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The importance of development, nutritional status and nutritional diagnosis in the pediatric stage according to all the sociodemographic factors that surround them is of great relevance because at this age is where a large part of their customs and habits are structured. Between the ages of 4 and 6, children assume their behavior patterns, the primary basis for decision-making, likes and dislikes. Objective: to analyze the relationship between sociodemographic factors and nutritional status in pediatric patients in the preschool stage. Material and Methods: type of prospective cross-sectional analytical observational study. The population was 98, the sample with which we worked was established from 69 selected through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. An Omron HBF-514 brand digital scale and a 2 meter long generic brand JSM-SH-2M-1 wall stadiometer were used. To analyze the relationship, the Chi-square statistical test was used, taking a p value less than 0.05 as significant. Results: the main economic remuneration of minors, the average was for eutrophy with 44% according to remuneration for own work, in the same diagnosis for remuneration for partner support it was 56%, and 0% for family support. . Followed by the diagnosis of overweight where there was 50% for own work and 50% for remuneration by the partner, without any percentage in the case of family support. No statistically significant relationship was found for these variables (p=0.09). Conclusion: a prevalence in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity was identified. For the diagnosis of eutrophy, 44% were observed for mothers in a free union relationship. Followed by the diagnosis of overweight where 43.8% for a married marital status, in the diagnosis of obesity 35.7% for married mothers., A importância do desenvolvimento, do estado nutricional e do diagnóstico nutricional na fase pediátrica de acordo com todos os fatores sociodemográficos que os rodeiam é de grande relevância porque é nesta idade que se estrutura grande parte dos seus costumes e hábitos. Entre os 4 e os 6 anos as crianças assumem os seus padrões de comportamento, base primária para a tomada de decisões, gostos ou desgostos. Objetivo: analisar a relação existente entre fatores sociodemográficos e estado nutricional em pacientes pediátricos na fase pré-escolar. Material e Métodos: tipo de estudo observacional analítico transversal prospectivo. A população foi de 98, a amostra com a qual trabalhamos foi estabelecida em 69 selecionados através de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência. Foram utilizadas balança digital Omron HBF-514 e estadiômetro de parede da marca genérica, modelo JSM-SH-2M-1, com 2 metros de comprimento. Para analisar a relação foi utilizado o teste estatístico Qui-quadrado, considerando significativo valor de p menor que 0,05. Resultados: a principal remuneração económica dos menores, a média foi para a eutrofia com 44% segundo a remuneração do próprio trabalho, no mesmo diagnóstico para a remuneração do apoio ao companheiro foi de 56%, e 0% para o apoio familiar. Seguiu-se o diagnóstico de excesso de peso onde houve 50% para trabalho próprio e 50% para remuneração do companheiro, sem qualquer percentual no caso de apoio familiar. Não foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significativa para essas variáveis ​​(p=0,09). Conclusão: identificou-se prevalência no diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade. Para o diagnóstico de eutrofia foram observados 44% para mães em união de facto livre. Seguido do diagnóstico de excesso de peso onde 43,8% para o estado civil casado, no diagnóstico de obesidade 35,7% para mães casadas., La importancia del desarrollo, el estado de nutrición y el diagnóstico nutricional en la etapa pediátrica conforme a todos los factores sociodemográficos que los rodean es de gran relevancia debido a que en esta edad es donde se estructura gran parte de sus costumbres y hábitos. Entre los 4 y 6 años los niños asumen sus patrones de comportamiento, base primordial para la toma de decisiones, gustos o disgustos. Objetivo: analizar la relación que existe entre los factores sociodemográficos y el estado de nutrición en pacientes pediátricos en etapa preescolar. Material y Métodos: tipo de estudio observacional analítico transversal prospectivo. La población fue de 98 la muestra con la que se trabajó se estableció de 69 seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia. Se utilizó una báscula digital marca Omron HBF-514 y un estadiómetro de pared con 2 metros de largo marca genérica, modelo JSM-SH-2M-1. Para analizar la relación se utilizó la prueba estadística de Chi cuadrada tomando como significativo un p valor menor a 0.05. Resultados: la principal remuneración económica de los menores, el promedio fue para eutrofia con un 44% de acuerdo a una remuneración por trabajo propio, en el mismo diagnóstico para remuneración por apoyo de pareja fue de 56%, y un 0% para apoyo familiar. Seguido del diagnóstico de sobrepeso donde hubo un 50% para trabajo propio y un 50% para remuneración por la pareja, sin ningún porcentaje en el caso de apoyo familiar. No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa para estas variables (p=0.09). Conclusión: se identificó una prevalencia en el diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad. Se observó para el diagnóstico de eutrofia un 44% para madres en relación de unión libre. Seguido del diagnóstico de sobrepeso donde un 43.8% para un estado civil casado, en el diagnóstico de obesidad un 35.7% para madres casadas.

INTRODUCTION: Human breast milk is the ideal food for children, as it has immunological and nutritional properties that are not found in any of its substitutes. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship of knowledge of breastfeeding with sociodemographic factors in pregnancy. METHODOLOGY: Analytical, observational, prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a sample of 70 participants of any age range who have practiced breastfeeding. RESULTS: The evaluation of knowledge is shown to be optimal with 88.6% (n=62) followed by an acceptable level with 10% (n=7) and finally a medium level of knowledge with 1.4% (n=1). The association of the variables was followed by the ANOVA test, with a value of p= 0.081, this value not being significant for the relationship of the variables. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown with 88.6% of knowledge of optimal breastfeeding, this percentage refers to the fact that women have a high knowledge of breastfeeding without sociodemographic factors having a significant impact. With 53.2% with optimal knowledge and 57.1% with an acceptable level of knowledge in women with married marital status, this social situation being the one that managed to achieve better percentages of knowledge. Identifying that 50% of the optimal knowledge of breastfeeding was obtained when patients had a pregnancy for the first time it may be that, first-time mothers tend to be more informed than those who have had a greater number of deliveries., INTRODUÇÃO: O leite materno é o alimento ideal para crianças, pois possui propriedades imunológicas e nutricionais que não são encontradas em nenhum de seus substitutos. OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação do conhecimento sobre aleitamento materno com fatores sociodemográficos na gestação. METODOLOGIA: Estudo analítico, observacional, prospectivo, descritivo e transversal, com amostra de 70 participantes de qualquer faixa etária que praticaram aleitamento materno. RESULTADOS: A avaliação do conhecimento mostrou-se ótima com 88,6% (n=62), seguida de nível aceitável com 10% (n=7) e, finalmente, nível médio de conhecimento com 1,4% (n=1). A associação das variáveis foi seguida pelo teste ANOVA, com valor de p= 0,081, não sendo este valor significativo para a relação das variáveis. CONCLUSÕES: Com 88,6% de conhecimento sobre aleitamento materno ideal, esse percentual refere-se ao fato de as mulheres terem alto conhecimento sobre aleitamento materno, sem que fatores sociodemográficos tenham impacto significativo. Com 53,2% com conhecimento ótimo e 57,1% com nível aceitável de conhecimento em mulheres com estado civil casado, sendo esta situação social a que conseguiu alcançar melhores percentuais de conhecimento. Identificando-se que 50% do conhecimento ideal sobre aleitamento materno foi obtido quando as pacientes engravidaram pela primeira vez, pode ser que as primíparas tendam a ser mais informadas do que aquelas que tiveram maior número de partos., INTRODUCCIÓN: La leche materna humana es el alimento ideal para los niños, pues tiene propiedades inmunológicas y nutricionales que no se encuentran en ninguno de sus sucedáneos. OBJETIVO: Analizar la relación del conocimiento de la lactancia materna con los factores sociodemográficos en el embarazo. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio analítico, observacional, prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal, con una muestra de 70 participantes de cualquier rango de edad que hayan practicado lactancia materna. RESULTADOS: La evaluación del conocimiento se muestra como óptimo con un 88.6% (n=62) en seguida un nivel aceptable con 10% (n=7) finalmente nivel medio de conocimiento con 1.4% (n=1). La asociación de las variables se generó mediante la prueba ANOVA teniendo un valor de p= 0.081 siendo este no significativo para la relación de las variables. CONCLUSIONES: Se mostró con un 88.6% de conocimiento de lactancia óptimo, dicho porcentaje hace referencia a que las mujeres presentan un conocimiento alto de lactancia materna sin que los factores sociodemográficos tengan un impacto significativo. Con el 53.2% con óptimo conocimiento y el 57.1% con un nivel de conocimiento aceptable en mujeres con estado civil casado, siendo esta situación social la que logró alcanzar mejores porcentajes de conocimiento. Identificando que el 50% del conocimiento óptimo de lactancia materna se obtuvo cuando las pacientes tenían un embarazo por primera vez pudiendo ser que, las madres primerizas tienden a informarse más que las que han tenido un mayor número de partos.

INTRODUCTION: The most used indicator to cope with prenatal control is gestational weight gain (GWG), which is related to a lower or higher health risk for the mother and her child. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the relationship between sociodemographic factors and weight gain in pregnant patients. METHODOLOGY: analytical, observational, prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study on a sample of 78 pregnant women residing in Toluca de Lerdo between January and April 2023. RESULTS: the weight gain is shown according to the schooling of the participants, having a maximum of 20 kg and a minimum of -9 kg with a mean of 5.71 (± 6) in women with a bachelor's degree, while women with primary they obtained a maximum of 32 kg and a minimum of 2 kg with a mean of 9.07 (± 7.96). CONCLUSIONS: in the gestational weight gain, a participant weighing 32 kg was identified, gaining three times what is recommended, which is between 9 and 11 kg (not exceeding 12 kg or falling below 6-7 kg)., INTRODUÇÃO: O indicador mais utilizado para o enfrentamento do controle pré-natal é o ganho de peso gestacional (GPG), que está relacionado a menor ou maior risco à saúde da mãe e do filho. OBJETIVO: analisar a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos e ganho de peso em pacientes gestantes. METODOLOGIA: estudo analítico, observacional, prospectivo, descritivo e transversal com uma amostra de 78 gestantes residentes em Toluca de Lerdo entre janeiro e abril de 2023. RESULTADOS: o ganho de peso é demonstrado de acordo com o nível de escolaridade das participantes, tendo um máximo de 20 kg e mínimo de -9 kg com média de 5,71 (± 6) nas mulheres com bacharelado, enquanto as mulheres com ensino fundamental obtiveram máximo de 32 kg e mínimo de 2 kg com média de 9,07 (± 7,96). CONCLUSÕES: no ganho de peso gestacional foi identificada uma participante com peso de 32 kg, ganhando três vezes o recomendado, que fica entre 9 e 11 kg (não ultrapassando 12 kg nem caindo abaixo de 6-7 kg)., INTRODUCCIÓN: Es el indicador más usado para sobrellevar el control prenatal es la ganancia de peso gestacional (GPG), el cual se relaciona con un menor o mayor riesgo de salud para la progenitora y el de su producto. OBJETIVO: analizar la relación de los factores sociodemográficos y la ganancia de peso en pacientes en estado gestacional. METODOLOGÍA: estudio analítico, observacional, prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal sobre una muestra de 78 mujeres gestantes residentes de Toluca de Lerdo entre enero y abril del 2023. RESULTADOS: se muestra la ganancia de peso de acuerdo a la escolaridad de las participantes, teniendo un máximo de 20 kg y un mínimo de -9 kg con una media de 5.71 (± 6) en mujeres con licenciatura, mientras que las mujeres con primaria obtuvieron un máximo de 32 kg y un mínimo de 2 kg con una media de 9.07 (± 7.96). CONCLUSIONES: en la ganancia de peso gestacional se identificó un participante peso 32 kg, ganando tres veces lo recomendado que es entre 9 y 11 kg (no sobrepasando los 12 kg ni bajando de los 6-7 kg).

