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The delay in infrastructure, the contamination of rivers, the reduction in the number of available sources, the cost of water suitable for human consumption and climate change are some of the most serious environmental problems facing humanity today. atmosphere has no borders, it cannot be stopped “at will”. ECLAC, 2012 estimates that less than 10% of wastewater is treated before being returned to the receiving body, more than 90% of rivers are being contaminated in the Central American region. Temperature is one of the most important physical parameters in water, it influences the delay or acceleration of biological activity. It is important to develop and build technologies that contribute to the reduction of GHG and sanitation, contributing to the mitigation of climate change, such as with a macrophyte plant (E. Crassipes) that can be used to absorb nitrogen and phosphorus at different average temperatures. maximum within a tank with wastewater. The results obtained with E. Crassipes indicate the significant capacity to absorb nitrogen and phosphorus at different temperatures. As the temperature varies, this capacity may be affected, but its phytopurifying capacity remains significant. That is why it was determined that the contribution of a macrophic plant such as E. Crassipes in treatment systems to mitigate climate change, treating domestic wastewater with nature-based solutions, given the probable increase in temperatures It is efficient and very significant., El retraso de infraestructura, la contaminación de los cuerpos de agua, reducción del número de fuentes disponibles, el costo de agua apta para consumo humano y el cambio climático son de los problemas ambientales más graves al que se enfrenta la humanidad en la actualidad, la atmósfera no tiene fronteras, no puede detenerse “a voluntad”. Cepal, 2012 estima que menos del 10% de aguas residuales son tratadas antes de ser devueltas al cuerpo receptor, más del 90% de cuerpos de agua están siendo contaminados en la región centroamericana. La temperatura es uno de los parámetros físicos más importantes en el agua, influye en el retardo o aceleración de la actividad biológica. Es importante desarrollar y construir tecnologías, que contribuyan con la reducción de GEI y saneamiento, contribuyendo a la mitigación del cambio climático, como por ejemplo con una planta macrófita(E. Crassipes) que puede ser utilizada para absorber nitrógeno y fósforo a diferentes temperaturas medias máximas dentro de un tanque con aguas residuales. Los resultados obtenidos con E. Crassipes indican la capacidad significativa para absorber nitrógeno y fósforo en diferentes temperaturas. A medida que la temperatura varía, esta capacidad puede ser afectada, pero su capacidad fitodepuradora sigue siendo significativa. Es por ello que se determinó que el aporte de una planta macrófica como lo es la E. Crassipes en los sistemas de tratamiento para mitigar el cambio climático, tratando las aguas residuales domésticas con soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, ante el probable aumento de las temperaturas es eficiente y muy significativo.

Water vegetation in lakes or reservoirs can change the water's ecology. Water vegetation in Jatiluhur Reservoirs is dominated by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Water hyacinth in lakes or reservoirs becomes an invasive weed that can cause ecological degradation. Jatiluhur Reservoir is one of the water bodies affected by the uncontrolled growth of water vegetation. The study was conducted to determine the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of water vegetation and its effect on Jatiluhur Reservoir. Water vegetation's spatial and temporal distribution was analyzed using Sentinel-2A satellite image data. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm was used to see the distribution of water vegetation in the reservoir waters. The observations show that the movement of water vegetation starts from the inlet area and then moves along with the flow of water to the center of the reservoir. Finally, it accumulates in the outlet area. The correlation between vegetation cover area and month of observation obtained the equation y=662.5x + 128.1. Based on the equation, the increasing vegetation cover area in the Jatiluhur Reservoir is predicted to reach 128.1 ha per month. The physical method used for controlling the growth and distribution of vegetation (water hyacinth) in Jatiluhur Reservoir by taking in the waters. Efforts to control vegetation physically must notice the increasing rate of water hyacinth distribution., Water vegetation in lakes or reservoirs can change the water's ecology. Water vegetation in Jatiluhur Reservoirs is dominated by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Water hyacinth in lakes or reservoirs becomes an invasive weed that can cause ecological degradation. Jatiluhur Reservoir is one of the water bodies affected by the uncontrolled growth of water vegetation. The study was conducted to determine the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of water vegetation and its effect on Jatiluhur Reservoir. Water vegetation's spatial and temporal distribution was analyzed using Sentinel-2A satellite image data. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm was used to see the distribution of water vegetation in the reservoir waters. The observations show that the movement of water vegetation starts from the inlet area and then moves along with the flow of water to the center of the reservoir. Finally, it accumulates in the outlet area. The correlation between vegetation cover area and month of observation obtained the equation y=662.5x + 128.1. Based on the equation, the increasing vegetation cover area in the Jatiluhur Reservoir is predicted to reach 128.1 ha per month. The physical method used for controlling the growth and distribution of vegetation (water hyacinth) in Jatiluhur Reservoir by taking in the waters. Efforts to control vegetation physically must notice the increasing rate of water hyacinth distribution.

Water vegetation in lakes or reservoirs can change the water's ecology. Water vegetation in Jatiluhur Reservoirs is dominated by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Water hyacinth in lakes or reservoirs becomes an invasive weed that can cause ecological degradation. Jatiluhur Reservoir is one of the water bodies affected by the uncontrolled growth of water vegetation. The study was conducted to determine the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of water vegetation and its effect on Jatiluhur Reservoir. Water vegetation's spatial and temporal distribution was analyzed using Sentinel-2A satellite image data. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm was used to see the distribution of water vegetation in the reservoir waters. The observations show that the movement of water vegetation starts from the inlet area and then moves along with the flow of water to the center of the reservoir. Finally, it accumulates in the outlet area. The correlation between vegetation cover area and month of observation obtained the equation y=662.5x + 128.1. Based on the equation, the increasing vegetation cover area in the Jatiluhur Reservoir is predicted to reach 128.1 ha per month. The physical method used for controlling the growth and distribution of vegetation (water hyacinth) in Jatiluhur Reservoir by taking in the waters. Efforts to control vegetation physically must notice the increasing rate of water hyacinth distribution., Water vegetation in lakes or reservoirs can change the water's ecology. Water vegetation in Jatiluhur Reservoirs is dominated by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Water hyacinth in lakes or reservoirs becomes an invasive weed that can cause ecological degradation. Jatiluhur Reservoir is one of the water bodies affected by the uncontrolled growth of water vegetation. The study was conducted to determine the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of water vegetation and its effect on Jatiluhur Reservoir. Water vegetation's spatial and temporal distribution was analyzed using Sentinel-2A satellite image data. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm was used to see the distribution of water vegetation in the reservoir waters. The observations show that the movement of water vegetation starts from the inlet area and then moves along with the flow of water to the center of the reservoir. Finally, it accumulates in the outlet area. The correlation between vegetation cover area and month of observation obtained the equation y=662.5x + 128.1. Based on the equation, the increasing vegetation cover area in the Jatiluhur Reservoir is predicted to reach 128.1 ha per month. The physical method used for controlling the growth and distribution of vegetation (water hyacinth) in Jatiluhur Reservoir by taking in the waters. Efforts to control vegetation physically must notice the increasing rate of water hyacinth distribution.

