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Understanding the pore water pressure distribution in unsaturated soil is crucial in predicting shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, mainly when dealing with different temporal patterns of rainfall intensity. However, the hydrological response of vegetated slopes, especially three-dimensional (3D) slopes covered with shrubs, under different rainfall patterns remains unclear and requires further investigation. To address this issue, this study adopts a novel 3D numerical model for simulating hydraulic interactions between the root system of the shrub and the surrounding soil. Three series of numerical parametric studies are conducted to investigate the influences of slope inclination, rainfall pattern and rainfall duration. Four rainfall patterns (advanced, bimodal, delayed, and uniform) and two rainfall durations (4-h intense and 168-h mild rainfall) are considered to study the hydrological response of the slope. The computed results show that 17% higher transpiration-induced suction is found for a steeper slope, which remains even after a short, intense rainfall with a 100-year return period. The extreme rainfalls with advanced (PA), bimodal (PB) and uniform (PU) rainfall patterns need to be considered for the short rainfall duration (4 h), while the delayed (PD) and uniform (PU) rainfall patterns are highly recommended for long rainfall durations (168 h). The presence of plants can improve slope stability markedly under extreme rainfall with a short duration (4 h). For the long duration (168 h), the benefit of the plant in preserving pore-water pressure (PWP) and slope stability may not be sufficient. © 2024 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are among the remarkable next-generation energy storage technologies for a broad range of applications, including (implantable) medical devices, portable electronic devices, (hybrid) electric vehicles, and even large-scale grid storage. All-solid-state thin film Li-ion batteries (TFLIBs) with an extended cycle life, broad temperature operation range, and minimal self-discharge rate are superior to bulk-type ASSBs and have attracted considerable attention. Compared with conventional batteries, stacking dense thin films reduces the Li-ion diffusion length, thereby improving the rate capability. It is vital to develop TFLIBs with higher energy density and stability. However, multiple challenges, such as interfacial instability, low volumetric energy density, and high manufacturing cost, still hinder the widespread application of TFLIBs. At present, many approaches, such as materials optimization and novel architecture design, have been explored to enhance the stability and energy density of TFLIBs. An overview of these discoveries and developments in TFLIBs is presented in this review, together with new insights into the intrinsic mechanisms of operation; this is of great value to the batteries research community and facilitates further improvements in batteries in the near future.

Although three-dimensional (3D) co-culture of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts-populated collagen gel can mimic 3D structure of in vivo tissue, the uncontrolled contraction of collagen gel restricts its application in clinical and experimental practices. We here established a stable 3D gingival tissue equivalent (GTE) using hTERT-immortalized gingival fibroblasts (hGFBs)-populated collagen gel directly crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D and seeding hTERT-immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGKs) on the upper surface for a 2-week air–liquid interface co-culture. MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability of GTEs. GTE size was monitored following culture period, and the contraction was analyzed. Immunohistochemical assay was used to analyze GTE structure. qRT-PCR was conducted to examine the mRNA expression of keratinocyte-specific genes. Fifty µM genipin (G50) or combination (G + C) of G50 and 100 nM cytochalasin D significantly inhibited GTE contraction. Additionally, a higher cell viability appeared in GTEs crosslinked with G50 or G + C. GTEs crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D showed a distinct multilayered stratified epithelium that expressed keratinocyte-specific genes similar to native gingiva. Collagen directly crosslinked with G50 or G + C significantly reduced GTE contraction without damaging the epithelium. In summary, the TIGKs and hGFBs can successfully form organotypic multilayered cultures, which can be a valuable tool in the research regarding periodontal disease as well as oral mucosa disease. We conclude that genipin is a promising crosslinker with the ability to reduce collagen contraction while maintaining normal cell function in collagen-based oral tissue engineering.

Although three-dimensional (3D) co-culture of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts-populated collagen gel can mimic 3D structure of in vivo tissue, the uncontrolled contraction of collagen gel restricts its application in clinical and experimental practices. We here established a stable 3D gingival tissue equivalent (GTE) using hTERT-immortalized gingival fibroblasts (hGFBs)-populated collagen gel directly crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D and seeding hTERT-immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGKs) on the upper surface for a 2-week air–liquid interface co-culture. MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability of GTEs. GTE size was monitored following culture period, and the contraction was analyzed. Immunohistochemical assay was used to analyze GTE structure. qRT-PCR was conducted to examine the mRNA expression of keratinocyte-specific genes. Fifty µM genipin (G50) or combination (G + C) of G50 and 100 nM cytochalasin D significantly inhibited GTE contraction. Additionally, a higher cell viability appeared in GTEs crosslinked with G50 or G + C. GTEs crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D showed a distinct multilayered stratified epithelium that expressed keratinocyte-specific genes similar to native gingiva. Collagen directly crosslinked with G50 or G + C significantly reduced GTE contraction without damaging the epithelium. In summary, the TIGKs and hGFBs can successfully form organotypic multilayered cultures, which can be a valuable tool in the research regarding periodontal disease as well as oral mucosa disease. We conclude that genipin is a promising crosslinker with the ability to reduce collagen contraction while maintaining normal cell function in collagen-based oral tissue engineering.