INTRODUCTION: Human breast milk is the ideal food for children, as it has immunological and nutritional properties that are not found in any of its substitutes. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship of knowledge of breastfeeding with sociodemographic factors in pregnancy. METHODOLOGY: Analytical, observational, prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a sample of 70 participants of any age range who have practiced breastfeeding. RESULTS: The evaluation of knowledge is shown to be optimal with 88.6% (n=62) followed by an acceptable level with 10% (n=7) and finally a medium level of knowledge with 1.4% (n=1). The association of the variables was followed by the ANOVA test, with a value of p= 0.081, this value not being significant for the relationship of the variables. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown with 88.6% of knowledge of optimal breastfeeding, this percentage refers to the fact that women have a high knowledge of breastfeeding without sociodemographic factors having a significant impact. With 53.2% with optimal knowledge and 57.1% with an acceptable level of knowledge in women with married marital status, this social situation being the one that managed to achieve better percentages of knowledge. Identifying that 50% of the optimal knowledge of breastfeeding was obtained when patients had a pregnancy for the first time it may be that, first-time mothers tend to be more informed than those who have had a greater number of deliveries., INTRODUÇÃO: O leite materno é o alimento ideal para crianças, pois possui propriedades imunológicas e nutricionais que não são encontradas em nenhum de seus substitutos. OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação do conhecimento sobre aleitamento materno com fatores sociodemográficos na gestação. METODOLOGIA: Estudo analítico, observacional, prospectivo, descritivo e transversal, com amostra de 70 participantes de qualquer faixa etária que praticaram aleitamento materno. RESULTADOS: A avaliação do conhecimento mostrou-se ótima com 88,6% (n=62), seguida de nível aceitável com 10% (n=7) e, finalmente, nível médio de conhecimento com 1,4% (n=1). A associação das variáveis foi seguida pelo teste ANOVA, com valor de p= 0,081, não sendo este valor significativo para a relação das variáveis. CONCLUSÕES: Com 88,6% de conhecimento sobre aleitamento materno ideal, esse percentual refere-se ao fato de as mulheres terem alto conhecimento sobre aleitamento materno, sem que fatores sociodemográficos tenham impacto significativo. Com 53,2% com conhecimento ótimo e 57,1% com nível aceitável de conhecimento em mulheres com estado civil casado, sendo esta situação social a que conseguiu alcançar melhores percentuais de conhecimento. Identificando-se que 50% do conhecimento ideal sobre aleitamento materno foi obtido quando as pacientes engravidaram pela primeira vez, pode ser que as primíparas tendam a ser mais informadas do que aquelas que tiveram maior número de partos., INTRODUCCIÓN: La leche materna humana es el alimento ideal para los niños, pues tiene propiedades inmunológicas y nutricionales que no se encuentran en ninguno de sus sucedáneos. OBJETIVO: Analizar la relación del conocimiento de la lactancia materna con los factores sociodemográficos en el embarazo. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio analítico, observacional, prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal, con una muestra de 70 participantes de cualquier rango de edad que hayan practicado lactancia materna. RESULTADOS: La evaluación del conocimiento se muestra como óptimo con un 88.6% (n=62) en seguida un nivel aceptable con 10% (n=7) finalmente nivel medio de conocimiento con 1.4% (n=1). La asociación de las variables se generó mediante la prueba ANOVA teniendo un valor de p= 0.081 siendo este no significativo para la relación de las variables. CONCLUSIONES: Se mostró con un 88.6% de conocimiento de lactancia óptimo, dicho porcentaje hace referencia a que las mujeres presentan un conocimiento alto de lactancia materna sin que los factores sociodemográficos tengan un impacto significativo. Con el 53.2% con óptimo conocimiento y el 57.1% con un nivel de conocimiento aceptable en mujeres con estado civil casado, siendo esta situación social la que logró alcanzar mejores porcentajes de conocimiento. Identificando que el 50% del conocimiento óptimo de lactancia materna se obtuvo cuando las pacientes tenían un embarazo por primera vez pudiendo ser que, las madres primerizas tienden a informarse más que las que han tenido un mayor número de partos.

The importance of development, nutritional status and nutritional diagnosis in the pediatric stage according to all the sociodemographic factors that surround them is of great relevance because at this age is where a large part of their customs and habits are structured. Between the ages of 4 and 6, children assume their behavior patterns, the primary basis for decision-making, likes and dislikes. Objective: to analyze the relationship between sociodemographic factors and nutritional status in pediatric patients in the preschool stage. Material and Methods: type of prospective cross-sectional analytical observational study. The population was 98, the sample with which we worked was established from 69 selected through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. An Omron HBF-514 brand digital scale and a 2 meter long generic brand JSM-SH-2M-1 wall stadiometer were used. To analyze the relationship, the Chi-square statistical test was used, taking a p value less than 0.05 as significant. Results: the main economic remuneration of minors, the average was for eutrophy with 44% according to remuneration for own work, in the same diagnosis for remuneration for partner support it was 56%, and 0% for family support. . Followed by the diagnosis of overweight where there was 50% for own work and 50% for remuneration by the partner, without any percentage in the case of family support. No statistically significant relationship was found for these variables (p=0.09). Conclusion: a prevalence in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity was identified. For the diagnosis of eutrophy, 44% were observed for mothers in a free union relationship. Followed by the diagnosis of overweight where 43.8% for a married marital status, in the diagnosis of obesity 35.7% for married mothers., A importância do desenvolvimento, do estado nutricional e do diagnóstico nutricional na fase pediátrica de acordo com todos os fatores sociodemográficos que os rodeiam é de grande relevância porque é nesta idade que se estrutura grande parte dos seus costumes e hábitos. Entre os 4 e os 6 anos as crianças assumem os seus padrões de comportamento, base primária para a tomada de decisões, gostos ou desgostos. Objetivo: analisar a relação existente entre fatores sociodemográficos e estado nutricional em pacientes pediátricos na fase pré-escolar. Material e Métodos: tipo de estudo observacional analítico transversal prospectivo. A população foi de 98, a amostra com a qual trabalhamos foi estabelecida em 69 selecionados através de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência. Foram utilizadas balança digital Omron HBF-514 e estadiômetro de parede da marca genérica, modelo JSM-SH-2M-1, com 2 metros de comprimento. Para analisar a relação foi utilizado o teste estatístico Qui-quadrado, considerando significativo valor de p menor que 0,05. Resultados: a principal remuneração económica dos menores, a média foi para a eutrofia com 44% segundo a remuneração do próprio trabalho, no mesmo diagnóstico para a remuneração do apoio ao companheiro foi de 56%, e 0% para o apoio familiar. Seguiu-se o diagnóstico de excesso de peso onde houve 50% para trabalho próprio e 50% para remuneração do companheiro, sem qualquer percentual no caso de apoio familiar. Não foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significativa para essas variáveis ​​(p=0,09). Conclusão: identificou-se prevalência no diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade. Para o diagnóstico de eutrofia foram observados 44% para mães em união de facto livre. Seguido do diagnóstico de excesso de peso onde 43,8% para o estado civil casado, no diagnóstico de obesidade 35,7% para mães casadas., La importancia del desarrollo, el estado de nutrición y el diagnóstico nutricional en la etapa pediátrica conforme a todos los factores sociodemográficos que los rodean es de gran relevancia debido a que en esta edad es donde se estructura gran parte de sus costumbres y hábitos. Entre los 4 y 6 años los niños asumen sus patrones de comportamiento, base primordial para la toma de decisiones, gustos o disgustos. Objetivo: analizar la relación que existe entre los factores sociodemográficos y el estado de nutrición en pacientes pediátricos en etapa preescolar. Material y Métodos: tipo de estudio observacional analítico transversal prospectivo. La población fue de 98 la muestra con la que se trabajó se estableció de 69 seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia. Se utilizó una báscula digital marca Omron HBF-514 y un estadiómetro de pared con 2 metros de largo marca genérica, modelo JSM-SH-2M-1. Para analizar la relación se utilizó la prueba estadística de Chi cuadrada tomando como significativo un p valor menor a 0.05. Resultados: la principal remuneración económica de los menores, el promedio fue para eutrofia con un 44% de acuerdo a una remuneración por trabajo propio, en el mismo diagnóstico para remuneración por apoyo de pareja fue de 56%, y un 0% para apoyo familiar. Seguido del diagnóstico de sobrepeso donde hubo un 50% para trabajo propio y un 50% para remuneración por la pareja, sin ningún porcentaje en el caso de apoyo familiar. No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa para estas variables (p=0.09). Conclusión: se identificó una prevalencia en el diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad. Se observó para el diagnóstico de eutrofia un 44% para madres en relación de unión libre. Seguido del diagnóstico de sobrepeso donde un 43.8% para un estado civil casado, en el diagnóstico de obesidad un 35.7% para madres casadas.

INTRODUCTION: The most used indicator to cope with prenatal control is gestational weight gain (GWG), which is related to a lower or higher health risk for the mother and her child. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the relationship between sociodemographic factors and weight gain in pregnant patients. METHODOLOGY: analytical, observational, prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study on a sample of 78 pregnant women residing in Toluca de Lerdo between January and April 2023. RESULTS: the weight gain is shown according to the schooling of the participants, having a maximum of 20 kg and a minimum of -9 kg with a mean of 5.71 (± 6) in women with a bachelor's degree, while women with primary they obtained a maximum of 32 kg and a minimum of 2 kg with a mean of 9.07 (± 7.96). CONCLUSIONS: in the gestational weight gain, a participant weighing 32 kg was identified, gaining three times what is recommended, which is between 9 and 11 kg (not exceeding 12 kg or falling below 6-7 kg)., INTRODUÇÃO: O indicador mais utilizado para o enfrentamento do controle pré-natal é o ganho de peso gestacional (GPG), que está relacionado a menor ou maior risco à saúde da mãe e do filho. OBJETIVO: analisar a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos e ganho de peso em pacientes gestantes. METODOLOGIA: estudo analítico, observacional, prospectivo, descritivo e transversal com uma amostra de 78 gestantes residentes em Toluca de Lerdo entre janeiro e abril de 2023. RESULTADOS: o ganho de peso é demonstrado de acordo com o nível de escolaridade das participantes, tendo um máximo de 20 kg e mínimo de -9 kg com média de 5,71 (± 6) nas mulheres com bacharelado, enquanto as mulheres com ensino fundamental obtiveram máximo de 32 kg e mínimo de 2 kg com média de 9,07 (± 7,96). CONCLUSÕES: no ganho de peso gestacional foi identificada uma participante com peso de 32 kg, ganhando três vezes o recomendado, que fica entre 9 e 11 kg (não ultrapassando 12 kg nem caindo abaixo de 6-7 kg)., INTRODUCCIÓN: Es el indicador más usado para sobrellevar el control prenatal es la ganancia de peso gestacional (GPG), el cual se relaciona con un menor o mayor riesgo de salud para la progenitora y el de su producto. OBJETIVO: analizar la relación de los factores sociodemográficos y la ganancia de peso en pacientes en estado gestacional. METODOLOGÍA: estudio analítico, observacional, prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal sobre una muestra de 78 mujeres gestantes residentes de Toluca de Lerdo entre enero y abril del 2023. RESULTADOS: se muestra la ganancia de peso de acuerdo a la escolaridad de las participantes, teniendo un máximo de 20 kg y un mínimo de -9 kg con una media de 5.71 (± 6) en mujeres con licenciatura, mientras que las mujeres con primaria obtuvieron un máximo de 32 kg y un mínimo de 2 kg con una media de 9.07 (± 7.96). CONCLUSIONES: en la ganancia de peso gestacional se identificó un participante peso 32 kg, ganando tres veces lo recomendado que es entre 9 y 11 kg (no sobrepasando los 12 kg ni bajando de los 6-7 kg).