Over the past three decades, growing global interest has been in replacing fossil fuels with clean energy from renewable resources. As a result, biogas generation from biodegradable organic waste has become increasingly popular, and water hyacinth is a menace wherever it exists. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from River Wouri as a biogas substrate. Equal volumes (700 mL) of water hyacinth and poultry-based inoculum were prepared, each with a duplicate. The 8 substrates were placed in 1-liter plastic and incubated in a water bath at 37± 2 °C for 106 days. The substrates were subsampled before and after incubation to analyse the dry matter, moisture, volatile solids, ash contents, and pH. The volume of biogas produced from each digester was collected in plastic bags and measured every three days; hence, the methane produced was calculated. Results indicated an increase in the moisture contents of the substrates, while pH levels remained unchanged after incubation. The rate of destruction of volatile solids increased with the level of added inoculum. Biogas production started almost immediately for all the samples and largely followed a dome shape over the incubation period. Cumulative methane produced were 10.23, 11.84, 5.88, and 0.71 LCH4/kgVS, respectively, for 100% water hyacinth, 90% water hyacinth, 80% water hyacinth and 0% water hyacinth. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the weed in biogas production, which could be an important method to manage River Wouri while generating renewable energy.

Water hyacinth and hippo grass are aquatic weeds that negatively affect freshwater bodies in sub-tropical and tropical areas. Using these weeds as soil amendments can help to reduce their spread, and improve soil fertility. Materials intended for use as soil amendments must have high levels of nutrients and low contaminant levels. It is important to understand how water and sediment properties influence the chemical composition of these weeds, to assist in choosing weeds that have high nutrient levels and low levels of heavy metals. This study aimed to investigate the effect of water and sediment characteristics on the chemical composition of water hyacinth and hippo grass and to assess the suitability of these aquatic weeds as soil amendments. We evaluated how the chemical parameters of water hyacinth and hippo grass varied across different rivers, and examined the relationship between the chemical composition of the aquatic weeds and the chemical composition of water and sediments in rivers where they occur. Plant, sediment, and water samples were systematically obtained from Kafue, Chongwe, Maramba and Kafubu Rivers in Zambia. These rivers are subject to different influences of anthropogenic activities and were therefore expected to differ in their levels of nutrients and heavy metals. Weeds collected from the Maramba River, which passes through human settlements, contained significantly higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, while weeds collected from Kafubu and Kafue Rivers which pass through industrial and mining areas contained significantly higher levels of zinc, cobalt, manganese, and copper. However, the concentrations of chromium, zinc, copper, manganese, and lead in the aquatic weeds from all four rivers were lower than the critical EU limits for compost. Concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in water hyacinth were positively correlated with levels in river water. In hippo grass, the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus were strongly and posi

Rawa Pening Lake has been in critical condition, caused by high sedimentation levels, declining water quality, damage to the watershed, and excessive riparian occupation. Therefore, this study aims to identify the main problems of the revitalization of Rawa Pening lake. Data and information collection were carried out through direct observation and interviews. The results showed that the main problems of the lake were the removal of the water weeds/water hyacinths, tidal rice fields, and buildings on the lake and riparian areas. The solution to the three main problems is lake revitalization. The revitalization concept that can be proposed regarding the control of water hyacinth is by mechanical means (using water hyacinth lifting equipment, boats, and cutting water hyacinth) and by biological methods, namely the cultivation of koan fish that will eat water hyacinth. At the tidal rice fields, it is necessary to determine the water level limit wisely. The areas with elevation of 462.30 m3-463.25 m3 (covering an area of 812 Ha) can be planted twice a year. The areas with a height of 462.05 m3-462.30 m3 (covering an area of 200 Ha) can be planted once in the rainy season. The areas with elevation of 462.05 m3 cannot be planted because it is in a state of flooding. Incommensurate areas and lakes, there is a lot of land and buildings consisting of settlements, tourism destinations, places of worship, and restaurants. Then the proposed alternative solution is the land acquisition compensation of land and buildings in commensurate areas.

Cement is primarily used in drilling operations to protect the casing against the corrosive tendency of formation fluid and to support the casing with the external load on and around it. Cement slurry is formed by mixing water with Portland cement or with cement containing various essential additives as the case may be and pumping it down through to critical points in the annulus around the casing using various techniques. Class G cement is widely used in cementing jobs because it allows the use of accelerators and retarders for wide range of well depths and temperatures. Due to wait-on-cement time before commencement of drilling of the next section of the well, it is necessary to reduce the waiting time and it ripple effects on cost of drilling by introducing accelerator to the cement slurry. The chlorides of calcium, potassium and sodium are the commonly used accelerators. Water hyacinth ash have been known to contain high percentage of calcium, potassium and chlorine, these elements readily combine with water to form potassium chloride and calcium chloride of which both are used as accelerator additives in cement slurry formulation. The utilization of these compounds in water hyacinth ash as accelerator additives would be a major breakthrough in cementing jobs especially in shallow section of the wells. Locally sourced water hyacinth plants were dried and combusted in air, the ash was then activated with water and filtered. The filtrate was used to determine the thickening time of class G cement slurry and the results obtained was compared with that of inorganic calcium chloride. The thickening times at the various set temperatures for this experiment were close to the inorganic calcium chloride used. Though, the thickening time of cement slurry is dependent on temperature, the concentration of the accelerator in the slurry also affect it.. It was found out that water hyacinth ash reduces the thickening time of class G cement slurry comparatively and therefore, s

Cement is primarily used in drilling operations to protect the casing against the corrosive tendency of formation fluid and to support the casing with the external load on and around it. Cement slurry is formed by mixing water with Portland cement or with cement containing various essential additives as the case may be and pumping it down through to critical points in the annulus around the casing using various techniques. Class G cement is widely used in cementing jobs because it allows the use of accelerators and retarders for wide range of well depths and temperatures. Due to wait-on-cement time before commencement of drilling of the next section of the well, it is necessary to reduce the waiting time and it ripple effects on cost of drilling by introducing accelerator to the cement slurry. The chlorides of calcium, potassium and sodium are the commonly used accelerators. Water hyacinth ash have been known to contain high percentage of calcium, potassium and chlorine, these elements readily combine with water to form potassium chloride and calcium chloride of which both are used as accelerator additives in cement slurry formulation. The utilization of these compounds in water hyacinth ash as accelerator additives would be a major breakthrough in cementing jobs especially in shallow section of the wells. Locally sourced water hyacinth plants were dried and combusted in air, the ash was then activated with water and filtered. The filtrate was used to determine the thickening time of class G cement slurry and the results obtained was compared with that of inorganic calcium chloride. The thickening times at the various set temperatures for this experiment were close to the inorganic calcium chloride used. Though, the thickening time of cement slurry is dependent on temperature, the concentration of the accelerator in the slurry also affect it.. It was found out that water hyacinth ash reduces the thickening time of class G cement slurry comparatively and therefore, s

A buffer zone is an area designated to protect a conservation area from being disturbed by the surrounding environment. The concept of a buffer zone can be adopted to protect an area or land from contamination by factories, household, and agricultural waste. Teluk Sinar Village is a village located in a freshwater swamp area where there are mines around this area. Further, agricultural practices in the area still use chemicals that leave residues and can pollute the environment, including water pollution. The problem partner is the low level of knowledge about the impact of water pollution on organisms, including human health. Through this community service, it will be a solution to understanding the effects of water pollution for members of the Bunga Seroja Farmer Group through the concept of buffer zone technology. The community service was conducted by the lecture method and gave a pocket book. It significantly increases the knowledge and understanding of farmers about the buffer zone concept.

