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Quick global aggregation of effective distributed parameters is crucial to federated learning (FL), which requires adequate bandwidth for parameters communication and sufficient user data for local training. Otherwise, FL may cost excessive training time for convergence and produce inaccurate models. In this paper, we propose a brand-new FL framework, P rompt FL, that replaces the federated model training with the federated prompt training, i.e., let federated participants train prompts instead of a shared model, to simultaneously achieve the efficient global aggregation and local training on insufficient data by exploiting the power of foundation models (FM) in a distributed way. PromptFL ships an off-the-shelf FM, i.e., CLIP, to distributed clients who would cooperatively train shared soft prompts based on very few local data. Since P rompt FL only needs to update the prompts instead of the whole model, both the local training and the global aggregation can be significantly accelerated. And FM trained over large scale data can provide strong adaptation capability to distributed users tasks with the trained soft prompts. We empirically analyze the P rompt FL via extensive experiments, and show its superiority in terms of system feasibility, user privacy, and performance. IEEE

Traditional safety analysis methods based on historical crash data and simulation models have limitations in capturing real-world driving scenarios. In this experiment, panoramic videos recorded from a motorcyclist’s helmet in Bangkok, Thailand, were narrated using an image-to-text model and then put into a Large Language Model (LLM) to identify potential hazards and assess crash risks. The framework can assess static and moving objects with the potential for early warning and incident analysis. However, the limitations of the existing image-to-text model cause its inability to handle panoramic images effectively.