The prevalence rates and correlates of mental or physical disability among recently resettled refugees, who undergo strenuous journeys before arriving in the US, remain unknown, masking potential health disparities. Self-reported disability was measured by the 2018 Annual Survey of Refugees (ASR), and defined as having a physical, mental, or other health condition for more than 6 months that precluded one from working. Prevalence rates of self-reported disability and sample correlates were investigated using descriptive and logistic regression analyses. Of N = 4259 participating refugees in ASR (Mean Age = 28.2, SD = 17.2; 52.5% male), 2875 responded to the disability question and 21.4% reported disability. About 33.7% were born in the Middle East region, 29.5% had no formal education, and 35% had an income of less than $15,000. Age (OR = 1.06, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [1.06,1.07], p < 0.001), region of birth (OR = 1.82, 95% CI [1.31, 2.51], p < 0.001), employment status (OR = 3.31, 95% CI [2.67, 4.11], p < 0.001), and receiving food stamps (OR = 2.09, 95% CI [1.66, 2.62], p < 0.001) were associated with self-reported disability. Disability levels among refugees recently resettled in the United States are comparable to national disability rates in the US. Our results suggest that multiple aspects of the refugee experience (i.e., demographics, socioeconomic status, contextual migration history) need to be considered to understand the risk for health outcomes. Future investigations of disabilities in diverse refugee populations over time and tailored public health interventions to mitigate potential risk factors are warranted to promote health equity.

PurposeTo determine the association between sociodemographic characteristics and blood pressure among a demographically diverse population-based sample of 10-14-year-old US adolescents.MethodsWe conducted cross-sectional analyses of data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 4,466), year two (2018-2020). Logistic and linear regression models were used to determine the association between sociodemographic characteristics (sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, household income, and parental education) with blood pressure among early adolescents.ResultsThe sample was 49.3% female and 46.7% non-White. Overall, 4.1% had blood pressures in the hypertensive range. Male sex was associated with 48% higher odds of hypertensive-range blood pressures than female sex (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02; 2.14), and Black race was associated with 85% higher odds of hypertensive-range blood pressures compared to White race (95% CI, 1.11; 3.08). Several annual household income categories less than $100,000 were associated with higher odds of hypertensive-range blood pressures compared to an annual household income greater than $200,000. We found effect modification by household income for Black adolescents; Black race (compared to White race) was more strongly associated with higher odds of hypertensive-range blood pressures in households with income greater than $75,000 (odds ratio 3.92; 95% CI, 1.95; 7.88) compared to those with income less than $75,000 (odds ratio 1.53; 95% CI, 0.80; 2.92).DiscussionSociodemographic characteristics are differentially associated with higher blood pressure in early adolescents. Future research could examine potential mediating factors (e.g., physical activity, nutrition, tobacco) linking sociodemographic characteristics and blood pressure to inform targeted interventions.

This article explores which students–with regard to gender, socio-economic background and migration background–skip school in Germany, Japan, Sweden and the United Kingdom (UK) according to PISA data. Students who skip school are observed in many countries, but there is not much systematic research that studies this across countries. Comparable data is to a large extent missing. PISA data offers an opportunity to use comparable data. In PISA, students were asked in 2018, 2015 and 2012 whether they had skipped school a whole day in the last two weeks prior to their completion of the PISA student questionnaire. Patterns of how absence relates to sociodemographic factors vary in countries and school systems. In the comparison between the four countries the UK stands out as having a higher percentage of students who have reported that they have skipped school than in the other countries. This does not seem to be related to any specific group of students. Japan also stands out with a lower percentage of students who have reported that they have skipped school. According to PISA data, skipping school is more related to socio-economic background than any other of the variables studied. The socio-economic background seems to be related to skipping school in all three PISA studies in Sweden and the UK. Gender seems not to be an important factor in the four countries. In Sweden and Germany there is a lower percentage of non-immigrant students who report that they have skipped school than first-and second-generation immigrant students. In the UK the figures are more ambiguous. When the percentages of students skipping school are compared over time and in the countries, it is difficult to find any trends, but the data only covered three measurements during a period of six years, which may be too short a time span to see trends.

INTRODUCTION: The growing recognition of holistic patient care highlights the various factors shaping the quality of life of individuals with autoimmune and rheumatic diseases (AIRDs). Beyond the traditional disease measures, there is an emerging acknowledgment of the less-explored aspects, including subjective well-being, social determinants of health, comorbidities, mental health, and medication adherence. Moreover, digital health services have empowered patients to engage actively in decision-making alongside clinicians. To explore these domains within the context of AIRDs, the "Collating the Voice of People with Autoimmune Diseases" COVAD survey was conceived, a successor of the previous two COVAD surveys. In this document, we present the study protocol in comprehensive detail. METHODS: The COVAD-3 survey is a cross-sectional patient self-reported e-survey incorporating multiple widely accepted scales/scores to assess various aspects of patients' lifestyles objectively. To ensure the survey's accuracy and usability across diverse regions, it will be translated into multiple languages and subjected to rigorous vetting and pilot testing. It will be distributed by collaborators via online platforms and data will be collected from patients with AIRDs, and healthy individuals over eight months. Data analysis will focus on outcome measures related to various social, demographic, economic, and psychological factors. CONCLUSION: With the increasing awareness to adopt a holistic treatment approach encompassing all avenues of life, the COVAD-3 survey aims to gain valuable insights into the impact of social, demographic, economic, and psychological determinants of health on the subjective well-being in patients with AIRDs, which will contribute to a better understanding of their overall health and well-being.

Background: Osteoporosis is a major global health issue that results in disability and high medical expenses. It can significantly impact both individuals and their caregivers, leading to pain, limitations in daily activities, and emotional distress. Purpose: This study observed the association of sociodemographic factors in affecting knowledge, perception, and behavior related to osteoporosis in a rural area of Malang, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area of Malang to assess the knowledge, perception, and behavior of adults (≥18 years old) toward osteoporosis. Participants were asked to fill in a validated questionnaire, which was selected randomly using a multistage stratified sampling technique. Collected data were analyzed on SPSS for Windows version 25.0. Results: The study included 376 randomly selected participants from various rural areas in Malang. The subjects mostly were within the 51-60 age group (34.0%), with female respondents accounting for 73.4% of the sample. On average, participants scored 1.8 (±2.5) for knowledge, 12.0 (±2.1) for perception, and 12.2 (±2.9) for behavior regarding osteoporosis. Both age and education levels showed associations with knowledge and perception, while only age was significantly linked to behavior concerning osteoporosis. Conclusions: Our study revealed a strong association between low educational levels, especially among the elderly, and the lack of knowledge, perceptions, and behavior toward osteoporosis.

Striving to return to work is of great importance to many cancer survivors. The purpose of the study is to prospectively investigate the factors that hinder and facilitate return to work (RTW) at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors and whether these factors influence the ability to continue working after treatment. Participants (n = 227) aged ≤ 65 years at diagnosis with HNC were included. Data were collected before the start of treatment and at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment. The Rubin causal model was used for statistical analysis. Within the 3-month follow-up period, 92 participants had RTW and 30 had retired. At the 12-month follow-up, 80 of these participants were still working, another 51 participants had RTW, and five participants working still suffered from cancer. The hindrance to RTW within 3 months was advanced tumour stage (stage III and IV) (p = 0.0038). Hindrances to RTW at the 12-month follow-up were oral cancer (p = 0.0210) and larynx cancer (p = 0.0041), and facilitators were living in a relationship (p = 0.0445) and a white-collar job (p = 0.00267). Participants with early tumour stage (stage I and II) (p = 0.0019) and a white-collar job (p = 0.0185) had earlier RTW. The conclusion is that disease factors were the most important hindrances to RTW, and type of work and living with a spouse or partner were nonclinical factors influencing RTW.

Striving to return to work is of great importance to many cancer survivors. The purpose of the study is to prospectively investigate the factors that hinder and facilitate return to work (RTW) at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors and whether these factors influence the ability to continue working after treatment. Participants (n = 227) aged ≤ 65 years at diagnosis with HNC were included. Data were collected before the start of treatment and at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment. The Rubin causal model was used for statistical analysis. Within the 3-month follow-up period, 92 participants had RTW and 30 had retired. At the 12-month follow-up, 80 of these participants were still working, another 51 participants had RTW, and five participants working still suffered from cancer. The hindrance to RTW within 3 months was advanced tumour stage (stage III and IV) (p = 0.0038). Hindrances to RTW at the 12-month follow-up were oral cancer (p = 0.0210) and larynx cancer (p = 0.0041), and facilitators were living in a relationship (p = 0.0445) and a white-collar job (p = 0.00267). Participants with early tumour stage (stage I and II) (p = 0.0019) and a white-collar job (p = 0.0185) had earlier RTW. The conclusion is that disease factors were the most important hindrances to RTW, and type of work and living with a spouse or partner were nonclinical factors influencing RTW.

Background: Sociodemographic and sociocultural factors influence blood donation in various countries, our objective of study was to determine what are the factors that influence blood donation in Peru. The study: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in people between 18 and 60 years at the national level, the data were analyzed using SPSS v.20 Findings: The study sample was 739 people, 50.4% men; It was determined that there is good knowledge about blood donation with a percentage greater than 50% of questions answered correctly, likewise there is a positive attitude towards blood donation Conclusions: The sociocultural factors that influence blood donation is ignorance, 40% of the participants do not know the basic requirements to be a blood donor, another factor is the false belief. because they are taking medication, they cannot donate blood (47%)., Introducción: Los factores sociodemográficos y socioculturales influyen en la donación de sangre en diversos países, nuestro objetivo de estudio fue determinar cuáles son los factores que influyen en la donación de sangre en el Perú. El estudio: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal en personas entre 18 a 60 años a nivel nacional, se analizaron los datos mediante SPSS v.20 Hallazgos: La muestra de estudio fue de 739 personas, el 50,4% hombres; se determinó que hay buen conocimiento acerca de la donación de sangre con un porcentaje mayor al 50% de preguntas contestadas correctamente, así mismo existe una actitud positiva frente a la donación de sangre Conclusiones: Los factores socioculturales que influyen en la donación de sangre es el desconocimiento, un 40% de los participantes desconoce los requisitos básicos para ser donante de sangre, otro factor es la falsa creencia que al estar tomando medicamentos no se puede donar sangre (47%).

Sars-Cov-2 has triggered a pandemic that has forced the governments of all countries to take containment measures in order to reduce the spread of the virus, such as social distancing, the use of personal protection elements (PPE) and mandatory isolation, the coronavirus pandemic represents a public health problem due to its impact not only physical, but also on emotional well-being, in addition to its impact on affected economic and social matters. Aim: this paper seeks to make a complete sociodemographic analysis of the impact that the pandemic triggered by Sars-CoV-2 had at Bogotá city, taking into account the different social, health and political variables that have been presented to throughout these years, and during which the multiple and agitated changes in the rates and curves of morbidity and mortality among the population of the city have developed. Methodology: a retrospective study, extracted from reports published by official national and local government institutions (Ministry of Health, National Institute of Health, Bogotá Health Secretariat), as well as statistical offices, since March 6, 2020 to October 2021 in Bogotá city. Results: 29.1% of the cases reported in Colombia of Covid-19 are in Bogotá D.C. In the city, 1,454,273 cases have been presented, of which 180 were confirmed on 11/04/2021. Of the total accumulated cases, 53.4% are women and the highest concentration of cases according to age is between 20 and 49 years with a percentage weight of 61.1%. Conclusions: adapt and improve health policies to meet the needs of city communities, with a prioritized focus on the lower-income population and reinforce Covid-19 mitigation approaches, such as the use of masks, physical distancing, hand washing and other measures can help further reduce the spread of Sars-Cov-2 infection in Bogotá., El Sars-Cov-2 ha desencadenado una pandemia que ha obligado a los gobiernos de todos los países a tomar medidas de contención con el fin de disminuir la expansión del virus, como el distanciamiento social, el uso de elementos de protección personal (Epp) y aislamiento obligatorio, la pandemia de coronavirus representa un problema de salud pública por su impacto no solo físico, sino también en el bienestar emocional, además de su repercusión en la materia económica y social afectados. Objetivo: el presente articulo busca hacer un completo análisis del impacto que ha tenido la pandemia desencadenada por el Sars- CoV-2 en la ciudad de Bogotá, (Colombia), teniendo en cuenta las diferentes variables, sociales, sanitarias y políticas, que se han venido presentando a lo largo de estos años, y de los cuales se han desarrollado los múltiples y agitados cambios en las tasas y curvas de morbilidad y mortalidad entre la población de la ciudad. Metodología: estudio de tipo retrospectivo, donde se extraen de informes publicados por las instituciones gubernamentales oficiales nacionales y locales, (Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Secretaría de Salud de Bogotá), además de oficinas de estadística, desde el 06 de marzo 2020 a octubre de 2021 en la ciudad de Bogotá. Resultados: El 29,1 % de los casos reportados en Colombia de Covid-19 se encuentran en Bogotá D.C. En la ciudad se han presentado 1.454.273 casos de los cuales 180 fueron confirmados el 04/11/2021. Del total de casos acumulados, 53,4 % son mujeres y la mayor concentración de casos de acuerdo con la edad está entre los 20 a 49 años con un peso porcentual de 61,1%. Conclusiones: adaptar y mejorar las políticas sanitarias para satisfacer las necesidades de las comunidades de la ciudad, con un enfoque priorizado hacía la población de menor estrato y reforzar los enfoques de mitigación de COVID-19, como el uso de mascarillas, el distanciamiento físico, el lavado de manos y otras medidas, puede ayudar a reducir

