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Neem is a potent blood purifier, detoxifier, and fever reducer according to Ayurvedic scriptures. Neem's astringent properties aid in the promotion of healing even further. Medicated neem oil is considered one of the best for treating skin conditions. Neem works well as an anti-inflammatory for discomfort in the muscles and joints. Diterpenesuginol, nimbiol (bark), triterpenes, beta-sitosterol, stigmastrol (leaf), Limonoids, Malliantriol (seed oil), Nimbendiol (seed oil), and azardiractin (seed) are among the groups of substances that have been isolated from the plant in good amounts. These compounds are sulphurous. In summary, this investigation unequivocally demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of neem oil against bacterial strains isolated from various environments. Today, more research on antimicrobials originating from plants is required. To identify the antibacterial chemicals found in these plants and to ascertain the full range of their activity, more investigation is required. Nonetheless, the current investigation into the in vitro antibacterial assessment of specific plants serves as a foundation for future phytochemical and pharmacological research aimed at finding novel antibacterial medications.

Neem is a potent blood purifier, detoxifier, and fever reducer according to Ayurvedic scriptures. Neem's astringent properties aid in the promotion of healing even further. Medicated neem oil is considered one of the best for treating skin conditions. Neem works well as an anti-inflammatory for discomfort in the muscles and joints. Diterpenesuginol, nimbiol (bark), triterpenes, beta-sitosterol, stigmastrol (leaf), Limonoids, Malliantriol (seed oil), Nimbendiol (seed oil), and azardiractin (seed) are among the groups of substances that have been isolated from the plant in good amounts. These compounds are sulphurous. In summary, this investigation unequivocally demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of neem oil against bacterial strains isolated from various environments. Today, more research on antimicrobials originating from plants is required. To identify the antibacterial chemicals found in these plants and to ascertain the full range of their activity, more investigation is required. Nonetheless, the current investigation into the in vitro antibacterial assessment of specific plants serves as a foundation for future phytochemical and pharmacological research aimed at finding novel antibacterial medications.

Introduction: The present study was carried out with an objective to investigate the  antimicrobial potentials of various extracts of Shwetavarshabuvadi formulation on  common pathogens causing skin and soft tissue infections.  Methods: Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of study formulation with three  concentrations 10%, 20%, 30% were prepared using Continuous extraction method by  Soxhlet Apparatus. All extracts were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC  29213), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC  27853). The susceptibility tests were performed using Agar ditch method. The  antibacterial activity was assessed on the basis of Zone of inhibition and activity index.  Results :As compared with standard drug (doxycycline), the results revealed that all  extracts possesses anti-bacterial activity in dose dependent manner but aqueous extract  was found to have maximum activity against all pathogens taken in this study.  Maximum antibacterial activity was reported against S.aureus followed by  P.aeruginosa by all extracts. E.Coli was resistant at 10 % conc. of both extracts of the  study formulation. Conclusion: In vitro findings of this study confirmed antibacterial activity of  Shwetavarshabuvadi formulation on common pathogens causing skin and soft tissue  infections.

Pendahuluan: Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi resistensi adalah mengkombinasikan antibiotik dengan herbal yang bersifat antimikroba. Allium sativum L. terbukti memiliki efek antibakteri untuk Gram positif dan Gram negatif dengan kandungan organosulfur dan senyawa metabolit sekunder. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bentuk interaksi dari kombinasi Gentamisin dengan fraksi n-Heksana, etil asetat dan air dari ekstrak etanol Allium sativum L. terhadap E. coli. Metode: Melihat bentuk interaksi dari kombinasi antibiotik dengan herbal terhadap bakteri menggunakan uji Zone of Inhibition (ZOI). ZOI yang sudah terbentuk diukur menggunakan jangka sorong menurut metode Kirby-baurier of Susceptibility Testing dalam satuan mm dan dibandingkan dengan metode Ameri-Ziaei Double Antibiotic Synergism Test (AZDAST). Hasil: Gentamisin dosis tunggal memiliki ZOI sebesar 21,70 ± 0,67 mm – 23,88 ± 5,47 mm. Gentamisin dosis ganda memiliki ZOI sebesar 24,40 ± 0,85 mm - 25,53 ± 2,02 mm. Kombinasi Gentamisin dengan fraksi n-Heksana memiliki ZOI sebesar 22,53 ± 2,82 mm. Kombinasi Gentamisin dengan fraksi etil asetat memiliki ZOI sebesar 26,18 ± 0,79 mm. Kombinasi Gentamisin dengan fraksi air memiliki ZOI sebesar 20,42 ± 1,73 mm. Kesimpulan: Kombinasi Gentamisin dengan fraksi n-heksana, etil asetat dan air masing-masing memiliki bentuk interaksi not distinguishable, aditif dan not distinguishable. Kata kunci: Allium sativum L.; Gentamisin; Zone of Inhibition; Kombinasi Antibiotik dan Herbal; Escherichia coli

