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The search for employment using social contacts, despite being a common practice, sometimes does not generate the expected results. In order to verify the above, this paper describes the social contact networks of a group of young people living in contexts of marginality and violence in Cali's communes 1, 14, 16, 18 and 20 who participated in the program called Integral Treatment for Gangs - Youth Without Borders (TIP-JSF), a process of psychosocial intervention from an integral perspective that promoted social inclusion. The social networks found through a survey are characterized by being small and closed, increasing the likelihood that those who make up these networks have the same employment status: unemployment or informal employment. It is essential for young people to expand their contacts and link them with other contacts that can provide them with information on better job vacancies., A busca de emprego usando contatos sociais, apesar de ser uma prática comum, às vezes não gera os resultados esperados. Para verificar isso, este artigo descreve as redes de contatos sociais de um grupo de jovens que vivem em contextos de marginalidade e violência nas comunas 1, 14, 16, 18 e 20 de Cali e que participaram do programa chamado Tratamento Integral para Gangues - Jovens Sem Fronteiras (TIP-JSF), um processo de intervenção psicossocial de uma perspectiva holística que promoveu a inclusão social. As redes sociais encontradas por meio de uma pesquisa são caracterizadas por serem pequenas e fechadas, aumentando a probabilidade de que aqueles que as formam tenham a mesma situação de emprego: desemprego ou emprego informal. É fundamental, portanto, que os jovens ampliem seus contatos para conectá-los a outras pessoas que possam lhes fornecer informações sobre melhores vagas de emprego., La búsqueda de empleo usando los contactos sociales a pesar de ser una práctica común, en ocasiones no genera los resultados esperados. Con el objetivo de comprobar lo anterior, en este documento se configuran las redes de contactos sociales de un grupo de jóvenes que viven en contextos de marginalidad y violencia de las comunas 1, 14, 16, 18 y 20 de Cali que participaron en el programa denominado Tratamiento Integral a Pandillas - Jóvenes Sin Fronteras (TIP-JSF), un proceso de intervención psicosocial desde una perspectiva integral que promovía la inclusión social. Las redes de contactos sociales halladas a través de una encuesta se caracterizan por ser pequeñas y cerradas, aumentando la probabilidad de que quienes las conforman, presenten el mismo estado laboral: desempleo o informalidad laboral. Es clave, entonces, que las/os jóvenes amplíen sus contactos para que los vinculen con otros que les puedan brindar información de mejores vacantes laborales.

This thesis examines the complex relationship between networking and resource mobilisation in the context of entrepreneurship. The study investigates the extent to which different types of ties, namely strong, weak and new ties, contribute to an entrepreneur's ability to acquire resources. This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with eight founders in Sweden and the Netherlands. The findings reveal the significance of weak ties in securing financial resources, while strong ties play a crucial role in gathering affective resources. Both strong and weak ties contribute to acquiring entrepreneurial know-how, and weak and new ties predominantly provide market-specific resources. The study highlights the emergence of new ties as a distinct category for resource acquisition. It challenges the prevailing notion that weak ties are universally the most valuable and emphasises the complex role of institutions and incubators in networking. Practical implications suggest entrepreneurs cultivate diverse networks and actively engage with support organisations. This research underlines the essential role of networking in entrepreneurial resource mobilisation, emphasising the need for strategic networking to exploit opportunities and create new ventures.

This article analyzes the situation of poverty and the complex social networks in which the individual may be immersed. The article studies the links -strong or weak- in order to determine how the individual can take advantage of them. The possibility of escaping from the circle of poverty will depend on these ties. This is based on research on the way in which people strengthen communication and support connections -mainly in circumstances of emergency, illness, natural disasters-; based on the theory of social networks and the theory of complexity, we reflect on the relationships and the way in which they can be used to generate possible solutions to social problems such as marginality, misery and the lack of the necessary resources to satisfy the needs of a population., En este artículo se analiza la situación de pobreza y las redes sociales complejas en las que se puede encontrar inmerso el individuo; se estudia, por lo tanto, los vínculos —fuertes o débiles— para determinar el aprovechamiento que puede obtener de ellos. De estos lazos dependerá la posibilidad de salir de su círculo de pobreza. Lo anterior se fundamenta en investigaciones sobre la forma en la que las personas estrechan conexiones de comunicación y de apoyo —principalmente en circunstancias de emergencia, enfermedades, desastres naturales—; a partir de la teoría de redes sociales y la teoría de la complejidad, se reflexiona acerca de las relaciones y la forma en la que pueden aprovecharse para generar posibles soluciones a problemas sociales como la marginalidad, la miseria y la carencia de los recursos necesarios para satisfacer las necesidades de una población.

Following Ager and Strang’s (2008) work on core domains of integration, this research examines the domain of social connections through the study of individuals’ networks. It explores the ways in which Spanish nationals who have arrived in Bristol since 2008 have i) accessed and developed networks in the city ii) mobilized their capitals through dyadic ties and networks and iii) how the outcome of these mobilizations helped them to socially integrate. Diverging from Putnam (2000) and Woolcock’s (1998) ties perspective (bridges, bonds and links) this research draws from Bourdieu (1986, 2000), Granovetter (1973, 1983) and Ryan’s (2011, 2016; 2015b) work to look at the development of social connections and the mobilization of capitals to achieve (or not) social integration. Sociograms were used to map the ties that 27 Spanish nationals had developed in Bristol. Semi-structured interviews guided the completion of the sociogram and provided detail about individuals’ dyadic ties and networks. Demographic questionnaire data provided context to their stories. The research found that developed ties in the city occur through shared spaces, romantic partners, hispanophile natives, and people in similar work and life stages. Moreover, the research found that Spaniards mobilized their capitals through their networks to socially integrate into co-national, religious, professional, native and mixed networks. Vertical ties, social and cultural brokers, free time, and the hospitality of the residents were key elements explaining two-way integration outcomes. Strong ties provided a sense of belonging, reciprocity, and settlement. The research contributes to the literature on migration, social capital, and networks (migrant capital); provides the concepts of social and cultural brokers, aims to separate tie theory from social capital theory; and highlights a new and understudied phenomenon of long-term Spanish migration to Bristol.

Si l’immigration ouest-africaine est relativement récente au Québec, comparativement à l’immigration européenne, elle grandit toutefois en importance. L’écart de revenu entre les non immigrants et ces nouveaux visages de l’immigration a également cru. Les femmes d'origine africaine font partie des groupes particulièrement touchés par les difficultés d'insertion. C’est pour cela que nous avons choisi dans cette recherche de nous intéresser à la compréhension de leurs difficultés d’insertion. Nous avons donc proposé une étude de cas, ciblant les immigrantes d’origine ouest-africaines et francophones à Montréal. L’objectif est de fournir une compréhension de la manière dont leur capital social, et plus précisément leurs réseaux de relations, intervient dans leur insertion économique et sociale. Une approche par les réseaux de relations qui a motivé une stratégie de recherche mixte, même si le qualitatif, par le biais des entretiens semi-dirigés, y prend plus de place. En effet, pour les besoins de la description des réseaux, l’usage du questionnaire a été nécessaire pour exécuter la méthode du générateur de position. Nous avons de plus construit un modèle d’analyse de l’insertion par les réseaux, qui nous a permis la présentation suivante des résultats. Les lieux de traduction sont là où se développent principalement les réseaux de relations de nos participantes, ce qui fait que la majorité d’entre elles ont des réseaux denses ramifiants, composés de liens faibles endogènes/intra-communautaires. Toutefois, si ces types de réseaux sont potentiellement vecteurs d’insertion, encore faut-il les mobiliser. C’est là la limite des vertus associées au capital social, en effet la grande majorité de nos participantes ont un réseau dense ramifiant et pourtant la plupart est en situation de précarité d’emploi. Les entraves à la mobilisation des réseaux qui sont ressorties des discours sont principalement la méfiance, mêlée à de la pudeur quand elle est dirigée vers la communauté e

