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The study was conducted on the perception towards censorship on library services delivery among staff of Kwara State University library. the study formulated used five research questions and used total enumeration sampling techniques because the population is too small (24) the entire population. A survey method was used in undertaking the study, in which answers were sought on the perception of librarians towards censorship and intellectual freedom, the strategies Kwara state University library adopted to prevent the problem or occurrence of censorship, the extent at which academic librarians in Kwara state promotes intellectual freedom, the types of censorship available in the collection of Kwara state university library, the types of censorship that can affect both library and it collection. Questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection. The instrument was subjected to validation by the supervisor and expert in measurement and evaluation and the data collected from the study were analyzed using (SPSS), frequency tables and percentage. The study discovered that there are different types of censorship available in the collection of Kwara state university library; and types of censorship that can affect both library and it collection; These include Prior censorship, Post censorship, Corporate Censorship, Religious Censorship, Political Censorship, Military Censorship, and Moral Censorship. In conclusion the study made some recommendations which include that: educating users (students and staffs) about intellectual freedom, advocacy to the government, maintaining confidentiality of library record as strategies Kwara state University library adopted to prevent the problem or occurrence of censorship.

Non-invasive biological samples benefit studies that investigate rare, elusive, endangered, or dangerous species. Integrating genomic techniques that use non-invasive biological sampling with advances in computational approaches can benefit and inform wildlife conservation and management. Here, we used non-invasive fecal DNA samples to generate low- to medium-coverage genomes (e.g., >90% of the complete nuclear genome at six X-fold coverage) and metagenomic sequences, combining widely available and accessible DNA collection cards with commonly used DNA extraction and library building approaches. DNA preservation cards are easy to transport and can be stored non-refrigerated, avoiding cumbersome or costly sample methods. The genomic library construction and shotgun sequencing approach did not require enrichment or targeted DNA amplification. The utility and potential of the data generated was demonstrated through genome scale and metagenomic analyses of zoo and free-ranging African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana). Fecal samples collected from free-ranging individuals contained an average of 12.41% (5.54–21.65%) endogenous elephant DNA. Clustering of these elephants with others from the same geographic region was demonstrated by a principal component analysis of genetic variation using nuclear genome-wide SNPs. Metagenomic analyses identified taxa that included Loxodonta, green plants, fungi, arthropods, bacteria, viruses and archaea, showcasing the utility of this approach for addressing complementary questions based on host-associated DNA, e.g., pathogen and parasite identification. The molecular and bioinformatic analyses presented here contributes towards the expansion and application of genomic techniques to conservation science and practice., Non-invasive biological samples benefit studies that investigate rare, elusive, endangered, or dangerous species. Integrating genomic techniques that use non-invasive biological sampling with advances in computational approaches can benefit and inform wildlife conservation and management. Here, we used non-invasive fecal DNA samples to generate low- to medium-coverage genomes (e.g., >90% of the complete nuclear genome at six X-fold coverage) and metagenomic sequences, combining widely available and accessible DNA collection cards with commonly used DNA extraction and library building approaches. DNA preservation cards are easy to transport and can be stored non-refrigerated, avoiding cumbersome or costly sample methods. The genomic library construction and shotgun sequencing approach did not require enrichment or targeted DNA amplification. The utility and potential of the data generated was demonstrated through genome scale and metagenomic analyses of zoo and free-ranging African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana). Fecal samples collected from free-ranging individuals contained an average of 12.41% (5.54–21.65%) endogenous elephant DNA. Clustering of these elephants with others from the same geographic region was demonstrated by a principal component analysis of genetic variation using nuclear genome-wide SNPs. Metagenomic analyses identified taxa that included Loxodonta, green plants, fungi, arthropods, bacteria, viruses and archaea, showcasing the utility of this approach for addressing complementary questions based on host-associated DNA, e.g., pathogen and parasite identification. The molecular and bioinformatic analyses presented here contributes towards the expansion and application of genomic techniques to conservation science and practice.

Non-invasive biological samples benefit studies that investigate rare, elusive, endangered, or dangerous species. Integrating genomic techniques that use non-invasive biological sampling with advances in computational approaches can benefit and inform wildlife conservation and management. Here, we used non-invasive fecal DNA samples to generate low- to medium-coverage genomes (e.g., >90% of the complete nuclear genome at six X-fold coverage) and metagenomic sequences, combining widely available and accessible DNA collection cards with commonly used DNA extraction and library building approaches. DNA preservation cards are easy to transport and can be stored non-refrigerated, avoiding cumbersome or costly sample methods. The genomic library construction and shotgun sequencing approach did not require enrichment or targeted DNA amplification. The utility and potential of the data generated was demonstrated through genome scale and metagenomic analyses of zoo and free-ranging African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana). Fecal samples collected from free-ranging individuals contained an average of 12.41% (5.54–21.65%) endogenous elephant DNA. Clustering of these elephants with others from the same geographic region was demonstrated by a principal component analysis of genetic variation using nuclear genome-wide SNPs. Metagenomic analyses identified taxa that included Loxodonta, green plants, fungi, arthropods, bacteria, viruses and archaea, showcasing the utility of this approach for addressing complementary questions based on host-associated DNA, e.g., pathogen and parasite identification. The molecular and bioinformatic analyses presented here contributes towards the expansion and application of genomic techniques to conservation science and practice., Non-invasive biological samples benefit studies that investigate rare, elusive, endangered, or dangerous species. Integrating genomic techniques that use non-invasive biological sampling with advances in computational approaches can benefit and inform wildlife conservation and management. Here, we used non-invasive fecal DNA samples to generate low- to medium-coverage genomes (e.g., >90% of the complete nuclear genome at six X-fold coverage) and metagenomic sequences, combining widely available and accessible DNA collection cards with commonly used DNA extraction and library building approaches. DNA preservation cards are easy to transport and can be stored non-refrigerated, avoiding cumbersome or costly sample methods. The genomic library construction and shotgun sequencing approach did not require enrichment or targeted DNA amplification. The utility and potential of the data generated was demonstrated through genome scale and metagenomic analyses of zoo and free-ranging African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana). Fecal samples collected from free-ranging individuals contained an average of 12.41% (5.54–21.65%) endogenous elephant DNA. Clustering of these elephants with others from the same geographic region was demonstrated by a principal component analysis of genetic variation using nuclear genome-wide SNPs. Metagenomic analyses identified taxa that included Loxodonta, green plants, fungi, arthropods, bacteria, viruses and archaea, showcasing the utility of this approach for addressing complementary questions based on host-associated DNA, e.g., pathogen and parasite identification. The molecular and bioinformatic analyses presented here contributes towards the expansion and application of genomic techniques to conservation science and practice.

