. Bellettini, V. Bellini, O. Beltramello, D. Belver, N. Beneko, C. Benitez Montiel, F. Bento Neve, J. Berger, S. Berkman, P. Bernardini, R.M. Berner, H. Bern, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, A. Betancur Rodr??guez, A. Bevan, T.J.C. Bezerra, M. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhuller, B. Bhuyan, S. Biagi, J. Bian, M. Biassoni, K. Biery, B. Bilki, M. Bishai, A. Bitadze, A. Blake, F.D.M. Blaszczyk, G.C. Blazey, E. Blucher, J. Boissevain, S. Bolognesi, T. Bolton, L. Bomben, M. Bonesini, M. Bongrand, F. Bonini, A. Booth, C. Booth, F. Boran, S. Bordoni, A. Borkum, T. Boschi, N. Bostan, P. Bour, C. Bourgeoi, S.B. Boyd, D. Boyden, J. Bracinik, D. Braga, D. Brailsford, A. Branca, A. Brandt, J. Bremer, C. Brew, E. Brianne, S.J. Brice, C. Brizzolari, C. Bromberg, G. Brooijman, J. Brooke, A. Bro, G. Brunetti, M. Brunetti, N. Buchanan, H. Budd, I. Butorov, I. Cagnoli, D. Caiulo, R. Calabrese, P. Calafiura, J. Calcutt, M. Calin, S. Calvez, E. Calvo, A. Caminata, M. Campanelli, K. Cankocak, D. Caratelli, G. Carini, B. Carlu, M.F. Carneiro, P. Carniti, I. Caro Terraza, H. Carranza, T. Carroll, J.F. Casta, A. Castillo, C. Castromonte, E. Catano-Mur, C. Cattadori, F. Cavalier, F. Cavanna, S. Centro, G. Cerati, A. Cervelli, A. Cervera Villanueva, M. Chalifour, A. Chappell, E. Chardonnet, N. Charitonidi, A. Chatterjee, S. Chattopadhyay, H. Chen, K. Chen, M. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Y. Cheon, D. Cherdack, C. Chi, S. Childre, A. Chiriacescu, G. Chisnall, K. Cho, S. Choate, D. Chokheli, P.S. Chong, S. Choubey, A. Christensen, D. Christian, G. Christodoulou, A. Chukanov, M. Chung, E. Church, V. Cicero, P. Clarke, T.E. Coan, A.G. Cocco, J.A.B. Coelho, E. Conley, R. Conley, J.M. Conrad, M. Convery, S. Copello, L. Corwin, R. Valentim, L. Cremaldi, L. Cremonesi, J.I. Crespo-Anad??n, M. Crisler, E. Cristaldo, R. Cro, A. Cudd, C. Cuesta, Y. Cui, D. Cussan, M. Dabrowski, O. Dalager, H. da Motta, L. Da Silva Pere, C. David, Q. David, G.S. Davie, S. Davini, J. Dawson, K. De, R.M. De Almeida, P. Debbin, I. De Boni, M.P. Decowski, A. de Gouv??a, P.C. De Holanda, I.L. De Icaza Astiz, A. Deisting, P. De Jong, A. Delbart, D. Delepine, M. Delgado, A. Dell'Acqua, P. De Lurgio, J.R.T. de Mello Neto, D.M. DeMuth, S. Denni, C. Densham, G.W. Deptuch, A. De Roeck, V. De Romeri, G. De Souza, R. Devi, R. Dharmapalan, M. Dia, F. Diaz, J.S. D??az, S. Di Domizio, L. Di Giulio, P. Ding, L. Di Noto, C. Distefano, R. Diurba, M. Diwan, Z. Djurcic, D. Doering, S. Dolan, F. Dolek, M.J. Dolinski, L. Domine, D. Dougla, D. Douillet, G. Drake, F. Drielsma, L. Duarte, D. Duchesneau, K. Duffy, P. Dunne, T. Durkin, H. Duyang, O. Dvornikov, D.A. Dwyer, A.S. Dyshkant, M. Ead, A. Earle, D. Edmund, J. Eisch, L. Emberger, S. Emery, A. Ereditato, T. Erjavec, C.O. Escobar, G. Eurin, J.J. Evan, E. Ewart, A.C. Ezeribe, K. Fahey, A. Falcone, M. Fani', C. Farnese, Y. Farzan, D. Fedoseev, J. Felix, Y. Feng, E. Fernandez-Martinez, P. Fernandez Menendez, M. Fernandez Morale, F. Ferraro, L. Field, P. Filip, F. Filthaut, A. Fiorentini, M. Fiorini, R.S. Fitzpatrick, W. Flanagan, B. Fleming, R. Flight, D.V. Forero, J. Fowler, W. Fox, J. Franc, K. Franci, D. Franco, J. Freeman, J. Freestone, J. Fried, A. Friedland, F. Fuentes Robayo, S. Fue, I. Furic, A.P. Furmanski, A. Gabrielli, A. Gago, H. Gallagher, A. Galla, A. Gallego-Ro, N. Gallice, V. Galymov, E. Gamberini, T. Gamble, F. Ganacim, R. Gandhi, R. Gandrajula, F. Gao, S. Gao, A.C. Garcia B., D. Garcia-Gamez, M.??. Garc??a-Peri, S. Gardiner, D. Gastler, J. Gauvreau, G. Ge, B. Gelli, A. Gendotti, S. Gent, Z. Ghorbani-Moghaddam, P. Giammaria, T. Giammaria, D. Gibin, I. Gil-Botella, S. Gilligan, C. Girerd, A.K. Giri, D. Gnani, O. Gogota, M. Gold, S. Gollapinni, K. Gollwitzer, R.A. Gome, L.V. Gomez Bermeo, L.S. Gomez Fajardo, F. Gonnella, J.A. Gonzalez-Cueva, D. Gonzalez Diaz, M. Gonzalez-Lopez, M.C. Goodman, O. Goodwin, S. Goswami, C. Gotti, E. Goudzovski, C. Grace, M. Graham, R. Gran, E. Granado, P. Granger, A. Grant, C. Grant, D. Gratieri, P. Green, L. Greenler, J. Greer, J. Grenard, W.C. Griffith, M. Groh, J. Grudzinski, K. Grzelak, W. Gu, E. Guardincerri, V. Guarino, M. Guarise, R. Guenette, E. Guerard, M. Guerzoni, A. Guglielmi, B. Guo, K.K. Guthikonda, R. Gutierrez, P. Guzowski, M.M. Guzzo, S. Gwon, C. Ha, A. Habig, H. Hadavand, R. Haenni, A. Hahn, J. Haiston, P. Hamacher-Baumann, T. Hamernik, P. Hamilton, J. Han, D.A. Harri, J. Hartnell, J. Harton, T. Hasegawa, C. Hasnip, R. Hatcher, K.W. Hatfield, A. Hatzikouteli, C. Haye, K. Hayrapetyan, J. Hay, E. Hazen, M. He, A. Heavey, K.M. Heeger, J. Heise, K. Hennessy, S. Henry, M.A. Hernandez Morquecho, K. Herner, L. Hertel, J. Hewe, A. Higuera, T. Hill, S.J. Hillier, A. Himmel, L.R. Hirsch, J. Ho, J. Hoff, A. Holin, E. Hoppe, G.A. Horton-Smith, M. Hostert, A. Hourlier, B. Howard, R. Howell, I. Hristova, M.S. Hronek, J. Huang, J. Hugon, G. Ile, N. Ilic, A.M. Iliescu, R. Illingworth, G. Ingratta, A. Ioannisian, L. Isenhower, R. Itay, A. Izmaylov, C.M. Jackson, V. Jain, E. Jame, W. Jang, B. Jargowsky, F. Jediny, D. Jena, Y.S. Jeong, C. Jes??s-Vall, X. Ji, L. Jiang, S. Jim??nez, A. Jipa, R. Johnson, N. Johnston, B. Jone, S.B. Jone, M. Judah, C.K. Jung, T. Junk, Y. Jwa, M. Kabirnezhad, A. Kaboth, I. Kadenko, D. Kalra, I. Kakorin, A. Kalitkina, F. Kamiya, N. Kaneshige, G. Karagiorgi, G. Karaman, A. Karcher, M. Karolak, Y. Karyotaki, S. Kasai, S.P. Kasetti, L. Kashur, N. Kazaryan, E. Kearn, P. Keener, K.J. Kelly, E. Kemp, O. Kemularia, W. Ketchum, S.H. Kettell, M. Khabibullin, A. Khotjantsev, A. Khvedelidze, D. Kim, B. King, B. Kirby, M. Kirby, J. Klein, K. Koehler, L.W. Koerner, S. Kohn, P.P. Koller, L. Kolupaeva, D. Korablev, M. Kordosky, T. Kosc, U. Kose, V.A. Kosteleck??, K. Kothekar, F. Krennrich, I. Kreslo, W. Kropp, Y. Kudenko, V.A. Kudryavtsev, S. Kulagin, J. Kumar, P. Kumar, P. Kunze, C. Kuruppu, V. Ku, T. Kutter, J. Kvasnicka, D. Kwak, A. Lambert, B.J. Land, K. Lande, C.E. Lane, K. Lang, T. Langford, M. Langstaff, J. Larkin, P. Lasorak, D. Last, C. Lastoria, A. Laundrie, G. Laurenti, A. Lawrence, I. Lazanu, R. LaZur, M. Lazzaroni, T. Le, S. Leardini, J. Learned, P. LeBrun, T. LeCompte, C. Lee, S.Y. Lee, G. Lehmann Miotto, R. Lehnert, M.A. Leigui de Oliveira, M. Leitner, L.M. Lepin, L. Li, S.W. Li, T. Li, Y. Li, H. Liao, C.S. Lin, Q. Lin, S. Lin, J. Ling, A. Lister, B.R. Littlejohn, J. Liu, S. Lockwitz, T. Loew, M. Lokajicek, I. Lomidze, K. Long, K. Loo, T. Lord, J.M. LoSecco, W.C. Loui, X.-G. Lu, K.B. Luk, X. Luo, E. Luppi, N. Lurkin, T. Lux, V.P. Luzio, D. MacFarlane, A.A. Machado, P. Machado, C.T. Macia, J.R. Macier, A. Maddalena, A. Madera, P. Madigan, S. Magill, K. Mahn, A. Maio, A. Major, J.A. Maloney, G. Mandrioli, R.C. Mandujano, J. Maneira, L. Manenti, S. Manly, A. Mann, K. Manolopoulo, M. Manrique Plata, V.N. Manyam, L. Manzanilla, M. Marchan, A. Marchionni, W. Marciano, D. Marfatia, C. Mariani, J. Maricic, R. Marie, F. Marinho, A.D. Marino, D. Marsden, M. Marshak, C.M. Marshall, J. Marshall, J. Marteau, J. Martin-Albo, N. Martinez, D.A. Martinez Caicedo, S. Martynenko, V. Mascagna, K. Mason, A. Mastbaum, M. Masud, F. Matichard, S. Matsuno, J. Matthew, C. Mauger, N. Mauri, K. Mavrokoridi, I. Mawby, R. Mazza, A. Mazzacane, E. Mazzucato, T. McAskill, E. McCluskey, N. McConkey, K.S. McFarland, C. McGrew, A. McNab, A. Mefodiev, P. Mehta, P. Mela, O. Mena, S. Menary, H. Mendez, P. Mendez, D.P. M, A. Menegolli, G. Meng, M.D. Messier, W. Metcalf, T. Mettler, M. Mewe, H. Meyer, T. Miao, G. Michna, T. Miedema, V. Mikola, R. Milincic, G. Miller, W. Miller, J. Mill, C. Milne, O. Mineev, O.G. Miranda, S. Miryala, C.S. Mishra, S.R. Mishra, A. Mislivec, D. Mladenov, I. Mocioiu, K. Moffat, N. Moggi, R. Mohanta, T.A. Mohayai, N. Mokhov, J. Molina, L. Molina Bueno, E. Montagna, A. Montanari, C. Montanari, D. Montanari, L.M. Montano Zetina, J. Moon, S.H. Moon, M. Mooney, A.F. Moor, D. Moreno, C. Morri, C. Mossey, E. Motuk, C.A. Moura, J. Mousseau, G. Mouster, W. Mu, L. Mualem, J. Mueller, M. Muether, S. Mufson, F. Muheim, A. Muir, M. Mulhearn, D. Munford, H. Muramatsu, S. Murphy, J. Musser, J. Nachtman, S. Nagu, M. Nalbandyan, R. Nandakumar, D. Naple, S. Narita, A. Nath, D. Navas-Nicol??, A. Navrer-Agasson, N. Nayak, M. Nebot-Guinot, K. Negishi, J.K. Nelson, J. Nesbit, M. Nessi, D. Newbold, M. Newcomer, D. Newhart, H. Newton, R. Nichol, F. Nicolas-Arnaldo, E. Niner, K. Nishimura, A. Norman, A. Norrick, R. Northrop, P. Novella, J.A. Nowak, M. Oberling, J.P. Ochoa-Ricoux, A. Olivares