A buffer zone is an area designated to protect a conservation area from being disturbed by the surrounding environment. The concept of a buffer zone can be adopted to protect an area or land from contamination by factories, household, and agricultural waste. Teluk Sinar Village is a village located in a freshwater swamp area where there are mines around this area. Further, agricultural practices in the area still use chemicals that leave residues and can pollute the environment, including water pollution. The problem partner is the low level of knowledge about the impact of water pollution on organisms, including human health. Through this community service, it will be a solution to understanding the effects of water pollution for members of the Bunga Seroja Farmer Group through the concept of buffer zone technology. The community service was conducted by the lecture method and gave a pocket book. It significantly increases the knowledge and understanding of farmers about the buffer zone concept.

Constructed wetlands are engineered to duplicate the processes occurring in natural wetlands. The main purpose of the structure is to remove contaminants or pollutants from wastewater. Constructed wetland is a new, creative, cost-effective, and green technology compared to conventional treatment systems. Water hyacinth could be cultivated for wastewater treatment and utilised to aid the purification of either industrial wastewater or sewer water. Consequently, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of constructing wetlands with water hyacinth on the wastewater quality of an oxidation pond and the cultivation of water hyacinth as constructed wetlands in an oxidation pond. Floating cages containing water hyacinth plants were monitored for two phases under different wastewater parameters. The data were compared to the Malaysian prescribed Sewage and Industrial Effluent Discharge Standards. The water hyacinth constructed wetlands produced a positive impact and met the requirements for effluent discharge standards.

Water hyacinth and prosopis juliflora have proved successful within the remedy of textile wastewater. textile wastewater generally contains harmful heavy metals along with iron and chromium and many others., this looks at consists of the elimination of harmful metals, chemical oxygen call for (cod), biochemical oxygen demand (dot), overall suspended solids (TSS) and general dissolved solids (TDS), p H and other parameters. the goal of this has a look at is to decide the discount of a physico-chemical parameter using water hyacinth, which indicates a considerable reduction of all pollutants over the years. water hyacinth can hence be a powerful organic agent in decreasing fabric enterprise wastewater pollutants.

Water hyacinth and prosopis juliflora have proved successful within the remedy of textile wastewater. textile wastewater generally contains harmful heavy metals along with iron and chromium and many others., this looks at consists of the elimination of harmful metals, chemical oxygen call for (cod), biochemical oxygen demand (dot), overall suspended solids (TSS) and general dissolved solids (TDS), p H and other parameters. the goal of this has a look at is to decide the discount of a physico-chemical parameter using water hyacinth, which indicates a considerable reduction of all pollutants over the years. water hyacinth can hence be a powerful organic agent in decreasing fabric enterprise wastewater pollutants.

Pontederia crassipes Pellegrini & Horn (water hyacinth) is an invasive, world-wide distributed aquatic plant, which has been evinced in the reservoir of the Ituango Hydroelectric Project - IHP (Colombia) since 2018. In this study, the ability of several Vegetation Indices (VIs) to detect P. crassipeswas evaluated based on monthly Sentinel-2 images, between September 2018 and March 2020. The invasive capacity of P. crassipeswas demonstrated with covered area doubling each month in the IHP reservoir. A maximum 32-fold increase of P. crassipesin just one month was registered during the rainy season and resulted in a 104-ha expansion. Results based on Cl red edge, MSR, and DVI were consistent and had less deviations from normality. Our results highlight the importance of new-generation sensors to discriminate and map the spatial distribution of P. crassipesfor the development of efficient monitoring and management strategies at the reservoir scale., Pontederia crassipes Pellegrini & Horn (jacinto de agua) es una planta acuática invasora distribuida a nivel mundial, la cual ha sido evidenciada en el embalse del proyecto hidroeléctrico Ituango – IHP (Colombia) desde 2018. En este estudio, la habilidad de varios Índices de Vegetación (VIs) para detectar P. crassipes fue evaluada con base en imágenes del satélite Sentinel-2, entre septiembre de 2018 y marzo de 2020. La capacidad invasora de P. crassipesfue demostrada en el embalse del IHP, con un área de cobertura duplicándose cada mes. El incremento máximo mensual (del orden de 32:1) fue registrado durante la estación lluviosa, con una expansión igual a 104 ha. Los resultados más consistentes y con menos desviaciones de la normalidad se obtuvieron a partir de los VIs Cl red edge, MSR y DVI. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de los sensores de nueva generación en la discriminación y el mapeo de la distribución espacial de P. crassipes con el fin de desarrollar estrategias eficientes de manejo y monitoreo a escala de embalse

Water hyacinth and prosopis juliflora have proved successful within the remedy of textile wastewater. textile wastewater generally contains harmful heavy metals along with iron and chromium and many others., this looks at consists of the elimination of harmful metals, chemical oxygen call for (cod), biochemical oxygen demand (dot), overall suspended solids (TSS) and general dissolved solids (TDS), p H and other parameters. the goal of this has a look at is to decide the discount of a physico-chemical parameter using water hyacinth, which indicates a considerable reduction of all pollutants over the years. water hyacinth can hence be a powerful organic agent in decreasing fabric enterprise wastewater pollutants.

Water hyacinth and prosopis juliflora have proved successful within the remedy of textile wastewater. textile wastewater generally contains harmful heavy metals along with iron and chromium and many others., this looks at consists of the elimination of harmful metals, chemical oxygen call for (cod), biochemical oxygen demand (dot), overall suspended solids (TSS) and general dissolved solids (TDS), p H and other parameters. the goal of this has a look at is to decide the discount of a physico-chemical parameter using water hyacinth, which indicates a considerable reduction of all pollutants over the years. water hyacinth can hence be a powerful organic agent in decreasing fabric enterprise wastewater pollutants.

Water hyacinth and prosopis juliflora have proved successful within the remedy of textile wastewater. textile wastewater generally contains harmful heavy metals along with iron and chromium and many others., this looks at consists of the elimination of harmful metals, chemical oxygen call for (cod), biochemical oxygen demand (dot), overall suspended solids (TSS) and general dissolved solids (TDS), p H and other parameters. the goal of this has a look at is to decide the discount of a physico-chemical parameter using water hyacinth, which indicates a considerable reduction of all pollutants over the years. water hyacinth can hence be a powerful organic agent in decreasing fabric enterprise wastewater pollutants.