Si l’immigration ouest-africaine est relativement récente au Québec, comparativement à l’immigration européenne, elle grandit toutefois en importance. L’écart de revenu entre les non immigrants et ces nouveaux visages de l’immigration a également cru. Les femmes d'origine africaine font partie des groupes particulièrement touchés par les difficultés d'insertion. C’est pour cela que nous avons choisi dans cette recherche de nous intéresser à la compréhension de leurs difficultés d’insertion. Nous avons donc proposé une étude de cas, ciblant les immigrantes d’origine ouest-africaines et francophones à Montréal. L’objectif est de fournir une compréhension de la manière dont leur capital social, et plus précisément leurs réseaux de relations, intervient dans leur insertion économique et sociale. Une approche par les réseaux de relations qui a motivé une stratégie de recherche mixte, même si le qualitatif, par le biais des entretiens semi-dirigés, y prend plus de place. En effet, pour les besoins de la description des réseaux, l’usage du questionnaire a été nécessaire pour exécuter la méthode du générateur de position. Nous avons de plus construit un modèle d’analyse de l’insertion par les réseaux, qui nous a permis la présentation suivante des résultats. Les lieux de traduction sont là où se développent principalement les réseaux de relations de nos participantes, ce qui fait que la majorité d’entre elles ont des réseaux denses ramifiants, composés de liens faibles endogènes/intra-communautaires. Toutefois, si ces types de réseaux sont potentiellement vecteurs d’insertion, encore faut-il les mobiliser. C’est là la limite des vertus associées au capital social, en effet la grande majorité de nos participantes ont un réseau dense ramifiant et pourtant la plupart est en situation de précarité d’emploi. Les entraves à la mobilisation des réseaux qui sont ressorties des discours sont principalement la méfiance, mêlée à de la pudeur quand elle est dirigée vers la communauté e

Following Ager and Strang’s (2008) work on core domains of integration, this research examines the domain of social connections through the study of individuals’ networks. It explores the ways in which Spanish nationals who have arrived in Bristol since 2008 have i) accessed and developed networks in the city ii) mobilized their capitals through dyadic ties and networks and iii) how the outcome of these mobilizations helped them to socially integrate. Diverging from Putnam (2000) and Woolcock’s (1998) ties perspective (bridges, bonds and links) this research draws from Bourdieu (1986, 2000), Granovetter (1973, 1983) and Ryan’s (2011, 2016; 2015b) work to look at the development of social connections and the mobilization of capitals to achieve (or not) social integration. Sociograms were used to map the ties that 27 Spanish nationals had developed in Bristol. Semi-structured interviews guided the completion of the sociogram and provided detail about individuals’ dyadic ties and networks. Demographic questionnaire data provided context to their stories. The research found that developed ties in the city occur through shared spaces, romantic partners, hispanophile natives, and people in similar work and life stages. Moreover, the research found that Spaniards mobilized their capitals through their networks to socially integrate into co-national, religious, professional, native and mixed networks. Vertical ties, social and cultural brokers, free time, and the hospitality of the residents were key elements explaining two-way integration outcomes. Strong ties provided a sense of belonging, reciprocity, and settlement. The research contributes to the literature on migration, social capital, and networks (migrant capital); provides the concepts of social and cultural brokers, aims to separate tie theory from social capital theory; and highlights a new and understudied phenomenon of long-term Spanish migration to Bristol.

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar el perfil de las redes personales de mujeres y varones en cuanto a la participación social de sus contactos, y el diferente papel que pueden tener sus contactos débiles y fuertes a la hora de explicar la intención de desarrollar diversas formas de participación social. A través de una encuesta on-line 263 estudiantes universitarios actualmente no involucrados en ninguna forma de participación social estimaron la probabilidad de su futura implicación en ciertos tipos de participación social y aportaron el número aproximado de familiares, amigos y conocidos que desarrollaban cada tipo. Esta última información fue utilizada para calcular el grado de centralidad de los sujetos en sus redes sociales considerando los vínculos fuertes y débiles. Los análisis llevados a cabo confirman que mujeres y varones presentan diferencias en sus redes sociales. Sólo los vínculos débiles son predictores significativos de la intención de desarrollar la participación, pero hay diferencias por tipo de participación social y por género. La influencia de los vínculos sociales es significativa si el tipo de participación social se ajusta al estereotipo de rol de género. Se discuten los resultados a la luz de la aproximación focus norm y la influencia social normativa., The goals of this study were, first, to analyze the differences between women´s and men´s social networks with respect to social participation. Second, we aimed to analyze the extent to which social networks and different types of social ties have an influence on women´s and men´s intention to engage in different types of social participation. Through an on-line survey 263 undergraduate students currently not involved in any kind of social participation estimated probability of their future involvement in several types of social engagement. They also reported an approximate number of their relatives, friends, and acquaintances developing each type of participation. This latter information was used to calculate the degree of the centrality of the subjects in their social networks considering strong ties and weak ties. Analyses confirmed that women´s and men´s social networks differed. Also, only weak ties were significant predictor of the intention to participate in both cases, but there were differences by type of social participation and by gender. The influence of social ties was only significant if the type of social participation fitted gender role stereotype. We discuss our results in light of the focus norm approach and normative social influence., Depto. de Antropología Social y Psicología Social, Fac. de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, TRUE, pub

This essay is structured as a theory test of an article written by Justin H. Kirkland (2011), his work was an application of a network theory on U.S. legislature. The theory he applied was about the importance of weak and strong ties in networks. This essay looked at the work done by Kirkland and decided to examine if his theory would give the same results if applied on a significantly different example in the form of the Swedish legislature. My data consisted of different kinds of bills from Swedish legislature, this data was taken from a freely available database controlled by the Swedish legislature in and of itself. Similar to Kirkland this essay utilizes quantitative methods, in the form of a regression analysis in order to test hypothesizes about the effects of weak and strong ties. Kirklands article concluded that weak ties had a significant effect on legislative success, while strong ties did not, in contrast the results of this essay indicated that when applied on a different and challenging material, Kirklands theory could no longer explain variance in legislative success and neither weak nor strong ties had seemingly any significant effect on legislative success in Swedish legislature.

Top management in organizations have begun to realize that innovative employees add to the competitive edge of a company which serves to maintain their position in intense market competition. For this purpose, management needs to seek new ways to combine the social environment and employees in the workplace in an inextricable manner that supports innovation. The purpose of this paper was to examine the role of thriving at work and its effects on an individual’s innovative behavior. Based on the socially embedded model of thriving, we aimed to assess the relevant related work on structured potential effects with relational ties (i.e., strong versus weak). Particularly, these ties affect the heedful relating differently. This study examined the antecedents of thriving at work and the innovative behavior among employees at a global investment company. Using partial least squares modeling on a sample of 412 observations (strong and weak ties), strong support was found for the theory-driven hypothesized relationships. The results contribute to a better understanding of the relational roles concerning recently emerging constructs of “thriving at work” and “positive organizational scholarship.” The implications and limitations of this study are further discussed.

This essay is structured as a theory test of an article written by Justin H. Kirkland (2011), his work was an application of a network theory on U.S. legislature. The theory he applied was about the importance of weak and strong ties in networks. This essay looked at the work done by Kirkland and decided to examine if his theory would give the same results if applied on a significantly different example in the form of the Swedish legislature. My data consisted of different kinds of bills from Swedish legislature, this data was taken from a freely available database controlled by the Swedish legislature in and of itself. Similar to Kirkland this essay utilizes quantitative methods, in the form of a regression analysis in order to test hypothesizes about the effects of weak and strong ties. Kirklands article concluded that weak ties had a significant effect on legislative success, while strong ties did not, in contrast the results of this essay indicated that when applied on a different and challenging material, Kirklands theory could no longer explain variance in legislative success and neither weak nor strong ties had seemingly any significant effect on legislative success in Swedish legislature.

