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BACKGROUND: Canine flank alopecia (CFA) is characterized by seasonally recurring noninflammatory, occasionally hyperpigmented alopecia predominantly in the thoracolumbar area. Previous studies suggest that reduced production of endogenous melatonin may play a role in the pathogenesis of this condition, and placebo-controlled studies on the efficacy of preventative melatonin treatment are lacking.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of subcutaneous slow-release melatonin implants in the prevention of CFA recurrence.ANIMALS: Twenty-one client-owned dogs with a history of CFA were included in the study.MATERIALS AND METHODS: At time (T)0, a general physical and dermatological examination was performed on each dog, blood was collected for serum biochemistry analysis and two skin biopsies were taken from alopecic areas on the nonsedated affected dogs after subcutaneous injection with 2% lidocaine. Dogs with normal blood work and histological results compatible with CFA were included in the study. Participating dogs were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or 18 mg melatonin subcutaneously in the interscapular area, approximately 2 months before expected CFA onset (T1). CFA recurrence was scored qualitatively as complete, ≤50% recurrence, or no recurrence at 5 and 7 months after the intervention (T2 and T3, respectively).RESULTS: At T3, in dogs treated with placebo (nine of 17), the percentages for complete recurrence, ≤50% recurrence and no recurrence were 44%, 0% and 56%, respectively. In dogs treated with melatonin (eight of 17), these percentages were 25%, 50% and 25%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the scores between melatonin-treated dogs and placebo-treated dogs (p = 0.40). In three of eight melatonin-treated dogs, mild transient swelling was observed at the injection site.CONCLUSIONS: This study did not provide evidence that an 18 mg melatonin implant treatment, although well-tolera

OBJECTIVES To quantify associations between antimicrobial use and acquired resistance in indicator Escherichia coli over a period of time which involved sector-wide antimicrobial use reductions in broilers and pigs (years 2004-14), veal calves (2007-14) and dairy cattle (2005-14). Prevalence estimates of resistance were predicted for a hypothetical further decrease in antimicrobial use. METHODS Data reported annually for the resistance surveillance programme in the Netherlands were retrieved. Two multivariate random-effects logistic models per animal sector were used to relate total and class-specific antimicrobial use (as defined daily dosages per animal per year, DDDA/Y) with the probability of E. coli resistance to a panel of 10 antimicrobial agents. RESULTS Positive dose-response relationships (ORs) were obtained from all models. Specific resistance phenotypes were more often associated with total antimicrobial use than with class-specific use. The most robust associations were found in pigs and veal calves. Resistance to historically widely used antimicrobials (e.g. penicillins, tetracyclines) was, in relative terms, less influenced by drug use changes over time than resistance to newer or less prescribed antimicrobials (e.g. third-/fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones). In pigs and veal calves, prevalence estimates for the most common resistance phenotypes were projected to decline ∼5%-25% during 2014-16 if total antimicrobial use reduction reached 80%; projections for poultry and dairy cows were more modest. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological evidence indicated that drug use history and co-selection of resistance are key elements for perpetuation of resistance. Data suggest that recent Dutch policies aimed at reducing total use of antimicrobials have decreased E. coli resistance in the pig and veal calf production sectors while the impact on the dairy cattle and poultry sectors is less clear.