Although three-dimensional (3D) co-culture of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts-populated collagen gel can mimic 3D structure of in vivo tissue, the uncontrolled contraction of collagen gel restricts its application in clinical and experimental practices. We here established a stable 3D gingival tissue equivalent (GTE) using hTERT-immortalized gingival fibroblasts (hGFBs)-populated collagen gel directly crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D and seeding hTERT-immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGKs) on the upper surface for a 2-week air–liquid interface co-culture. MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability of GTEs. GTE size was monitored following culture period, and the contraction was analyzed. Immunohistochemical assay was used to analyze GTE structure. qRT-PCR was conducted to examine the mRNA expression of keratinocyte-specific genes. Fifty µM genipin (G50) or combination (G + C) of G50 and 100 nM cytochalasin D significantly inhibited GTE contraction. Additionally, a higher cell viability appeared in GTEs crosslinked with G50 or G + C. GTEs crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D showed a distinct multilayered stratified epithelium that expressed keratinocyte-specific genes similar to native gingiva. Collagen directly crosslinked with G50 or G + C significantly reduced GTE contraction without damaging the epithelium. In summary, the TIGKs and hGFBs can successfully form organotypic multilayered cultures, which can be a valuable tool in the research regarding periodontal disease as well as oral mucosa disease. We conclude that genipin is a promising crosslinker with the ability to reduce collagen contraction while maintaining normal cell function in collagen-based oral tissue engineering.

Although three-dimensional (3D) co-culture of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts-populated collagen gel can mimic 3D structure of in vivo tissue, the uncontrolled contraction of collagen gel restricts its application in clinical and experimental practices. We here established a stable 3D gingival tissue equivalent (GTE) using hTERT-immortalized gingival fibroblasts (hGFBs)-populated collagen gel directly crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D and seeding hTERT-immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGKs) on the upper surface for a 2-week air–liquid interface co-culture. MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability of GTEs. GTE size was monitored following culture period, and the contraction was analyzed. Immunohistochemical assay was used to analyze GTE structure. qRT-PCR was conducted to examine the mRNA expression of keratinocyte-specific genes. Fifty µM genipin (G50) or combination (G + C) of G50 and 100 nM cytochalasin D significantly inhibited GTE contraction. Additionally, a higher cell viability appeared in GTEs crosslinked with G50 or G + C. GTEs crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D showed a distinct multilayered stratified epithelium that expressed keratinocyte-specific genes similar to native gingiva. Collagen directly crosslinked with G50 or G + C significantly reduced GTE contraction without damaging the epithelium. In summary, the TIGKs and hGFBs can successfully form organotypic multilayered cultures, which can be a valuable tool in the research regarding periodontal disease as well as oral mucosa disease. We conclude that genipin is a promising crosslinker with the ability to reduce collagen contraction while maintaining normal cell function in collagen-based oral tissue engineering.