This article presents the results of a sociological research and suggests the consideration of Internet marketing tools from the perspective of a network approach. The practice of student interaction in the framework of weak ties with other students in the interests of consumer behavior in the online market has been revealed. The dissemination of existing experience occurs through strong ties. However, in finding a new product / store, weak links are helpful., В данной статье представлены результаты социологического исследования и предложено рассмотрение инструментов интернет-маркетинга с позиции сетевого подхода. Выявлены практики взаимодействия студентов в рамках слабых связей с другими студентами в интересах потребительского поведения в интернет-маркете. Распространение уже имеющегося опыта происходит через сильные связи. Однако в поиске нового товара/магазина полезными оказываются слабые связи.

We derive hypotheses from popular accounts of how use of social media affects our strong ties. Several authors have suggested that social media use erodes our strong ties by increasing the volume of social interactions and decreasing their depth. Using two-wave panel data representative of the Dutch population between 15 and 45 years, we examine changes in the core discussion networks (CDNs) of 5312 respondents (with 10,896 relations). Contradicting an erosion of strong ties, we found positive effects of social media use on CDN size, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Social media use was positively related to talking to CDN members in our cross-sectional model. Finally, we found that the CDNs of frequent social media users were more dynamic than those of less frequent users: they are more likely to both lose old and gain new ties. This suggests that Internet use is associated with more, and more dynamic, social interaction.

Legitimacy is crucial for entrepreneurs. It is the cornerstone for creating relationships with stakeholders and mitigating resource constraints. But, other-referent legitimacy is also related to the cognitive image of individual legitimacy. Drawing on the identity-based model of legitimacy, we argue that personality traits (big five) and social capital (strong ties) of entrepreneurs impact self-perceived legitimacy of entrepreneurs. Based on survey data of 98 German private physicians, this paper examines antecedents of self-perceived legitimacy towards two main stakeholders: patients and peers. We find that high levels of agreeableness stimulate self-perceived legitimacy towards patients and peers, whereas openness to experience solely influences physicians’ self-perceived legitimacy towards patients. In addition, our results highlight the contingent effect of personality traits by underlining the role of strong ties as moderator of the relationship between personality traits and the self-perceived legitimacy. By identifying these configurations we contribute to the literature on entrepreneurship with a refined perspective of antecedents of self-perceived legitimacy. Moreover, we give recommendations on how private physicians can benefit from two personality traits – agreeableness and openness to experience – and how they can manage weak and strong ties in order to diffuse their reputation.

Legitimacy is crucial for entrepreneurs. It is the cornerstone for creating relationships with stakeholders and mitigating resource constraints. But, other-referent legitimacy is also related to the cognitive image of individual legitimacy. Drawing on the identity-based model of legitimacy, we argue that personality traits (big five) and social capital (strong ties) of entrepreneurs impact self-perceived legitimacy of entrepreneurs. Based on survey data of 98 German private physicians, this paper examines antecedents of self-perceived legitimacy towards two main stakeholders: patients and peers. We find that high levels of agreeableness stimulate self-perceived legitimacy towards patients and peers, whereas openness to experience solely influences physicians’ self-perceived legitimacy towards patients. In addition, our results highlight the contingent effect of personality traits by underlining the role of strong ties as moderator of the relationship between personality traits and the self-perceived legitimacy. By identifying these configurations we contribute to the literature on entrepreneurship with a refined perspective of antecedents of self-perceived legitimacy. Moreover, we give recommendations on how private physicians can benefit from two personality traits – agreeableness and openness to experience – and how they can manage weak and strong ties in order to diffuse their reputation.

The United Nations' Millennium Development Goals listed high infant mortality rates as a major problem in developing countries, especially in rural areas. Given the powerful information dissemination capabilities, information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been suggested as interventions to build infant care awareness and to modify healthcare behaviors. We examine how the use of one ICT intervention-specifically, eHealth kiosks disseminating authenticated and accessible medical information-can alleviate the problem of high infant mortality in rural India. We investigate how mothers' social networks affect their use of eHealth kiosks, seeking professional medical care for their infants and, ultimately, infant mortality. Drawing on the social epidemiology and social networks literatures, we focus on advice and hindrance from both strong and weak ties as the conduit of social influence on mothers' health-related behaviors for the care of their infants. Over a period of 7 years, we studied 4,620 infants across 10 villages where the eHealth kiosks were implemented along with support resources for proxy use. The results revealed that (1) eHealth kiosk use promotes seeking professional medical care and reduces infant mortality, (2) mothers are especially vulnerable to hindrance from both strong and weak ties as they choose to maintain the status quo of traditional infant healthcare practices (e.g., reliance on untrained personnel, superstitions, fatalism) in villages, and (3) advice from both strong and weak ties offers the potential to break down misplaced beliefs about infant healthcare practices and to develop literacy on seeking professional medical care. In contrast, in a comparative group of 10 neighboring villages, the reduction in infant mortality was not as pronounced and the effect of professional medical care in reducing infant mortality was lower. Our findings suggest that an ICT intervention can effectively address one of society's most important p

The United Nations' Millennium Development Goals listed high infant mortality rates as a major problem in developing countries, especially in rural areas. Given the powerful information dissemination capabilities, information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been suggested as interventions to build infant care awareness and to modify healthcare behaviors. We examine how the use of one ICT intervention-specifically, eHealth kiosks disseminating authenticated and accessible medical information-can alleviate the problem of high infant mortality in rural India. We investigate how mothers' social networks affect their use of eHealth kiosks, seeking professional medical care for their infants and, ultimately, infant mortality. Drawing on the social epidemiology and social networks literatures, we focus on advice and hindrance from both strong and weak ties as the conduit of social influence on mothers' health-related behaviors for the care of their infants. Over a period of 7 years, we studied 4,620 infants across 10 villages where the eHealth kiosks were implemented along with support resources for proxy use. The results revealed that (1) eHealth kiosk use promotes seeking professional medical care and reduces infant mortality, (2) mothers are especially vulnerable to hindrance from both strong and weak ties as they choose to maintain the status quo of traditional infant healthcare practices (e.g., reliance on untrained personnel, superstitions, fatalism) in villages, and (3) advice from both strong and weak ties offers the potential to break down misplaced beliefs about infant healthcare practices and to develop literacy on seeking professional medical care. In contrast, in a comparative group of 10 neighboring villages, the reduction in infant mortality was not as pronounced and the effect of professional medical care in reducing infant mortality was lower. Our findings suggest that an ICT intervention can effectively address one of society's most important p

The United Nations' Millennium Development Goals listed high infant mortality rates as a major problem in developing countries, especially in rural areas. Given the powerful information dissemination capabilities, information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been suggested as interventions to build infant care awareness and to modify healthcare behaviors. We examine how the use of one ICT intervention-specifically, eHealth kiosks disseminating authenticated and accessible medical information-can alleviate the problem of high infant mortality in rural India. We investigate how mothers' social networks affect their use of eHealth kiosks, seeking professional medical care for their infants and, ultimately, infant mortality. Drawing on the social epidemiology and social networks literatures, we focus on advice and hindrance from both strong and weak ties as the conduit of social influence on mothers' health-related behaviors for the care of their infants. Over a period of 7 years, we studied 4,620 infants across 10 villages where the eHealth kiosks were implemented along with support resources for proxy use. The results revealed that (1) eHealth kiosk use promotes seeking professional medical care and reduces infant mortality, (2) mothers are especially vulnerable to hindrance from both strong and weak ties as they choose to maintain the status quo of traditional infant healthcare practices (e.g., reliance on untrained personnel, superstitions, fatalism) in villages, and (3) advice from both strong and weak ties offers the potential to break down misplaced beliefs about infant healthcare practices and to develop literacy on seeking professional medical care. In contrast, in a comparative group of 10 neighboring villages, the reduction in infant mortality was not as pronounced and the effect of professional medical care in reducing infant mortality was lower. Our findings suggest that an ICT intervention can effectively address one of society's most important p