Del Campo, A. Olivier, A. Olshevskiy, Y. Onel, Y. Onishchuk, J. Ott, L. Pagani, S. Pakvasa, G. Palacio, O. Palamara, S. Palestini, J.M. Paley, M. Pallavicini, C. Palomare, J.L. Palomino-Gallo, W. Panduro Vazquez, E. Pantic, V. Paolone, V. Papadimitriou, R. Papaleo, A. Papanesti, S. Paramesvaran, S. Parke, E. Parozzi, Z. Parsa, M. Parvu, S. Pascoli, L. Pasqualini, J. Pasternak, J. Pater, C. Patrick, L. Patrizii, R.B. Patterson, S.J. Patton, T. Patzak, A. Paudel, B. Paulo, L. Paulucci, Z. Pavlovic, G. Pawloski, D. Payne, V. Pec, S.J.M. Peeter, E. Pennacchio, A. Penzo, O.L.G. Pere, J. Perry, D. Pershey, G. Pessina, G. Petrillo, C. Petta, R. Petti, F. Piastra, L. Pickering, F. Pietropaolo, R. Plunkett, R. Poling, X. Pon, N. Poonthottathil, F. Poppi, S. Porde, J. Porter, M. Potekhin, R. Potenza, B.V.K.S. Potukuchi, J. Pozimski, M. Pozzato, S. Prakash, T. Prakash, M. Prest, S. Prince, F. Psiha, D. Pugnere, X. Qian, M.C. Queiroga Bazetto, J.L. Raaf, V. Radeka, J. Rademacker, B. Radic, A. Rafique, E. Raguzin, M. Rai, M. Rajaoalisoa, I. Rakhno, A. Rakotonandrasana, L. Rakotondravohitra, Y.A. Ramacher, R. Rameika, M.A. Ramirez Delgado, B. Ramson, A. Rappoldi, G. Raselli, P. Ratoff, S. Raut, R.F. Razakamiandra, E. Rea, J.S. Real, B. Rebel, M. Reggiani-Guzzo, T. Rehak, J. Reichenbacher, S.D. Reitzner, H. Rejeb Sfar, A. Renshaw, S. Rescia, F. Resnati, A. Reynold, M. Riba, S. Riboldi, C. Riccio, G. Riccobene, L.C.J. Rice, J. Ricol, A. Rigamonti, Y. Rigaut, D. Rivera, A. Robert, L. Rochester, M. Roda, P. Rodrigue, M.J. Rodriguez Alonso, E. Rodriguez Bonilla, J. Rodriguez Rondon, L.A. Romo Villa, S. Rosauro-Alcaraz, M. Rosenberg, P. Rosier, B. Roskovec, M. Rossella, M. Rossi, J. Rout, P. Roy, S. Roy, A. Rubbia, C. Rubbia, F.C. Rubio, B. Russell, D. Ruterborie, A. Rybnikov, A. Saa-Hernandez, R. Saakyan, S. Sacerdoti, T. Safford, N. Sahu, P. Sala, N. Samio, O. Samoylov, M.C. Sanchez, V. Sandberg, D.A. Sander, D. Sankey, S. Santana, M. Santos-Maldonado, N. Saoulidou, P. Sapienza, C. Sarasty, I. Sarcevic, G. Savage, V. Savinov, A. Scaramelli, A. Scarff, A. Scarpelli, T. Schaffer, H. Schellman, S. Schifano, P. Schlabach, D. Schmitz, K. Scholberg, A. Schukraft, E. Segreto, A. Selyunin, C.R. Senise, J. Sensenig, M. Seoane, I. Seong, A. Sergi, D. Sgalaberna, M.H. Shaevitz, S. Shafaq, M. Shamma, R. Sharankova, H.R. Sharma, R. Sharma, R. Kumar, T. Shaw, C. Shepherd-Themistocleou, A. Sheshukov, S. Shin, I. Shoemaker, D. Shooltz, R. Shrock, H. Siegel, L. Simard, F. Simon, N. Simo, J. Sinclair, G. Sinev, J. Singh, L. Singh, V. Singh, R. Sipo, F.W. Sippach, G. Sirri, A. Sitraka, K. Siyeon, K. Skarpaa, A. Smith, E. Smith, P. Smith, J. Smolik, M. Smy, E.L. Snider, P. Snopok, D. Snowden-Ifft, M. Soares Nune, H. Sobel, M. Soderberg, S. Sokolov, C.J. Solano Salina, S. S??ldner-Rembold, S.R. Soleti, N. Solomey, V. Solovov, W.E. Sondheim, M. Sorel, A. Sotnikov, J. Soto-Oton, A. Sousa, K. Soustruznik, F. Spagliardi, M. Spanu, J. Spitz, N.J.C. Spooner, K. Spurgeon, R. Staley, M. Stancari, L. Stanco, R. Stanley, R. Stein, H.M. Steiner, A.F. Steklain Lisb??a, J. Stewart, B. Stillwell, J. Stock, F. Stocker, T. Stoke, M. Strait, T. Strau, S. Striganov, A. Stuart, J.G. Suarez, H. Sullivan, D. Summer, A. Surdo, V. Susic, L. Suter, C.M. Sutera, R. Svoboda, B. Szczerbinska, A.M. Szelc, H. A. Tanaka, B. Tapia Oregui, A. Tapper, S. Tariq, E. Tatar, R. Tayloe, A.M. Teklu, M. Tenti, K. Terao, C.A. Terne, F. Terranova, G. Testera, T. Thakore, A. Thea, J.L. Thompson, C. 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White, L.H. Whitehead, D. Whittington, M.J. Wilking, C. Wilkinson, Z. William, F. Wilson, R.J. Wilson, W. Wisniewski, J. Wolcott, T. Wongjirad, A. Wood, K. Wood, E. Worcester, M. Worcester, C. Wret, W. Wu, Y. Xiao, F. Xie, E. Yandel, G. Yang, K. Yang, S. Yang, T. Yang, A. Yankelevich, N. Yershov, K. Yonehara, T. Young, B. Yu, H. Yu, J. Yu, W. Yuan, R. Zaki, J. Zalesak, L. Zambelli, B. Zamorano, A. Zani, L. Zazueta, G.P. Zeller, J. Zennamo, K. Zeug, C. Zhang, M. Zhao, E. Zhivun, G. Zhu, P. Zilberman, E.D. Zimmerman, M. Zito, S. Zucchelli, J. Zuklin, V. Zutshi, R. Zwaska, Abud, A. A., Abi, B., Acciarri, R., Acero, M. A., Adames, M. R., Adamov, G., Adams, D., Adinolfi, M., Aduszkiewicz, A., Aguilar, J., Ahmad, Z., Ahmed, J., Ali-Mohammadzadeh, B., Alion, T., Allison, K., Monsalve, S. A., Alrashed, M., Alt, C., Alton, A., Amedo, P., Anderson, J., Andreopoulos, C., Andreotti, M., Andrews, M. P., Andrianala, F., Andringa, S., Anfimov, N., Ankowski, A., Antoniassi, M., Antonova, M., Antoshkin, A., Antusch, S., Aranda-Fernandez, A., Ariga, A., Arnold, L. O., Arroyave, M. A., Asaadi, J., Asquith, L., Aurisano, A., Aushev, V., Autiero, D., Ayala-Torres, M., Azfar, F., Back, A., Back, H., Back, J. J., Backhouse, C., Baesso, P., Bagaturia, I., Bagby, L., Balashov, N., Balasubramanian, S., Baldi, P., Baller, B., Bambah, B., Barao, F., Barenboim, G., Barker, G. J., Barkhouse, W., Barnes, C., Barr, G., Monarca, J. B., Barros, A., Barros, N., Barrow, J. L., Basharina-Freshville, A., Bashyal, A., Basque, V., Belchior, E., Battat, J. B. R., Battisti, F., Bay, F., Alba, J. L. B., Beacom, J. F., Bechetoille, E., Behera, B., Bellantoni, L., Bellettini, G., Bellini, V., Beltramello, O., Belver, D., Benekos, N., Montiel, C. B., Neves, F. B., Berger, J., Berkman, S., Bernardini, P., Berner, R. M., Berns, H., Bertolucci, S., Betancourt, M., Rodriguez, A. B., Bevan, A., Bezerra, T. J. C., Bhattacharjee, M., Bhuller, S., Bhuyan, B., Biagi, S., Bian, J., Biassoni, M., Biery, K., Bilki, B., Bishai, M., Bitadze, A., Blake, A., Blaszczyk, F. D. M., Blazey, G. C., Blucher, E., Boissevain, J., Bolognesi, S., Bolton, T., Bomben, L., Bonesini, M., Bongrand, M., Bonini, F., Booth, A., Booth, C., Boran, F., Bordoni, S., Borkum, A., Boschi, T., Bostan, N., Bour, P., Bourgeois, C., Boyd, S. B., Boyden, D., Bracinik, J., Braga, D., Brailsford, D., Branca, A., Brandt, A., Bremer, J., Brew, C., Brianne, E., Brice, S. J., Brizzolari, C., Bromberg, C., Brooijmans, G., Brooke, J., Bross, A., Brunetti, G., Brunetti, M., Buchanan, N., Budd, H., Butorov, I., Cagnoli, I., Caiulo, D., Calabrese, R., Calafiura, P., Calcutt, J., Calin, M., Calvez, S., Calvo, E., Caminata, A., Campanelli, M., Cankocak, K., Caratelli, D., Carini, G., Carlus, B., Carneiro, M. F., Carniti, P., Terrazas, I. C., Carranza, H., Carroll, T., Casta, J. 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C., Fahey, K., Falcone, A., Fani, M., Farnese, C., Farzan, Y., Fedoseev, D., Felix, J., Feng, Y., Fernandez-Martinez, E., Menendez, P. F., Morales, M. F., Ferraro, F., Fields, L., Filip, P., Filthaut, F., Fiorentini, A., Fiorini, M., Fitzpatrick, R. S., Flanagan, W., Fleming, B., Flight, R., Forero, D. V., Fowler, J., Fox, W., Franc, J., Francis, K., Franco, D., Freeman, J., Freestone, J., Fried, J., Friedland, A., Robayo, F. F., Fuess, S., Furic, I., Furmanski, A. P., Gabrielli, A., Gago, A., Gallagher, H., Gallas, A., Gallego-Ros, A., Gallice, N., Galymov, V., Gamberini, E., Gamble, T., Ganacim, F., Gandhi, R., Gandrajula, R., Gao, F., Gao, S., Garcia, A. C. B., Garcia-Gamez, D., Garcia-Peris, M. A., Gardiner, S., Gastler, D., Gauvreau, J., Ge, G., Gelli, B., Gendotti, A., Gent, S., Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z., Giammaria, P., Giammaria, T., Gibin, D., Gil-Botella, I., Gilligan, S., Girerd, C., Giri, A. K., Gnani, D., Gogota, O., Gold, M., Gollapinni, S., Gollwitzer, K., Gomes, R. 