Syfte: Att beskriva hur arbetsterapeuter som arbetar inom hemrehabilitering skattar sin aktivitetsbalans. Metod: I uppsatsen användes en enkätundersökning för att beskriva hur arbetsterapeuter inom hemrehabilitering skattar sin aktivitetsbalans. En tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes med en kvantitativ metod och en deskriptiv inriktning. Enkäten bestod av strukturerade frågor baserade på Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11) och sociodemografiska bakgrundsfrågor. Urvalet bestod av legitimerade arbetsterapeuter som arbetarinom hemrehabilitering och som hade arbetat minst ett år samt med en anställningsgrad på minst 50%. Resultat: Fyrtiotre arbetsterapeuters självskattade aktivitetsbalans och dess samband med sociodemografiska faktorer undersöktes. Majoriteten av deltagarna var kvinnor mellan 30–39 år som var sammanboende, hade barn och hade arbetat 1-10 år inom yrket. Majoriteten av deltagarna skattade instämmer inte i alla påståenden förutom "Jag har tillräckligt med tid att göra det jag måste göra", där 58,1% av deltagare skattade instämmer. Deltagare med barn, över 40 år, som bodde med en partner, med en anställningsgrad 80–89% och hade mer erfarenhet i yrket tenderade att rapportera högre nivåer av aktivitetsbalans. Slutsats: Arbetsterapeuterna som arbetar inom hemrehabilitering upplever låg tillfredställelse angående sin aktivitetsbalans, vilket kan påverkas av faktorer som kön, ålder, anställningsgrad, boendesituation och familjesituation. Kvinnor som har fler roller i livet kan uppleva det svårt att upprätthålla en balans mellan arbete och privatliv, vilket kan påverka deras arbetsmiljö och välbefinnande negativt. Uppsatsen kan användas för att utveckla strategier för att förbättra aktivitetsbalansen hos arbetsterapeuter inom hemrehabilitering och därmed förbättra deras arbetsmiljö och välbefinnande., Aim: To describe how occupational therapists working in home rehabilitation perceive their occupational balance. Method: The study used a survey to describe how occupational therapists working in home rehabilitation perceived their occupational balance. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a quantitative approach and a descriptive focus. The survey consisted of structured questions and clear background questions and was designed based on the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11). The sample consisted of licensed occupational therapists in home rehabilitation who had worked for at least one year and had an employment rate of at least 50%. Results: The study examined the self-reported occupational balance of 43 occupational therapists and it´s relationship with sociodemographic factors. The majority of participants were women aged 30-39, living with children, and had worked in the profession for 1-10 years. The majority of participants estimated that they did not agree with all the statements except for "I have enough time to do what I need to do", where 58.1% of participants estimated that they agreed. Participants with children, over 40 years old, living with a partner, working 80-89% of full-time hours, and with more experience in the profession tended to report higher levels of occupational balance. Conclusion: The study shows that occupational therapists working in home rehabilitation experience a low occupational balance, which can be influenced by factors such as gender, age, employment status, living situation and family situation. Women who have multiple roles in life may have difficulty maintaining a balance between work and personal life, which can have negative consequences for their work environment and well-being. The study can be used to develop strategies to improve occupational balance among occupational therapists in home rehabilitation and thus improve their work environment and well-being.

Tidigare forskning visar att det finns ett samband mellan depressionssymtom och svårigheter i partnerrelationer. Forskning visar att deltagare efter parterapi har en ökad grad av relationsnöjdhet och en lägre grad av depressionssymtom. Uppsatsen genomfördes inom DANA-projektet (IKBT vid antenatal depression) och syftet var att analysera hur relationsnöjdhet hänger ihop med behandlingsutfall, följsamhet i behandling samt vilja att arbeta med relationer i behandling. Syftet var även att analysera vilka sociodemografiska och kliniska faktorer hos gravida med depression som har ett samband med relationsnöjdhet. I resultatet framkom inget signifikant samband mellan relationsnöjdhet och behandlingsutfall, följsamhet eller val att arbeta med relationer i behandlingen. I resultatet framkom ett signifikant samband mellan högre relationsnöjdhet och högre ekonomi, högre relationsnöjdhet och högre graviditetsönskan, samt högre relationsnöjdhet och lägre grad av depressionssymtom. För att kunna dra säkrare slutsatser över hur relationsnöjdhet och större fokus på relationer påverkar behandlingsutfall vid depressionsbehandling, behövs fortsatt forskning. Fortsatt forskning behövs även för att undersöka bakomliggande faktorer och hur dessa påverkar paret och deras mående., Previous research shows a connection between symptoms of depression and difficulties in partner-relations. It also shows that the participants relationship satisfaction increased after couples-therapy and that their symptoms of depression decreased. This thesis was conducted in the DANA-project (ICBT during antenatal depression) and the intention was to examine the effect of relationship satisfaction on treatment outcome, adherence, and motivation to work with relationships in treatment. The intention was also to analyze the connection between relationship satisfaction and sociodemographic and clinical factors during pregnancy. The result presented no significant connection between relationship satisfaction and treatment outcome, adherence, or motivation to work with relationships in treatment. Furthermore, the result presented a significant connection between higher relationship satisfaction and higher economic status, higher relationship satisfaction and higher pregnancy desire and higher relationship satisfaction and lower symptoms of depression. Further research is needed to examine how more focus on relations in treatment and relationship satisfaction effects treatment outcome. Further research is also needed to examine underlying factors and how these effect the couple and their well-being.

Syfte: Att beskriva hur arbetsterapeuter som arbetar inom hemrehabilitering skattar sin aktivitetsbalans. Metod: I uppsatsen användes en enkätundersökning för att beskriva hur arbetsterapeuter inom hemrehabilitering skattar sin aktivitetsbalans. En tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes med en kvantitativ metod och en deskriptiv inriktning. Enkäten bestod av strukturerade frågor baserade på Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11) och sociodemografiska bakgrundsfrågor. Urvalet bestod av legitimerade arbetsterapeuter som arbetarinom hemrehabilitering och som hade arbetat minst ett år samt med en anställningsgrad på minst 50%. Resultat: Fyrtiotre arbetsterapeuters självskattade aktivitetsbalans och dess samband med sociodemografiska faktorer undersöktes. Majoriteten av deltagarna var kvinnor mellan 30–39 år som var sammanboende, hade barn och hade arbetat 1-10 år inom yrket. Majoriteten av deltagarna skattade instämmer inte i alla påståenden förutom "Jag har tillräckligt med tid att göra det jag måste göra", där 58,1% av deltagare skattade instämmer. Deltagare med barn, över 40 år, som bodde med en partner, med en anställningsgrad 80–89% och hade mer erfarenhet i yrket tenderade att rapportera högre nivåer av aktivitetsbalans. Slutsats: Arbetsterapeuterna som arbetar inom hemrehabilitering upplever låg tillfredställelse angående sin aktivitetsbalans, vilket kan påverkas av faktorer som kön, ålder, anställningsgrad, boendesituation och familjesituation. Kvinnor som har fler roller i livet kan uppleva det svårt att upprätthålla en balans mellan arbete och privatliv, vilket kan påverka deras arbetsmiljö och välbefinnande negativt. Uppsatsen kan användas för att utveckla strategier för att förbättra aktivitetsbalansen hos arbetsterapeuter inom hemrehabilitering och därmed förbättra deras arbetsmiljö och välbefinnande., Aim: To describe how occupational therapists working in home rehabilitation perceive their occupational balance. Method: The study used a survey to describe how occupational therapists working in home rehabilitation perceived their occupational balance. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a quantitative approach and a descriptive focus. The survey consisted of structured questions and clear background questions and was designed based on the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11). The sample consisted of licensed occupational therapists in home rehabilitation who had worked for at least one year and had an employment rate of at least 50%. Results: The study examined the self-reported occupational balance of 43 occupational therapists and it´s relationship with sociodemographic factors. The majority of participants were women aged 30-39, living with children, and had worked in the profession for 1-10 years. The majority of participants estimated that they did not agree with all the statements except for "I have enough time to do what I need to do", where 58.1% of participants estimated that they agreed. Participants with children, over 40 years old, living with a partner, working 80-89% of full-time hours, and with more experience in the profession tended to report higher levels of occupational balance. Conclusion: The study shows that occupational therapists working in home rehabilitation experience a low occupational balance, which can be influenced by factors such as gender, age, employment status, living situation and family situation. Women who have multiple roles in life may have difficulty maintaining a balance between work and personal life, which can have negative consequences for their work environment and well-being. The study can be used to develop strategies to improve occupational balance among occupational therapists in home rehabilitation and thus improve their work environment and well-being.

Striving to return to work is of great importance to many cancer survivors. The purpose of the study is to prospectively investigate the factors that hinder and facilitate return to work (RTW) at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors and whether these factors influence the ability to continue working after treatment. Participants (n = 227) aged ≤ 65 years at diagnosis with HNC were included. Data were collected before the start of treatment and at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment. The Rubin causal model was used for statistical analysis. Within the 3-month follow-up period, 92 participants had RTW and 30 had retired. At the 12-month follow-up, 80 of these participants were still working, another 51 participants had RTW, and five participants working still suffered from cancer. The hindrance to RTW within 3 months was advanced tumour stage (stage III and IV) (p = 0.0038). Hindrances to RTW at the 12-month follow-up were oral cancer (p = 0.0210) and larynx cancer (p = 0.0041), and facilitators were living in a relationship (p = 0.0445) and a white-collar job (p = 0.00267). Participants with early tumour stage (stage I and II) (p = 0.0019) and a white-collar job (p = 0.0185) had earlier RTW. The conclusion is that disease factors were the most important hindrances to RTW, and type of work and living with a spouse or partner were nonclinical factors influencing RTW.

ObjectivesWe sought to investigate how race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status relate to tracheostomy insertion and post-tracheostomy mortality among infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).MethodsThe Vizient Clinical Database/Resource Manager was queried to identify infants born ≤32 weeks with BPD admitted to US hospitals from January 2012 to December 2020. Markers of socioeconomic status were linked to patient records from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Social Determinants of Health Database. Regression models were used to assess trends in annual tracheostomy insertion rate and odds of tracheostomy insertion and post-tracheostomy mortality, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors.ResultsThere were 40,021 ex-premature infants included in the study, 1614 (4.0%) of whom received a tracheostomy. Tracheostomy insertion increased from 2012 to 2017 (3.1%-4.1%), but decreased from 2018 to 2020 (3.3%-1.6%). Non-Hispanic Black infants demonstrated a 25% higher odds (aOR 1.25, 1.09-1.43) and Hispanic infants demonstrated a 20% lower odds (aOR 0.80, 0.65-0.96) of tracheostomy insertion compared with non-Hispanic White infants. Patients receiving public insurance had increased odds of tracheostomy insertion (aOR 1.15, 1.03-1.30), but there was no relation between other metrics of socioeconomic status and tracheostomy insertion within our cohort. In-hospital mortality among the tracheostomy-dependent was 14.1% and was not associated with sociodemographic factors.ConclusionsDisparities in tracheostomy insertion are not accounted for by differences in socioeconomic status or the presence of additional neonatal morbidities. Post-tracheostomy mortality does not demonstrate the same relationships. Further investigation is needed to explore the source and potential mitigators of the identified disparities.