Este artigo busca compreender como as experiências docentes são entendidas e incorporadas nos estudos desenvolvidos sobre a formação continuada de professores da Educação Básica. Se origina do levantamento e análise de estudos disponíveis na Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), produzidos entre 2017 e 2021. A partir dos estudos analisados, conclui-se que as experiências docentes são elementos importantes para a formação continuada na Educação Básica, podendo ser compartilhadas, discutidas, analisadas e refletidas coletivamente em processos formacionais colaborativos que têm a escola como lócus privilegiado de formação, desenvolvidos através da ação protagonista dos professores, propiciando o desenvolvimento profissional e a transformação da escola, das práticas pedagógicas e da aprendizagem dos estudantes., Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender cómo se entienden e incorporan las experiencias docentes en los estudios desarrollados sobre la formación continua de profesores de Educación Básica. Se origina a partir de la recopilación y análisis de investigaciones disponibles en la Biblioteca Digital Brasileña de Tesis y Disertaciones (BDTD), realizadas entre 2017 y 2021. A partir de los estudios analizados, se concluye que las experiencias docentes son elementos importantes para la formación continua en la Educación Básica, pudiendo ser compartidas, discutidas, analizadas y reflexionadas de manera colectiva en procesos formativos colaborativos que tienen a la escuela como lugar privilegiado de formación, desarrollados a través de la acción protagónica de los profesores, favoreciendo el desarrollo profesional y la transformación de la escuela, las prácticas pedagógicas y el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. rendizaje de los estudiantes.., This article aims to understand how teaching experiences are comprehended and integrated into studies conducted on the ongoing professional development of teachers in Basic Education. It originates from the collection and analysis of research available in the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD), produced between 2017 and 2021. Based on the analyzed studies, it is concluded that teaching experiences are significant elements for ongoing education in Basic Education, capable of being shared, discussed, analyzed, and collectively reflected upon in collaborative formative processes that have the school as a privileged locus of development. These processes are fostered through the proactive engagement of teachers, facilitating professional growth and the transformation of the school, pedagogical practices, and student learning.

The Kórnik Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences was one of the prime movers in the initiation of the Wielkopolska Digital Library project. Since 2019, the library has made large portions of its collections available online on the Kórnik Library Digital Platform. The platform was set up as a result of the execution of the “Digital format for the resources of the Kórnik Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences” project. The platform is an online database of materials held by the library (an OPAC catalogue) that allows read- ers to search individual catalogue databases, have access to the digital library and available genealogical databases. This article discusses the Platform as a tool for researchers in the Humanities, as well as its future possible directions of development., PAN Biblioteka Kórnicka była jednym z inicjatorów powstania Wielkopolskiej Biblioteki Cyfrowej. Od roku 2019 udostępnia swoje zbiory na Platformie Cyfrowej Biblioteki Kórnickiej, platformie, która powstawała w ramach realizacji projektu „Cyfrowe udostępnianie zasobów Polskiej Akademii Nauk Biblioteki Kórnickiej”. Jest ona katalogiem OPAC umożliwiającym czytelnikom przeszukiwanie baz katalogowych, korzystanie z biblioteki cyfrowej, a także baz genealogicznych. Celem artykułu jest omówienie Platformy jako narzędzia pracy dla humanistów, a także wskazanie jego dróg rozwoju.

The most significant function in our daily lives is played by information. Libraries are one of theplaces where students visit when they need to get some information sources to satisfy theirinterests. For their academic work, students mostly rely on books, journals, and databases.Despite being aware of the value and accessibility of visiting a library to conduct research,students or information seekers can encounter several difficulties. The majority of the issuesrevolve around people being unable to obtain the information they require in the shortestpossible time. When a researcher needs more information to study or make judgments, theyparticipate in information-seeking activities. The study's goal was to identify the informationsources utilized by the students in the Bestlink College of the Philippines. The study has revealed that most students prefer to use the Internet for their academic work,assignments, and coursework, for it is easier and more accessible for them than visiting alibrary, which might consume a lot of their time. But browsing the internet still can’t satisfy theirneeds; students still need the collections from the library. Researchers recommend providing internet access, improving library collection andutilization, making information sources available online, conducting a seminar or orientationfor students on how to use OPAC and DDC, and seeking assistance from librarians.

Ecuador is a country that produces raw materials, among which are agricultural products, because of their processing, waste is generated that has not been quantified, the same that affects the environment. The objective of this work was to investigate the use of the nutritional and technological properties of dietary fiber from agro-industrial waste generated by the food industry in Ecuador in order to reduce its environmental impact and promote the development of healthy foods. Through the collection and organization of digital information available in library catalogues, academic repositories and databases, such as: Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar, and through its analysis, it was estimated that 508 thousand MT of fruit by-products were produced in the country during 2021, which have high amounts of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds, it was evidenced that the fiber-rich powders obtained modify the texture, color, antioxidant and emulsifying capacity in meat and bakery products, that the methods of modifying concentrates are effective, that the consumption of dietary fiber brings benefits to the body and that the technological properties such as the capacity to retain water, oil and swelling make dietary fiber a promising ingredient for the food industry. The study determined that the dietary fiber obtained from fruit peels has the potential to be used as an emulsifier, thickener, antioxidant, etc., in the preparation of pastry, bakery, and meat products., Ecuador es un país productor de materias primas, entre las cuales se encuentran los productos agrarios. Como resultado de su procesamiento se generan residuos que no se han cuantificado, mismos que afectan al medio ambiente. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue investigar sobre el aprovechamiento de las propiedades nutricionales y tecnológicas de fibra dietética proveniente de residuos agroindustriales generados por la industria alimentaria en el Ecuador, con la finalidad de disminuir su impacto ambiental e impulsar el desarrollo de alimentos saludables. A través de la recopilación y organización de información digital disponible en catálogos de bibliotecas, repositorios académicos y bases de datos, como Scopus, Science Direct y Google Académico se estimó que se produjeron 508 miles de TM de subproductos frutales en el país durante el 2021, los cuales poseen altas cantidades de fibra dietética y compuestos bioactivos. Se evidenció que los polvos ricos en fibra modifican la textura, coloración, capacidad antioxidante y emulsionante en productos cárnicos y de panadería, los métodos de modificación de concentrados son efectivos, el consumo de fibra dietética trae beneficios en el organismo y las propiedades tecnológicas como la capacidad de retención de agua, aceite e hinchamiento convierten a la fibra dietética en un ingrediente prometedor para la industria alimentaria. El estudio determinó que la fibra dietética obtenida a partir de cáscaras de frutas tiene potencial para ser utilizada como emulsionante, espesante, antioxidante, etc., en la elaboración de productos de pastelería, panadería y cárnicos.