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H., Herner, K., Hertel, L., Hewes, J., Higuera, A., Hill, T., Hillier, S. J., Himmel, A., Hirsch, L. R., Ho, J., Hoff, J., Holin, A., Hoppe, E., Horton-Smith, G. A., Hostert, M., Hourlier, A., Howard, B., Howell, R., Hristova, I., Hronek, M. S., Huang, J., Hugon, J., Iles, G., Ilic, N., Iliescu, A. M., Illingworth, R., Ingratta, G., Ioannisian, A., Isenhower, L., Itay, R., Izmaylov, A., Jackson, C. M., Jain, V., James, E., Jang, W., Jargowsky, B., Jediny, F., Jena, D., Jeong, Y. S., Jesus-Valls, C., Ji, X., Jiang, L., Jimenez, S., Jipa, A., Johnson, R., Johnston, N., Jones, B., Jones, S. B., Judah, M., Jung, C. K., Junk, T., Jwa, Y., Kabirnezhad, M., Kaboth, A., Kadenko, I., Kalra, D., Kakorin, I., Kalitkina, A., Kamiya, F., Kaneshige, N., Karagiorgi, G., Karaman, G., Karcher, A., Karolak, M., Karyotakis, Y., Kasai, S., Kasetti, S. P., Kashur, L., Kazaryan, N., Kearns, E., Keener, P., Kelly, K. J., Kemp, E., Kemularia, O., Ketchum, W., Kettell, S. H., Khabibullin, M., Khotjantsev, A., Khvedelidze, A., Kim, D., King, B., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Klein, J., Koehler, K., Koerner, L. W., Kohn, S., Koller, P. P., Kolupaeva, L., Korablev, D., Kordosky, M., Kosc, T., Kose, U., Kostelecky, V. A., Kothekar, K., Krennrich, F., Kreslo, I., Kropp, W., Kudenko, Y., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kulagin, S., Kumar, J., Kumar, P., Kunze, P., Kuruppu, C., Kus, V., Kutter, T., Kvasnicka, J., Kwak, D., Lambert, A., Land, B. J., Lande, K., Lane, C. E., Lang, K., Langford, T., Langstaff, M., Larkin, J., Lasorak, P., Last, D., Lastoria, C., Laundrie, A., Laurenti, G., Lawrence, A., Lazanu, I., Lazur, R., Lazzaroni, M., Le, T., Leardini, S., Learned, J., Lebrun, P., Lecompte, T., Lee, C., Lee, S. Y., Miotto, G. L., Lehnert, R., de Oliveira, M. A. L., Leitner, M., Lepin, L. M., Li, L., Li, S. W., Li, T., Li, Y., Liao, H., Lin, C. S., Lin, Q., Lin, S., Ling, J., Lister, A., Littlejohn, B. R., Liu, J., Lockwitz, S., Loew, T., Lokajicek, M., Lomidze, I., Long, K., Loo, K., Lord, T., Losecco, J. M., Louis, W. C., Lu, X. -G., Luk, K. B., Luo, X., Luppi, E., Lurkin, N., Lux, T., Luzio, V. P., Macfarlane, D., Machado, A. A., Machado, P., Macias, C. T., Macier, J. R., Maddalena, A., Madera, A., Madigan, P., Magill, S., Mahn, K., Maio, A., Major, A., Maloney, J. A., Mandrioli, G., Mandujano, R. C., Maneira, J., Manenti, L., Manly, S., Mann, A., Manolopoulos, K., Plata, M. M., Manyam, V. N., Manzanillas, L., Marchan, M., Marchionni, A., Marciano, W., Marfatia, D., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marie, R., Marinho, F., Marino, A. D., Marsden, D., Marshak, M., Marshall, C. M., Marshall, J., Marteau, J., Martin-Albo, J., Martinez, N., Caicedo, D. A. M., Martynenko, S., Mascagna, V., Mason, K., Mastbaum, A., Masud, M., Matichard, F., Matsuno, S., Matthews, J., Mauger, C., Mauri, N., Mavrokoridis, K., Mawby, I., Mazza, R., Mazzacane, A., Mazzucato, E., Mcaskill, T., Mccluskey, E., Mcconkey, N., Mcfarland, K. S., Mcgrew, C., Mcnab, A., Mefodiev, A., Mehta, P., Melas, P., Mena, O., Menary, S., Mendez, H., Mendez, P., Menegolli, A., Meng, G., Messier, M. D., Metcalf, W., Mettler, T., Mewes, M., Meyer, H., Miao, T., Michna, G., Miedema, T., Mikola, V., Milincic, R., Miller, G., Miller, W., Mills, J., Milne, C., Mineev, O., Miranda, O. G., Miryala, S., Mishra, C. S., Mishra, S. R., Mislivec, A., Mladenov, D., Mocioiu, I., Moffat, K., Moggi, N., Mohanta, R., Mohayai, T. A., Mokhov, N., Molina, J., Bueno, L. M., Montagna, E., Montanari, A., Montanari, C., Montanari, D., Zetina, L. M. M., Moon, J., Moon, S. H., Mooney, M., Moor, A. F., Moreno, D., Morris, C., Mossey, C., Motuk, E., Moura, C. A., Mousseau, J., Mouster, G., Mu, W., Mualem, L., Mueller, J., Muether, M., Mufson, S., Muheim, F., Muir, A., Mulhearn, M., Munford, D., Muramatsu, H., Murphy, S., Musser, J., Nachtman, J., Nagu, S., Nalbandyan, M., Nandakumar, R., Naples, D., Narita, S., Nath, A., Navas-Nicolas, D., Navrer-Agasson, A., Nayak, N., Nebot-Guinot, M., Negishi, K., Nelson, J. K., Nesbit, J., Nessi, M., Newbold, D., Newcomer, M., Newhart, D., Newton, H., Nichol, R., Nicolas-Arnaldos, F., Niner, E., Nishimura, K., Norman, A., Norrick, A., Northrop, R., Novella, P., Nowak, J. A., Oberling, M., Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P., Del Campo, A. O., Olivier, A., Olshevskiy, A., Onel, Y., Onishchuk, Y., Ott, J., Pagani, L., Pakvasa, S., Palacio, G., Palamara, O., Palestini, S., Paley, J. M., Pallavicini, M., Palomares, C., Palomino-Gallo, J. L., Vazquez, W. P., Pantic, E., Paolone, V., Papadimitriou, V., Papaleo, R., Papanestis, A., Paramesvaran, S., Parke, S., Parozzi, E., Parsa, Z., Parvu, M., Pascoli, S., Pasqualini, L., Pasternak, J., Pater, J., Patrick, C., Patrizii, L., Patterson, R. B., Patton, S. J., Patzak, T., Paudel, A., Paulos, B., Paulucci, L., Pavlovic, Z., Pawloski, G., Payne, D., Pec, V., Peeters, S. J. M., Pennacchio, E., Penzo, A., Peres, O. L. G., Perry, J., Pershey, D., Pessina, G., Petrillo, G., Petta, C., Petti, R., Piastra, F., Pickering, L., Pietropaolo, F., Plunkett, R., Poling, R., Pons, X., Poonthottathil, N., Poppi, F., Pordes, S., Porter, J., Potekhin, M., Potenza, R., Potukuchi, B. V. K. S., Pozimski, J., Pozzato, M., Prakash, S., Prakash, T., Prest, M., Prince, S., Psihas, F., Pugnere, D., Qian, X., Bazetto, M. C. Q., Raaf, J. L., Radeka, V., Rademacker, J., Radics, B., Rafique, A., Raguzin, E., Rai, M., Rajaoalisoa, M., Rakhno, I., Rakotonandrasana, A., Rakotondravohitra, L., Ramachers, Y. A., Rameika, R., Delgado, M. A. R., Ramson, B., Rappoldi, A., Raselli, G., Ratoff, P., Raut, S., Razakamiandra, R. F., Rea, E., Real, J. S., Rebel, B., Reggiani-Guzzo, M., Rehak, T., Reichenbacher, J., Reitzner, S. D., Sfar, H. R., Renshaw, A., Rescia, S., Resnati, F., Reynolds, A., Ribas, M., Riboldi, S., Riccio, C., Riccobene, G., Rice, L. C. J., Ricol, J., Rigamonti, A., Rigaut, Y., Rivera, D., Robert, A., Rochester, L., Roda, M., Rodrigues, P., Alonso, M. J. R., Bonilla, E. R., Rondon, J. R., Villa, L. A. R., Rosauro-Alcaraz, S., Rosenberg, M., Rosier, P., Roskovec, B., Rossella, M., Rossi, M., Rout, J., Roy, P., Roy, S., Rubbia, A., Rubbia, C., Rubio, F. C., Russell, B., Ruterbories, D., Rybnikov, A., Saa-Hernandez, A., Saakyan, R., Sacerdoti, S., Safford, T., Sahu, N., Sala, P., Samios, N., Samoylov, O., Sanchez, M. C., Sandberg, V., Sanders, D. A., Sankey, D., Santana, S., Santos-Maldonado, M., Saoulidou, N., Sapienza, P., Sarasty, C., Sarcevic, I., Savage, G., Savinov, V., Scaramelli, A., Scarff, A., Scarpelli, A., Schaffer, T., Schellman, H., Schifano, S., Schlabach, P., Schmitz, D., Scholberg, K., Schukraft, A., Segreto, E., Selyunin, A., Senise, C. R., Sensenig, J., Seoane, M., Seong, I., Sergi, A., Sgalaberna, D., Shaevitz, M. H., Shafaq, S., Shamma, M., Sharankova, R., Sharma, H. R., Sharma, R., Kumar, R., Shaw, T., Shepherd-Themistocleous, C., Sheshukov, A., Shin, S., Shoemaker, I., Shooltz, D., Shrock, R., Siegel, H., Simard, L., Simon, F., Simos, N., Sinclair, J., Sinev, G., Singh, J., Singh, L., Singh, V., Sipos, R., Sippach, F. W., Sirri, G., Sitraka, A., Siyeon, K., Skarpaas, K., Smith, A., Smith, E., Smith, P., Smolik, J., Smy, M., Snider, E. L., Snopok, P., Snowden-Ifft, D., Nunes, M. S., Sobel, H., Soderberg, M., Sokolov, S., Salinas, C. J. S., Soldner-Rembold, S., Soleti, S. 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D., Zito, M., Zucchelli, S., Zuklin, J., Zutshi, V., Zwaska, R., Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), UK Research and Innovation, Abud, A, Abi, B, Acciarri, R, Acero, M, Adames, M, Adamov, G, Adams, D, Adinolfi, M, Aduszkiewicz, A, Aguilar, J, Ahmad, Z, Ahmed, J, Ali-Mohammadzadeh, B, Alion, T, Allison, K, Monsalve, S, Alrashed, M, Alt, C, Alton, A, Amedo, P, Anderson, J, Andreopoulos, C, Andreotti, M, Andrews, M, Andrianala, F, Andringa, S, Anfimov, N, Ankowski, A, Antoniassi, M, Antonova, M, Antoshkin, A, Antusch, S, Aranda-Fernandez, A, Ariga, A, Arnold, L, Arroyave, M, Asaadi, J, Asquith, L, Aurisano, A, Aushev, V, Autiero, D, Ayala-Torres, M, 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D, Toups, M, Touramanis, C, Travaglini, R, Trevor, J, Trilov, S, Trzaska, W, Tsai, Y, Tsamalaidze, Z, Tsang, K, Tsverava, N, Tufanli, S, Tull, C, Tyley, E, Tzanov, M, Uboldi, L, Uchida, M, Urheim, J, Usher, T, Uzunyan, S, Vagins, M, Vahle, P, Valdiviesso, G, Valencia, E, Pia, V, Vallari, Z, Vallazza, E, Valle, J, Vallecorsa, S, van Berg, R, van de Water, R, Varanini, F, Vargas, D, Varner, G, Vasel, J, Vasina, S, Vasseur, G, Vaughan, N, Vaziri, K, Ventura, S, Verdugo, A, Vergani, S, Vermeulen, M, Verzocchi, M, Vicenzi, M, de Souza, H, Vignoli, C, Vilela, C, Viren, B, Vrba, T, Wachala, T, Waldron, A, Wallbank, M, Wallis, C, Wang, H, Wang, J, Wang, L, Wang, M, Wang, Y, Warburton, K, Warner, D, Wascko, M, Waters, D, Watson, A, Weatherly, P, Weber, A, Weber, M, Wei, H, Weinstein, A, Wenman, D, Wetstein, M, White, A, Whitehead, L, Whittington, D, Wilking, M, Wilkinson, C, Williams, Z, Wilson, F, Wilson, R, Wisniewski, W, Wolcott, J, Wongjirad, T, Wood, A, Wood, K, Worcester, E, Worcester, M, Wret, C, Wu, W, Xiao, Y, Xie, F, Yandel, E, Yang, G, Yang, K, Yang, S, Yang, T, Yankelevich, A, Yershov, N, Yonehara, K, Young, T, Yu, B, Yu, H, Yu, J, Yuan, W, Zaki, R, Zalesak, J, Zambelli, L, Zamorano, B, Zani, A, Zazueta, L, Zeller, G, Zennamo, J, Zeug, K, Zhang, C, Zhao, M, Zhivun, E, Zhu, G, Zilberman, P, Zimmerman, E, Zito, M, Zucchelli, S, Zuklin, J, Zutshi, V, and Zwaska, R