Although three-dimensional (3D) co-culture of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts-populated collagen gel can mimic 3D structure of in vivo tissue, the uncontrolled contraction of collagen gel restricts its application in clinical and experimental practices. We here established a stable 3D gingival tissue equivalent (GTE) using hTERT-immortalized gingival fibroblasts (hGFBs)-populated collagen gel directly crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D and seeding hTERT-immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGKs) on the upper surface for a 2-week air–liquid interface co-culture. MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability of GTEs. GTE size was monitored following culture period, and the contraction was analyzed. Immunohistochemical assay was used to analyze GTE structure. qRT-PCR was conducted to examine the mRNA expression of keratinocyte-specific genes. Fifty µM genipin (G50) or combination (G + C) of G50 and 100 nM cytochalasin D significantly inhibited GTE contraction. Additionally, a higher cell viability appeared in GTEs crosslinked with G50 or G + C. GTEs crosslinked with genipin/cytochalasin D showed a distinct multilayered stratified epithelium that expressed keratinocyte-specific genes similar to native gingiva. Collagen directly crosslinked with G50 or G + C significantly reduced GTE contraction without damaging the epithelium. In summary, the TIGKs and hGFBs can successfully form organotypic multilayered cultures, which can be a valuable tool in the research regarding periodontal disease as well as oral mucosa disease. We conclude that genipin is a promising crosslinker with the ability to reduce collagen contraction while maintaining normal cell function in collagen-based oral tissue engineering.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) enable the visualization of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures ranging from atomic to micrometer scales using 3D reconstruction techniques based on computed tomography algorithms. This 3D microscopy method is called electron tomography (ET) and has been utilized in the fields of materials science and engineering for more than two decades. Although atomic resolution is one of the current topics in ET research, the development and deployment of intermediate-resolution (non-atomic-resolution) ET imaging methods have garnered considerable attention from researchers. This research trend is probably not irrelevant due to the fact that the spatial resolution and functionality of 3D imaging methods of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microscopy have come to overlap with those of ET. In other words, there may be multiple ways to carry out 3D visualization using different microscopy methods for nanometer-scale objects in materials. From the above standpoint, this review paper aims to (i) describe the current status and issues of intermediate-resolution ET with regard to enhancing the effectiveness of TEM/STEM imaging and (ii) discuss promising applications of state-of-the-art intermediate-resolution ET for materials research with a particular focus on diffraction contrast ET for crystalline microstructures (superlattice domains and dislocations) including a demonstration of in situ dislocation tomography.

[EN] Three-dimensional (3D) porous nickel structures were fabricated via a double-template electrochemical deposition process. The construction of the foam structures was achieved by means of a hydrogen bubble dynamic template, prepared from Cu electrodeposition at high current densities. Subsequently, a Ni layer was electrodeposited on the Cu 3D template. During the nickel coating, the typical finger-like microstructure of the Cu foam becomes denser and changes to a cauliflower microstructure. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on these macroporous Ni electrodes was evaluated in 30 wt.% KOH solution by means of polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results demonstrate greater apparent activity of the developed electrodes towards HER in comparison with commercial smooth Ni electrode. The 3D porous Ni electrocatalyst obtained from Cu templates synthesized at the lowest current density and the highest electrodeposition time yielded the best electrochemical activity for HER. © 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[EN] Three-dimensional (3D) porous nickel structures were fabricated via a double-template electrochemical deposition process. The construction of the foam structures was achieved by means of a hydrogen bubble dynamic template, prepared from Cu electrodeposition at high current densities. Subsequently, a Ni layer was electrodeposited on the Cu 3D template. During the nickel coating, the typical finger-like microstructure of the Cu foam becomes denser and changes to a cauliflower microstructure. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on these macroporous Ni electrodes was evaluated in 30 wt.% KOH solution by means of polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results demonstrate greater apparent activity of the developed electrodes towards HER in comparison with commercial smooth Ni electrode. The 3D porous Ni electrocatalyst obtained from Cu templates synthesized at the lowest current density and the highest electrodeposition time yielded the best electrochemical activity for HER. © 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[EN] The experimental analysis of three-dimensional (3D) movement is of great importance to introduce students to knowledge of the actual physical world. However, the difficulties of collecting 3Ddatamake it little suitable for beginner physics students. In this work, we propose an experiment to analyse 3D motion in stationary and rotating systems. A projectile is launched from a rotating platform. The tracking of the projectile is carried out with the assistance of a stereoscopic camera and simplified object tracking techniques. The experiment can be modelled through the well-known transformation equations between an inertial reference system and a non-inertial one with constant angular velocity. The simplicity of the method and the agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical model make the experiment accessible to undergraduate physics students. In this way, they can easily measure a 3D movement and verify its theoretical equations. © 2011 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present in-depth numerical modelling of heat and mass exchange in industrial induction channel furnace (ICF). Design/methodology/approach - The turbulent heat and mass exchange in the melt is calculated using a three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic model and a 3D transient large eddy simulation method. The simulation model has been verified by flow velocity and temperature measurements, which were carried out using an industrial sized channel inductor operating with Wood's metal as a low temperature model melt. Findings - The ICF is well-established for melting, holding and casting in the metallurgical industry. But there are still open questions regarding the heat and mass exchange in the inductor channel itself and between the channel and the melt bath. Different new designed channel geometries have been investigated numerically in order to find an optimized shape of the channel, which leads to an improved heat and mass transfer. Originality/value - Long-term computations for the industrial ICF have been performed. Low frequency oscillations of the temperature maximum and its position in the ICF channel are considered. © 2011 Emerald Group Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present in-depth numerical modelling of heat and mass exchange in industrial induction channel furnace (ICF). Design/methodology/approach - The turbulent heat and mass exchange in the melt is calculated using a three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic model and a 3D transient large eddy simulation method. The simulation model has been verified by flow velocity and temperature measurements, which were carried out using an industrial sized channel inductor operating with Wood's metal as a low temperature model melt. Findings - The ICF is well-established for melting, holding and casting in the metallurgical industry. But there are still open questions regarding the heat and mass exchange in the inductor channel itself and between the channel and the melt bath. Different new designed channel geometries have been investigated numerically in order to find an optimized shape of the channel, which leads to an improved heat and mass transfer. Originality/value - Long-term computations for the industrial ICF have been performed. Low frequency oscillations of the temperature maximum and its position in the ICF channel are considered. © 2011 Emerald Group Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.