Pendahuluan: Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi resistensi adalah mengkombinasikan antibiotik dengan herbal yang bersifat antimikroba. Allium sativum L. terbukti memiliki efek antibakteri untuk Gram positif dan Gram negatif dengan kandungan organosulfur dan senyawa metabolit sekunder. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bentuk interaksi dari kombinasi Gentamisin dengan fraksi n-Heksana, etil asetat dan air dari ekstrak etanol Allium sativum L. terhadap E. coli. Metode: Melihat bentuk interaksi dari kombinasi antibiotik dengan herbal terhadap bakteri menggunakan uji Zone of Inhibition (ZOI). ZOI yang sudah terbentuk diukur menggunakan jangka sorong menurut metode Kirby-baurier of Susceptibility Testing dalam satuan mm dan dibandingkan dengan metode Ameri-Ziaei Double Antibiotic Synergism Test (AZDAST). Hasil: Gentamisin dosis tunggal memiliki ZOI sebesar 21,70 ± 0,67 mm – 23,88 ± 5,47 mm. Gentamisin dosis ganda memiliki ZOI sebesar 24,40 ± 0,85 mm - 25,53 ± 2,02 mm. Kombinasi Gentamisin dengan fraksi n-Heksana memiliki ZOI sebesar 22,53 ± 2,82 mm. Kombinasi Gentamisin dengan fraksi etil asetat memiliki ZOI sebesar 26,18 ± 0,79 mm. Kombinasi Gentamisin dengan fraksi air memiliki ZOI sebesar 20,42 ± 1,73 mm. Kesimpulan: Kombinasi Gentamisin dengan fraksi n-heksana, etil asetat dan air masing-masing memiliki bentuk interaksi not distinguishable, aditif dan not distinguishable. Kata kunci: Allium sativum L.; Gentamisin; Zone of Inhibition; Kombinasi Antibiotik dan Herbal; Escherichia coli

From a medical point of view lot of existing antibiotics became unusable because microbial gained strong antibiotic resistance. The combination of two compounds in one core may lead to kill such type of pathogens. Herein, we developed pyranopyrazole derivatives comprising benzoxazole moiety by green approach strategy and studied their antimicrobial performance on four bacteria and two fungi. As a result, most of the compounds delivered reliable toxicity to kill the pathogens. In those, 6a exhibited considerable activity against the microbial pathogens. Moreover, compounds 6d, 6l, and 6n showed prominent antibacterial activity. In addition, molecular docking studies of docked compounds revealed the strong bonding interaction with DNA-Gyrase and were docked into the intercalation location of DNA of the DNA-gyrase complex. The molecule bounded to the DNA stabilized by the H bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and π-π interaction. In addition, the linked 5-chlorobenazoxazole structure stabilized by the DT-8 and DG2009 of the F chain with pi-pi interactions. From the computer-aided results, it was observed that compound 6a demonstrated maximum docking score −10.0 kcal/mole towards DNA-gyrase. Overall, this investigation suggested that these biologically active compounds can be utilized as leads for preclinical studies with the goal of developing newer antimicrobial drugs. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.

Pendahuluan: Kombinasi Phyllanthus niruri L. dan Chloramphenicol diketahui memiliki interaksi yang aditif terhadap daya hambat S.aureus. Penggunaan obat tradisional jenis OHT digunakan karena bahan telah memenuhi standar kualitas dan mutu yang telah di uji secara praklinik, namun belum ada penelitian mengenai kombinasi OHT P.niruri dan Chloramphenicol terhadap pertumbuhan S.aureus. Penggunaan obat herbal sebagai pendamping obat sintetik di masyarakat menjadikan landasan dilakukan pengujian untuk mengetahui daya hambat dan interaksi OHT P.niruri dengan Chloramphenicol terhadap S.aureus. Metode: Untuk mengetahui daya hambat dlilakukan pengukuran zone of inhibition dengan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer antara kombinasi OHT P.niruri dan Chloramphenicol, penggunaan dosis OHT P.niruri berdasarkan anjuran minum (183.3ppm) dan dosis setengah anjuran minum (91.65 ppm). Dilakukan pengujian fitokimia untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa aktif yang terdapat pada OHT P.niruri. Dilakukan pengukuran zona bening untuk mengetahui efek penghambatan antibiotik yang diukur menggunakan jangka sorong. Interaksi antibiotik diinterpretasikan menggunakan metode Ameri-Ziaei Double Antibiotic Synergism Test (AZDAST) dan berdasarkan data statistik (p<0.05). Hasil: Uji fitokimia OHT P.niruri didapatkan adanya kandungan senyawa aktif berupa flavonoid dan saponin. Kombinasi OHT P.niruri dan Chloramphenicol pada penggunaan dosis 183.3ppm menghasilkan zona bening 15.17±0.09 mm lebih besar dibandingkan pada dosis 91.65 ppm yang menghasilkan zona bening 14.09±2.18 mm. Kesimpulan: Penentuan interaksi ZOI kombinasi OHT P.niruri dan Chloramphenicol memiliki interaksi yang tidak dapat dibedakan (Not Distinguishable).