Social networks are a significant way through which rural communities that manage resources under common property regimes obtain food resources. Previous research on food security and social network analysis has mostly focused on egocentric network data or proxy variables for social networks to explain how social relations contribute to the different dimensions of food security. Whole-network approaches have the potential to contribute to former studies by revealing how individual social ties aggregate into complex structures that create opportunities or constraints to the sharing and distribution of food resources. We used a whole-network approach to investigate the role of network structure in contributing to the four dimensions of food security: food availability, access, utilization, and stability. For a case study of a riparian community from the Brazilian Amazon that is dependent on fish as a key element of food security, we mapped the community strong-tie network among 97% of the village population over 14 years old (n = 336) by integrating reciprocated friendship and occupational ties, as well as close kinship relationships. We explored how different structural properties of the community network contribute to the understanding of (1) the availability of fish as a community resource, (2) community access to fish as a dietary resource, (3) the utilization of fish for consumption in a way that allows the villagers to maximize nutrition while at the same time minimizing toxic risks associated with mercury exposure, and (4) the stability of the fish resources in local ecosystems as a result of cooperative behaviors and community-based management. The contribution of whole-network approaches to the study of the links between community-based natural resource management and food security were discussed in the context of recent social-ecological changes in the Amazonian region.

We develop a model where the unemployed workers in the city can find a job either directly or through weak or strong ties. We show that, in denser areas, individuals choose to interact with more people and meet more random encounters (weak ties) than in sparsely populated areas. We also demonstrate that, for a low urbanization level, there is a unique steady-state equilibrium where workers do not interact with weak ties, while, for a high level of urbanization, there is a unique steady-state equilibrium with full social interactions. We show that these equilibria are usually not socially efficient when the urban population has an intermediate size because there are too few social interactions compared to the social optimum. Finally, even when social interactions are optimal, we show that there is over-urbanization in equilibrium.

This paper examines Filipino graduates’ social networks, educational attainment, degree field, English language proficiency, immigration status, age and gender—factors that influence and determine their employability in the U.S. labor market. While each of these factors does have an effect on employability, the paper argues that the use of Weak Ties was the strongest and most beneficial in improving employability, that is, in securing their first job in the United States after migration and in obtaining more advantageous employment opportunities. These include higher pay, a more secure job status, and a higher percentage working in occupations commensurate with their educational qualifications. The strength of Weak Ties in affecting employability was established through statistical analysis of demographical data collected from Filipino graduates

This paper examines Filipino graduates’ social networks, educational attainment, degree field, English language proficiency, immigration status, age and gender—factors that influence and determine their employability in the U.S. labor market. While each of these factors does have an effect on employability, the paper argues that the use of Weak Ties was the strongest and most beneficial in improving employability, that is, in securing their first job in the United States after migration and in obtaining more advantageous employment opportunities. These include higher pay, a more secure job status, and a higher percentage working in occupations commensurate with their educational qualifications. The strength of Weak Ties in affecting employability was established through statistical analysis of demographical data collected from Filipino graduates

Limited economic opportunity for many Filipinos has created substantial emigration of the country’s educated work force. The economic opportunities in the United States have attracted Philippine immigrants seeking employment opportunities. Thus, the U.S. now has a substantial foreign-born Filipino population. Although the majority of Philippine immigrants to the U.S. possess bachelor’s degrees or advanced degrees (Allard & Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011; Camarota, 2012; Commission on Filipinos Overseas, 2012), many are underemployed or work in fields relatively unrelated to their education and experience. This thesis examines Philippine college and university graduates’ social networks, educational attainment, degree field, English language proficiency, immigration status, age, and gender, factors which influence and determine Philippine graduates’ employability in the U.S. labour market. The Triangulation Mixed Methods Design also known as the Concurrent Triangulation Design was employed to effectively measure the complex phenomenon of Philippine graduates’ employability by integrating quantitative and qualitative data sets. The null hypotheses for this thesis were rejected exclusive of age and gender differences. Data revealed employability was enhanced when Philippine graduates networked with Weak Ties during initial employment and continued to be advantageous for being adequately employed (i.e. resulted in lower underemployment). However, lower employability and underemployment negatively affected graduates with a bachelor’s degree (particularly a business-related degree), those who were less proficient in English, and those who were Green Card holders. The factors that were influential in the employability of Philippine graduates coincided with the labour market demands of the American employers sampled in this study. The thesis found that the current status of Philippine graduates has improved substantially with a higher percentage of the respondents obtaini

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze a group of participants (social workers, contact families and the young adults who had been given a contact family as children) and monitor their experience of the intervention contact family and its goals, contents and design. We also wanted to look into what goals and guidelines are available regarding the interventions design and contents. We also looked into parts of the intervention which the participants found most useful for them individually. The method we used in our study was qualitative interviews. We compared and analyzed our results to research made on the subject and the theoretical frame. We chose to use an eclectic theoretical frame. We combined concepts from general systems theory perspective, such as: input, flow, output, and overview (our translation) as understood by Payne (2010) and Öquist (2008) with Grannovetters (1973) theory of strong and weak ties. We will also apply Hasenfelds (1983) technologies: people-sustaining-, people-processing- and people changing technologies. We will suggest a use of valuation models get a clearer view of the effects from the intervention contact family. Our results show that the main reason the interventions are approved is relief for the parents and the change of environment and stimulation for the children. The participants' perception is that the relief is beneficial to the family as a whole. Another important reason for the intervention is to provide the child with more secure adult influence and strengthen the child’s social network. Our result showed that all of our participants were positive towards the intervention. We found that the intervention’s lack of monitoring of the participant’s experiences could be one of the reasons it is hard to see any proven effects, combined with the unclear communication of goals. Our study showed that there are no national or local guidelines that regulate the contents of the intervention, most of our participants fee

Bakgrund: 2010 presenterade SCB en undersökning om hur 403 000 jobb tillsattes (GP 2010). 79 000 av dessa tjänster tillsattes via personliga kontakter och ytterligare 100 000 där arbetsgivaren själv kontaktade den arbetssökande. Denna trend i användandet av det sociala kontaktnätet får stöd av Lena Hensvik, doktorand i nationalekonomi, i tidskriften Framtider (2012). Hon skriver att den sociala omgivningen såsom grannar, skolkamrater, tidigare kollegor och föräldrar har stor betydelse för hur vi får anställning eller inte. Hon menar att kontaktnätet är en viktig självinvestering då vårdandet av ens nätverk uppenbarligen kan underlätta jobbsökandet. Hensvik (2012) fortsätter skriva att det i dagens samhälle inte bara handlar om vem du är utan även vem du känner. Syfte: Tidigare forskning berättar att personliga kontakter är en av de faktorer som ökar anställningsbarheten. Vi vill därför ta vid där tidigare forskning slutar och göra en mer inriktad studie där vi fokuserar på personliga kontakter och kartlägger dess effekt i praktiken. Vi ämnar därför förklara personliga kontakters betydelse i samband med nyanställning av civilekonomer med examen från 2007-2012. Metod: Vi har valt att genomföra vår studie med en kvantitativ undersökningsdesign och ett deduktivt synsätt på relationen teori och forskning. Empiriska data har insamlats genom enkätundersökning. Slutsats: Vår slutsats är att personliga kontakter är användbara för civilekonomer i anställningsprocessen, att kontakterna till 90,4% leder dem till minst intervju och att kontakterna inte nödvändigtvis är de som är definierade som svaga, se Granovetters (1973, 1975) teorier om The Strength of Weak Ties., Background: In 2010 SCB presented a survey of how 403 000 jobs were added (GP 2010). 79 000 of these were added through social contacts and another 100 000 by the employer himself who contacted the unemployed. This trend of using social contacts in the job-seeking process gets support by Hensvik, doctor in economics. In the magazine Framtider (2012) she writes that the social environment such as neighbours, class mates, former colleagues and parents have a big impact if we get an employment or not. Hensvik (2012) says that the caring of ones contacts is an important self-investment that improves your probabilities of getting an employment. She continues writing that in today’s society it’s not only important who you are but also who you know. Purpose: Previous research tells that social contacts are one of the factors that will improve your probabilities of getting employed. We will continue where previous research tends to end and aim for a more focused study where we measure the effects of using contacts in reality. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the contacts’ importance when employing former students with a Degree of Master of Science in Business and Economics. Method: We have conducted a questionnaire survey that was sent out to eight Swedish universities resulting in 100 responses. Conclusion: We have come to the conclusion that social contacts contribute in the recruitment process of former business students, that the use of contacts in 90,4% will get you far in the job-seeking process and that the helpful contacts are not necessarily the ones defined as weak ties, of which Granovetter (1973, 1975) would have argued.