Subjects
Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, gas and liquid scintillators), Noble liquid detectors (scintillation, ionization, double-phase), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 09 Engineering, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Visible and IR Photons (Solid-State) (PIN Diodes, APDs, Si-PMTs, G-APDs, CCDs, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, CMOS imagers, etc.), High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Noble liquid detectors (scintillation, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], APDs, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation, Instruments & Instrumentation, Photon detectors for UV, QC, Mathematical Physics, 02 Physical Sciences, Scintillation and light emission processes (solid, EBCCDs, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), irradiation, Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes, APDs, Si-PMTs, G-APDs, CCDs, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, CMOS imagers, etc), Si-PMTs, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), double-phase), Nuclear & Particles Physics, LIGHT, Scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas, liquid scintillators), Scintillators, Time projection Chambers (TPC), Visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes, APDs, Si-PMTs, G-APDs, CCDs, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, CMOS imagers, etc), G-APDs, Particle Physics - Experiment, performance, CERN Lab, FOS: Physical sciences, fabrication, Visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes, gas, 0103 physical sciences, ionization, liquid scintillators), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], High Energy Physics, 010306 general physics, CMOS imagers, Noble Liquid Detectors (Scintillation, Ionization, Double-Phase), activity report, detector: design, etc), Science & Technology, DUNE, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes, APDs, Si-PMTs, G-APDs, CCDs, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, CMOS imagers, etc), Física, CCDs, Scintillator, time projection chamber: liquid argon, Scintillation and Light Emission Processes (Solid, Gas and Liquid Scintillators), Noble liquid detectors (scintillation, ionization, double-phase), Photon detectors for UV, Scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas, liquid scintillators), Scintillators, Time projection Chambers (TPC), Visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes, APDs, Si-PMTs, G-APDs, CCDs, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, CMOS imagers, etc), EMCCDs, Experimental High Energy Physics
Abstract