Pendahuluan: Kombinasi Phyllanthus niruri L. dan Chloramphenicol diketahui memiliki interaksi yang aditif terhadap daya hambat S.aureus. Penggunaan obat tradisional jenis OHT digunakan karena bahan telah memenuhi standar kualitas dan mutu yang telah di uji secara praklinik, namun belum ada penelitian mengenai kombinasi OHT P.niruri dan Chloramphenicol terhadap pertumbuhan S.aureus. Penggunaan obat herbal sebagai pendamping obat sintetik di masyarakat menjadikan landasan dilakukan pengujian untuk mengetahui daya hambat dan interaksi OHT P.niruri dengan Chloramphenicol terhadap S.aureus. Metode: Untuk mengetahui daya hambat dlilakukan pengukuran zone of inhibition dengan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer antara kombinasi OHT P.niruri dan Chloramphenicol, penggunaan dosis OHT P.niruri berdasarkan anjuran minum (183.3ppm) dan dosis setengah anjuran minum (91.65 ppm). Dilakukan pengujian fitokimia untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa aktif yang terdapat pada OHT P.niruri. Dilakukan pengukuran zona bening untuk mengetahui efek penghambatan antibiotik yang diukur menggunakan jangka sorong. Interaksi antibiotik diinterpretasikan menggunakan metode Ameri-Ziaei Double Antibiotic Synergism Test (AZDAST) dan berdasarkan data statistik (p<0.05). Hasil: Uji fitokimia OHT P.niruri didapatkan adanya kandungan senyawa aktif berupa flavonoid dan saponin. Kombinasi OHT P.niruri dan Chloramphenicol pada penggunaan dosis 183.3ppm menghasilkan zona bening 15.17±0.09 mm lebih besar dibandingkan pada dosis 91.65 ppm yang menghasilkan zona bening 14.09±2.18 mm. Kesimpulan: Penentuan interaksi ZOI kombinasi OHT P.niruri dan Chloramphenicol memiliki interaksi yang tidak dapat dibedakan (Not Distinguishable).

Innovative therapeutic heterocycles having precisely thiadiazolyl-pyranopyrazole fragments were prepared by using the ecofriendly synthetic route. Entire compounds formed in quantitative yields. All the composites tested for their antimicrobial effectiveness against four microbial, two beneficial fungi's and accurately measured the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC and MBC/MFC), along with some initial structure activity relationships (SARs) also discussed. From the biological outcomes, the motif 6f provided an outstanding activity against all six pathogens. The possible presence of a nitro substituent on this composite may undoubtedly enhance the activity. In addition, amalgams 6d, 6g and 6l displayed promising antimicrobial results. This may be justified to the presence of electron capture group attached to the benzene ring, while the combinations 6j and 6k were zero effect towards all bacterial strains. The other compounds were excellent to low antimicrobial efficiency. The intriguing point was observed that all the active compounds had in common immense antibacterial effectiveness on Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive one and more antifungal activity on A. niger compare to other fungus. All things considered and suggested that this outstanding green synthetic approach is used to develop biological active compounds. On top of that, biological results confirmed that these biologically energetic motifs suitable for additional preclinical examine with the aim of standing novel innovative drugs. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Objective: Aspergillus fumigatus is the main causative agent of invasive aspergillosis. Upon inhalation conidia pass the mucosal barrier and end up in the lung cavities, the alveoli. Surveilling lung macrophages and type II lung epithelial cells produce amongst others intra-and extracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) to prevent fungal growth. ROS consists of superoxides, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. Fungal components involved in protection against these compounds are superoxide dismutase (O2 -), catalases (H2O2 ), L-DOPA melanine (OH. ) due to the existence of different oxidative states of the quinone residues. A. fumigatus produces DHN-melanine present in spores whereas pyomelanine is produced by hyphae. Both types of melanines were suggested to play a role in protection against ROS but the evidence of their protective role is very thin. In addition, how these compounds protect at a chemical level has not been investigated. Our objective is to unravel the protective mechanisms of fungal components against ROS and RNS. We expect that surface exposed and/or secreted fungal component are involved in protection. In this study we have investigated the sensitivity of spores of WT A. fumigatus strain and mutants with disruption in genes involved in production of DHN-melanine (PksP), pyomelanine (HppD) or the rodlets (Roda or RodB) for hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. Methods: Spores or fungal cells were incubated with different concentrations of H2O2 or hydroxyl radicals for several time intervals and survival was determined after dilution plating on PDA agar media and counting CFU. Spores were plated on minimal medium plates containing different concentrations of H2O2 and zones of inhibition were determined. L-tyrosine was added to culture media to determine the role of pyomelanine. Results: Comparison of sensitivity for hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radicals of the WT A. fumigatus strain with any of the mutants in different types