Large archival collections, such as email or government documents, must be manually reviewed to identify any sensitive information before the collection can be released publicly. Sensitivity classification has received a lot of attention in the literature. However, more recently, there has been increasing interest in developing sensitivity-aware search engines that can provide users with relevant search results, while ensuring that no sensitive documents are returned to the user. Sensitivity-aware search would mitigate the need for a manual sensitivity review prior to collections being made available publicly. To develop such systems, there is a need for test collections that contain relevance assessments for a set of information needs as well as ground-truth labels for a variety of sensitivity categories. The well-known Enron email collection contains a classification ground-truth that can be used to represent sensitive information, e.g., the Purely Personal and Personal but in Professional Context categories can be used to represent sensitive personal information. However, the existing Enron collection does not contain a set of information needs and relevance assessments. In this work, we present a collection of fifty information needs (topics) with crowdsourced query formulations (3 per topic) and relevance assessments (11,471 in total) for the Enron collection (mean number of relevant documents per topic = 11, variance = 34.7). The developed information needs, queries and relevance judgements are available on GitHub and will be available along with the existing Enron collection through the popular ir_datasets library. Our proposed collection results in the first freely available test collection for developing sensitivity-aware search systems.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to offer a checklist that can be used for both creating and evaluating digital collections, which are also sometimes referred to as data sets as part of the collections as data movement, suitable for computational use. Design/methodology/approach – The checklist was built by synthesising and analysing the results of relevant research literature, articles and studies and the issues and needs obtained in an observational study. The checklist was tested and applied both as a tool for assessing a selection of digital collections made available by galleries, libraries, archives and museums (GLAM) institutions as proof of concept and as a supporting tool for creating collections as data. Findings – Over the past few years, there has been a growing interest in making available digital collections published by GLAM organisations for computational use. Based on previous work, the authors defined a methodology to build a checklist for the publication of Collections as data. The authors’ evaluation showed several examples of applications that can be useful to encourage other institutions to publish their digital collections for computational use. Originality/value – While some work on making available digital collections suitable for computational use exists, giving particular attention to data quality, planning and experimentation, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, none of the work to date provides an easy-to-follow and robust checklist to publish collection data sets in GLAM institutions. This checklist intends to encourage small- and medium-sized institutions to adopt the collection as data principles in daily workflows following best practices and guidelines.

The 19th century saw the emergence of modern literary institutions in Sweden, and publishing and distribution of literature developed rapidly. Simultaneously, Swedish society was quickly modernized. Industrialization, urbanization and emigration were large-scale processes that transformed everyday life and the social patterns of the country. Not surprisingly, 19th century Swedish literature came to deal with these changes. However, distribution and consumption of literature were also affected by new techniques. In this article, the effects of the new railroads upon literature are studied. The analysis is based on the concept of “järnvägsbibliotek” (“railroad library”) and its use in 19th century Swedish newspapers. This term had several different meanings. It could refer to actual libraries, i.e., book collections, available to travelers at the train stations. But it could also mean literature published or re-published in cheap booklets. The creation of these book collections and booklet series was of course a direct effect of modernization. But they were also mobilized in the struggle against phenomena that were perceived as negative effects of the modern changes in society, such as social unrest, alcoholism and emigration. Journalists and policy makers hoped that a wider distribution of literature could have a morally edifying effect on the population. The instrumental values of literature were put first. With the right selection of literature, and under the supervision of librarians and publishers with appropriate competence for the purpose, the “järnvägsbibliotek” (“railroad libraries”) were championed as a way to curb the social unrest that came with the modernization of 19th-century Swedish society.

How can novel AI techniques be made and put to use in the library? Combining methods from data and library science, this article focuses on Natural Language Processing technologies in especially national libraries. It explains how the National Library of Sweden’s collections enabled the development of a new BERT language model for Swedish. It also outlines specific use cases for the model in the context of academic libraries, detailing strategies for how such a model could make digital collections available for new forms of research: from automated classification to enhanced searchability and improved OCR cohesion. Highlighting the potential for cross-fertilizing AI with libraries, the conclusion suggests that while AI may transform the workings of the library, libraries can also have a key role to play in the future development of AI.

How can novel AI techniques be made and put to use in the library? Combining methods from data and library science, this article focuses on Natural Language Processing technologies in especially national libraries. It explains how the National Library of Sweden’s collections enabled the development of a new BERT language model for Swedish. It also outlines specific use cases for the model in the context of academic libraries, detailing strategies for how such a model could make digital collections available for new forms of research: from automated classification to enhanced searchability and improved OCR cohesion. Highlighting the potential for cross-fertilizing AI with libraries, the conclusion suggests that while AI may transform the workings of the library, libraries can also have a key role to play in the future development of AI.

How can novel AI techniques be made and put to use in the library? Combining methods from data and library science, this article focuses on Natural Language Processing technologies in especially national libraries. It explains how the National Library of Sweden’s collections enabled the development of a new BERT language model for Swedish. It also outlines specific use cases for the model in the context of academic libraries, detailing strategies for how such a model could make digital collections available for new forms of research: from automated classification to enhanced searchability and improved OCR cohesion. Highlighting the potential for cross-fertilizing AI with libraries, the conclusion suggests that while AI may transform the workings of the library, libraries can also have a key role to play in the future development of AI.

How can novel AI techniques be made and put to use in the library? Combining methods from data and library science, this article focuses on Natural Language Processing technologies in especially national libraries. It explains how the National Library of Sweden’s collections enabled the development of a new BERT language model for Swedish. It also outlines specific use cases for the model in the context of academic libraries, detailing strategies for how such a model could make digital collections available for new forms of research: from automated classification to enhanced searchability and improved OCR cohesion. Highlighting the potential for cross-fertilizing AI with libraries, the conclusion suggests that while AI may transform the workings of the library, libraries can also have a key role to play in the future development of AI.