Striving to return to work is of great importance to many cancer survivors. The purpose of the study is to prospectively investigate the factors that hinder and facilitate return to work (RTW) at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors and whether these factors influence the ability to continue working after treatment. Participants (n = 227) aged ≤ 65 years at diagnosis with HNC were included. Data were collected before the start of treatment and at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment. The Rubin causal model was used for statistical analysis. Within the 3-month follow-up period, 92 participants had RTW and 30 had retired. At the 12-month follow-up, 80 of these participants were still working, another 51 participants had RTW, and five participants working still suffered from cancer. The hindrance to RTW within 3 months was advanced tumour stage (stage III and IV) (p = 0.0038). Hindrances to RTW at the 12-month follow-up were oral cancer (p = 0.0210) and larynx cancer (p = 0.0041), and facilitators were living in a relationship (p = 0.0445) and a white-collar job (p = 0.00267). Participants with early tumour stage (stage I and II) (p = 0.0019) and a white-collar job (p = 0.0185) had earlier RTW. The conclusion is that disease factors were the most important hindrances to RTW, and type of work and living with a spouse or partner were nonclinical factors influencing RTW.

The present study was carried out with the purpose of identifying the predisposing factors of suicide risk in the adult population. For this reason, a systematization of the empirical evidence accumulated in the last 10 years was carried out, based on the search for scientific articles indexed in databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, APA PsycNet and SpringerLink. A sample of 44 documents that met the following inclusion criteria was obtained: empirical research on psychosocial variables and sociodemographic factors related to suicide risk in the adult population, published between 2012 and 2022, available in full text, in Spanish and English. In the same way, the documentary analysis technique was applied and an information matrix was used as an instrument in which the most relevant data of the studies examined were recorded. As results, it was found that the psychosocial variables most associated with suicide risk are depression, anxiety, alcohol consumption and social support, while sociodemographic factors are gender, living alone, marital status, and a history of physical and mental illness., El presente estudio se realizó con el propósito de identificar los factores predisponentes del riesgo suicida en población adulta. Por eso, se efectuó una sistematización de la evidencia empírica acumulada en los últimos 10 años, a partir de la búsqueda de artículos científicos indexados en bases de datos como Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, APA PsycNet y SpringerLink. Se obtuvo una muestra de 44 documentos que cumplieron con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: investigaciones empíricas sobre variables psicosociales y factores sociodemográficos relacionados al riesgo suicida en población adulta, publicados entre los años 2012 y 2022, con texto completo disponible, redactados en idioma español e inglés. De igual manera, se aplicó la técnica del análisis documental y se usó como instrumento una matriz de información en la que se consignaron los datos más relevantes de los estudios examinados. Como resultado, se encontró que las variables psicosociales más asociadas al riesgo suicida son depresión, ansiedad, consumo de alcohol y apoyo social, mientras que los factores sociodemográficos son sexo, vivir solo, estado civil y antecedentes de enfermedades físicas y mentales.

This document presents the results obtained in a research aimed at measuring the level of satisfaction of tourists for the destinations visited in the local communities receiving the Cotacachi-Cayapas National Park, Imbabura-Ecuador. Said study reports a multivariate analysis sustained in a causal relationship where the incidence of the valuation of tourists for the destination visited and the quality of the destination to visit is indicated, with respect to the level of satisfaction of the destination visited, having the sociodemographic factor as a moderating variable. , made up of the age of the tourists, educational level and gender, using a sample of 408 tourists who responded to an interview administered at the time of their departure from the destination. Prior to a multiple linear regression, an exploratory factorial analysis was carried out followed by a combinatorial one, with the support of the statistical program IBM-SPSS and SPSS-AMOS to finally carry out a moderation analysis set in PROCESS, which allowed, in the first instance, explore and confirm the latent factors put on stage and explain that the level of satisfaction of the visitors depended, significantly, on the valuation of the destination manifested by the visitors, linked to the process, managing to moderate the relationship already sustained between, at least one of its dimensions, Este documento presenta los resultados obtenidos en una investigación orientada por la medición del nivel de satisfacción de los turistas por los destinos visitados en las comunidades locales receptoras del Parque Nacional Cotacachi-Cayapas, Imbabura-Ecuador. Dicho estudio reporta un análisis multivariado sostenido en una relación causal donde se indica la incidencia de la valoración de los turistas por el destino visitado y la cualidad del destino a visitar, respecto al nivel de satisfacción del destino visitado, teniendo al factor sociodemográfico como variable moderadora, conformada por la edad de los turistas, nivel de estudios y género, utilizando una muestra de 408 turistas que respondieron a una entrevista administrada al momento de su salida del destino. Previo a una regresión lineal múltiple, se hizo un análisis factorial exploratorio seguido de uno combinatorio, con apoyo del programa estadístico IBM-SPSS y el SPSS-AMOS para finalmente hacer un análisis de moderación ambientado en PROCESS, lo cual permitió, en primera instancia, explorar y confirmar los factores latentes puestos en escena y explicar que el nivel de satisfacción de los visitantes dependió, significativamente, de la valoración del destino manifiesta por los visitantes, ligado al proceso, logrando moderar la relación ya sostenida entre, al menos una de sus dimensiones.

Striving to return to work is of great importance to many cancer survivors. The purpose of the study is to prospectively investigate the factors that hinder and facilitate return to work (RTW) at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors and whether these factors influence the ability to continue working after treatment. Participants (n = 227) aged ≤ 65 years at diagnosis with HNC were included. Data were collected before the start of treatment and at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment. The Rubin causal model was used for statistical analysis. Within the 3-month follow-up period, 92 participants had RTW and 30 had retired. At the 12-month follow-up, 80 of these participants were still working, another 51 participants had RTW, and five participants working still suffered from cancer. The hindrance to RTW within 3 months was advanced tumour stage (stage III and IV) (p = 0.0038). Hindrances to RTW at the 12-month follow-up were oral cancer (p = 0.0210) and larynx cancer (p = 0.0041), and facilitators were living in a relationship (p = 0.0445) and a white-collar job (p = 0.00267). Participants with early tumour stage (stage I and II) (p = 0.0019) and a white-collar job (p = 0.0185) had earlier RTW. The conclusion is that disease factors were the most important hindrances to RTW, and type of work and living with a spouse or partner were nonclinical factors influencing RTW.

This document presents the results obtained in a research aimed at measuring the level of satisfaction of tourists for the destinations visited in the local communities receiving the Cotacachi-Cayapas National Park, Imbabura-Ecuador. Said study reports a multivariate analysis sustained in a causal relationship where the incidence of the valuation of tourists for the destination visited and the quality of the destination to visit is indicated, with respect to the level of satisfaction of the destination visited, having the sociodemographic factor as a moderating variable. , made up of the age of the tourists, educational level and gender, using a sample of 408 tourists who responded to an interview administered at the time of their departure from the destination. Prior to a multiple linear regression, an exploratory factorial analysis was carried out followed by a combinatorial one, with the support of the statistical program IBM-SPSS and SPSS-AMOS to finally carry out a moderation analysis set in PROCESS, which allowed, in the first instance, explore and confirm the latent factors put on stage and explain that the level of satisfaction of the visitors depended, significantly, on the valuation of the destination manifested by the visitors, linked to the process, managing to moderate the relationship already sustained between, at least one of its dimensions, Este documento presenta los resultados obtenidos en una investigación orientada por la medición del nivel de satisfacción de los turistas por los destinos visitados en las comunidades locales receptoras del Parque Nacional Cotacachi-Cayapas, Imbabura-Ecuador. Dicho estudio reporta un análisis multivariado sostenido en una relación causal donde se indica la incidencia de la valoración de los turistas por el destino visitado y la cualidad del destino a visitar, respecto al nivel de satisfacción del destino visitado, teniendo al factor sociodemográfico como variable moderadora, conformada por la edad de los turistas, nivel de estudios y género, utilizando una muestra de 408 turistas que respondieron a una entrevista administrada al momento de su salida del destino. Previo a una regresión lineal múltiple, se hizo un análisis factorial exploratorio seguido de uno combinatorio, con apoyo del programa estadístico IBM-SPSS y el SPSS-AMOS para finalmente hacer un análisis de moderación ambientado en PROCESS, lo cual permitió, en primera instancia, explorar y confirmar los factores latentes puestos en escena y explicar que el nivel de satisfacción de los visitantes dependió, significativamente, de la valoración del destino manifiesta por los visitantes, ligado al proceso, logrando moderar la relación ya sostenida entre, al menos una de sus dimensiones.

Background Mobility is an independent predictor of physical functionality, healthy ageing, and quality of life. Various literatures have associated mobility limitation in older adulthood with demographic and socioeconomic factors. Hence, we propose a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesise the association between sociodemographic factors and mobility limitations in older adults. Methods and analyses This protocol was written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. We will perform a comprehensive search of all observational studies that assessed the relationship between age, gender, race, place, education, income, occupation, social status, and walking distance, time, or speed. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, and SPORTDiscus) will be searched from inception to 28 February 2023. We will supplement the database search by manually searching the reference lists of all identified and relevant full-text articles. Two independent reviewers will be responsible for screening articles, data extraction, and assessment of bias. We will appraise the study quality and risk of bias using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). A meta-analysis will be considered if data from the selected studies are homogeneous, otherwise, a narrative synthesis of the extracted data will be presented. Discussion Mobility limitation leads to frequent falls, dependency, morbidity, and death among older adults. This review is necessary, to identify and prioritise important sociodemographic factors during older adults’ clinical assessment and policy development. It is the first phase of a multi-methods study seeking to develop a prognostic mobility trajectory for community-dwelling older adults.

Tidigare forskning visar att det finns ett samband mellan depressionssymtom och svårigheter i partnerrelationer. Forskning visar att deltagare efter parterapi har en ökad grad av relationsnöjdhet och en lägre grad av depressionssymtom. Uppsatsen genomfördes inom DANA-projektet (IKBT vid antenatal depression) och syftet var att analysera hur relationsnöjdhet hänger ihop med behandlingsutfall, följsamhet i behandling samt vilja att arbeta med relationer i behandling. Syftet var även att analysera vilka sociodemografiska och kliniska faktorer hos gravida med depression som har ett samband med relationsnöjdhet. I resultatet framkom inget signifikant samband mellan relationsnöjdhet och behandlingsutfall, följsamhet eller val att arbeta med relationer i behandlingen. I resultatet framkom ett signifikant samband mellan högre relationsnöjdhet och högre ekonomi, högre relationsnöjdhet och högre graviditetsönskan, samt högre relationsnöjdhet och lägre grad av depressionssymtom. För att kunna dra säkrare slutsatser över hur relationsnöjdhet och större fokus på relationer påverkar behandlingsutfall vid depressionsbehandling, behövs fortsatt forskning. Fortsatt forskning behövs även för att undersöka bakomliggande faktorer och hur dessa påverkar paret och deras mående., Previous research shows a connection between symptoms of depression and difficulties in partner-relations. It also shows that the participants relationship satisfaction increased after couples-therapy and that their symptoms of depression decreased. This thesis was conducted in the DANA-project (ICBT during antenatal depression) and the intention was to examine the effect of relationship satisfaction on treatment outcome, adherence, and motivation to work with relationships in treatment. The intention was also to analyze the connection between relationship satisfaction and sociodemographic and clinical factors during pregnancy. The result presented no significant connection between relationship satisfaction and treatment outcome, adherence, or motivation to work with relationships in treatment. Furthermore, the result presented a significant connection between higher relationship satisfaction and higher economic status, higher relationship satisfaction and higher pregnancy desire and higher relationship satisfaction and lower symptoms of depression. Further research is needed to examine how more focus on relations in treatment and relationship satisfaction effects treatment outcome. Further research is also needed to examine underlying factors and how these effect the couple and their well-being.