The full three-dimensional (3D) approach is now becoming an important issue for all magnetic confinement configurations. It is a necessary condition for the stellarator but also the tokamak and the reversed field pinch (RFP) now cannot be completely described in an axisymmetric framework. For the RFP the observation of self-sustained helical configurations with improved plasma performances require a better description in order to assess a new view on this configuration. In this new framework plasma configuration studies for RFX-mod have been considered both with tools developed for the RFP as well as considering codes originally developed for the stellarator and adapted to the RFP. These helical states are reached through a transition to a very low/reversed shear configuration leading to internal electron transport barriers. These states are interrupted by MHD reconnection events and the large Te gradients at the barriers indicate that both current and pressure driven modes are to be considered. Furthermore the typically flat Te profiles in the helical core have raised the issue of the role of electrostatic and electromagnetic turbulence in these reduced chaos regions, so that a stability analysis in the correct 3D geometry is required to address an optimization of the plasma setup. In this viewtheVMECcode proved to be an effectiveway to obtain helical equilibria to be studied in terms of stability and transport with a suite of well tested codes. In this work, the equilibrium reconstruction technique as well as the experimental evidence of 3D effects and their first interpretation in terms of stability and transport are presented using both RFP and stellarator tools., QC 20111216

Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 compounds have recently been predicted to be three-dimensional (3D) strong topological insulators. In this paper, based on ab initio calculations, we study in detail the topological nature and the surface states of this family of compounds. The penetration depth and the spin-resolved Fermi surfaces of the surface states are analyzed. We also present a procedure from which a highly accurate effective Hamiltonian can be constructed based on projected atomic Wannier functions (which keep the symmetries of the systems). Such a Hamiltonian can be used to study the semi-infinite systems or slab-type supercells efficiently. Finally, we discuss the 3D topological phase transition in the Sb-2(Te1-xSex)(3) alloy system.

Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 compounds have recently been predicted to be three-dimensional (3D) strong topological insulators. In this paper, based on ab initio calculations, we study in detail the topological nature and the surface states of this family of compounds. The penetration depth and the spin-resolved Fermi surfaces of the surface states are analyzed. We also present a procedure from which a highly accurate effective Hamiltonian can be constructed based on projected atomic Wannier functions (which keep the symmetries of the systems). Such a Hamiltonian can be used to study the semi-infinite systems or slab-type supercells efficiently. Finally, we discuss the 3D topological phase transition in the Sb-2(Te1-xSex)(3) alloy system.

A three-dimensional (3D) finite-element mode-propagation analysis is presented to give an accurate and efficient simulation for silicon-nanowire- based multimode interference (MMI) couplers. For the presented numerical method, a finite-element method mode solver is used to calculate the mode profiles and the propagation constants in a multimode section. The comparison between the presented method and some other numerical methods [e.g., finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, beam propagation methods, etc.] is also shown. It is shown that the presented numerical method gives simulation results very close to those from the 3D FDTD (with a deviation less than 1%). Therefore, it is very convenient for the design of Si-nanowire-based MMI couplers., QC 20211116

Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 compounds have recently been predicted to be three-dimensional (3D) strong topological insulators. In this paper, based on ab initio calculations, we study in detail the topological nature and the surface states of this family of compounds. The penetration depth and the spin-resolved Fermi surfaces of the surface states are analyzed. We also present a procedure from which a highly accurate effective Hamiltonian can be constructed based on projected atomic Wannier functions (which keep the symmetries of the systems). Such a Hamiltonian can be used to study the semi-infinite systems or slab-type supercells efficiently. Finally, we discuss the 3D topological phase transition in the Sb-2(Te1-xSex)(3) alloy system.