The pressing need for digitization of historical documents has led to a strong interest in designing computerised image processing methods for automatic handwritten text recognition. However, not much attention has been paid on studying the handwritten text written in the margins, i.e. marginalia, that also forms an important source of information. Nevertheless, training an accurate and robust recognition system for marginalia calls for data-efficient approaches due to the unavailability of sufficient amounts of annotated multi-writer texts. Therefore, this work presents an end-to-end framework for automatic detection and recognition of handwritten marginalia, and leverages data augmentation and transfer learning to overcome training data scarcity. The detection phase involves investigation of R-CNN and Faster R-CNN networks. The recognition phase includes an attention-based sequence-to-sequence model, with ResNet feature extraction, bidirectional LSTM-based sequence modeling, and attention-based prediction of marginalia. The effectiveness of the proposed framework has been empirically evaluated on the data from early book collections found in the Uppsala University Library in Sweden. Source code and pre-trained models are available at Github.

How can novel AI techniques be made and put to use in the library? Combining methods from data and library science, this article focuses on Natural Language Processing technologies in especially national libraries. It explains how the National Library of Sweden’s collections enabled the development of a new BERT language model for Swedish. It also outlines specific use cases for the model in the context of academic libraries, detailing strategies for how such a model could make digital collections available for new forms of research: from automated classification to enhanced searchability and improved OCR cohesion. Highlighting the potential for cross-fertilizing AI with libraries, the conclusion suggests that while AI may transform the workings of the library, libraries can also have a key role to play in the future development of AI.

This article provides a retrospective overview of the discussion of Arnold Dolmetsch, his family, students and friends in Early Music since its first issue in 1973. It connects these cases with a broad range of other literature, suggests the need to rethink and recontextualize the lifetime of Arnold Dolmetsch and considers the significance of archival materials in the Jeanne-Marie Dolmetsch Collection newly available at Cambridge University Library (Ms. Add. 10371). In particular, it demonstrates the largely overlooked intercultural dimension of the Dolmetsch family’s contribution to the early music revival, highlighting their interactions with people and music cultures from beyond western Europe. Finally, it suggests a programme for possible future research on the Dolmetsch phenomenon.

Shadow libraries, also known as ''pirate libraries'', are online collections of copyrighted publications that have been made available for free without the permission of the copyright holders. They have gradually become key players of scientific knowledge dissemination, despite their illegality in most countries of the world. Many publishers and scientist-editors decry such libraries for their copyright infringement and loss of publication usage information, while some scholars and institutions support them, sometimes in a roundabout way, for their role in reducing inequalities of access to knowledge, particularly in low-income countries. Although there is a wealth of literature on shadow libraries, none of this have focused on its potential role in knowledge dissemination, through the open access movement. Here we analyze how shadow libraries can affect researchers' citation practices, highlighting some counter-intuitive findings about their impact on the Open Access Citation Advantage (OACA). Based on a large randomized sample, this study first shows that OA publications, including those in fully OA journals, receive more citations than their subscription-based counterparts do. However, the OACA has slightly decreased over the seven last years. The introduction of a distinction between those accessible or not via the Scihub platform among subscription-based suggest that the generalization of its use cancels the positive effect of OA publishing. The results show that publications in fully OA journals are victims of the success of Sci-hub. Thus, paradoxically, although Sci-hub may seem to facilitate access to scientific knowledge, it negatively affects the OA movement as a whole, by reducing the comparative advantage of OA publications in terms of visibility for researchers. The democratization of the use of Sci-hub may therefore lead to a vicious cycle, hindering efforts to develop full OA strategies without proposing a credible and sustainable alternative model fo, Comment: Scientometrics, 2023. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2206.06874

Browzine is an app, available for Apple, Android, and Desktops, that allows you to browse and access journals. Single interface access enables simple use regardless of device. All e-journals in the Monash Health Library collection are available through Browzine.

Browzine is an app, available for Apple, Android, and Desktops, that allows you to browse and access journals. Single interface access enables simple use regardless of device. All e-journals in the Monash Health Library collection are available through Browzine.

Smuggling of firearms is part of transnational crime, which is a form of crime that poses a major threat to global security and prosperity involving various countries. The formulation of the research problem is 1. How is the regulation regarding transnational organized crime according to international law 2. How is the analysis of firearm smuggling cases by the Philippines network to Papua region with the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). This study uses a normative juridical method which is studied using the law, primary, secondary data, and available legal materials. Data collection was carried out using library research and data analysis was carried out using qualitative analysis methods. The conclusion from the above problem is that as an effort to overcome the problem of cross-border firearm smuggling as a form of Transnational Organized Crime, then the regulation is made in international law, namely the Protocol Against The Illicit Manufacturing Of And Trafficking In Firearms, Parts and Components and Ammunition (2001) which became an additional protocol to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000), and the issue of arms smuggling is also regulated in the United Nations Action Program to Prevent, Combat, Eradicate Illicit Traffic in Light Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001) Furthermore, the analysis of firearm smuggling cases by the Philippines network to the Papua region in accordance with the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). it is very clear that it regulates the smuggling of illegal weapons, starting from the scope, punishment, and prevention, it is regulated in it. It's just that there are still many countries that have not implemented the provisions of the United Nations Firearms Protocol, including Indonesia. Keyword : Smuggling, Firearms, Transnational Organized Crime

This study investigated public library services on the literacy level of users in Kenneth Dike E-Central Library, Awka. Five research questions were used for the study. The research method adopted was the survey method and population consisted of 2543 registered users of Kenneth Dike public library. A sample size of 345 users was used. Mean was used for data analysis. Questionnaires and observation checklist were used for data collection. The study found that the available public library services that can promote the literacy level of users are consultancy services, exhibition and displays, book reservation services which have high mean score above 2.50. The extent of use of the available public library services by users to promote their literacy level are reprographic services, library instruction (user education), and inter-library loan which have high mean score above 2.50. The roles of public library in promoting literacy level of users in Kenneth Dike E-central Library in Awka are teaching of literacy skills, promotion of independent learning ,education on lifelong learning ,organizing library week, story-talk hour, creative activities or creative writing , book exhibition and book talk which have high mean score above 2.50. The challenges that hinder public library in providing effective services towards promoting literacy level are inadequate financial support, insufficient library materials, and poor library infrastructure which have high mean score above 2.50. The solutions to the challenges that hinder public library in providing effective services towards promoting literacy level of users are adequate financial support, sufficient library materials, and low cost of library materials which have high mean score. This study concludes that the impacts of public library services on promoting literacy level are high as they have the tendency of improving the reading culture of users. The study went on to recommend that sufficient and relevant library materials