Pontederia crassipes Pellegrini & Horn (water hyacinth) is an invasive, world-wide distributed aquatic plant, which has been evinced in the reservoir of the Ituango Hydroelectric Project - IHP (Colombia) since 2018. In this study, the ability of several Vegetation Indices (VIs) to detect P. crassipeswas evaluated based on monthly Sentinel-2 images, between September 2018 and March 2020. The invasive capacity of P. crassipeswas demonstrated with covered area doubling each month in the IHP reservoir. A maximum 32-fold increase of P. crassipesin just one month was registered during the rainy season and resulted in a 104-ha expansion. Results based on Cl red edge, MSR, and DVI were consistent and had less deviations from normality. Our results highlight the importance of new-generation sensors to discriminate and map the spatial distribution of P. crassipesfor the development of efficient monitoring and management strategies at the reservoir scale., Pontederia crassipes Pellegrini & Horn (jacinto de agua) es una planta acuática invasora distribuida a nivel mundial, la cual ha sido evidenciada en el embalse del proyecto hidroeléctrico Ituango – IHP (Colombia) desde 2018. En este estudio, la habilidad de varios Índices de Vegetación (VIs) para detectar P. crassipes fue evaluada con base en imágenes del satélite Sentinel-2, entre septiembre de 2018 y marzo de 2020. La capacidad invasora de P. crassipesfue demostrada en el embalse del IHP, con un área de cobertura duplicándose cada mes. El incremento máximo mensual (del orden de 32:1) fue registrado durante la estación lluviosa, con una expansión igual a 104 ha. Los resultados más consistentes y con menos desviaciones de la normalidad se obtuvieron a partir de los VIs Cl red edge, MSR y DVI. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de los sensores de nueva generación en la discriminación y el mapeo de la distribución espacial de P. crassipes con el fin de desarrollar estrategias eficientes de manejo y monitoreo a escala de embalse

Human activities coupled with climate change impacts are becoming the main factors in decreasing inland surface water quantity and quality, leading to the disturbance of the aquatic ecological balance. Under such conditions, the introduction and proliferation of aquatic invasive alien species are more likely to occur. Hence, frequent surface water quality monitoring is required for aquatic ecosystem sustainability. The main objectives of the present study are to analyze the seasonal variation in the invasive plant species water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) and biogeochemical water quality parameters, i.e., chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and total suspended matter (TSM), and to examine their relationship in Lake Tana (Ethiopia) during a one-year study period (2020). Sentinel-2A/B satellite images are used to monitor water hyacinth expansion and Chl-a and TSM concentrations in the water. The Case 2 Regional Coast Colour processor (C2RCC) is used for atmospheric and sunglint correction over inland waters, while the Sen2Cor atmospheric processor is used to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for water hyacinth mapping. The water hyacinth cover and biomass are determined by NDVI values ranging from 0.60 to 0.95. A peak in cover and biomass is observed in October 2020, just a month after the peak of Chl-a (25.2 mg m) and TSM (62.5 g m) concentrations observed in September 2020 (end of the main rainy season). The influx of sediment and nutrient load from the upper catchment area during the rainy season could be most likely responsible for both Chl-a and TSM increased concentrations. This, in turn, created a fertile situation for water hyacinth proliferation in Lake Tana. Overall, the freely available Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and appropriate atmospheric correction processors are an emerging potent tool for inland water monitoring and management in large-scale regions under a global change scenario.

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in soil limits crop yields and can be managed by P fertilizers. But mere applying P fertilizers alone may not be effective in justifying its bioavailability. At present global P reserves are declining in an increasing way which urges us to find out alternatives. Thus, the present work was taken to prepare phosphocompost using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as feedstock, termite, and normal soil as bulking agents cum decomposers and enriched with single super phosphate. The effect of phosphocompost on rice(var.ADT-43) productivity, P availability and uptake was evaluated by comparing various P fertilizers (single super phosphate, rock phosphate, di-ammonium phosphate, nano phosphate) combined with or without phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with seven treatments including absolute control and replicated thrice. Phosphocompost produced with water hyacinth and termite soil microbes come with superior quality and early maturity compared to normal soil. Pot culture study results revealed that rice growth, yield, P availability and uptake were significantly (p<0.05) higher with SSP + PSB, and Nano phosphate +PSB treated plants, followed by Phosphocompost + PSB. The cost of P fertilizer (Rs/ha) related to yield (kg/ha) was found to be significantly low with phosphocompost (Rs.1132/-) than SSP (Rs.1530/-) and Nano P (Rs.2518/-). Further, phosphocompost combined PSB helps in optimizing the P availability in a long run through P solubilization thus sustained the P uptake. The present investigation brings light to the valorization of water hyacinth as compost will be an effective and economically viable alternative for P fertilizers.

Constructed wetlands are engineered to duplicate the processes occurring in natural wetlands. The main purpose of the structure is to remove contaminants or pollutants from wastewater. Constructed wetland is a new, creative, cost-effective, and green technology compared to conventional treatment systems. Water hyacinth could be cultivated for wastewater treatment and utilised to aid the purification of either industrial wastewater or sewer water. Consequently, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of constructing wetlands with water hyacinth on the wastewater quality of an oxidation pond and the cultivation of water hyacinth as constructed wetlands in an oxidation pond. Floating cages containing water hyacinth plants were monitored for two phases under different wastewater parameters. The data were compared to the Malaysian prescribed Sewage and Industrial Effluent Discharge Standards. The water hyacinth constructed wetlands produced a positive impact and met the requirements for effluent discharge standards.

Water hyacinth and prosopis juliflora have proved successful within the remedy of textile wastewater. textile wastewater generally contains harmful heavy metals along with iron and chromium and many others., this looks at consists of the elimination of harmful metals, chemical oxygen call for (cod), biochemical oxygen demand (dot), overall suspended solids (TSS) and general dissolved solids (TDS), p H and other parameters. the goal of this has a look at is to decide the discount of a physico-chemical parameter using water hyacinth, which indicates a considerable reduction of all pollutants over the years. water hyacinth can hence be a powerful organic agent in decreasing fabric enterprise wastewater pollutants.

This study sought to evaluate the setting time and strength property of concrete when pulverized water hyacinth serves as an admixture by weight. The materials used in this study included water hyacinth plants, cement, coarse and fine aggregates. Dried water hyacinth was pulverized and added to the concrete with two different percentages in each mixture. A standard mixture without water hyacinth was also created for comparison with the concrete cylinders with mixture that has pulverized water hyacinth. The first concrete cylinder contains 0.5% of pulverized water hyacinth by weight and the second concrete cylinder contains 1% of pulverized water hyacinth by weight. The curing was done for 28 days, and the properties of the concrete cylinders, namely setting time and strength, were recorded.  It was revealed in the setting time test that the concrete with 0.5% pulverized water hyacinth may serve as accelerator for concrete while the concrete cylinder with 1% pulverized water hyacinth by weight can be a retarder. Moreover, the concrete cylinders with water hyacinth have better compressive strength than that of the concrete cylinder without pulverized water hyacinth.

The Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the world's most invasive aquatic plants and is thought to cause significant environmental and social effects. Hydrophyte will alter water clarity and reduce plant life production, dissolved element, nitrogen, phosphoric, significant metals and concentrations of alternative contaminants. The effects of hydrophyte on the local fish unit are highly addictive in early human construction and web-food construction. As a vicinity of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan one step ought to be taken to wash rivers by creating them Hyacinth free. It additionally helps in watercourse system conservation. For management of hydrophyte we should always even have a concept regarding its characteristics and constituents. during this follow hydrophyte is employed in production useful supplementary product like Biofuel, Biohydrogen, Biofertilizer, Biogas, Fish feed, Textile threads.