The ProtoDUNE-SP detector was constructed and operated on the CERN Neutrino Platform. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the CERN management, and the CERN EP, BE, TE, EN and IT Departments for NP04/ProtoDUNE-SP. This document was prepared by the DUNE collaboration using the resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. This work was supported by CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPEG and FAPESP, Brazil; CFI, IPP and NSERC, Canada; CERN; MŠMT, Czech Republic; ERDF, H2020-EU and MSCA, European Union; CNRS/IN2P3 and CEA, France; INFN, Italy; FCT, Portugal; NRF, South Korea; CAM, Fundación “La Caixa”, Junta de Andalucía-FEDER, and MICINN, Spain; SERI and SNSF, Switzerland; TÜBİTAK, Turkey; The Royal Society and UKRI/STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231., The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, U.S.A. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector incorporates full-size components as designed for DUNE and has an active volume of 7 × 6 × 7.2 m3. The H4 beam delivers incident particles with well-measured momenta and high-purity particle identification. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation between 2018 and 2020 demonstrates the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. This paper describes the design, construction, assembly and operation of the detector components., Fermi Research Alliance, LLC DE-AC02-07CH11359, H2020-EU, National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy DE-AC02-05CH11231, Office of Science, Fermilab, H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, CERN, UK Research and Innovation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Royal Society, European Commission, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, National Research Foundation of Korea, Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, European Regional Development Fund, Junta de Andalucía, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