Collection development is a most important process of a library. This process increases the reading materials of the library for the satisfaction of the reader approach. Collection development policy acts as a guide for selecting library materials. It helps to maintain library cooperation and communication between library staff. This process increases the reading materials of the library for the satisfaction of the reader approach. Collection development policies are written statements of goals and evaluative parameters to guide decision-making when adding material to a library collection. A large number of e-resources collection has become a challenge to libraries as a lot of information is now available to the public without having to visit and use the traditional library. American Library Association states that the collection development policies document which defines the scope of a library’s existing collections, plan for the continuing development of resources, identify collection strength and outline the relationship between selection philosophy and institutions goals, general selection criteria, and intellectual freedom. In electronic environment collection development policy select tools and processes, set the principles for the management of electronic resources, allocating the budget for buying of e-resources. Due to information technology, most of the libraries are involved in the sharing of the e-resources in many ways. The Collection development policy must indeed be clear whether the collection is in print or electronic form and also it should full fill the user's demand. This article tried to explore the different collection development policies for e-resources. The information provided in this article is based on secondary data. The information available in this article is a general kind of information and it is applicable in all kinds of libraries.

La lectura incide en el desarrollo personal y académico de los niños y niñas y es considerada una habilidad fundamental a desarrollar. Como resultado, los niños y niñas, desde edades tempranas, están expuestos a la lectura de historias, de manera que su visión del yo y del mundo se construye a partir de los patrones y valores que esas historias transmiten, pues la lectura puede adquirir la función de actuar como el germen de la construcción de una identidad. Tradicionalmente, la presencia de estereotipos de género ha sido muy común en literatura infantil y, por lo tanto, se corre el riesgo de que estas concepciones estereotipadas sean asumidas por el público infantil. Por lo tanto, resulta fundamental que los niños y niñas tengan acceso a una literatura entendida desde términos coeducativos. Como consecuencia, en este trabajo se presenta un estudio de una colección actual de álbumes ilustrados disponibles para su lectura en una Biblioteca Pública. La finalidad es analizar la representación del género que se realiza y valorar la tendencia actual en cuanto a la presencia de estereotipos de género en literatura infantil. Se trata de un acercamiento necesario para fomentar una elección de recursos lectores crítica y bien fundamentada., Reading has an impact on the personal and academic development of children and it is considered as a basic ability to develop. As a result of this, children are exposed to the reading of stories from an early age, so their view of themselves and the world is built through the patterns and values that those stories transmit. This is due to the reading’s function as the grounds for identity’s construction. Traditionally, the presence of gender stereotypes has been really usual in literature for children and, therefore, there is a risk of an assumption of these stereotyped conceptions by children. Hence, a coeducative literature has to be accessible to children. Consequently, this work presents a study about a collection of illustrated albums available in a public library. The aim is to analyse the representation of gender that is done and the actual tendency regarding the presence of gender stereotypes in literature for children. It is a required approach in order to encourage a critical and well-supported choice of reading resources.

In late 1964, due to the constant operations carried out by the Viet Cong, the US government faced major difficulties in dealing with the political situation in South Vietnam. President Lyndon Baynes Johnson opted for an effective show of strength, further evidencing his support for the South Vietnamese. The first resource used in the military assault were air raids, which provoked as much discussion as the delay in the deployment of ground troops. Between February and March 1965, President Johnson sent the first US military contingents to South Vietnam and launched a major bombing campaign against North Vietnam called “Rolling Thunder” initiating the country's official involvement in the war. In general terms, the air strikes failed to achieve their goals as they did not stop the flow of fighters and supplies to the Viet Cong. This article is aimed to recall how the Democratic Republic of North Vietnam managed to respond to US military aviation using Russian and Chinese aircraft and taking full advantage of their equipment and skilled pilots, as well as how the country overcame adversity, its own limitations and the immense US air power between 1965 and 1968. The major side effects of the air offensive against North Vietnam and their capitalization by the North Vietnamese as negative war propaganda will also be observed. To this end, the focus was put on the new field of Military History and the History of International Affairs. Available sources from the Presidential Library's online collections, Lyndon Baynes Johnson, the Cold War International History Project at the Wilson Center, the National Archives and Records Administration of the United States, the online archive of the French newspaper Le Monde and the US newspaper Chicago Tribune were additionally consulted. At the end of the present article, the works of Boniface (2015), Davies (2008), McNamara (1995), Moïse (1996), Morrocco (1984), Toperczer (2001), Van Staaveren (2002) are cited as bibliographic suppo, Em fins de 1964, o governo dos EUA encontrava-se diante de grandes dificuldades para lidar com a situação política no Vietnã do Sul, por conta da ação constante dos guerrilheiros vietcongues. O presidente Lyndon Baynes Johnson, optou por uma efetiva demonstração de força, evidenciando ainda mais o seu apoio aos Sul-vietnamitas. O primeiro recurso utilizado na investida militar foi o da ofensiva aérea, que gerou tantas discussões quanto a demora para a utilização de tropas terrestres. Entre fevereiro e março de 1965, o presidente Johnson enviou os primeiros contingentes militares dos EUA ao Vietnã do Sul e deflagrou uma grande campanha de bombardeios contra o Vietnã do Norte chamada Rolling Thunder, inaugurando o envolvimento oficial do país na guerra. As ofensivas aéreas não atingiam seus objetivos como um todo, pois não faziam cessar o fluxo de homens e materiais que abasteciam os vietcongues. Este artigo pretende recordar sobre como a então República Democratica do Vietnã do Norte conseguiu com o seu sistema defensivo, reagir aos ataques da aviação militar norte americana, utilizando aeronaves de origem russa e chinesa, como tiraram o máximo proveito da habilidade de seus pilotos e de seu equipamento e de que forma o país superou as adversidades, suas próprias limitações e o imenso poderio aéreo dos EUA entre os anos de 1965 e 1968. Observou-se ainda como os efeitos colaterais da ofensiva aérea ao Vietnã do Norte foram grandes, e como foi capitalizada pelos norte vietnamitas como propaganda negativa da guerra. Para tanto trabalhamos com uma abordagem no campo da nova História Militar e da História das Relações Internacionais. Utilizamos as fontes disponíveis em acervos online da Biblioteca presidencial, Lyndon Baynes Johnson, do Cold War International History Project localizado no Wilson Center, dos Arquivos Nacionais dos EUA (NARA), do arquivo online do Jornal francês Le Monde e do jornal norte-americano Chicago Tribune. Para o propósito do artigo tomou-se como, A finales de 1964, el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos se enfrentaba a grandes dificultades para lidiar con la situación política en Vietnam del Sur, debido a la acción constante de la guerrilla vietnamita. El presidente Lyndon Baynes Johnson optó por una demostración efectiva de fuerza, subrayando aún más su apoyo a los vietnamitas del sur. El primer recurso utilizado en el ataque militar fue el de la ofensiva aérea, que provocó tantas discusiones como el retraso en la utilización de tropas terrestres. Entre febrero y marzo de 1965 el presidente Johnson envió los primeros contingentes militares de los Estados Unidos a Vietnam del Sur y lanzó una importante campaña de bombardeos contra Vietnam del Norte llamada Rolling Thunder, para inaugurar la participación oficial del país en la guerra. Las ofensivas aéreas no lograron sus objetivos en su conjunto, ya que no detuvieron el flujo de hombres y materiales que abastecían al Viet Cong. Este artículo tiene como objetivo recordar cómo la entonces República Democratica de Vietnam del Norte logró con su sistema defensivo responder a los ataques de la aviación militar de los EUA, utilizando aviones de origen ruso y chino; cómo aprovecharon al máximo la capacidad de sus pilotos, sus equipajes y cómo el país superó la adversidad, sus propias limitaciones y el inmenso poder aéreo estadounidense entre 1965 y 1968. También se observó cómo los efectos secundarios de la ofensiva aérea contra Vietnam del Norte fueron grandes y cómo fueron capitalizados por los norvietnamitas como propaganda negativa de la guerra. Con este fin, trabajamos con un enfoque en el campo de la nueva Historia Militar y la Historia de las Relaciones Internacionales. Utilizamos las fuentes disponibles de las colecciones en línea de la Biblioteca Presidencial, Lyndon Baynes Johnson, el Proyecto de Historia Internacional de la Guerra Fría ubicado en el Centro Wilson, los Archivos Nacionales de los Estados Unidos (NARA), el archivo en línea del periódico francés