Fossil fuels currently provide the bulk of world’s primary energy. Since fossil fuels are nonrenewable natural resources and rate of its utilization exceeds the natural rate of production, an end point exists. , the world has gone through the wood age, the coal era, and will likely be done with the petroleum and natural age. There is thus a need for the development of new energy sources that will be more economically competitive. New and more economic sources of energy are constantly being developed and eventually the best will probably take over from the current oil and natural gas era.

Fossil fuels currently provide the bulk of world’s primary energy. Since fossil fuels are nonrenewable natural resources and rate of its utilization exceeds the natural rate of production, an end point exists. , the world has gone through the wood age, the coal era, and will likely be done with the petroleum and natural age. There is thus a need for the development of new energy sources that will be more economically competitive. New and more economic sources of energy are constantly being developed and eventually the best will probably take over from the current oil and natural gas era.

Fossil fuels currently provide the bulk of world’s primary energy. Since fossil fuels are nonrenewable natural resources and rate of its utilization exceeds the natural rate of production, an end point exists. , the world has gone through the wood age, the coal era, and will likely be done with the petroleum and natural age. There is thus a need for the development of new energy sources that will be more economically competitive. New and more economic sources of energy are constantly being developed and eventually the best will probably take over from the current oil and natural gas era.

Fossil fuels currently provide the bulk of world’s primary energy. Since fossil fuels are nonrenewable natural resources and rate of its utilization exceeds the natural rate of production, an end point exists. , the world has gone through the wood age, the coal era, and will likely be done with the petroleum and natural age. There is thus a need for the development of new energy sources that will be more economically competitive. New and more economic sources of energy are constantly being developed and eventually the best will probably take over from the current oil and natural gas era.

Fossil fuels currently provide the bulk of world’s primary energy. Since fossil fuels are nonrenewable natural resources and rate of its utilization exceeds the natural rate of production, an end point exists. , the world has gone through the wood age, the coal era, and will likely be done with the petroleum and natural age. There is thus a need for the development of new energy sources that will be more economically competitive. New and more economic sources of energy are constantly being developed and eventually the best will probably take over from the current oil and natural gas era.

Fossil fuels currently provide the bulk of world’s primary energy. Since fossil fuels are nonrenewable natural resources and rate of its utilization exceeds the natural rate of production, an end point exists. , the world has gone through the wood age, the coal era, and will likely be done with the petroleum and natural age. There is thus a need for the development of new energy sources that will be more economically competitive. New and more economic sources of energy are constantly being developed and eventually the best will probably take over from the current oil and natural gas era.

The Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the world's most invasive aquatic plants and is thought to cause significant environmental and social effects. Hydrophyte will alter water clarity and reduce plant life production, dissolved element, nitrogen, phosphoric, significant metals and concentrations of alternative contaminants. The effects of hydrophyte on the local fish unit are highly addictive in early human construction and web-food construction. As a vicinity of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan one step ought to be taken to wash rivers by creating them Hyacinth free. It additionally helps in watercourse system conservation. For management of hydrophyte we should always even have a concept regarding its characteristics and constituents. during this follow hydrophyte is employed in production useful supplementary product like Biofuel, Biohydrogen, Biofertilizer, Biogas, Fish feed, Textile threads.

Fossil fuels currently provide the bulk of world’s primary energy. Since fossil fuels are nonrenewable natural resources and rate of its utilization exceeds the natural rate of production, an end point exists. , the world has gone through the wood age, the coal era, and will likely be done with the petroleum and natural age. There is thus a need for the development of new energy sources that will be more economically competitive. New and more economic sources of energy are constantly being developed and eventually the best will probably take over from the current oil and natural gas era.

The Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the world's most invasive aquatic plants and is thought to cause significant environmental and social effects. Hydrophyte will alter water clarity and reduce plant life production, dissolved element, nitrogen, phosphoric, significant metals and concentrations of alternative contaminants. The effects of hydrophyte on the local fish unit are highly addictive in early human construction and web-food construction. As a vicinity of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan one step ought to be taken to wash rivers by creating them Hyacinth free. It additionally helps in watercourse system conservation. For management of hydrophyte we should always even have a concept regarding its characteristics and constituents. during this follow hydrophyte is employed in production useful supplementary product like Biofuel, Biohydrogen, Biofertilizer, Biogas, Fish feed, Textile threads.

The Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the world's most invasive aquatic plants and is thought to cause significant environmental and social effects. Hydrophyte will alter water clarity and reduce plant life production, dissolved element, nitrogen, phosphoric, significant metals and concentrations of alternative contaminants. The effects of hydrophyte on the local fish unit are highly addictive in early human construction and web-food construction. As a vicinity of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan one step ought to be taken to wash rivers by creating them Hyacinth free. It additionally helps in watercourse system conservation. For management of hydrophyte we should always even have a concept regarding its characteristics and constituents. during this follow hydrophyte is employed in production useful supplementary product like Biofuel, Biohydrogen, Biofertilizer, Biogas, Fish feed, Textile threads.

Water hyacinth, (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.), is an aquatic weed in South America, Europe and Asia. Water hyacinth has been identified as an aggressive invasive aquatic weed that could double up its population in two-weeks-time, making it detrimental once established. Water hyacinths form dense and thick mat across the water surface making it limited for sunlight to penetrate which made aquatic organisms deprived of sunlight. Water hyacinth also disrupts human activities such as in rice cultivation area, irrigation, water drainage, fishing for living and also recreational activities. A number of control methods for water hyacinth are currently implemented such as legislative, chemical and mechanical methods, but these methods are expensive, labor intensive and still give unsatisfactory result. Biological control method is a promising and eco-friendly method that is used to manage a number of pests, including invasive weeds. Several studies have been evaluating potential fungal pathogen and the effectiveness of fungal pathogens as mycoherbicides in suppressing water hyacinth populations, but the mycoherbicides developed are still in research stage. One of the aims of this study is to evaluate pathogenicity of fungal isolates obtained from diseased water hyacinth in Malaysia. 82 fungal isolates were obtained from five sampling locations, Sg. Limau (Kedah), Tasik Seri Serdang (Selangor), Kolam Seri Melor (Selangor), Tanjung Karang (Selangor) and Taman Tasik Cempaka Bangi (Selangor). Twenty-one fungal isolates grew full plate in 5 days of incubation and categorized as fast-growing fungi. Among the 21 fungal isolates, 12 isolates were found to be pathogenic to water hyacinth in detached leaf assay. Isolates derived from Sg. Limau and Tanjung Karang (D1 and D3) were found to be severely pathogenic (showing >80% incidence) to water hyacinth. Eight isolates that showed ≥ 50% disease incidence in detached leaf assay were subjected to whole plant bioassay for preliminary scre