Published
2022

46. Comparative characterization study of LYSO:Ce crystals for timing applications

Author

Addesa F., Barria P., Bianco R., Campana M., Cavallari F., Cemmi A., Cipriani M., Dafinei I., D'Orsi B., delRe D., Diemoz M., D'Imperio G., DiMarco E., DiSarcina I., Enculescu M., Longo E., Lucchini M., Marchegiani F., Meridiani P., Nisi S., Organtini G., Pandolfi F., Paramatti R., Pettinacci V., Quaranta C., Rahatlou S., Rovelli C., Santanastasio F., Soffi L., Tramontano R., Tully C., Addesa, F, Barria, P, Bianco, R, Campana, M, Cavallari, F, Cemmi, A, Cipriani, M, Dafinei, I, D'Orsi, B, Delre, D, Diemoz, M, D'Imperio, G, Dimarco, E, Disarcina, I, Enculescu, M, Longo, E, Lucchini, M, Marchegiani, F, Meridiani, P, Nisi, S, Organtini, G, Pandolfi, F, Paramatti, R, Pettinacci, V, Quaranta, C, Rahatlou, S, Rovelli, C, Santanastasio, F, Soffi, L, Tramontano, R, and Tully, C

Subjects
Radiation damage to detector materials (solid state), light emission processes, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, scintillation, hep-ex, solid gas and liquid scintillators, FOS: Physical sciences, timing detectors, Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), solid state, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), radiation damage to detector materials, Timing detector, Scintillators, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Mathematical Physics, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Cerium-doped Lutetium-Yttrium Oxyorthosilicate (LYSO:Ce)is one of the most widely used Cerium-doped Lutetium based scintillation crystals. Initially developed for medical detectors it rapidly became attractive for High Energy Particle Physics (HEP) applications, especially in the frame of high luminosity particle colliders. In this paper, a comprehensive and systematic study of LYSO:Ce ($[Lu_{(1-x)}Y_x]_2SiO_5$:$Ce$) crystals is presented. It involves for the first time a large number of crystal samples (180) of the same size from a dozen of producers.The study consists of a comparative characterization of LYSO:Ce crystal products available on the market by mechanical, optical and scintillation measurements and aims specifically, to investigate key parameters of timing applications for HEP., 38 pages, 22 figures