In this article, by having as sources the magazine Je Sais Tout-published in France between 1905 and 1939 -and Eu Sei Tudo -was edited in Brazil between 1917 and 1958 -and by adopting the History of Illustrated magazine as a theoretical reference and from a Transnational History perspective, this articleaims to investigate the circulation of this French magazine in Brazil and its cultural transfers to the Brazilian one. All issues of Eu Sei Tudoand some of Je Sais Tout –available in the online collection of the National Library of France (Gallica) –were researched, with emphasis on the first decade of publication of both journals. We consider the hypothesis that Eu Sei Tudo, despite the national appropriations and tones, propagated on its pages content linked to behaviors and gestures that often reiterated a Eurocentric view., Tomando como fontes a revista Je Sais Tout - publicada na França entre 1905 e 1939 - e a Eu Sei Tudo - editada no Brasil entre os anos de 1917 - e adotando como referencial teórico a perspectiva da história transnacional, este artigo tem como objetivo investigar a circulação dessa revista francesa no Brasil e suas transferências culturais para a brasileira. Foram pesquisados todos os números da Eu Sei Tudo e alguns da Je Sais Tout – disponíveis no acervo online da Biblioteca Nacional da França (Gallica), dando ênfase a primeira década de publicação de ambas as revistas. Consideramos a hipótese de que a Eu Sei Tudo, em que pesem as apropriações e tons nacionais, propagou em suas páginas conteúdos vinculados a comportamentos e gestos que, frequentemente, reiteravam um olhar eurocêntrico.

Smuggling of firearms is part of transnational crime, which is a form of crime that poses a major threat to global security and prosperity involving various countries. The formulation of the research problem is 1. How is the regulation regarding transnational organized crime according to international law 2. How is the analysis of firearm smuggling cases by the Philippines network to Papua region with the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). This study uses a normative juridical method which is studied using the law, primary, secondary data, and available legal materials. Data collection was carried out using library research and data analysis was carried out using qualitative analysis methods. The conclusion from the above problem is that as an effort to overcome the problem of cross-border firearm smuggling as a form of Transnational Organized Crime, then the regulation is made in international law, namely the Protocol Against The Illicit Manufacturing Of And Trafficking In Firearms, Parts and Components and Ammunition (2001) which became an additional protocol to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000), and the issue of arms smuggling is also regulated in the United Nations Action Program to Prevent, Combat, Eradicate Illicit Traffic in Light Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001) Furthermore, the analysis of firearm smuggling cases by the Philippines network to the Papua region in accordance with the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). it is very clear that it regulates the smuggling of illegal weapons, starting from the scope, punishment, and prevention, it is regulated in it. It's just that there are still many countries that have not implemented the provisions of the United Nations Firearms Protocol, including Indonesia. Keyword : Smuggling, Firearms, Transnational Organized Crime

Controlled digital lending (CDL) is a model by which libraries digitize materials in their collection and make them available for lending. It is based on interpretations of U.S. copyright principles of fair use and copyright exhaustion. However, there is significant controversy among the actors involved (authors, writers and libraries) about the legality of this model.

At the University Libraries we’ve always been committed to the principle of access—access to information across a wide spectrum of disciplines in service to the Virginia Tech community. Today this commitment to access remains stronger than ever, further emboldened by the advent of new technologies that make possible unprecedented distribution of knowledge via the Internet, free of charge to all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds throughout the world. We believe that openness is the future of higher education. Openness ensures greater dissemination, inclusiveness, and integrity for the advancement of knowledge and the education of the next generation. While not all knowledge can be open, we believe that the vast majority can and should be. This booklet introduces a few of the many open resources you can find in and through the Library. The first section, “For Scholars,” highlights the wealth of open scholarship in the Library’s collections as well as tools we make available to researchers for writing and publishing open scholarship. The second section, “For Instructors and Students,” focuses on tools and resources specifically aimed at making learning accessible, abundant, and customizable for all.