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze a group of participants (social workers, contact families and the young adults who had been given a contact family as children) and monitor their experience of the intervention contact family and its goals, contents and design. We also wanted to look into what goals and guidelines are available regarding the interventions design and contents. We also looked into parts of the intervention which the participants found most useful for them individually. The method we used in our study was qualitative interviews. We compared and analyzed our results to research made on the subject and the theoretical frame. We chose to use an eclectic theoretical frame. We combined concepts from general systems theory perspective, such as: input, flow, output, and overview (our translation) as understood by Payne (2010) and Öquist (2008) with Grannovetters (1973) theory of strong and weak ties. We will also apply Hasenfelds (1983) technologies: people-sustaining-, people-processing- and people changing technologies. We will suggest a use of valuation models get a clearer view of the effects from the intervention contact family. Our results show that the main reason the interventions are approved is relief for the parents and the change of environment and stimulation for the children. The participants' perception is that the relief is beneficial to the family as a whole. Another important reason for the intervention is to provide the child with more secure adult influence and strengthen the child’s social network. Our result showed that all of our participants were positive towards the intervention. We found that the intervention’s lack of monitoring of the participant’s experiences could be one of the reasons it is hard to see any proven effects, combined with the unclear communication of goals. Our study showed that there are no national or local guidelines that regulate the contents of the intervention, most of our participants fee

Bakgrund: 2010 presenterade SCB en undersökning om hur 403 000 jobb tillsattes (GP 2010). 79 000 av dessa tjänster tillsattes via personliga kontakter och ytterligare 100 000 där arbetsgivaren själv kontaktade den arbetssökande. Denna trend i användandet av det sociala kontaktnätet får stöd av Lena Hensvik, doktorand i nationalekonomi, i tidskriften Framtider (2012). Hon skriver att den sociala omgivningen såsom grannar, skolkamrater, tidigare kollegor och föräldrar har stor betydelse för hur vi får anställning eller inte. Hon menar att kontaktnätet är en viktig självinvestering då vårdandet av ens nätverk uppenbarligen kan underlätta jobbsökandet. Hensvik (2012) fortsätter skriva att det i dagens samhälle inte bara handlar om vem du är utan även vem du känner. Syfte: Tidigare forskning berättar att personliga kontakter är en av de faktorer som ökar anställningsbarheten. Vi vill därför ta vid där tidigare forskning slutar och göra en mer inriktad studie där vi fokuserar på personliga kontakter och kartlägger dess effekt i praktiken. Vi ämnar därför förklara personliga kontakters betydelse i samband med nyanställning av civilekonomer med examen från 2007-2012. Metod: Vi har valt att genomföra vår studie med en kvantitativ undersökningsdesign och ett deduktivt synsätt på relationen teori och forskning. Empiriska data har insamlats genom enkätundersökning. Slutsats: Vår slutsats är att personliga kontakter är användbara för civilekonomer i anställningsprocessen, att kontakterna till 90,4% leder dem till minst intervju och att kontakterna inte nödvändigtvis är de som är definierade som svaga, se Granovetters (1973, 1975) teorier om The Strength of Weak Ties., Background: In 2010 SCB presented a survey of how 403 000 jobs were added (GP 2010). 79 000 of these were added through social contacts and another 100 000 by the employer himself who contacted the unemployed. This trend of using social contacts in the job-seeking process gets support by Hensvik, doctor in economics. In the magazine Framtider (2012) she writes that the social environment such as neighbours, class mates, former colleagues and parents have a big impact if we get an employment or not. Hensvik (2012) says that the caring of ones contacts is an important self-investment that improves your probabilities of getting an employment. She continues writing that in today’s society it’s not only important who you are but also who you know. Purpose: Previous research tells that social contacts are one of the factors that will improve your probabilities of getting employed. We will continue where previous research tends to end and aim for a more focused study where we measure the effects of using contacts in reality. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the contacts’ importance when employing former students with a Degree of Master of Science in Business and Economics. Method: We have conducted a questionnaire survey that was sent out to eight Swedish universities resulting in 100 responses. Conclusion: We have come to the conclusion that social contacts contribute in the recruitment process of former business students, that the use of contacts in 90,4% will get you far in the job-seeking process and that the helpful contacts are not necessarily the ones defined as weak ties, of which Granovetter (1973, 1975) would have argued.

En Historia, la correspondencia epistolar privada, en cuanto medio de comunicación entre personas, es la única fuente documental que revela las interacciones directas, no mediatizadas institucionalmente, entre actores sociales. El artículo explora las posibilidades de esta fuente tanto para el análisis cualitativo e intensivo de las relaciones personales como para reconstruir la "red egocentrada" del receptor de las cartas y llevar a cabo un análisis efectivo de redes sociales, aplicando los métodos y parámetros del "Social Network Analysis". A partir de dos ejemplos centrados en epistolarios del siglo XVIII, los autores muestran las posibilidades y limitaciones de los análisis cualitativos clásicos y el interés de las aportaciones específicas del análisis de redes egocentradas, abogando por la combinación de ambas metodologías., Historically speaking, private correspondence as a means of direct communication between people provides unique source documents that reveals direct, institutionally unmediated interactions among social actors. This article explores the potential of such a source for both qualitative analysis and intensive personal relations in order to reconstruct the "ego-centered network" of letters received, and carry out effective analysis of social networks, using "Social Network Analysis" methodology. Two such examples focus on eighteenth-century epistolary, the authors show the possibilities and limitations of classical qualitative analysis and the import of specific contributions regarding ego-centered network analysis; they advocate the combination of both methods.

En Historia, la correspondencia epistolar privada, en cuanto medio de comunicación entre personas, es la única fuente documental que revela las interacciones directas, no mediatizadas institucionalmente, entre actores sociales. El artículo explora las posibilidades de esta fuente tanto para el análisis cualitativo e intensivo de las relaciones personales como para reconstruir la "red egocentrada" del receptor de las cartas y llevar a cabo un análisis efectivo de redes sociales, aplicando los métodos y parámetros del "Social Network Analysis". A partir de dos ejemplos centrados en epistolarios del siglo XVIII, los autores muestran las posibilidades y limitaciones de los análisis cualitativos clásicos y el interés de las aportaciones específicas del análisis de redes egocentradas, abogando por la combinación de ambas metodologías., Historically speaking, private correspondence as a means of direct communication between people provides unique source documents that reveals direct, institutionally unmediated interactions among social actors. This article explores the potential of such a source for both qualitative analysis and intensive personal relations in order to reconstruct the "ego-centered network" of letters received, and carry out effective analysis of social networks, using "Social Network Analysis" methodology. Two such examples focus on eighteenth-century epistolary, the authors show the possibilities and limitations of classical qualitative analysis and the import of specific contributions regarding ego-centered network analysis; they advocate the combination of both methods.