Published
2022

47. Scintillator ageing of the T2K near detectors from 2010 to 2021

Author

Abe, K., Akhlaq, N., Akutsu, R., Ali, A., Alt, C., Andreopoulos, C., Antonova, M., Aoki, S., Arihara, T., Asada, Y., Ashida, Y., Atkin, E. T., Ban, S., Barbi, M., Barker, G. J., Barr, G., Barrow, D., Batkiewicz-Kwasniak, M., Bench, F., Berardi, V., Berns, L., Bhadra, S., Blanchet, A., Blondel, A., Bolognesi, S., Bonus, T., Bordoni, S., Boyd, S. B., Bravar, A., Bronner, C., Bron, S., Bubak, A., Buizza Avanzini, M., Calabria, N. F., Cao, S., Carter, A. J., Cartwright, S. L., Catanesi, M. G., Cervera, A., Chakrani, J., Cherdack, D., Christodoulou, G., Cicerchia, M., Coleman, J., Collazuol, G., Cook, L., Cudd, A., Davydov, Yu. I., De Roeck, A., De Rosa, G., Dealtry, T., Delogu, C. C., Densham, C., Dergacheva, A., Di Lodovico, F., Dolan, S., Douqa, D., Doyle, T. A., Drapier, O., Duffy, K. E., Dumarchez, J., Dunne, P., Dygnarowicz, K., Eguchi, A., Emery-Schrenk, S., Ershova, A., Fedotov, S., Fernandez, P., Finch, A. J., Fiorentini Aguirre, G. A., Fiorillo, G., Friend, M., Fujii, Y., Fukuda, Y., Fusshoeller, K., Giganti, C., Glagolev, V., Gonin, M., Goodman, E. A. G., Gorin, A., Grassi, M., Guigue, M., Hadley, D. R., Haigh, J. T., Hamacher-Baumann, P., Harris, D. A., Hartz, M., Hasegawa, T., Hassani, S., Hastings, N. C., Hatzikoutelis, A., Hayato, Y., Hiramoto, A., Hogan, M., Holeczek, J., Holin, A., Holvey, T. J., Hong Van, N. T., Honjo, T., Iacob, F., Ichikawa, A. K., Ikeda, M., Ishida, T., Ishitsuka, M., Israel, H. T., Ives, S. J., Iwamoto, K., Izmaylov, A., Izumi, N., Jakkapu, M., Jamieson, B., Jenkins, S. J., Jesus-Valls, C., Jiang, J. J., Jonsson, P., Jung, C. K., Jurj, P. B., Kabirnezhad, M., Kaboth, A. C., Kajita, T., Kakuno, H., Kameda, J., Kasetti, S. P., Kataoka, Y., Katayama, Y., Katori, T., Kawaue, M., Kearns, E., Khabibullin, M., Khotjantsev, A., Kikawa, T., Kikutani, H., King, S., Kisiel, J., Knight, A., Kobata, T., Kobayashi, T., Koch, L., Kogan, G., Konaka, A., Kormos, L. L., Koshio, Y., Kostin, A., Kowalik, K., Kudenko, Y., Kuribayashi, S., Kurjata, R., Kutter, T., Kuze, M., La Commara, M., Labarga, L., Lachner, K., Lagoda, J., Lakshmi, S. M., Lamers James, M., Lamont, I., Lamoureux, M., Last, D., Latham, N., Laveder, M., Lawe, M., Lee, Y., Lin, C., Lindner, T., Lin, S. -K., Litchfield, R. P., Liu, S. L., Longhin, A., Long, K. R., Ludovici, L., Lu, X., Lux, T., Machado, L. N., Magaletti, L., Mahn, K., Malek, M., Mandal, M., Manly, S., Marino, A. D., Marti-Magro, L., Martin, D. G. R., Martini, M., Martin, J. F., Maruyama, T., Matsubara, T., Matveev, V., Mauger, C., Mavrokoridis, K., Mazzucato, E., Mccauley, N., Mcelwee, J., Mcfarland, K. S., Mcgrew, C., Mefodiev, A., Megias, G. D., Mellet, L., Metelko, C., Mezzetto, M., Minamino, A., Mineev, O., Mine, S., Miura, M., Molina Bueno, L., Moriyama, S., Mueller, T. A., Munford, D., Munteanu, L., Nagai, K., Nagai, Y., Nakadaira, T., Nakagiri, K., Nakahata, M., Nakajima, Y., Nakamura, A., Nakamura, H., Nakamura, K., Nakano, Y., Nakayama, S., Nakaya, T., Nakayoshi, K., Naseby, C. E. R., Ngoc, T. V., Nguyen, V. Q., Niewczas, K., Nishimura, Y., Nishizaki, K., Nova, F., Novella, P., Nugent, J. C., O'Keeffe, H. M., O'Sullivan, L., Odagawa, T., Ogawa, T., Okada, R., Okumura, K., Okusawa, T., Owen, R. A., Oyama, Y., Palladino, V., Paolone, V., Pari, M., Parlone, J., Parsa, S., Pasternak, J., Pavin, M., Payne, D., Penn, G. G., Perkin, J. D., Pershey, D., Pickering, L., Pidcott, C., Pintaudi, G., Pistillo, C., Popov, B., Porwit, K., Posiadala-Zezula, M., Prabhu, Y. S., Quilain, B., Radermacher, T., Radicioni, E., Radics, B., Ratoff, P. N., Reh, M., Riccio, C., Rondio, E., Roth, S., Rubbia, A., Ruggeri, A. C., Ruggles, C. A., Rychter, A., Sakashita, K., Sanchez, F., Santucci, G., Schloesser, C. M., Scholberg, K., Scott, M., Seiya, Y., Sekiguchi, T., Sekiya, H., Sgalaberna, D., Shaikhiev, A., Shaykina, A., Shiozawa, M., Shorrock, W., Shvartsman, A., Skwarczynski, K., Smy, M., Sobczyk, J. T., Sobel, H., Soler, F. J. P., Sonoda, Y., Spina, R., Su, H., Suslov, I. A., Suvorov, S., Suzuki, A., Suzuki, S. Y., Suzuki, Y., Sztuc, A. A., Tada, M., Takayasu, S., Takeda, A., Takeuchi, Y., Tanaka, H. K., Tanihara, Y., Tani, M., Tereshchenko, V. V., Teshima, N., Thamm, N., Thompson, L. F., Toki, W., Touramanis, C., Towstego, T., Tsui, K. M., Tsukamoto, T., Tzanov, M., Uchida, Y., Vacheret, A., Vagins, M., Vallari, Z., Vargas, D., Vasseur, G., Vilela, C., Vinning, W. G. S., Vladisavljevic, T., Wachala, T., Waldron, A. V., Walsh, J. G., Wang, Y., Wan, L., Wark, D., Wascko, M. O., Weber, A., Wendell, R., Wilking, M. J., Wilkinson, C., Wilson, J. R., Wood, K., Wret, C., Xia, J., Y. -H., Xu, Yamamoto, K., Yanagisawa, C., Yang, G., Yano, T., Yasutome, K., Yershov, N., Yevarouskaya, U., Yokoyama, M., Yoshimoto, Y., Yu, M., Zaki, R., Zalewska, A., Zalipska, J., Zaremba, K., Zarnecki, G., Zhao, X., Zhu, T., Ziembicki, M., Zimmerman, E. D., Zito, M., Zsoldos, S., Medical Research Council (MRC), Abe, K., Akhlaq, N., Akutsu, R., Ali, A., Alt, C., Andreopoulos, C., Antonova, M., Aoki, S., Arihara, T., Asada, Y., Ashida, Y., Atkin, E. T., Ban, S., Barbi, M., Barker, G. J., Barr, G., Barrow, D., Batkiewicz-Kwasniak, M., Bench, F., Berardi, V., Berns, L., Bhadra, S., Blanchet, A., Blondel, A., Bolognesi, S., Bonus, T., Bordoni, S., Boyd, S. B., Bravar, A., Bronner, C., Bron, S., Bubak, A., Buizza Avanzini, M., Calabria, N. F., Cao, S., Carter, A. J., Cartwright, S. L., Catanesi, M. G., Cervera, A., Chakrani, J., Cherdack, D., Christodoulou, G., Cicerchia, M., Coleman, J., Collazuol, G., Cook, L., Cudd, A., Davydov, Yu. I., De Roeck, A., De Rosa, G., Dealtry, T., Delogu, C. C., Densham, C., Dergacheva, A., Di Lodovico, F., Dolan, S., Douqa, D., Doyle, T. A., Drapier, O., Duffy, K. E., Dumarchez, J., Dunne, P., Dygnarowicz, K., Eguchi, A., Emery-Schrenk, S., Ershova, A., Fedotov, S., Fernandez, P., Finch, A. J., Fiorentini Aguirre, G. A., Fiorillo, G., Friend, M., Fujii, Y., Fukuda, Y., Fusshoeller, K., Giganti, C., Glagolev, V., Gonin, M., Goodman, E. A. G., Gorin, A., Grassi, M., Guigue, M., Hadley, D. R., Haigh, J. T., Hamacher-Baumann, P., Harris, D. A., Hartz, M., Hasegawa, T., Hassani, S., Hastings, N. C., Hatzikoutelis, A., Hayato, Y., Hiramoto, A., Hogan, M., Holeczek, J., Holin, A., Holvey, T. J., Hong Van, N. T., Honjo, T., Iacob, F., Ichikawa, A. K., Ikeda, M., Ishida, T., Ishitsuka, M., Israel, H. T., Ives, S. J., Iwamoto, K., Izmaylov, A., Izumi, N., Jakkapu, M., Jamieson, B., Jenkins, S. J., Jesús-Valls, C., Jiang, J. J., Jonsson, P., Jung, C. K., Jurj, P. B., Kabirnezhad, M., Kaboth, A. C., Kajita, T., Kakuno, H., Kameda, J., Kasetti, S. P., Kataoka, Y., Katayama, Y., Katori, T., Kawaue, M., Kearns, E., Khabibullin, M., Khotjantsev, A., Kikawa, T., Kikutani, H., King, S., Kisiel, J., Knight, A., Kobata, T., Kobayashi, T., Koch, L., Kogan, G., Konaka, A., Kormos, L. L., Koshio, Y., Kostin, A., Kowalik, K., Kudenko, Y., Kuribayashi, S., Kurjata, R., Kutter, T., Kuze, M., La Commara, M., Labarga, L., Lachner, K., Lagoda, J., Lakshmi, S. M., Lamers James, M., Lamont, I., Lamoureux, M., Last, D., Latham, N., Laveder, M., Lawe, M., Lee, Y., Lin, C., Lindner, T., Lin, S. -K., Litchfield, R. P., Liu, S. L., Longhin, A., Long, K. R., Ludovici, L., Lu, X., Lux, T., Nascimento Machado, L., Magaletti, L., Mahn, K., Malek, M., Mandal, M., Manly, S., Marino, A. D., Marti-Magro, L., Martin, D. G. R., Martini, M., Martin, J. F., Maruyama, T., Matsubara, T., Matveev, V., Mauger, C., Mavrokoridis, K., Mazzucato, E., Mccauley, N., Mcelwee, J., Mcfarland, K. S., Mcgrew, C., Mefodiev, A., Megias, G. D., Mellet, L., Metelko, C., Mezzetto, M., Minamino, A., Mineev, O., Mine, S., Miura, M., Molina Bueno, L., Moriyama, S., Mueller, Th. A., Munford, D., Munteanu, L., Nagai, K., Nagai, Y., Nakadaira, T., Nakagiri, K., Nakahata, M., Nakajima, Y., Nakamura, A., Nakamura, H., Nakamura, K., Nakano, Y., Nakayama, S., Nakaya, T., Nakayoshi, K., Naseby, C. E. R., Ngoc, T. V., Nguyen, V. Q., Niewczas, K., Nishimura, Y., Nishizaki, K., Nova, F., Novella, P., Nugent, J. C., O'Keeffe, H. M., O'Sullivan, L., Odagawa, T., Ogawa, T., Okada, R., Okumura, K., Okusawa, T., Owen, R. A., Oyama, Y., Palladino, V., Paolone, V., Pari, M., Parlone, J., Parsa, S., Pasternak, J., Pavin, M., Payne, D., Penn, G. C., Perkin, J. D., Pershey, D., Pickering, L., Pidcott, C., Pintaudi, G., Pistillo, C., Popov, B., Porwit, K., Posiadala-Zezula, M., Prabhu, Y. S., Quilain, B., Radermacher, T., Radicioni, E., Radics, B., Ratoff, P. N., Reh, M., Riccio, C., Rondio, E., Roth, S., Rubbia, A., Ruggeri, A. C., Ruggles, C. A., Rychter, A., Sakashita, K., Sánchez, F., Santucci, G., Schloesser, C. M., Scholberg, K., Scott, M., Seiya, Y., Sekiguchi, T., Sekiya, H., Sgalaberna, D., Shaikhiev, A., Shaykina, A., Shiozawa, M., Shorrock, W., Shvartsman, A., Skwarczynski, K., Smy, M., Sobczyk, J. T., Sobel, H., Soler, F. J. P., Sonoda, Y., Spina, R., Su, H., Suslov, I. A., Suvorov, S., Suzuki, A., Suzuki, S. Y., Suzuki, Y., Sztuc, A. A., Tada, M., Takayasu, S., Takeda, A., Takeuchi, Y., Tanaka, H. K., Tanihara, Y., Tani, M., Tereshchenko, V. V., Teshima, N., Thamm, N., Thompson, L. F., Toki, W., Touramanis, C., Towstego, T., Tsui, K. M., Tsukamoto, T., Tzanov, M., Uchida, Y., Vacheret, A., Vagins, M., Vallari, Z., Vargas, D., Vasseur, G., Vilela, C., Vinning, W. G. S., Vladisavljevic, T., Wachala, T., Waldron, A. V., Walsh, J. G., Wang, Y., Wan, L., Wark, D., Wascko, M. O., Weber, A., Wendell, R., Wilking, M. J., Wilkinson, C., Wilson, J. R., Wood, K., Wret, C., Xia, J., Xu, Y. -h., Yamamoto, K., Yanagisawa, C., Yang, G., Yano, T., Yasutome, K., Yershov, N., Yevarouskaya, U., Yokoyama, M., Yoshimoto, Y., Yu, M., Zaki, R., Zalewska, A., Zalipska, J., Zaremba, K., Zarnecki, G., Zhao, X., Zhu, T., Ziembicki, M., Zimmerman, E. D., Zito, M., Zsoldos, S., Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), T2K, and ANR-19-CE31-0001,SUNCORE,Incertitudes systématiques dans les combinaisons de résultats d'oscillations de neutrinos(2019)