Smuggling of firearms is part of transnational crime, which is a form of crime that poses a major threat to global security and prosperity involving various countries. The formulation of the research problem is 1. How is the regulation regarding transnational organized crime according to international law 2. How is the analysis of firearm smuggling cases by the Philippines network to Papua region with the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). This study uses a normative juridical method which is studied using the law, primary, secondary data, and available legal materials. Data collection was carried out using library research and data analysis was carried out using qualitative analysis methods. The conclusion from the above problem is that as an effort to overcome the problem of cross-border firearm smuggling as a form of Transnational Organized Crime, then the regulation is made in international law, namely the Protocol Against The Illicit Manufacturing Of And Trafficking In Firearms, Parts and Components and Ammunition (2001) which became an additional protocol to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000), and the issue of arms smuggling is also regulated in the United Nations Action Program to Prevent, Combat, Eradicate Illicit Traffic in Light Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001) Furthermore, the analysis of firearm smuggling cases by the Philippines network to the Papua region in accordance with the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). it is very clear that it regulates the smuggling of illegal weapons, starting from the scope, punishment, and prevention, it is regulated in it. It's just that there are still many countries that have not implemented the provisions of the United Nations Firearms Protocol, including Indonesia. Keyword : Smuggling, Firearms, Transnational Organized Crime

Smuggling of firearms is part of transnational crime, which is a form of crime that poses a major threat to global security and prosperity involving various countries. The formulation of the research problem is 1. How is the regulation regarding transnational organized crime according to international law 2. How is the analysis of firearm smuggling cases by the Philippines network to Papua region with the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). This study uses a normative juridical method which is studied using the law, primary, secondary data, and available legal materials. Data collection was carried out using library research and data analysis was carried out using qualitative analysis methods. The conclusion from the above problem is that as an effort to overcome the problem of cross-border firearm smuggling as a form of Transnational Organized Crime, then the regulation is made in international law, namely the Protocol Against The Illicit Manufacturing Of And Trafficking In Firearms, Parts and Components and Ammunition (2001) which became an additional protocol to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000), and the issue of arms smuggling is also regulated in the United Nations Action Program to Prevent, Combat, Eradicate Illicit Traffic in Light Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001) Furthermore, the analysis of firearm smuggling cases by the Philippines network to the Papua region in accordance with the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). it is very clear that it regulates the smuggling of illegal weapons, starting from the scope, punishment, and prevention, it is regulated in it. It's just that there are still many countries that have not implemented the provisions of the United Nations Firearms Protocol, including Indonesia. Keyword : Smuggling, Firearms, Transnational Organized Crime

Smuggling of firearms is part of transnational crime, which is a form of crime that poses a major threat to global security and prosperity involving various countries. The formulation of the research problem is 1. How is the regulation regarding transnational organized crime according to international law 2. How is the analysis of firearm smuggling cases by the Philippines network to Papua region with the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). This study uses a normative juridical method which is studied using the law, primary, secondary data, and available legal materials. Data collection was carried out using library research and data analysis was carried out using qualitative analysis methods. The conclusion from the above problem is that as an effort to overcome the problem of cross-border firearm smuggling as a form of Transnational Organized Crime, then the regulation is made in international law, namely the Protocol Against The Illicit Manufacturing Of And Trafficking In Firearms, Parts and Components and Ammunition (2001) which became an additional protocol to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000), and the issue of arms smuggling is also regulated in the United Nations Action Program to Prevent, Combat, Eradicate Illicit Traffic in Light Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001) Furthermore, the analysis of firearm smuggling cases by the Philippines network to the Papua region in accordance with the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). it is very clear that it regulates the smuggling of illegal weapons, starting from the scope, punishment, and prevention, it is regulated in it. It's just that there are still many countries that have not implemented the provisions of the United Nations Firearms Protocol, including Indonesia. Keyword : Smuggling, Firearms, Transnational Organized Crime

Our collection of library resources is always evolving. New titles are available in our medical collection on a regular basis.

Our collection of library resources is always evolving. New titles are available in our medical collection on a regular basis.

With many higher education institutions transitioning to online education in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, academic libraries have increasingly been forced to adjust collection development approaches. This furthers the existing trend towards electronic content and libraries will need to respond by seeking out non-traditional sources; one potential source is society publishers. Society publishers produce important literature in niche fields, but their collections are not always available for library use in electronic format. The American Fisheries Society (AFS) is one such publisher, with 106 monograph titles only available to libraries in print. The faculty, staff, and students in the Fisheries and Wildlife Department at Michigan State University (MSU) rely heavily on AFS monographs, leading the MSU Library to contact AFS to inquire about purchasing ebooks for the library. Electronic access to these texts would allow students, instructors, and researchers to access any title remotely, greatly enhancing their usefulness for remote learning. This paper will describe the negotiation process, MSU’s internal accessibility review of the materials, and the logistics of making the ebook collection available to users.

The Library website is the reflection of library resources, services, and all the things about the library. Library website helps the users to access and utilize the services online. The present study investigates the library’s website of the top-ranked 30 law institutes of India, ranked by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in the year 2021.The required content information has been collected through searching, browsing, and analyzing the selected library websites of said Institutes from 1st September to 30th October, 2021.It analyzed the General Information of selected 30 law institute’s library websites. The study explored that the selected institute’s library services and collection and legal databases, remote access e-resources. Information is available on library websites GNLUG 88.23%, UPESD 82.35% and IITK 76.47%. WBNUJSK, JMIND, SLSP, NLIUB, SASTRAT, CUB, NLUJAK, ALIM, LPUP, UPESD, PUC have more than 70%. Maximum institutes having SCC online, Lexis Nexis, and MANUPATR,WESTLAW, Hein Online, JASTOR, legal database. All institutes having References Services, Reprographic Services, reading room services, and WEB OPAC/OPAC.

The investigator has discussed the users’ attitudes towards library resources and services of first grade colleges of Bangalore city. The purpose of the study is to identify the awareness of library resources and services. The findings of the study is that majority of 74.86% of students satisfied with the space for the reading room followed by 66%, 63.71%, 62.57%, and 57.43% are stated that they satisfied with the furniture, Toilet, Ventilation, and cleanliness available in the library. The suggestion was given by the investigator library collection and other operations must be computerized to meet the users’ needs quickly and promptly

The purpose of this study was to explore students’ satisfaction with resources and services in school libraries in the Punjab, Pakistan, and to make suggestions for improving the resources and services of these libraries in accordance with students’ needs. The quantitative research method was employed to address research questions of the study. The quantitative data were collected from students of four selected schools in the Punjab, Pakistan through the questionnaire by employing the convenience sampling technique. The findings of the study suggest that the majority of the students used and visited the libraries weekly. Most of the respondents visited the libraries to read newspapers and magazines, while nearly thirty percent of students visited the libraries to borrow books. The majority of the respondents were satisfied with reference material, library collection, text books, newspapers and magazines and the catalogue available in the libraries. The respondents were also satisfied with instructional services, reprographic services, and orientation programs offered by the libraries .The findings of the study will help library management and school administration to design and improve library resources and services in accordance with students’ expectations and needs, and fulfill the students’ requirements effectively.