[ES] En Historia, la correspondencia epistolar privada, en cuanto medio de comunicación entre personas, es la única fuente documental que revela las interacciones directas, no mediatizadas institucionalmente, entre actores sociales. El artículo explora las posibilidades de esta fuente tanto para el análisis cualitativo e intensivo de las relaciones personales como para reconstruir la “red egocentrada” del receptor de las cartas y llevar a cabo un análisis efectivo de redes sociales, aplicando los métodos y parámetros del “Social Network Analysis”. A partir de dos ejemplos centrados en epistolarios del siglo XVIII, los autores muestran las posibilidades y limitaciones de los análisis cualitativos clásicos y el interés de las aportaciones específicas del análisis de redes egocentradas, abogando por la combinación de ambas metodologías., [EN] Historically speaking, private correspondence as a means of direct communication between people provides unique source documents that reveals direct, institutionally unmediated interactions among social actors. This article explores the potential of such a source for both qualitative analysis and intensive personal relations in order to reconstruct the "ego-centered network" of letters received, and carry out effective analysis of social networks, using "Social Network Analysis" methodology. Two such examples focus on eighteenth-century epistolary, the authors show the possibilities and limitations of classical qualitative analysis and the import of specific contributions regarding ego-centered network analysis; they advocate the combination of both methods.

[ES] En Historia, la correspondencia epistolar privada, en cuanto medio de comunicación entre personas, es la única fuente documental que revela las interacciones directas, no mediatizadas institucionalmente, entre actores sociales. El artículo explora las posibilidades de esta fuente tanto para el análisis cualitativo e intensivo de las relaciones personales como para reconstruir la “red egocentrada” del receptor de las cartas y llevar a cabo un análisis efectivo de redes sociales, aplicando los métodos y parámetros del “Social Network Analysis”. A partir de dos ejemplos centrados en epistolarios del siglo XVIII, los autores muestran las posibilidades y limitaciones de los análisis cualitativos clásicos y el interés de las aportaciones específicas del análisis de redes egocentradas, abogando por la combinación de ambas metodologías., [EN] Historically speaking, private correspondence as a means of direct communication between people provides unique source documents that reveals direct, institutionally unmediated interactions among social actors. This article explores the potential of such a source for both qualitative analysis and intensive personal relations in order to reconstruct the "ego-centered network" of letters received, and carry out effective analysis of social networks, using "Social Network Analysis" methodology. Two such examples focus on eighteenth-century epistolary, the authors show the possibilities and limitations of classical qualitative analysis and the import of specific contributions regarding ego-centered network analysis; they advocate the combination of both methods.

[ES] En Historia, la correspondencia epistolar privada, en cuanto medio de comunicación entre personas, es la única fuente documental que revela las interacciones directas, no mediatizadas institucionalmente, entre actores sociales. El artículo explora las posibilidades de esta fuente tanto para el análisis cualitativo e intensivo de las relaciones personales como para reconstruir la “red egocentrada” del receptor de las cartas y llevar a cabo un análisis efectivo de redes sociales, aplicando los métodos y parámetros del “Social Network Analysis”. A partir de dos ejemplos centrados en epistolarios del siglo XVIII, los autores muestran las posibilidades y limitaciones de los análisis cualitativos clásicos y el interés de las aportaciones específicas del análisis de redes egocentradas, abogando por la combinación de ambas metodologías., [EN] Historically speaking, private correspondence as a means of direct communication between people provides unique source documents that reveals direct, institutionally unmediated interactions among social actors. This article explores the potential of such a source for both qualitative analysis and intensive personal relations in order to reconstruct the "ego-centered network" of letters received, and carry out effective analysis of social networks, using "Social Network Analysis" methodology. Two such examples focus on eighteenth-century epistolary, the authors show the possibilities and limitations of classical qualitative analysis and the import of specific contributions regarding ego-centered network analysis; they advocate the combination of both methods.

Prior studies have separately suggested the importance of physical distance or social distance effects for the creation of neighborhood ties. This project adopts a case study approach and simultaneously tests for propinquity and homophily effects on neighborhood ties by employing a full-network sample from a recently-developed New Urbanist neighborhood within a mid-sized southern city. The authors find that physical distance reduces the likelihood of weak or strong ties forming, suggesting the importance of accounting for propinquity when estimating social tie formation. The authors simultaneously find that social distance along wealth reduces the likelihood of weak ties forming. Social distance on life course markers—age, marital status, and the presence of children—reduces the formation of weak ties. Consistent with the systemic model, each additional month of shared residence in the neighborhood increases both weak and strong ties. An important innovation is this study’s ability to directly compare the effects of physical distance and social distance, placing them into equivalent units: a ten percent increase in home value difference is equivalent to a 5.6 percent increase in physical distance.

Prior studies have separately suggested the importance of physical distance or social distance effects for the creation of neighborhood ties. This project adopts a case study approach and simultaneously tests for propinquity and homophily effects on neighborhood ties by employing a full-network sample from a recently-developed New Urbanist neighborhood within a mid-sized southern city. The authors find that physical distance reduces the likelihood of weak or strong ties forming, suggesting the importance of accounting for propinquity when estimating social tie formation. The authors simultaneously find that social distance along wealth reduces the likelihood of weak ties forming. Social distance on life course markers—age, marital status, and the presence of children—reduces the formation of weak ties. Consistent with the systemic model, each additional month of shared residence in the neighborhood increases both weak and strong ties. An important innovation is this study’s ability to directly compare the effects of physical distance and social distance, placing them into equivalent units: a ten percent increase in home value difference is equivalent to a 5.6 percent increase in physical distance.

Principal Topic -- Since the late 1980s researchers have been theorizing about entrepreneurial teams (Kamm, et al., 1990), exploring their existence (Ensley, et al., 1999), discussing their formation and evolution (Virany & Tushman, 1986; Clarysse & Moray, 2004; Ucbasaran, et al., 2005; Forbes, et al., 2006; Vanaelst, et al., 2006; Vanaelst, et al., 2006), and evaluating their importance (Hall & Hofer, 1993). ''An entrepreneurial team is defined as 2 or more individuals who jointly establish a business in which they have an equity interest'' (Kamm, et al., 1990, p. 7). Research has found that entrepreneurial team cognition influences the venture's performance (West, 2007), team process variables influence team effectiveness (Chowdhury, 2005); team characteristics (Dubini, 1989) and social interaction (Lechler, 2001) are crucial to the venture's success and the team's initial resources affect the firm's survival (Aspelund, et al., 2004). Previous research suggests that strong and weak network ties (Granovetter, 1973) among entrepreneurial team members have different fortes and could be critical to the success of a new business. Actors relying on weak ties in large entrepreneurial teams were more likely to be creative (Ruef, 2002). Friendship, a strong tie, has been proposed to exert positive influences on new venture creation (Frances & Sandberg, 2000), although negative influences were allowed for, but not explicated. Strong ties may force the growing organization to cope with team members in key roles that are outside their ability, while weak ties to could make changing the entrepreneurial team easier. This research asks how the strength of network ties affects resource flexibility and entrepreneurial team performance -- Methodology/Key Propositions -- In this paper we develop and empirically test a theoretical model, which shows how strength of ties affects resource flexibility and entrepreneurial team performance. Our model will be tested against

Use of strong ties in entrepreneurial team formation is debated but not resolved. How does strength of tie between the founding entrepreneur and new entrepreneurial team member affect the team member’s performance? Our theoretical model illustrates the mediating role of resource flexibility: work role modification and potential to exit the working relationship. Data from German founding entrepreneurs on 170 entrepreneurial team members confirmed that strong ties increases role modification but reduces exit potential. Role modification improves team member’s performance, while exit potential has a negative effect. No relationship was found between strength of ties and resource flexibility for serial entrepreneurs.