Water hyacinth, (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.), is an aquatic weed in South America, Europe and Asia. Water hyacinth has been identified as an aggressive invasive aquatic weed that could double up its population in two-weeks-time, making it detrimental once established. Water hyacinths form dense and thick mat across the water surface making it limited for sunlight to penetrate which made aquatic organisms deprived of sunlight. Water hyacinth also disrupts human activities such as in rice cultivation area, irrigation, water drainage, fishing for living and also recreational activities. A number of control methods for water hyacinth are currently implemented such as legislative, chemical and mechanical methods, but these methods are expensive, labor intensive and still give unsatisfactory result. Biological control method is a promising and eco-friendly method that is used to manage a number of pests, including invasive weeds. Several studies have been evaluating potential fungal pathogen and the effectiveness of fungal pathogens as mycoherbicides in suppressing water hyacinth populations, but the mycoherbicides developed are still in research stage. One of the aims of this study is to evaluate pathogenicity of fungal isolates obtained from diseased water hyacinth in Malaysia. 82 fungal isolates were obtained from five sampling locations, Sg. Limau (Kedah), Tasik Seri Serdang (Selangor), Kolam Seri Melor (Selangor), Tanjung Karang (Selangor) and Taman Tasik Cempaka Bangi (Selangor). Twenty-one fungal isolates grew full plate in 5 days of incubation and categorized as fast-growing fungi. Among the 21 fungal isolates, 12 isolates were found to be pathogenic to water hyacinth in detached leaf assay. Isolates derived from Sg. Limau and Tanjung Karang (D1 and D3) were found to be severely pathogenic (showing >80% incidence) to water hyacinth. Eight isolates that showed ≥ 50% disease incidence in detached leaf assay were subjected to whole plant bioassay for preliminary scre

This study sought to evaluate the setting time and strength property of concrete when pulverized water hyacinth serves as an admixture by weight. The materials used in this study included water hyacinth plants, cement, coarse and fine aggregates. Dried water hyacinth was pulverized and added to the concrete with two different percentages in each mixture. A standard mixture without water hyacinth was also created for comparison with the concrete cylinders with mixture that has pulverized water hyacinth. The first concrete cylinder contains 0.5% of pulverized water hyacinth by weight and the second concrete cylinder contains 1% of pulverized water hyacinth by weight. The curing was done for 28 days, and the properties of the concrete cylinders, namely setting time and strength, were recorded.  It was revealed in the setting time test that the concrete with 0.5% pulverized water hyacinth may serve as accelerator for concrete while the concrete cylinder with 1% pulverized water hyacinth by weight can be a retarder. Moreover, the concrete cylinders with water hyacinth have better compressive strength than that of the concrete cylinder without pulverized water hyacinth.

The Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the world's most invasive aquatic plants and is thought to cause significant environmental and social effects. Hydrophyte will alter water clarity and reduce plant life production, dissolved element, nitrogen, phosphoric, significant metals and concentrations of alternative contaminants. The effects of hydrophyte on the local fish unit are highly addictive in early human construction and web-food construction. As a vicinity of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan one step ought to be taken to wash rivers by creating them Hyacinth free. It additionally helps in watercourse system conservation. For management of hydrophyte we should always even have a concept regarding its characteristics and constituents. during this follow hydrophyte is employed in production useful supplementary product like Biofuel, Biohydrogen, Biofertilizer, Biogas, Fish feed, Textile threads.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) invasion in Lake Victoria has become a matter of concern over the last two decades. Composting of harvested water hyacinth biomass can help protect the precious lake from the proliferation of the nuisance weed. This would also go a long way in helping local farmers boost their agricultural production by supplementing the use of commercial chemical fertilizers. However, there is a need to ensure that the final compost is environmentally safe before being applied as a soil conditioner. The study, therefore, assessed the total and mobile concentrations of heavy metals during an above ground aerobic composting of water hyacinth biomass with commercial effective microorganisms (EM), cattle manure and molasses treatments. Samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid to extract total metals and mobile concentrations were extracted with deionized water. The concentrations of heavy metals in the compost were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, and the data collected was analysed for significant differences (p < 0.05). Means were separated using Tukey's test at 5% level. The total concentrations of heavy metals were within the threshold limits prescribed for agricultural application. The range of total heavy metals in compost samples was 1.23- 1.46 mg/kg (copper), 0.32-0.35 mg/kg (cadmium), 0.25-0.32 mg/kg (nickel) and 0.95- 1.41 mg/kg (lead). However, the water-soluble forms of copper (2.3-4.0% of total Cu), cadmium (1.0-8.7% of total Cd), and lead (1.6-8.7% of total Pb) were lower than that of nickel (7.2-11.3% of total Ni) indicating that nickel in the composts had a higher toxicity potential. To alleviate the possible adverse effects of water hyacinth compost in the environment, the study recommends composting of water hyacinth compost biomass with cattle manure.

Invasive species have many detrimental ecological and socio-economic effects. However, invasive species can also provide novel habitat for native species. The growing rate of biological invasions world-wide presents an urgent dilemma: how can natural resource managers minimize negative effects of invasive species without depleting native taxa that have come to rely on them? Adaptive management can provide a means to address this dilemma when invasive species management plans are crafted in novel environments. We present a case study of research in support of adaptive management that considers the role of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms [Pontederiaceae]) management, using herbicides, in aquatic food web functioning in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta of California, USA (the “Delta”). We hypothesized that herbicide applications under current management protocols would reduce the abundance and diversity of aquatic invertebrates because they would alter both structural and biological habitat. Using a Before, After, Control, Intervention (BACI) experiment, we sampled invertebrates per gram plant biomass before and 4 weeks after glyphosate applications in treated and untreated locations. There was more plant biomass in the late-season samples because dead, dying, and living plant materials were compacted. However, there were no detectable differences between control and treated sites — or for samples before versus after the treatment date—for invertebrate abundance, species richness, or evenness. This case study demonstrates that even decaying water hyacinth serves as habitat for invertebrates that may be forage for Delta fishes. We concluded that current management practices using glyphosate do not affect invertebrate abundance during a month-long period of weed decay. These results provide valuable feedback for the “evaluate and respond” component of the adaptive management process for water hyacinth control, and demonstrate how manager

Water hyacinth (Eichhprnia crassipes) is the most dangerous and worst invasive aquatic weed in the worldwide including Ethiopia, and negatively affecting millions of water resources, fisheries, transportation and social structure. Water hyacinth was introduced in the water bodies of the Rift Valley in 68years ago and currently, the weed is distributed Lake Tana, Lake Abaya, Lake Koka, Koka Dam. The wide distribution and abundance of water hyacinth has led to decreased water availability and sustainable water biodiversity in Ethiopian lakes. However, the spread of water hyacinth is threatening not only water biodiversity but also socioeconomic development and human wellbeing. Water hyacinth in water bodies and nearby areas the local stakeholder has its negative impact on environmental problem and it’s influenced aquatics biodiversity. This review paper aimed to investigate the distribution, impacts and its integrated management option against water hyacinth in Ethiopia. Therefore, based on the review it can be concluded that human intervention is considered as the current problem of water resource in the country and further study is needed to sustain the water resource are needed to keep water hyacinth at unproblematic levels.