Background Mobility is an independent predictor of physical functionality, healthy ageing, and quality of life. Various literatures have associated mobility limitation in older adulthood with demographic and socioeconomic factors. Hence, we propose a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesise the association between sociodemographic factors and mobility limitations in older adults. Methods and analyses This protocol was written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. We will perform a comprehensive search of all observational studies that assessed the relationship between age, gender, race, place, education, income, occupation, social status, and walking distance, time, or speed. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, and SPORTDiscus) will be searched from inception to 28 February 2023. We will supplement the database search by manually searching the reference lists of all identified and relevant full-text articles. Two independent reviewers will be responsible for screening articles, data extraction, and assessment of bias. We will appraise the study quality and risk of bias using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). A meta-analysis will be considered if data from the selected studies are homogeneous, otherwise, a narrative synthesis of the extracted data will be presented. Discussion Mobility limitation leads to frequent falls, dependency, morbidity, and death among older adults. This review is necessary, to identify and prioritise important sociodemographic factors during older adults’ clinical assessment and policy development. It is the first phase of a multi-methods study seeking to develop a prognostic mobility trajectory for community-dwelling older adults.

Background Mobility is an independent predictor of physical functionality, healthy ageing, and quality of life. Various literatures have associated mobility limitation in older adulthood with demographic and socioeconomic factors. Hence, we propose a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesise the association between sociodemographic factors and mobility limitations in older adults. Methods and analyses This protocol was written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. We will perform a comprehensive search of all observational studies that assessed the relationship between age, gender, race, place, education, income, occupation, social status, and walking distance, time, or speed. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, and SPORTDiscus) will be searched from inception to 28 February 2023. We will supplement the database search by manually searching the reference lists of all identified and relevant full-text articles. Two independent reviewers will be responsible for screening articles, data extraction, and assessment of bias. We will appraise the study quality and risk of bias using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). A meta-analysis will be considered if data from the selected studies are homogeneous, otherwise, a narrative synthesis of the extracted data will be presented. Discussion Mobility limitation leads to frequent falls, dependency, morbidity, and death among older adults. This review is necessary, to identify and prioritise important sociodemographic factors during older adults’ clinical assessment and policy development. It is the first phase of a multi-methods study seeking to develop a prognostic mobility trajectory for community-dwelling older adults.

Background Mobility is an independent predictor of physical functionality, healthy ageing, and quality of life. Various literatures have associated mobility limitation in older adulthood with demographic and socioeconomic factors. Hence, we propose a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesise the association between sociodemographic factors and mobility limitations in older adults. Methods and analyses This protocol was written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. We will perform a comprehensive search of all observational studies that assessed the relationship between age, gender, race, place, education, income, occupation, social status, and walking distance, time, or speed. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, and SPORTDiscus) will be searched from inception to 28 February 2023. We will supplement the database search by manually searching the reference lists of all identified and relevant full-text articles. Two independent reviewers will be responsible for screening articles, data extraction, and assessment of bias. We will appraise the study quality and risk of bias using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). A meta-analysis will be considered if data from the selected studies are homogeneous, otherwise, a narrative synthesis of the extracted data will be presented. Discussion Mobility limitation leads to frequent falls, dependency, morbidity, and death among older adults. This review is necessary, to identify and prioritise important sociodemographic factors during older adults’ clinical assessment and policy development. It is the first phase of a multi-methods study seeking to develop a prognostic mobility trajectory for community-dwelling older adults.

Background Mobility is an independent predictor of physical functionality, healthy ageing, and quality of life. Various literatures have associated mobility limitation in older adulthood with demographic and socioeconomic factors. Hence, we propose a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesise the association between sociodemographic factors and mobility limitations in older adults. Methods and analyses This protocol was written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. We will perform a comprehensive search of all observational studies that assessed the relationship between age, gender, race, place, education, income, occupation, social status, and walking distance, time, or speed. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, and SPORTDiscus) will be searched from inception to 28 February 2023. We will supplement the database search by manually searching the reference lists of all identified and relevant full-text articles. Two independent reviewers will be responsible for screening articles, data extraction, and assessment of bias. We will appraise the study quality and risk of bias using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). A meta-analysis will be considered if data from the selected studies are homogeneous, otherwise, a narrative synthesis of the extracted data will be presented. Discussion Mobility limitation leads to frequent falls, dependency, morbidity, and death among older adults. This review is necessary, to identify and prioritise important sociodemographic factors during older adults’ clinical assessment and policy development. It is the first phase of a multi-methods study seeking to develop a prognostic mobility trajectory for community-dwelling older adults.

Objective To determine the socio-demographic profile of all students enrolled to study medicine in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). Design and setting Observational, cross-sectional study. Data were sought from the Universities of Auckland and Otago, the two NZ tertiary education institutions providing medical education, for the period 2016-2020 inclusive. These data are a subset of the larger project 'Mirror on Society' examining all regulated health professional enrolled students in NZ. Variables of interest: gender, citizenship, ethnicity, rural classification, socioeconomic deprivation, school type and school socioeconomic scores. NZ denominator population data (18-29 years) were sourced from the 2018 census. Participants 2858 students were enrolled to study medicine between 2016 and 2020 inclusive. Results There were more women (59.1%) enrolled to study medicine than men (40.9%) and the majority (96.5%) were in the 18-29 years age range. Maori students (rate ratio 0.92; 95% CI 0.84 to 1.0) and Pacific students (rate ratio 0.85; 95% CI 0.73 to 0.98) had lower overall rates of enrolment. For all ethnic groups, irrespective of rural or urban origin, enrolment rates had a nearly log-linear negative relationship with increasing socioeconomic deprivation. Enrolments were lower for students from rural areas compared with those from urban areas (rate ratio 0.53; 95% CI 0.46-0.61). Overall NZ's medical students do not reflect the diverse communities they will serve, with under-representation of Maori and Pacific students and students who come from low socioeconomic and rural backgrounds. Conclusions To meaningfully address these issues, we suggest the following policy changes: universities commit and act to Indigenise institutional ways of knowing and being; selection policies are reviewed to ensure that communities in greatest need of doctors are prioritised for enrolment into medicine (specifically, the impact of low socioeconomic status should be factored into selection de

Background: Adequate eHealth literacy levels empower people to make informed decisions, enhancing their autonomy. The current study assessed a group using primary care services for their eHealth literacy and examined its relationship with sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Adult patients in need of primary care nursing services participated in this cross-sectional study, which was carried out in a healthcare center in the Madrid region of Spain. Through systematic random sampling, 166 participants were chosen for the study. The eHealth Literacy Questionnaire was used to assess eHealth literacy (eHLQ). Results: The studied population showed higher eHealth literacy scores in dimensions 2 (“understanding of health concepts and language”) and 4 (“feel safe and in control”); the lowest scores were recorded for dimensions 1 (“using technology to process health information”), 3 (“ability to actively engage with digital services”), and 7 (“digital services that suit individual needs”). People with completed secondary education and a better-perceived health status who were younger and employed showed a higher level of eHealth literacy. Conclusions: The findings advance our knowledge of the variables affecting eHealth literacy. We may be able to understand patients’ needs and provide them with greater support if we can pinpoint the areas where they demonstrate the lowest eHealth literacy., Depto. de Enfermería, Fac. de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, TRUE, pub

ObjectiveTo determine the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) use and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and outcomes in US veterans.Patients and methodsWe retrospectively examined 27,556 adult US veterans who tested positive for COVID-19 between March to November 2020. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models using propensity score (PS) for weight, adjustment, and matching were used to examine the odds of an event within 60 days following a COVID-19-positive case date and time to death, respectively, according to ACEI and/or ARB prescription within 6 months prior to the COVID-19-positive case date.ResultsThe overlap PS weighted logistic regression model showed lower odds of an intensive care unit (ICU) admission (odds ratio [OR] 95% CI 0.77, 0.61-0.98) and death within 60 days (0.87, 0.79-0.97) with an ACEI or ARB prescription. Veterans with an ARB-only prescription also had lower odds of an ICU admission (0.64, 0.44-0.92). The overlap PS weighted model similarly showed a lower risk of time to all-cause mortality in veterans with an ACEI or ARB prescription (HR [95% CI]: 0.87, 0.79-0.97) and an ARB only prescription (0.78, 0.67-0.91). Veterans with an ACEI prescription had higher odds of experiencing a septic event within 60 days after the COVID-19-positive case date (1.22, 1.02-1.46).ConclusionIn this study of a national cohort of US veterans, we found that the use of an ACEI/ARB in patients with COVID-19 was not associated with increased mortality and other worse outcomes. Future studies should examine underlying pathways and further confirm the relationship of ACEI prescription with sepsis.

IntroductionGiven that maternal mortality is a major global health concern, multiple measures including antenatal care visits have been promoted by the global community. However, most pregnant women in Ghana and other sub-Saharan African countries do not attain the recommended timelines, in addition to a slower progress towards meeting the required minimum of eight visits stipulated by the World Health Organization. Therefore, this study explored the trends in antenatal care visits and the associated factors in Ghana from 2006 to 2018 using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.MethodsThe study used women datasets (N = 7795) aged 15 to 49 years from three waves (2006, 2011, and 2017-2018) of the Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (GMICS). STATA version 14 was used for data analyses. Univariable analyses, bivariable analyses with chi-square test of independence, and multivariable analyses with robust multinomial logistic regression models were fitted.ResultsThe study found a consistent increase in the proportion of women having adequate and optimal antenatal attendance from 2006 to 2018 across the women's sociodemographic segments. For instance, the proportion of mothers achieving adequate antenatal care (4 to 7 antenatal care visits) increased from 49.3% in 2006 to 49.98% in 2011 to 58.61% in 2017-2018. In the multivariable model, women with upward attainment of formal education, health insurance coverage, increasing household wealth, and residing in the Upper East Region were consistently associated with a higher likelihood of adequate and/or optimal antenatal care attendance from 2006 to 2018.ConclusionWomen who are less likely to achieve optimal antenatal care visits should be targeted by policies towards reducing maternal mortalities and other birth complications. Poverty-reduction policies, promoting maternal and girl-child education, improving general livelihood in rural settings, expanding health insurance coverage and infrastructural access, harn

Stress is a health problem that affects today's society, it is reflected in the degree of reaction to events or academic situations faced by the university student. The level of academic stress was analyzed according to sociodemographic factors in university students in a period of confinement due to COVID-19. 525 randomly chosen students from private and licensed universities in the city of Arequipa participated, an instrument was used to assess academic stress consisting of 21 items that measure stressors, symptoms, and coping strategies. The results show that students have a moderate academic stress level with a tendency to be severe, it´s caused by the overload of academic work, the form of evaluation, and the type of work that teachers ask for, thus affecting their health due to the presence of somatic symptoms that affect students at the biopsychosocial level. Keywords: Academic stress, university students, sociodemographic factors., El estrés es un problema de salud que afecta a la sociedad actual, se refleja en el grado de reacción a los eventos o situaciones académicas que enfrenta el universitario. Se analizó el nivel de estrés académico según factores sociodemográficos en estudiantes universitarios en periodo de confinamiento por COVID-19. Participaron 525 estudiantes de universidades privadas y licenciadas de la ciudad de Arequipa elegidos aleatoriamente, se utilizó un instrumento para la evaluación del estrés académico que consta de 21 reactivos que miden los estresores, los síntomas y las estrategias de afrontamiento. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes presentan un nivel de estrés académico moderado con tendencia a ser severo, esto se produce por la sobrecarga de trabajos académicos, la forma de evaluación y el tipo de trabajo que piden los profesores, repercutiendo así en su salud por la presencia de síntomas somáticos que afectan a los estudiantes a nivel biopsicosocial. Palabras Clave: Estrés académico, estudiantes universitarios, factores sociodemográficos.