The processes of standardization have now for long been a topic that proves of interest not only for studies on contemporary socio-linguistics. In the 1960, some approaches showed interest on historical processes (not exclusively intralingüistic), but it was not until the 1990’s that this interest increased. These processes are particularly valuable for the period 1400-50, a historical moment in which the standards of the English language were consolidating. The speed and degree to which a language standardises is different for each linguistic aspect. In this paper I’m trying to prove that morphological standardization as regards my sources and in general took place after syntax., Los procesos de estandarización han sido de gran interés no solo para la sociolingüística contemporánea, sino que también han surgido como estudios de particular relevancia en lo que respecta a distintos periodos del inglés, valorando aspectos que hasta el momento se restringían al estudio intralingüístico. Estos procesos son particularmente relevantes para el periodo de 1400-50, cuando muchos aspectos lingüísticos se consolidaban. El ritmo y el grado en que estos aspectos estandarizaban no varían de uno a otro. En general, este trabajo postula que la morfología adquiere sus rasgos estándares con posterioridad a la sintaxis.

The processes of standardization have now for long been a topic that proves of interest not only for studies on contemporary socio-linguistics. In the 1960, some approaches showed interest on historical processes (not exclusively intralingüistic), but it was not until the 1990’s that this interest increased. These processes are particularly valuable for the period 1400-50, a historical moment in which the standards of the English language were consolidating. The speed and degree to which a language standardises is different for each linguistic aspect. In this paper I’m trying to prove that morphological standardization as regards my sources and in general took place after syntax., Los procesos de estandarización han sido de gran interés no solo para la sociolingüística contemporánea, sino que también han surgido como estudios de particular relevancia en lo que respecta a distintos periodos del inglés, valorando aspectos que hasta el momento se restringían al estudio intralingüístico. Estos procesos son particularmente relevantes para el periodo de 1400-50, cuando muchos aspectos lingüísticos se consolidaban. El ritmo y el grado en que estos aspectos estandarizaban no varían de uno a otro. En general, este trabajo postula que la morfología adquiere sus rasgos estándares con posterioridad a la sintaxis.

En este articulo examinamos el impacto de dos formas diferentes de representación visual de las redes personales de 208 universitarios en la percepción de los observadores. Siguiendo un enfoque de experimentación, comparamos las reacciones e interpretaciones de 173 encuestados al observar gráficos de sus redes personales que representan (a) los lazos fuertes o (b) la multiplicidad de tipos de ayuda de un conjunto de 25 actores de su entorno personal. Los participantes mostraron preferencia por el gráfico que subraya las funciones de apoyo social de su red. A juicio de los entrevistados, el gráfico que representa la multiplicidad de los proveedores de apoyo social facilita la identificación de actores clave, aporta información más novedosa, refleja adecuadamente la posición de ego en la estructura de relaciones y es, en general, una mejor representación de su red personal. Sin embargo, la representación de los lazos fuertes facilita la identificación de agrupaciones en la red personal. Basándonos en los resultados, discutimos la pertinencia de este método de exploración, elicitación y validación de las redes personales de los encuestados., In this study, we explore the effects of two ways of visualization on viewers’ perceptions of personal networks graphs. Following an experimentation appro- ach, we compare the reactions and interpretations of 173 university students when they receive visual feedback of their personal networks with two types of graphics: the visualization of (a) ‘strong ties’ versus (b) the multiplexity of support providers. We find that viewers generally prefer the social support oriented visualization of their personal networks. The ‘multiplexity’ graphic allows the detection of key actors, conveys new information, reflects the position of ego in the network and is considered an overall better representation of the personal network. However, the ‘strong ties’ graphic has a positive effect, allo- wing the detection of clusters and groups in the personal network. Finally, we discuss the utility of this method for exploring, eliciting and validating the res- pondent’s personal network information.

En este articulo examinamos el impacto de dos formas diferentes de representación visual de las redes personales de 208 universitarios en la percepción de los observadores. Siguiendo un enfoque de experimentación, comparamos las reacciones e interpretaciones de 173 encuestados al observar gráficos de sus redes personales que representan (a) los lazos fuertes o (b) la multiplicidad de tipos de ayuda de un conjunto de 25 actores de su entorno personal. Los participantes mostraron preferencia por el gráfico que subraya las funciones de apoyo social de su red. A juicio de los entrevistados, el gráfico que representa la multiplicidad de los proveedores de apoyo social facilita la identificación de actores clave, aporta información más novedosa, refleja adecuadamente la posición de ego en la estructura de relaciones y es, en general, una mejor representación de su red personal. Sin embargo, la representación de los lazos fuertes facilita la identificación de agrupaciones en la red personal. Basándonos en los resultados, discutimos la pertinencia de este método de exploración, elicitación y validación de las redes personales de los encuestados., In this study, we explore the effects of two ways of visualization on viewers’ perceptions of personal networks graphs. Following an experimentation appro- ach, we compare the reactions and interpretations of 173 university students when they receive visual feedback of their personal networks with two types of graphics: the visualization of (a) ‘strong ties’ versus (b) the multiplexity of support providers. We find that viewers generally prefer the social support oriented visualization of their personal networks. The ‘multiplexity’ graphic allows the detection of key actors, conveys new information, reflects the position of ego in the network and is considered an overall better representation of the personal network. However, the ‘strong ties’ graphic has a positive effect, allo- wing the detection of clusters and groups in the personal network. Finally, we discuss the utility of this method for exploring, eliciting and validating the res- pondent’s personal network information.

En este articulo examinamos el impacto de dos formas diferentes de representación visual de las redes personales de 208 universitarios en la percepción de los observadores. Siguiendo un enfoque de experimentación, comparamos las reacciones e interpretaciones de 173 encuestados al observar gráficos de sus redes personales que representan (a) los lazos fuertes o (b) la multiplicidad de tipos de ayuda de un conjunto de 25 actores de su entorno personal. Los participantes mostraron preferencia por el gráfico que subraya las funciones de apoyo social de su red. A juicio de los entrevistados, el gráfico que representa la multiplicidad de los proveedores de apoyo social facilita la identificación de actores clave, aporta información más novedosa, refleja adecuadamente la posición de ego en la estructura de relaciones y es, en general, una mejor representación de su red personal. Sin embargo, la representación de los lazos fuertes facilita la identificación de agrupaciones en la red personal. Basándonos en los resultados, discutimos la pertinencia de este método de exploración, elicitación y validación de las redes personales de los encuestados., In this study, we explore the effects of two ways of visualization on viewers’ perceptions of personal networks graphs. Following an experimentation appro- ach, we compare the reactions and interpretations of 173 university students when they receive visual feedback of their personal networks with two types of graphics: the visualization of (a) ‘strong ties’ versus (b) the multiplexity of support providers. We find that viewers generally prefer the social support oriented visualization of their personal networks. The ‘multiplexity’ graphic allows the detection of key actors, conveys new information, reflects the position of ego in the network and is considered an overall better representation of the personal network. However, the ‘strong ties’ graphic has a positive effect, allo- wing the detection of clusters and groups in the personal network. Finally, we discuss the utility of this method for exploring, eliciting and validating the res- pondent’s personal network information.

En este articulo examinamos el impacto de dos formas diferentes de representación visual de las redes personales de 208 universitarios en la percepción de los observadores. Siguiendo un enfoque de experimentación, comparamos las reacciones e interpretaciones de 173 encuestados al observar gráficos de sus redes personales que representan (a) los lazos fuertes o (b) la multiplicidad de tipos de ayuda de un conjunto de 25 actores de su entorno personal. Los participantes mostraron preferencia por el gráfico que subraya las funciones de apoyo social de su red. A juicio de los entrevistados, el gráfico que representa la multiplicidad de los proveedores de apoyo social facilita la identificación de actores clave, aporta información más novedosa, refleja adecuadamente la posición de ego en la estructura de relaciones y es, en general, una mejor representación de su red personal. Sin embargo, la representación de los lazos fuertes facilita la identificación de agrupaciones en la red personal. Basándonos en los resultados, discutimos la pertinencia de este método de exploración, elicitación y validación de las redes personales de los encuestados., In this study, we explore the effects of two ways of visualization on viewers’ perceptions of personal networks graphs. Following an experimentation appro- ach, we compare the reactions and interpretations of 173 university students when they receive visual feedback of their personal networks with two types of graphics: the visualization of (a) ‘strong ties’ versus (b) the multiplexity of support providers. We find that viewers generally prefer the social support oriented visualization of their personal networks. The ‘multiplexity’ graphic allows the detection of key actors, conveys new information, reflects the position of ego in the network and is considered an overall better representation of the personal network. However, the ‘strong ties’ graphic has a positive effect, allo- wing the detection of clusters and groups in the personal network. Finally, we discuss the utility of this method for exploring, eliciting and validating the res- pondent’s personal network information.