Water hyacinth (Eichhprnia crassipes) is the most dangerous and worst invasive aquatic weed in the worldwide including Ethiopia, and negatively affecting millions of water resources, fisheries, transportation and social structure. Water hyacinth was introduced in the water bodies of the Rift Valley in 68years ago and currently, the weed is distributed Lake Tana, Lake Abaya, Lake Koka, Koka Dam. The wide distribution and abundance of water hyacinth has led to decreased water availability and sustainable water biodiversity in Ethiopian lakes. However, the spread of water hyacinth is threatening not only water biodiversity but also socioeconomic development and human wellbeing. Water hyacinth in water bodies and nearby areas the local stakeholder has its negative impact on environmental problem and it’s influenced aquatics biodiversity. This review paper aimed to investigate the distribution, impacts and its integrated management option against water hyacinth in Ethiopia. Therefore, based on the review it can be concluded that human intervention is considered as the current problem of water resource in the country and further study is needed to sustain the water resource are needed to keep water hyacinth at unproblematic levels.

Water hyacinth (Eichhprnia crassipes) is the most dangerous and worst invasive aquatic weed in the worldwide including Ethiopia, and negatively affecting millions of water resources, fisheries, transportation and social structure. Water hyacinth was introduced in the water bodies of the Rift Valley in 68years ago and currently, the weed is distributed Lake Tana, Lake Abaya, Lake Koka, Koka Dam. The wide distribution and abundance of water hyacinth has led to decreased water availability and sustainable water biodiversity in Ethiopian lakes. However, the spread of water hyacinth is threatening not only water biodiversity but also socioeconomic development and human wellbeing. Water hyacinth in water bodies and nearby areas the local stakeholder has its negative impact on environmental problem and it’s influenced aquatics biodiversity. This review paper aimed to investigate the distribution, impacts and its integrated management option against water hyacinth in Ethiopia. Therefore, based on the review it can be concluded that human intervention is considered as the current problem of water resource in the country and further study is needed to sustain the water resource are needed to keep water hyacinth at unproblematic levels.

Invasive species have many detrimental ecological and socio-economic effects. However, invasive species can also provide novel habitat for native species. The growing rate of biological invasions world-wide presents an urgent dilemma: how can natural resource managers minimize negative effects of invasive species without depleting native taxa that have come to rely on them? Adaptive management can provide a means to address this dilemma when invasive species management plans are crafted in novel environments. We present a case study of research in support of adaptive management that considers the role of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms [Pontederiaceae]) management, using herbicides, in aquatic food web functioning in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta of California, USA (the “Delta”). We hypothesized that herbicide applications under current management protocols would reduce the abundance and diversity of aquatic invertebrates because they would alter both structural and biological habitat. Using a Before, After, Control, Intervention (BACI) experiment, we sampled invertebrates per gram plant biomass before and 4 weeks after glyphosate applications in treated and untreated locations. There was more plant biomass in the late-season samples because dead, dying, and living plant materials were compacted. However, there were no detectable differences between control and treated sites — or for samples before versus after the treatment date—for invertebrate abundance, species richness, or evenness. This case study demonstrates that even decaying water hyacinth serves as habitat for invertebrates that may be forage for Delta fishes. We concluded that current management practices using glyphosate do not affect invertebrate abundance during a month-long period of weed decay. These results provide valuable feedback for the “evaluate and respond” component of the adaptive management process for water hyacinth control, and demonstrate how manager

BACKGROUND Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a fast growing water weed that threatens the aquatic ecosystem and human activities, hence control of the plant is essential. One such control approach is to harvest and utilize hyacinth as a substrate for anaerobic digestion (AD). Various factors influence AD performance, including substrate pre‐treatment and microbial community composition, amongst others. This study was aimed at establishing the link between method of substrate pre‐treatment, microbial diversity, inoculum addition and biogas yield during AD of hyacinth. RESULTS The addition of an inoculum resulted in microbial community stability and early biomethane production of up to 0.4 L irrespective of pre‐treatment method. However, cultures that lacked inoculum showed distinct microbial community structure variation in response to pre‐treatment method, and minimal early biomethane production (up to 0.1 L). Biogas produced by cultures lacking inoculum was initially mostly composed of carbon dioxide (up to 100% of total biogas), but as digestion proceeded, an increase in biomethane production was observed (up to 60% of total biogas), which correlated with the shift in microbial community structure and increased microbial diversity. This indicates the presence of biogas‐producing microorganisms associated with the collected hyacinth. Canonical correspondence analysis proved that dynamic changes in microbial community structure and biogas yield were strongly correlative. CONCLUSION This study proves that hyacinth pre‐treatment influences microbial community structure and concomitant biogas yield in the absence of an inoculum. The addition of an inoculum aids in stability of microbial community structure and biogas yield irrespective of method of hyacinth pre‐treatment

[EN] Nitrogen pollution is a growing problem in many rivers and estuaries of the Southern Gulf of Mexico. In Costa Esmeralda, a tourist destination in Veracruz, the increasing nitrogen pollution is causing severe environmental damage. However, very few studies addressed nitrogen pollution and its consequences for beaches and mangroves. In this study, a spatiotemporal evaluation of nitrogen concentrations was performed along two rivers discharging into Costa Esmeralda and the associated mangrove and coastal areas. The data used was obtained from the local government, which measured ammonium, nitrate and organic nitrogen concentrations between 2013 and 2016 with four annual measurements. Clustering analysis was used to detect the nitrogen concentration di erences between riverine and coastal sites. Additionally, Mann-Kendall test was used to detect the trends throughout the study period. The Mann-Whitney W-test determined the di erence in the median concentrations between the dry and the wet season. The results indicate that organic nitrogen concentrations are increasing in river mouths and coastal waters. Nitrogen pollution caused an intrusion of water hyacinths in touristic beaches and completely covered mangroves. The decomposition of these plants in saline waters was identified as the main potential source of increasing organic concentrations, driven by nitrogen pollution from wastewater, deforestation and fertilizers, and causing many environmental and socio-economic damage to the area. The results shed light on the prevailing water pollution problems in the Southern Gulf of Mexico.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is recognised as the most notorious invasive species the world-over. Although its threats and effects are fully documented, its distribution is not yet understood, especially in complex environments, such as river systems. This has been associated with the lack of accurate (high spatial resolution) and robust techniques, together with the reliable data sources necessary for its quantification and monitoring. The advent of new generation sensors i.e. Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) data, with unique sensor design and improved sensing characteristics is therefore perceived to provide new opportunities for mapping the distribution of invasive water hyacinth in small waterbodies. This study aimed at mapping and understanding the spatio-temporal distribution of invasive water hyacinth in the Greater Letaba river system in Tzaneen, Limpopo Province of South Africa using Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI data. Specifically, the study sought to identify multispectral remote sensing variables that can optimally detect and map invasive water hyacinth. Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI were tested based on the spectral bands, vegetation indices, as well as the combined spectral bands plus vegetation indices, using discriminant analysis algorithm. From the findings, Sentinel-2 MSI outperformed Landsat 8 OLI in mapping water hyacinth, with an overall classification (OA) accuracy of 77.56% and 68.44%, respectively. This observation was further confirmed by a t-test statistical analysis which showed that there were significant differences (t=6.313, p<0.04) between the performance of the two sensors. Secondly, the study sought to map the spatial distribution of invasive water hyacinth in the river system over time (Seasonal). Multi-date 10 m Sentinel-2 MSI images were used to detect and monitor the seasonal distribution and variations of water hyacinth in the Greater Letaba River system. The s, Risk and Vulnerability Science Centre (RSVC)