Stress is a health problem that affects today's society, it is reflected in the degree of reaction to events or academic situations faced by the university student. The level of academic stress was analyzed according to sociodemographic factors in university students in a period of confinement due to COVID-19. 525 randomly chosen students from private and licensed universities in the city of Arequipa participated, an instrument was used to assess academic stress consisting of 21 items that measure stressors, symptoms, and coping strategies. The results show that students have a moderate academic stress level with a tendency to be severe, it´s caused by the overload of academic work, the form of evaluation, and the type of work that teachers ask for, thus affecting their health due to the presence of somatic symptoms that affect students at the biopsychosocial level. Keywords: Academic stress, university students, sociodemographic factors., El estrés es un problema de salud que afecta a la sociedad actual, se refleja en el grado de reacción a los eventos o situaciones académicas que enfrenta el universitario. Se analizó el nivel de estrés académico según factores sociodemográficos en estudiantes universitarios en periodo de confinamiento por COVID-19. Participaron 525 estudiantes de universidades privadas y licenciadas de la ciudad de Arequipa elegidos aleatoriamente, se utilizó un instrumento para la evaluación del estrés académico que consta de 21 reactivos que miden los estresores, los síntomas y las estrategias de afrontamiento. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes presentan un nivel de estrés académico moderado con tendencia a ser severo, esto se produce por la sobrecarga de trabajos académicos, la forma de evaluación y el tipo de trabajo que piden los profesores, repercutiendo así en su salud por la presencia de síntomas somáticos que afectan a los estudiantes a nivel biopsicosocial. Palabras Clave: Estrés académico, estudiantes universitarios, factores sociodemográficos.

Objectives. To evaluate universal access to clean drinking water by characterizing relationships between community sociodemographics and water contaminants in California domestic well areas (DWAs) and community water systems (CWSs). Methods. We integrated domestic well locations, CWS service boundaries, residential parcels, building footprints, and 2013-2017 American Community Survey data to estimate sociodemographic characteristics for DWAs and CWSs statewide. We derived mean drinking and groundwater contaminant concentrations of arsenic, nitrate, and hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) between 2011 and 2019 and used multivariate models to estimate relationships between sociodemographic variables and contaminant concentrations. Results. We estimated that more than 1.3 million Californians (3.4%) use domestic wells and more than 370 000 Californians rely on drinking water with average contaminant concentrations at or above regulatory standards for 1 or more of the contaminants considered. Higher proportions of people of color were associated with greater drinking water contamination. Conclusions. Poor water quality disproportionately impacts communities of color in California, with the highest estimated arsenic, nitrate, and Cr(VI) concentrations in areas of domestic well use. Domestic well communities must be included in efforts to achieve California's Human Right to Water. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):88-97. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306561).

IntroductionGiven that maternal mortality is a major global health concern, multiple measures including antenatal care visits have been promoted by the global community. However, most pregnant women in Ghana and other sub-Saharan African countries do not attain the recommended timelines, in addition to a slower progress towards meeting the required minimum of eight visits stipulated by the World Health Organization. Therefore, this study explored the trends in antenatal care visits and the associated factors in Ghana from 2006 to 2018 using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.MethodsThe study used women datasets (N = 7795) aged 15 to 49 years from three waves (2006, 2011, and 2017-2018) of the Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (GMICS). STATA version 14 was used for data analyses. Univariable analyses, bivariable analyses with chi-square test of independence, and multivariable analyses with robust multinomial logistic regression models were fitted.ResultsThe study found a consistent increase in the proportion of women having adequate and optimal antenatal attendance from 2006 to 2018 across the women's sociodemographic segments. For instance, the proportion of mothers achieving adequate antenatal care (4 to 7 antenatal care visits) increased from 49.3% in 2006 to 49.98% in 2011 to 58.61% in 2017-2018. In the multivariable model, women with upward attainment of formal education, health insurance coverage, increasing household wealth, and residing in the Upper East Region were consistently associated with a higher likelihood of adequate and/or optimal antenatal care attendance from 2006 to 2018.ConclusionWomen who are less likely to achieve optimal antenatal care visits should be targeted by policies towards reducing maternal mortalities and other birth complications. Poverty-reduction policies, promoting maternal and girl-child education, improving general livelihood in rural settings, expanding health insurance coverage and infrastructural access, harn

There are many determining factors that influence food choice and consumption. Socioeconomic and sociodemographic conditions have been associated with a constant food transition and changes in the eating habits of the population. Objective. To determine the factors that determine food choice in adults in Mexico. Materials and method. The study population consisted of one hundred adults between 25 and 59 years of age. A questionnaire was applied with the help of the Google Forms tool to obtain information on socioeconomic level, using the classification of the Mexican Association of Market and Opinion Intelligence Agencies and the food choice questionnaire conducted by Elorriaga, Colombo, Hough, Watson and Vázquez. Data management was performed using the SPSS statistical package. Results. Health, nutritional value and natural content and sensory appeal were the characteristics that determine food choice in people, regardless of age and socioeconomic level presented by the participants. Conclusions. Adults in Mexico have the intention of choosing their food based on the nutritional content it contains, that is, to cover an adequate diet, however, this choice is not concluded due to external factors such as price, knowledge about labeling or ingredients, habit, and so on., Existen muchos factores determinantes que influyen en la elección y consumo de alimentos, las condiciones socioeconómicas y sociodemográficas se han visto asociadas ocasionando una constante transición alimentaria y cambios en los hábitos de alimentación en la población. Objetivo. Conocer los factores que determinan la elección de alimentos en adultos mexiquenses. Materiales y método. La población estudiada estuvo conformada por 100 adultos de 25 a 59 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario con ayuda de la herramienta de formularios de Google para obtener la información del nivel socioeconómico, utilizando la clasificación de la Asociación Mexicana de Agencias de Inteligencias de Mercado y Opinión y el cuestionario de elección de alimentos realizado por Elorriaga, Colombo, Hough, Watson y Vázquez. El manejo de los datos se realizó por medio del paquete estadístico SPSS. Resultados. La salud, valor nutritivo y contenido natural y atractivo sensorial fueron las características que determinan la elección de alimentos en hombres y mujeres, sin importar la edad ni el nivel socioeconómico que presenten los participantes. Conclusiones. Los adultos mexiquenses tienen la intención de elegir sus alimentos a partir del contenido nutricional que contengan, es decir, cubrir una alimentación adecuada, sin embargo, dicha elección no es concluida debido a factores externos, como el precio, los conocimientos sobre la lectura del etiquetado o sobre los ingredientes, la costumbre, etcétera.

The increasing role of individual investors in supporting the achievement of sustainable development goals through sustainable investment has gained growing interest from financial authorities and the research community. Digitalization in the financial sector, e.g., robo-advisors, enables lay-investors to make sustainable investments in a simple and convenient way. This study investigates whether investment-related attitudes and demographic profiles are related to robo-advisor clients' sustainable investment choices. This paper describes an empirical study that uses a logistic regression model to investigate sustainable investment preferences at the individual investor level. Cross-sectional data consisting of 27,771 individual investors in Sweden, Norway, and Finland, who purchased investment products through a robo-advisor application, are used in this study. The results suggest that, concerning investment-related attitudes, robo-advisor clients with low-risk tolerance and a short investment horizon are more likely to choose to become sustainable investors. Furthermore, sustainable investments are preferred by robo-advisor clients who are less wealthy, female, and older., QC 20221031

ObjectiveTo determine the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) use and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and outcomes in US veterans.Patients and methodsWe retrospectively examined 27,556 adult US veterans who tested positive for COVID-19 between March to November 2020. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models using propensity score (PS) for weight, adjustment, and matching were used to examine the odds of an event within 60 days following a COVID-19-positive case date and time to death, respectively, according to ACEI and/or ARB prescription within 6 months prior to the COVID-19-positive case date.ResultsThe overlap PS weighted logistic regression model showed lower odds of an intensive care unit (ICU) admission (odds ratio [OR] 95% CI 0.77, 0.61-0.98) and death within 60 days (0.87, 0.79-0.97) with an ACEI or ARB prescription. Veterans with an ARB-only prescription also had lower odds of an ICU admission (0.64, 0.44-0.92). The overlap PS weighted model similarly showed a lower risk of time to all-cause mortality in veterans with an ACEI or ARB prescription (HR [95% CI]: 0.87, 0.79-0.97) and an ARB only prescription (0.78, 0.67-0.91). Veterans with an ACEI prescription had higher odds of experiencing a septic event within 60 days after the COVID-19-positive case date (1.22, 1.02-1.46).ConclusionIn this study of a national cohort of US veterans, we found that the use of an ACEI/ARB in patients with COVID-19 was not associated with increased mortality and other worse outcomes. Future studies should examine underlying pathways and further confirm the relationship of ACEI prescription with sepsis.

This study examined how resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data quality and availability relate to clinical and sociodemographic variables within the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. A sample of participants with an adequate sample of quality baseline rs-fMRI data containing low average motion (framewise displacement ≤ 0.15; low-noise; n = 4,356) was compared to a sample of participants without an adequate sample of quality data and/or containing high average motion (higher-noise; n = 7,437) using Chi-squared analyses and t-tests. A linear mixed model examined relationships between clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and average head motion in the sample with low-noise data. Relative to the sample with higher-noise data, the low-noise sample included more females, youth identified by parents as non-Hispanic white, and youth with married parents, higher parent education, and greater household incomes (ORs = 1.32-1.42). Youth in the low-noise sample were also older and had higher neurocognitive skills, lower BMIs, and fewer externalizing and neurodevelopmental problems (ds = 0.12-0.30). Within the low-noise sample, several clinical and demographic characteristics related to motion. Thus, participants with low-noise rs-fMRI data may be less representative of the general population and motion may remain a confound in this sample. Future rs-fMRI studies of youth should consider these limitations in the design and analysis stages in order to optimize the representativeness and clinical relevance of analyses and results.

Secular trends in earlier initiation of puberty have been observed in recent decades. One risk factor appears to be increases in adiposity, as measured by body mass index. This trend is particularly notable among Latino populations, who have higher rates of overweight/obesity compared with non-Latino White youth. Previous research has focused primarily on White girls, resulting in data gaps regarding male puberty and among potentially high-risk populations. Using data from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, we examined body mass index at age 5 years (2005-2006) and multiple markers of pubertal onset, assessed repeatedly and longitudinally at 7 in-person visits, starting at age 9 and continuing through age 14 (2009-2015), among 336 Mexican Americans in Salinas, California. We observed no associations among boys, but found significantly earlier thelarche in overweight (HR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.7) and obese girls (HR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.4), menarche in overweight girls (HR = 1.6; CI: 1.0, 2.4), and pubarche in obese girls (HR = 1.9; CI: 1.2, 3.0), compared with normal-weight girls. This study examined an understudied population and included key covariates, such as birth weight and early adverse events, which are typically omitted in studies.