Increasing number of books published in a year and decreasing budgets have made collection development increasingly difficult in libraries. Despite the data to help decision making being available in the library systems, the librarians have little means to utilize the data. In addition, modern key technologies, such as machine learning, that generate more value out data have not yet been utilized in the field of libraries to their full extent. This study was set to discover a way to build a recommendation system that could help librarians who are struggling with book selection process. This thesis proposed a novel hybrid recommendation system for library book selection. The data used to build the system consisted of book metadata and book circulation data of books located in Joensuu City Library’s adult fiction collection. The proposed system was based on both rule-based components and a machine learning model. The user interface for the system was build using web technologies so that the system could be used via using web browser. The proposed recommendation system was evaluated using two different methods: automated tests and focus group methodology. The system achieved an accuracy of 79.79% and F1 score of 0.86 in automated tests. Uncertainty rate of the system was 27.87%. With these results in automated tests, the proposed system outperformed baseline machine learning models. The main suggestions that were gathered from focus group evaluation were that while the proposed system was found interesting, librarians thought it would need more features and configurability in order to be usable in real world scenarios. Results indicate that making good quality recommendations using book metadata is challenging because the data is high dimensional categorical data by its nature. Main implications of the results are that recommendation systems in domain of library collection development should focus on data pre-processing and feature engineering. Further invest

Numerous advances in technology and tools available have enabled libraries and archives to make collections visible and accessible, however challenges to the process remain. Digitization can be a complex process requires decision-making, analysis, and planning when starting a project. Best practices for the process often include material selection criteria, technology, preservation measures, quality control, and enhancement procedures. After digitization, creating metadata or descriptive information requires not only the librarian’s technical knowledge but also subject expertise. To evaluate and determine what information to retain to facilitate users finding the content, it is essential to know the communities we serve. This presentation will discuss the experiences of two academic libraries with digitization and metadata creation to improve access to archival materials. The presentation will also feature a demonstration of a “Travel Digitization Kit” available from SEFLIN to support digitization initiatives by member libraries.

In 2014, the city council of Utrecht decided not to proceed with building the new library that had been planned for sixteen years, arguing that reuse of an existing building would be the preferred option. Reuse of the privately owned main post office was the alternative presented, leading to the opening of the Neude Library in 2020. To implement the proposal successfully, the architects were obliged to connect the historic building into the fabric of the city. Another challenge was to create logical, navigable public spaces in a building designed originally for people who never went beyond the magnificent main hall. In the building, work and study places, the collection and rooms for activities competed for the available space. The Neude Library has not only a wonderful main hall for events and exhibitions but also a movie room, theatre, café, brasserie and lobby for the theatre and meeting rooms, and a lab for modern technology. The post office was built as a Gesamtkunstwerk (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamt kunstwerk) with different forms of art added to the architecture. During the whole process the citizens of Utrecht were kept informed and engaged in the process through tours, think tanks and a series of 21 short movies on the building process.

There is a wealth of data on air pollution within several users' reach, including modelled concentrations and depositions as well as observations from air quality stations. However, data integration to perceive spatial and temporal trends at the national level is a complex undertaking. The difficulties are mainly related to the data sources (many files with a lot of information and in different formats). In addition, the processing of this data is time-consuming and impractical when the time period under analysis increases. Furthermore,the processing of spatial-temporal data requires the use of multiple specific tools, such as geographic information systems software and statistical, which are not readily accessible to non-specialised users. The proposed solution is to develop libraries that are responsible for aggregating different types of data related with pollution. In addition to allowing the integration of different data, the libraries are also the basis for developing web applications. The libraries allow the collection of data made available by the Portuguese Environment Agency (APA) and official modelling results for Europe. The applications developed will extend the libraries to allow data processing and representation through Dashboards. These Dashboards provide access to non-specialised users, namely regarding the trends of pollutants in each region. The implemented libraries allow the development of projects that would need access to the same data sources. These Dashboards allow for simplified access to data and for studies that have so far been beyond the reach of researchers.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to increase knowledge about how Swedish research libraries work with special collections, in aspects of preservation and user availability. Currently there is no general regulation in Swedish law regarding special collections, which may cause inconsistency in the management of collections. In order to illustrate this problem, and investigate what commission research libraries have when it comes to special collections, the current legislation and other policy documents are being studied. To exemplify how two large research libraries work with their special collections, the National Library of Sweden and Uppsala University Library are being studied through interviews with one special collection librarian from each library. The purpose is to see if there are considerable similarities and differences between the two libraries’ work. To analyze the empirical results in a theoretical context, ideas from institutional theory are being used. The main results of the study show that the two interviewed librarians work in similar ways, and that both stress the importance of seeing the work with special collections in a long-term perspective. They also highlight the importance of practical work, such as cataloguing, for making the collections available now and in the future. The leadership of the libraries, and their strategic and economic priorities, are key for providing enough resources. Also, knowledge and understanding the needs of special collections are crucial in library organizations. The thesis conclusion is that it would be desirable to have a legislation or national plan regarding special collections in research libraries, to make sure that the collections are treated in a proper manner, and preserved for future generations.

Two of the dominating figures of twentieth century physical oceanography/geophysics were Henry (Hank) Stommel and Walter Munk, whose early correspondence is discussed here. Stommel worked on the East Coast at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University from 1944 to 1992, when he died at age 71. Munk’s career was based on the West Coast at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California San Diego, from 1941 until his death at age 101 in 2019. Both were well recognized during their lifetimes, and a number of descriptions of their lives and works are listed in a bibliography at the end of this note. An intended centenary observation for Stommel was planned for September 2020 but was postponed because of the pandemic. Anyone fortunate enough to have known these two oceanographers would have recognized the remarkable differences in their personalities and lives. In the process of attempting to document the scientific achievements of these men, an exchange of letters between them in the period onward from 1947 came to light in the UC San Diego (UCSD) Library’s Special Collections & Archives (see Acknowledgments). Reading through the available correspondence (with inevitable evidence of gaps), one is struck by the great cordiality, collegiality, and clear evidence of their enjoyment of each other’s company; their mutual interests in dynamical oceanography and its biological implications; and the great diversity of scientific problems in which they had a joint interest.