BACKGROUND Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a fast growing water weed that threatens the aquatic ecosystem and human activities, hence control of the plant is essential. One such control approach is to harvest and utilize hyacinth as a substrate for anaerobic digestion (AD). Various factors influence AD performance, including substrate pre‐treatment and microbial community composition, amongst others. This study was aimed at establishing the link between method of substrate pre‐treatment, microbial diversity, inoculum addition and biogas yield during AD of hyacinth. RESULTS The addition of an inoculum resulted in microbial community stability and early biomethane production of up to 0.4 L irrespective of pre‐treatment method. However, cultures that lacked inoculum showed distinct microbial community structure variation in response to pre‐treatment method, and minimal early biomethane production (up to 0.1 L). Biogas produced by cultures lacking inoculum was initially mostly composed of carbon dioxide (up to 100% of total biogas), but as digestion proceeded, an increase in biomethane production was observed (up to 60% of total biogas), which correlated with the shift in microbial community structure and increased microbial diversity. This indicates the presence of biogas‐producing microorganisms associated with the collected hyacinth. Canonical correspondence analysis proved that dynamic changes in microbial community structure and biogas yield were strongly correlative. CONCLUSION This study proves that hyacinth pre‐treatment influences microbial community structure and concomitant biogas yield in the absence of an inoculum. The addition of an inoculum aids in stability of microbial community structure and biogas yield irrespective of method of hyacinth pre‐treatment

This thesis is surveying the effect of Biochar from water hyacinth on the water holding capacity of a Ferralsol soil. At the beginning the Butare area in Rwanda is described, as a possible place for an implementation of the measure. Thereby the focus is set on socioeconomic, climatic and soil conditions. Than a description of Biochar and its effects on soil, and an overview of the water hyacinth with its extraordinary biomass production are given. Both considerations merge to the question, if water hyacinth can serve as a feedstock for Biochar production and how such a Biochar could effect the soil water holding capacity. This is answered by an experiment: water hyacinth is collected from lake Victoria and pyrolysed to Biochar. This Biochar is added in concentrations of 1.5%, 2% and 3% to the local Ferralsol soil. For a better understanding of the Ferralsol soil its grain size distribution is estimated applying the Köhn sedimentation procedure and laser diffraction. The Biochar amended soil is saturated with water and relocated for drainage. After two days the samples are weighed and thus their water content at water holding capacity determined. The experiment resulted in an increase in water holding capacity of 11%, respectively 14% and 26%., Diese Arbeit untersucht die Wirkung von Biokohle aus Wasserhyazinthen auf die Feldkapazität eines Ferralsol-Bodens. Als möglicher Ort für eine Anwendung dieser Methode wird eingangs die Butare Region in Ruanda beschrieben. Hauptsächlich wird dabei auf sozioökonomische, klimatische und bodenkundliche Faktoren eingegangen. Es folgt eine Beschreibung von Biokohle und ihrer Wirkungen im Boden; und ein Überblick zur Wasserhyazinthe und ihrer enormen Biomasseproduktion. Aus der Betrachtung beider Themen leitet sich die Frage ab, ob sich aus Wasserhyazinthen Biokohle herstellen lässt und wie diese sich als Bodenverbesserer auf die Feldkapazität auswirkt. Zur Klärung wird ein Experiment durchgeführt. Wasserhyazinthen werden vom Victoriasee gesammelt und zu Biokohle verkohlt. Diese Biokohle wird in Konzentrationen von 1.5%, 2%, 3% dem vor Ort vorgefundenen Ferralsol-Boden beigemengt. Um den verwendeten Ferralsol-Boden besseren einzuordnen, wird dessen Kornsummenverteilung mittels Köhn-Sedimentationsverfahren und Beckman-Coulter Laserdiffraktometer analysiert. Die Biokohle-Bodengemische werden mit Wasser aufgesättigt und frei-dränend aufgestellt. Nach zwei Tagen werden die Proben gewogen und der Wassergehalt bei Feldkapazität festgestellt. Es zeigt sich ein Steigerung des Wassergehaltes bei Feldkapazität um 11%, bzw. 14% und 26%.

This thesis is surveying the effect of Biochar from water hyacinth on the water holding capacity of a Ferralsol soil. At the beginning the Butare area in Rwanda is described, as a possible place for an implementation of the measure. Thereby the focus is set on socioeconomic, climatic and soil conditions. Than a description of Biochar and its effects on soil, and an overview of the water hyacinth with its extraordinary biomass production are given. Both considerations merge to the question, if water hyacinth can serve as a feedstock for Biochar production and how such a Biochar could effect the soil water holding capacity. This is answered by an experiment: water hyacinth is collected from lake Victoria and pyrolysed to Biochar. This Biochar is added in concentrations of 1.5%, 2% and 3% to the local Ferralsol soil. For a better understanding of the Ferralsol soil its grain size distribution is estimated applying the Köhn sedimentation procedure and laser diffraction. The Biochar amended soil is saturated with water and relocated for drainage. After two days the samples are weighed and thus their water content at water holding capacity determined. The experiment resulted in an increase in water holding capacity of 11%, respectively 14% and 26%., Diese Arbeit untersucht die Wirkung von Biokohle aus Wasserhyazinthen auf die Feldkapazität eines Ferralsol-Bodens. Als möglicher Ort für eine Anwendung dieser Methode wird eingangs die Butare Region in Ruanda beschrieben. Hauptsächlich wird dabei auf sozioökonomische, klimatische und bodenkundliche Faktoren eingegangen. Es folgt eine Beschreibung von Biokohle und ihrer Wirkungen im Boden; und ein Überblick zur Wasserhyazinthe und ihrer enormen Biomasseproduktion. Aus der Betrachtung beider Themen leitet sich die Frage ab, ob sich aus Wasserhyazinthen Biokohle herstellen lässt und wie diese sich als Bodenverbesserer auf die Feldkapazität auswirkt. Zur Klärung wird ein Experiment durchgeführt. Wasserhyazinthen werden vom Victoriasee gesammelt und zu Biokohle verkohlt. Diese Biokohle wird in Konzentrationen von 1.5%, 2%, 3% dem vor Ort vorgefundenen Ferralsol-Boden beigemengt. Um den verwendeten Ferralsol-Boden besseren einzuordnen, wird dessen Kornsummenverteilung mittels Köhn-Sedimentationsverfahren und Beckman-Coulter Laserdiffraktometer analysiert. Die Biokohle-Bodengemische werden mit Wasser aufgesättigt und frei-dränend aufgestellt. Nach zwei Tagen werden die Proben gewogen und der Wassergehalt bei Feldkapazität festgestellt. Es zeigt sich ein Steigerung des Wassergehaltes bei Feldkapazität um 11%, bzw. 14% und 26%.