En este articulo examinamos el impacto de dos formas diferentes de representación visual de las redes personales de 208 universitarios en la percepción de los observadores. Siguiendo un enfoque de experimentación, comparamos las reacciones e interpretaciones de 173 encuestados al observar gráficos de sus redes personales que representan (a) los lazos fuertes o (b) la multiplicidad de tipos de ayuda de un conjunto de 25 actores de su entorno personal. Los participantes mostraron preferencia por el gráfico que subraya las funciones de apoyo social de su red. A juicio de los entrevistados, el gráfico que representa la multiplicidad de los proveedores de apoyo social facilita la identificación de actores clave, aporta información más novedosa, refleja adecuadamente la posición de ego en la estructura de relaciones y es, en general, una mejor representación de su red personal. Sin embargo, la representación de los lazos fuertes facilita la identificación de agrupaciones en la red personal. Basándonos en los resultados, discutimos la pertinencia de este método de exploración, elicitación y validación de las redes personales de los encuestados., In this study, we explore the effects of two ways of visualization on viewers’ perceptions of personal networks graphs. Following an experimentation appro- ach, we compare the reactions and interpretations of 173 university students when they receive visual feedback of their personal networks with two types of graphics: the visualization of (a) ‘strong ties’ versus (b) the multiplexity of support providers. We find that viewers generally prefer the social support oriented visualization of their personal networks. The ‘multiplexity’ graphic allows the detection of key actors, conveys new information, reflects the position of ego in the network and is considered an overall better representation of the personal network. However, the ‘strong ties’ graphic has a positive effect, allo- wing the detection of clusters and groups in the personal network. Finally, we discuss the utility of this method for exploring, eliciting and validating the res- pondent’s personal network information.

En este articulo examinamos el impacto de dos formas diferentes de representación visual de las redes personales de 208 universitarios en la percepción de los observadores. Siguiendo un enfoque de experimentación, comparamos las reacciones e interpretaciones de 173 encuestados al observar gráficos de sus redes personales que representan (a) los lazos fuertes o (b) la multiplicidad de tipos de ayuda de un conjunto de 25 actores de su entorno personal. Los participantes mostraron preferencia por el gráfico que subraya las funciones de apoyo social de su red. A juicio de los entrevistados, el gráfico que representa la multiplicidad de los proveedores de apoyo social facilita la identificación de actores clave, aporta información más novedosa, refleja adecuadamente la posición de ego en la estructura de relaciones y es, en general, una mejor representación de su red personal. Sin embargo, la representación de los lazos fuertes facilita la identificación de agrupaciones en la red personal. Basándonos en los resultados, discutimos la pertinencia de este método de exploración, elicitación y validación de las redes personales de los encuestados., In this study, we explore the effects of two ways of visualization on viewers’ perceptions of personal networks graphs. Following an experimentation appro- ach, we compare the reactions and interpretations of 173 university students when they receive visual feedback of their personal networks with two types of graphics: the visualization of (a) ‘strong ties’ versus (b) the multiplexity of support providers. We find that viewers generally prefer the social support oriented visualization of their personal networks. The ‘multiplexity’ graphic allows the detection of key actors, conveys new information, reflects the position of ego in the network and is considered an overall better representation of the personal network. However, the ‘strong ties’ graphic has a positive effect, allo- wing the detection of clusters and groups in the personal network. Finally, we discuss the utility of this method for exploring, eliciting and validating the res- pondent’s personal network information.

En este articulo examinamos el impacto de dos formas diferentes de representación visual de las redes personales de 208 universitarios en la percepción de los observadores. Siguiendo un enfoque de experimentación, comparamos las reacciones e interpretaciones de 173 encuestados al observar gráficos de sus redes personales que representan (a) los lazos fuertes o (b) la multiplicidad de tipos de ayuda de un conjunto de 25 actores de su entorno personal. Los participantes mostraron preferencia por el gráfico que subraya las funciones de apoyo social de su red. A juicio de los entrevistados, el gráfico que representa la multiplicidad de los proveedores de apoyo social facilita la identificación de actores clave, aporta información más novedosa, refleja adecuadamente la posición de ego en la estructura de relaciones y es, en general, una mejor representación de su red personal. Sin embargo, la representación de los lazos fuertes facilita la identificación de agrupaciones en la red personal. Basándonos en los resultados, discutimos la pertinencia de este método de exploración, elicitación y validación de las redes personales de los encuestados., In this study, we explore the effects of two ways of visualization on viewers’ perceptions of personal networks graphs. Following an experimentation appro- ach, we compare the reactions and interpretations of 173 university students when they receive visual feedback of their personal networks with two types of graphics: the visualization of (a) ‘strong ties’ versus (b) the multiplexity of support providers. We find that viewers generally prefer the social support oriented visualization of their personal networks. The ‘multiplexity’ graphic allows the detection of key actors, conveys new information, reflects the position of ego in the network and is considered an overall better representation of the personal network. However, the ‘strong ties’ graphic has a positive effect, allo- wing the detection of clusters and groups in the personal network. Finally, we discuss the utility of this method for exploring, eliciting and validating the res- pondent’s personal network information.

We examine data on and models of small world properties and parameters of social networks. Our focus, on tie-strength, multilevel networks and searchability in strong-tie social networks, allows us to extend some of the questions and findings of recent research and the fit of small world models to sociological and anthropological data on human communities. We offer a "navigability of strong ties" hypothesis about network topologies tested with data from kinship systems, and potentially applicable to corporate cultures and business networks.

We examine data on and models of small world properties and parameters of social networks. Our focus, on tie-strength, multilevel networks and searchability in strong-tie social networks, allows us to extend some of the questions and findings of recent research and the fit of small world models to sociological and anthropological data on human communities. We offer a "navigability of strong ties" hypothesis about network topologies tested with data from kinship systems, and potentially applicable to corporate cultures and business networks.

This paper is part of a larger survey of Italian design-intensive furnishings manufacturers that compete by leveraging a network of collaborative relationships with external designers. Among these ¿central firms¿, three are being studied longitudinally, with reference to the following areas of inquiry: organizational vision; partners¿ selection; network management. Here I refer to the last area. Founding on the relational behavior of the three central firms over a (approximately) 30-years time span, I advance that the ability to leverage a ¿dual¿ network architecture, integrating a large ¿periphery¿ of weak ties with a narrow ¿core¿ of strong ties, is a distinctive relational capability of the central firm.

This paper is part of a larger survey of Italian design-intensive furnishings manufacturers that compete by leveraging a network of collaborative relationships with external designers. Among these ¿central firms¿, three are being studied longitudinally, with reference to the following areas of inquiry: organizational vision; partners¿ selection; network management. Here I refer to the last area. Founding on the relational behavior of the three central firms over a (approximately) 30-years time span, I advance that the ability to leverage a ¿dual¿ network architecture, integrating a large ¿periphery¿ of weak ties with a narrow ¿core¿ of strong ties, is a distinctive relational capability of the central firm.

Absuelo, R., & Hancock, P. (2018). The inefficacy of strong ties networks in migration employment outcomes. Asian Journal of Social Science, 46(3), 235-259. Available here