Subjects
Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, gas and liquid scintillators), FOS: Physical sciences, scintillation counter: plastics, KAMIOKANDE, Gamma detectors (scintillators, CZT, HPGe, HgI etc), Neutrino detectors, Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors, Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), 09 Engineering, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), near detector, Hgl etc), performance: time dependence, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], AXIS, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation, Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, activity report, Mathematical Physics, radiation: damage, HgI etc), wavelength shifter: fibre, Science & Technology, 02 Physical Sciences, hep-ex, J-PARC Lab, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Gamma detectors Neutrino detectors Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors Scintillators Scintillation and light emission processes, Nuclear & Particles Physics, CZT, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, photon: yield, HPGe, Particle Physics - Experiment, Gamma detectors (scintillators
Abstract

The T2K experiment widely uses plastic scintillator as a target for neutrino interactions and an active medium for the measurement of charged particles produced in neutrino interactions at its near detector complex. Over 10 years of operation the measured light yield recorded by the scintillator based subsystems has been observed to degrade by 0.9--2.2\% per year. Extrapolation of the degradation rate through to 2040 indicates the recorded light yield should remain above the lower threshold used by the current reconstruction algorithms for all subsystems. This will allow the near detectors to continue contributing to important physics measurements during the T2K-II and Hyper-Kamiokande eras. Additionally, work to disentangle the degradation of the plastic scintillator and wavelength shifting fibres shows that the reduction in light yield can be attributed to the ageing of the plastic scintillator., Comment: 29 pages, 18 figures. Prepared for submission to JINST

Published
2022
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48. Calibration of the first detector flight models for the HERMES constellation and the SpIRIT mission

Author

Riccardo Campana, Giulia Baroni, Giovanni Della Casa, Giuseppe Dilillo, Ezequiel J. Marchesini, Francesco Ceraudo, Alejandro Guzmán, Paul Hedderman, and Yuri Evangelista

Subjects
Gamma-ray detectors, Scintillators, CubeSat, Silicon Drift Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, HERMES, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), astro-ph.IM
Abstract

HERMES (High Energy Rapid Modular Ensemble of Satellites) is a space-borne mission based on a constellation of six 3U CubeSats flying in a low-Earth orbit, hosting new miniaturized instruments based on a hybrid Silicon Drift Detector/GAGG:Ce scintillator photodetector system sensitive to X-rays and gamma-rays. Moreover, the HERMES constellation will operate in conjunction with the Australian-Italian Space Industry Responsive Intelligent Thermal (SpIRIT) 6U CubeSat, that will carry in a Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) an actively cooled HERMES detector system payload. In this paper we provide an overview of the ground calibrations of the first HERMES and SpIRIT flight detectors, outlining the calibration plan, detector performance and characterization., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. Proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022

Published
2022
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49. Tailoring the electron and hole dimensionality to achieve efficient and stable metal halide perovskite scintillators

Author

Jun-Hui Yuan, Xinyuan Du, Zhifang Tan, Haiming Zhu, Kan-Hao Xue, Jincong Pang, Jiang Tang, Xiangshui Miao, Hongtao Zhao, Weijian Tao, Guangda Niu, and Zhigang Li

Subjects
Materials science, QC1-999, metal halide perovskite, Halide, scintillators, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, Scintillator, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Metal, electron and hole dimensionality, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Perovskite (structure), stable, business.industry, Physics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, tailoring, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Biotechnology, Curse of dimensionality
Abstract

Metal halide perovskites have recently been reported as excellent scintillators for X-ray detection. However, perovskite based scintillators are susceptible to moisture and oxygen atmosphere, such as the water solubility of CsPbBr3, and oxidation vulnerability of Sn2+, Cu+. The traditional metal halide scintillators (NaI: Tl, LaBr3, etc.) are also severely restricted by their high hygroscopicity. Here we report a new kind of lead free perovskite with excellent water and radiation stability, Rb2Sn1-x Te x Cl6. The equivalent doping of Te could break the in-phase bonding interaction between neighboring octahedra in Rb2SnCl6, and thus decrease the electron and hole dimensionality. The optimized Te content of 5% resulted in high photoluminescence quantum yield of 92.4%, and low X-ray detection limit of 0.7 µGyair s−1. The photoluminescence and radioluminescence could be maintained without any loss when immersing in water or after 480,000 Gy radiations, outperforming previous perovskite and traditional metal halides scintillators.

Published
2020

50. Composite Detectors Based on Single-Crystalline Films and Single Crystals of Garnet Compounds

Author

Sandra Witkiewicz-Lukaszek, Vitalii Gorbenko, Tetiana Zorenko, Yurii Syrotych, Jiri A. Mares, Martin Nikl, Oleg Sidletskiy, Pawel Bilski, Akira Yoshikawa, and Yuriy Zorenko

Subjects
Technology, Microscopy, QC120-168.85, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, QH201-278.5, scintillators, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TK1-9971, garnets, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Descriptive and experimental mechanics, single-crystalline films, crystals, General Materials Science, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TA1-2040, substrates, thermoluminescence
Abstract

This manuscript summarizes recent results on the development of composite luminescent materials based on the single-crystalline films and single crystals of simple and mixed garnet compounds obtained by the liquid-phase epitaxy growth method. Such composite materials can be applied as scintillating and thermoluminescent (TL) detectors for radiation monitoring of mixed ionization fluxes, as well as scintillation screens in the microimaging techniques. The film and crystal parts of composite detectors were fabricated from efficient scintillation/TL materials based on Ce3+-, Pr3+-, and Sc3+-doped Lu3Al5O12 garnets, as well as Ce3+-doped Gd3−xAxAl5−yGayO12 mixed garnets, where A = Lu or Tb; x = 0–1; y = 2–3 with significantly different scintillation decay or positions of the main peaks in their TL glow curves. This work also summarizes the results of optical study of films, crystals, and epitaxial structures of these garnet compounds using absorption, cathodoluminescence, and photoluminescence. The scintillation and TL properties of the developed materials under α- and β-particles and γ-quanta excitations were studied as well. The most efficient variants of the composite scintillation and TL detectors for monitoring of composition of mixed beams of ionizing radiation were selected based on the results of this complex study.

Published
2021

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