BackgroundFamily caregivers may be at a higher risk for several chronic diseases, including cancer. Cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death among women. Despite family caregivers' vulnerability, the status of their HPV awareness, knowledge, and preventive health behaviors, including cervical cancer screening, has been understudied. Thus, this study aimed to examine the sociodemographic factors associated with HPV awareness and knowledge and adherence to the cervical cancer screening guidelines among caregivers in the U.S.MethodsNationally representative cross-sectional survey data were obtained from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, 2017-2020). Female caregivers aged 21-65 were included (N = 1190). Weighted multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with HPV awareness (heard of HPV), knowledge (HPV can cause cervical cancer), and adherence to the United States Preventive Service Task Force 2018 cervical cancer screening guidelines by sociodemographic factors (age, race/ethnicity, education, household income, marital status,) and the intensity of caregiving.ResultsAn estimated 79% of female caregivers were aware of HPV and 84% adhered to the cervical cancer screening guidelines. Caregivers who were older than 50 (OR = 3.62, 1.91-6.85, adherence of aged 21-50 vs. 51-65), Hispanics of race/ethnicity compared with Black/African Americans (OR = 3.14, 1.31-7.52, adherence of Black/African Americans vs. Hispanics), with a high school education or less (OR = 2.34, 1.14-4.82, adherence of Some college or more vs. High school education or less), and with intense caregiving duty (spending 35 h/week or more on caregiving) compared with light-duty (OR = 2.34, 1.10-5.00, adherence of 5-14 h vs. 35 h or more, weekly) had poor adherence to the cervical cancer screening guidelines. Caregivers who were older, racial minorities (Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Ala

The objective of this research was to determine some of the sociodemographic and academic characteristics of the students who entered the Dentistry career in the period 2007 to 2014. Data was collected from 673 student files. The variables considered were sex, admission age, marital status, children, nationality, place of origin, high school of origin, and admission exam score. The data was obtained from the database of the Student Applications System, the physical files, and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of Costa Rica. Descriptive statistics were performed, establishing the absolute and relative frequency of the variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used to determine if there were statistically significant differences between the admission exam and the established sociodemographic variables (p<0,05, IC 95%). 68,4% of the students are female. The average age was 18.4 years (SD=2,41). 99,0% of the students are from Costa Rica. 99,3% were single and only 0,9% had children. The largest number of students entered through an admission exam (78.9%) and 50.7% studied at a public high school. Regarding the address, 77.9% of the subjects resided in the Greater Metropolitan Area. The average grade of the admission exam was 613,8 (SD=49,95). There was a statistically significant difference between the entrance exam grade and the different types of high schools of origin. The group of students who entered to train as Dentists at the University of Costa Rica from 2007 to 2014 was a population with an average age of entry of 18,4 years, Costa Rican, predominantly female, single, without children, from geographic areas within the Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA), graduated from public schools with an average admission exam grade of 612,2., El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar algunas de las características sociodemográficas y académicas de los estudiantes que ingresaron a la carrera de Odontología en el período 2007 al 2014. Se recopilaron los datos de 673 expedientes de los estudiantes. Las variables consideradas fueron: sexo, edad de ingreso, estado civil, hijos, nacionalidad, lugar de procedencia, colegio de procedencia y nota de examen de admisión. Los datos se obtuvieron de la base de datos del Sistema de Aplicaciones Estudiantiles (SAE), los expedientes físicos y del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica. Se realizó estadística descriptiva estableciendo la frecuencia absoluta y relativa de las variables. Se empleó el test de Mann Whitney para determinar si existían diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el examen de admisión y las variables sociodemográficas establecidas (p<0,05, IC 95%). El 68,4% de los estudiantes pertenecen al sexo femenino. La edad promedio fue de 18,4 años (DS=2,41). El 99,0% de los discentes son de nacionalidad costarricense. El 99,3% eran solteros y sólo el 0,9% tenían hijos. La mayor cantidad de estudiantes ingresaron por examen de admisión (78,9%) y el 50,7% cursó sus estudios en un colegio público. Respecto al domicilio, el 77,9% de los sujetos residían en el Gran Área Metropolitana. El promedio de nota del examen de admisión fue de 613,8 (DS=49,95). Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la nota del examen de admisión y los diferentes tipos de colegios de procedencia. El grupo de estudiantes que ingresaron a formarse como Odontólogos en la Universidad de Costa Rica en el periodo de 2007 al 2014 fue una población con un promedio una edad de ingreso de 18,4 años predominantemente femenina, costarricense, soltera, sin hijos, proveniente de áreas geográficas dentro del Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM), egresadas de colegios públicos con un promedio de nota de examen de admisión de 612,2.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of adolescent childbirth by cohort over time and its relationship with sociodemographic factors in Panama. Methodology: The analysis was conducted through logistic regression, based on a secondary analysis of the Panama “Encuesta nacional de salud sexual y reproductiva 2014-2015” (2014-2015 National Survey on Sexual and Reproductive Health), using cohorts by year of birth (1966-1975, 1976-1985, 1986-1995, and 1996-2000). A total of 4795 adult women (20-49 years old) and 821 adolescent girls (15-19 years old) were included. Results: We found an increased prevalence of adolescent childbirth between cohorts, where prevalence was 30.9% in the older cohort (1966-1975) and 51.5% in the 1986-1995 cohort. In all cohorts, adolescent childbirth was associated with rurality (1966-1975, 42.3% rural non Indigenous; 1976-1985, 56.6% rural Indigenous; 1986-1995, 65.4% rural non Indigenous, and 58.2% rural Indigenous). Adolescent childbirth was also associated with lower well-being; across all cohorts, there was a prevalence of over 40% in the lowest wealth quintile. Adolescent childbirth was associated with having 4 or more children in the older cohorts (1966-1975 and 1976-1985), with a prevalence of over 63%. Conclusions: The prevalence of adolescent childbirth in Panama has continued to increase. Rural and lower well-being populations have continued to exhibit a higher prevalence of adolescent childbirth, which signals where to focus preventive interventions., Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência do parto adolescente por conjuntos estabelecidos por anos e sua relação com fatores sociodemográficos, em Panamá. Metodologia: A partir de uma análise secundária da “Enquete nacional de saúde sexual e reprodutiva 2014-2015” de Panamá, utilizando conjuntos por ano de nascimento (1966-1975, 1976-1985, 1986-1995 e 1996-2000), a relação enunciada foi analisada por meio de regressão logística. Incluíram-se 4795 adultas (29-49 anos) e 821 adolescentes (15-19 anos). Resultados: Achou-se um aumento na prevalência do parto adolescente entre conjuntos, onde a prevalência foi de 30,9% no conjunto mais velho (1966-1975) e de 51,5% no conjunto de 1986-1995. Em todos os conjuntos, o parto adolescente esteve associado à ruralidade (1966-1975, 42,3% rural não indígena; 1976-1985, 56,6% rural indígena; 1986-1995, 65,4% rural não indígena e 58C,2% rural indígena). Em todos os conjuntos, o parto adolescente relacionou-se com menor bem-estar, sendo achada uma prevalência maior ao 40% no quintil menor de riqueza em todos os conjuntos. O parto adolescente associou-se a ter 4 ou mais filhos nos conjuntos mais velhos (1966-1975 e 1976-1985), com prevalências maiores ao 63%. Conclusões: A prevalência do parto em adolescentes em Panamá tem mantido seu crescimento. As populações rurais e com menor bem-estar mantêm a maior prevalência do parto adolescente, indicando onde enfocar as intervenções preventivas., Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia del parto adolescente por cohorte a través de los años y su relación con factores sociodemográficos, en Panamá. Metodología: A partir de un análisis secundario de la “Encuesta nacional de salud sexual y reproductiva 2014-2015” de Panamá, utilizando cohortes por año de nacimiento (1966-1975, 1976-1985, 1986-1995 y 1996-2000), la relación enunciada se analizó mediante regresión logística. Se incluyeron 4795 adultas (20-49 años) y 821 adolescentes (15-19 años). Resultados: Se encontró un aumento en la prevalencia del parto adolescente entre cohortes, donde la prevalencia fue de 30,9 % en la cohorte mayor (1966-1975) y de 51,5 % en la cohorte de 1986-1995. En todas las cohortes, el parto adolescente estuvo asociado a la ruralidad (1966-1975, 42,3 % rural no indígena; 1976-1985, 56,6 %rural indígena; 1986-1995, 65,4 % rural no indígena y 58,2 %rural indígena). En todas las cohortes, el parto adolescente se relacionó con menor bienestar, encontrándose una prevalencia mayor que el 40 % en el quintil menor de riqueza en todas las cohortes. El parto adolescente se asoció a tener 4 o más hijos en las cohortes mayores (1966-1975 y 1976-1985), con prevalencias mayores que el 63 %. Conclusiones: La prevalencia del parto en adolescente en Panamá se ha mantenido en crecimiento. Las poblaciones rurales y de menor bienestar se han mantenido con mayor prevalencia de parto adolescente, indicando dónde enfocar las intervenciones preventivas.

ObjectiveTo compare secondary patient reported outcomes of perceptions of treatment success and function for patients treated for appendicitis with appendectomy vs. antibiotics at 30 days.Summary background dataThe Comparison of Outcomes of antibiotic Drugs and Appendectomy trial found antibiotics noninferior to appendectomy based on 30-day health status. To address questions about outcomes among participants with lower socioeconomic status, we explored the relationship of sociodemographic and clinical factors and outcomes.MethodsWe focused on 4 patient reported outcomes at 30 days: high decisional regret, dissatisfaction with treatment, problems performing usual activities, and missing >10 days of work. The randomized (RCT) and observational cohorts were pooled for exploration of baseline factors. The RCT cohort alone was used for comparison of treatments. Logistic regression was used to assess associations.ResultsThe pooled cohort contained 2062 participants; 1552 from the RCT. Overall, regret and dissatisfaction were low whereas problems with usual activities and prolonged missed work occurred more frequently. In the RCT, those assigned to antibiotics had more regret (Odd ratios (OR) 2.97, 95% Confidence intervals (CI) 2.05-4.31) and dissatisfaction (OR 1.98, 95%CI 1.25-3.12), and reported less missed work (OR 0.39, 95%CI 0.27-0.56). Factors associated with function outcomes included sociodemographic and clinical variables for both treatment arms. Fewer factors were associated with dissatisfaction and regret.ConclusionsOverall, participants reported high satisfaction, low regret, and were frequently able to resume usual activities and return to work. When comparing treatments for appendicitis, no single measure defines success or failure for all people. The reported data may inform discussions regarding the most appropriate treatment for individuals.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02800785.

Stress is a health problem that affects today's society, it is reflected in the degree of reaction to events or academic situations faced by the university student. The level of academic stress was analyzed according to sociodemographic factors in university students in a period of confinement due to COVID-19. 525 randomly chosen students from private and licensed universities in the city of Arequipa participated, an instrument was used to assess academic stress consisting of 21 items that measure stressors, symptoms, and coping strategies. The results show that students have a moderate academic stress level with a tendency to be severe, it´s caused by the overload of academic work, the form of evaluation, and the type of work that teachers ask for, thus affecting their health due to the presence of somatic symptoms that affect students at the biopsychosocial level. Keywords: Academic stress, university students, sociodemographic factors., El estrés es un problema de salud que afecta a la sociedad actual, se refleja en el grado de reacción a los eventos o situaciones académicas que enfrenta el universitario. Se analizó el nivel de estrés académico según factores sociodemográficos en estudiantes universitarios en periodo de confinamiento por COVID-19. Participaron 525 estudiantes de universidades privadas y licenciadas de la ciudad de Arequipa elegidos aleatoriamente, se utilizó un instrumento para la evaluación del estrés académico que consta de 21 reactivos que miden los estresores, los síntomas y las estrategias de afrontamiento. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes presentan un nivel de estrés académico moderado con tendencia a ser severo, esto se produce por la sobrecarga de trabajos académicos, la forma de evaluación y el tipo de trabajo que piden los profesores, repercutiendo así en su salud por la presencia de síntomas somáticos que afectan a los estudiantes a nivel biopsicosocial. Palabras Clave: Estrés académico, estudiantes universitarios, factores sociodemográficos.

This thesis investigates the factors affecting fruit and vegetable intake in rural and urban Bangladesh to explore how the consumption of these foods relates to the widespread presence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Data was collected from consumers and policymakers/experts through questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, with the results being analyzed via quantitative and qualitative techniques. The present study has three key objectives: i) to assess the economic factors that influence fruit and vegetable consumption; ii) to examine the non-economic determinants (socio-demographics, social prejudices, and practices) of fruit and vegetable consumption; and iii) to map the perceptions and awareness of the public and experts/policymakers regarding the low levels of fruit and vegetable consumption in Bangladeshi society, and to identify the facilitators and barriers to increasing the consumption of these food sources. The results of this study revealed that people were inclined to buy more meat and fish instead of fruits and vegetables when their incomes increased. In addition, price responsiveness to different products (especially rice) was generally higher in rural areas, which suggests that income differences are significantly higher in these areas. Overall, gender had no significant influence on fruit and vegetable intake, although women who identified as housewives tended to consume lower levels of these foods. On an average, 75-92% of study participants did not consume the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables each day; however, there was a significant correlation between higher income and increased fruits and vegetable consumption. The perceptions of the public and experts revealed that the public generally understood and addressed their problems via first-hand experience, while the experts/policymakers relied heavily on scientific knowledge. The wide gaps in the perceptions of these groups can only be minimized