The worldwide collapse of honey bee colonies, collectively known as "colony collapse disorder" (CCD) has been heavily investigated in recent years. Currently, factors influencing the occurrence of CCD include a number of stressors, including bacterial infections, viruses, fungal infection, food limitations, or pesticide exposure. The synergistic effects of these stressors is currently not understood. The neonicotinoid family of pesticides in particular is reported to have negative effects on honey bee health. Exposure to imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid pesticide, appears to depress immune function in honey bees. Experiment 1 of this thesis examines the effects of exposing honey bees infected with Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) to imidacloprid. Day-old honey bees from the Bucknell University apiary were injected with DWV viral lysate, then exposed to varying levels of sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid over the course of five days. After five days, the levels of viral RNA within the bees were analyzed and quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data indicate that exposure to imidacloprid leads to increased levels of functioning DWV in the honey bees. These results suggest that pesticide and viral interactions can synergistically affect honey bee health and act to decrease overall colony health. In a follow-up experiment, we found that bees that had been exposed to high pesticide levels and DWV had higher levels of proline in their brains. Proline is the predominant free amino acid in the bodies of honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers, drones, and queens, and is hypothesized to be involved with many physiological functions. It reduces the super cooling point of bees and allows them to survive cold temperatures without freezing. Other studies suggest that proline plays a role in honey bee immunity. Proline is decreased in bees afflicted with the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae, perhaps by creating nutritional or energetic stress. Proline accounts fo

Disease outbreaks are being increasingly recognized as a significant constraint on aquaculture production and trade affecting the economic development of the sector in many countries. Extracting and using biologically active compounds from earthworms has traditionally been practiced by indigenous people throughout the world. The aim of the present study was to shown antimicrobial activity through earthworm extract against fish bacterial pathogens. In total, 8 bacterial strains i.e. 6 gram negative viz. Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, E.coli, Enterobacter aerogens and Shigella sp. and 2 gram positive viz. Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus were identified. The extract of earthworm Perionyx excavatus, Pheretima posthuma were prepared and antimicrobial activity of the extract was determined by antimicrobial well diffusion assay. After 24 hrs of incubation period, it was observed that earthworm extract showed antibacterial activity against isolated bacterial strains. Among earthworm extract of two different species, the maximum zone of inhibition was shown against A. hydrophila by Perionyx excavatus (18.33± 0.66 mm) and P. posthuma (16.66±0.33). P. excavatus showed antibacterial activity against all pathogenic bacteria except Shigella spp. However on the other hand, P.posthuma showed antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila, P. fluorescens, E.coli, and S. aureus. The study has proved that earthworm extract can be effectively used for suppression of bacterial infection in fishes and that it can used as potential antimicrobial drug against commercial antibiotic resistance bacteria.

A few mixed ligand transition metal carbodithioate complexes of the general formula [M(4-MPipzcdt)x(phen)y]Y (M = Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II); 4-MPipzcdt = 4-methylpiperazine-1-carbodithioate; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; x = 1 and y = 2 when Y = Cl; x = 2 and y = 1 when Y = nil) were synthesized and screened for their antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcusfaecalis by disk diffusion method. All the complexes exhibited prominent antimicrobial activity against tested pathogenic strains with the MIC values in the range <8-512 μgmL-1. The complexes [Mn(4-MPipzcdt)2(phen)] and [Co(4-MPipzcdt)(phen)2]Cl inhibited the growth of Candida albicans at a concentration as low as 8 µgmL-1.The complexes were also evaluated for their toxicity towards human transformed rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells). Moderate cell viability of the RD cells was exhibited against the metal complexes.