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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the relationship between grave goods and the identity of buried individuals. The interpretation of sex and gender, as well as gendered grave goods in Late Iron Age Scandinavia, is of a particular focus. A comparative analysis of 163 graves was carried out using an intersectional theoretic perspective, statistical analysis, and a database, with the Lovö cemeteries serving as the case study. The results of this analysis revealed certain patterns and variances that demonstrate a relationship between the grave goods assemblages that were chosen and aspects of an individual’s identity, including gender for some grave goods, but a lack of a correlation for other grave goods. Thus, it concluded that “normal” burials are influenced by factors such as facets of one’s identity, community standing and social status, familial ties and kinship, and lived experiences, with each grave tailored to suit the individual, and that gender as a whole has little influence on how a burial is constructed., Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera sambandet mellan gravgods och begravda individers identitet. Tolkningen av kön och genus, samt könsbestämda gravgods i yngre järnålders Skandinavien, av särskilt fokus. En jämförande analys av 163 gravar genomfördes med ett intersektionellt teoretiskt perspektiv, statistisk analys och en databas, med Lovö kyrkogårdar som fallstudie. Resultaten av denna analys avslöjade vissa mönster och varianser som visar ett samband mellan de gravgodssammansättningar som valts ut och aspekter av en individs identitet, inklusive kön för vissa gravgods, men en brist på en korrelation för andra gravgods. Således drog den slutsatsen att "normala" begravningar påverkas av faktorer som aspekter av ens identitet, samhällsställning och social status, välbekanta band och släktskap och levda upplevelser, med varje grav skräddarsydd för att passa individen, och att kön som helhet har liten påverkan på hur en begravning är uppbyggd.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the relationship between grave goods and the identity of buried individuals. The interpretation of sex and gender, as well as gendered grave goods in Late Iron Age Scandinavia, is of a particular focus. A comparative analysis of 163 graves was carried out using an intersectional theoretic perspective, statistical analysis, and a database, with the Lovö cemeteries serving as the case study. The results of this analysis revealed certain patterns and variances that demonstrate a relationship between the grave goods assemblages that were chosen and aspects of an individual’s identity, including gender for some grave goods, but a lack of a correlation for other grave goods. Thus, it concluded that “normal” burials are influenced by factors such as facets of one’s identity, community standing and social status, familial ties and kinship, and lived experiences, with each grave tailored to suit the individual, and that gender as a whole has little influence on how a burial is constructed., Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera sambandet mellan gravgods och begravda individers identitet. Tolkningen av kön och genus, samt könsbestämda gravgods i yngre järnålders Skandinavien, av särskilt fokus. En jämförande analys av 163 gravar genomfördes med ett intersektionellt teoretiskt perspektiv, statistisk analys och en databas, med Lovö kyrkogårdar som fallstudie. Resultaten av denna analys avslöjade vissa mönster och varianser som visar ett samband mellan de gravgodssammansättningar som valts ut och aspekter av en individs identitet, inklusive kön för vissa gravgods, men en brist på en korrelation för andra gravgods. Således drog den slutsatsen att "normala" begravningar påverkas av faktorer som aspekter av ens identitet, samhällsställning och social status, välbekanta band och släktskap och levda upplevelser, med varje grav skräddarsydd för att passa individen, och att kön som helhet har liten påverkan på hur en begravning är uppbyggd.

A multitude of ideas about individual and distributed agency circulated in Scandinavian culture during the 1960s, a period often designated as the early information age. Through an analysis of six novels, this dissertation discusses how prose fiction in and around the 1960s in Norway, Sweden and Denmark responded and contributed to this circulation of ideas of agency. The study argues that a transition is played out in the novels, from an idea of agency as individualistic and possessive, which I designate as melodramatic, towards an idea of agency as distributed and ecodramatic, emerging in an active environment, where multiple agents, human and non-human, co-exist (these concepts are derived and developed from works by Timothy Melley and Mark Seltzer). This transition is claimed to be conveyed through vague feelings expressed by the characters, signalling problems with the representation of agency, which are discussed in the thesis through the concept of affects (as understood by Sianne Ngai, primarily). The study overall applies a media ecological perspective to the literary works, situating questions of both literary form and ideas of agency in the techno-cultural development of the 1960s, investigated through the lens of the cultural history of cybernetics and understood as part of a larger epistemological and ontological change – a process of ecologization (Erich Hörl). This process accelerated during the period and is characterized in this study by a focus on relations, networks and self-reflexivity. From this theoretic approach, ideas of agency must be understood as intrinsically entangled with changes in the environment (environment understood in a broad sense as a setting in the novels, including both technologically mediated environments and natural environments), and this is conceptualized through the newly coined term agotope, an adjusted version of Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope. Three agotopes organize the readings in the study, each refer, Under 1960-talet, en period som ofta betecknas som den tidiga informationsåldern, cirkulerade en mängd idéer om individuell och distribuerad agens i den skandinaviska kulturen. Genom att analysera sex romaner från Norge, Sverige och Danmark diskuterar denna avhandling hur prosan från perioden bidrog till och svarade på denna cirkulation av idéer om agens. Studien hävdar att romanerna sammantaget pekar på en övergång: från en idé om agens som individualistisk och melodramatisk till en idé om agens som distribuerad och ekodramatisk vilken framträder i en aktiv miljö, där flera agenter, mänskliga och icke-mänskliga, samverkar (dessa begrepp har övertagits och utvecklats från tidigare forskning av Timothy Melley och Mark Seltzer). I studien argumenteras för att denna förskjutning i förståelsen av agens förmedlas genom vaga känslor uttryckta av romanernas karaktärer. Vaga känslor signalerar också problem med representationen av agens och diskuteras i under-sökningarna genom affektteori (såsom det teoretiseras av främst Sianne Ngai). Sammantaget tillämpar studien ett medieekologiskt perspektiv på de litterära verken genom att placera frågor om både litterär form och idéer om agens i relation till den teknokulturella utvecklingen under 1960-talet, förstådda som en del av en större epistemologisk och ontologisk förändring – en process av ekologisering (Erich Hörl). Denna process accelererade under perioden i fråga och beskriver i ljuset av cybernetikens framväxt en relationell, nätverksbaserad och självreflexiv vändning inom teknologi och tänkande. Ur detta teoretiska perspektiv måste ideer om agens studeras som intrikat sammanflätade med förändringar i den omgivande miljön (här förstådd i bred mening som både teknologiskt medierade och naturliga miljöer) och detta konceptualiseras i studien genom den nybildade termen agotop, som är en vidareutveckling av Michail Bachtins koncept kronotop. Tre olika agotoper organiserar läsningarna i studien i tre hovudkapitel, vilka var oc

Bakgrund: En individanpassning efter kulturella referensramar förutsätter personcentrerad vård i transkulturella vårdmöten. Att omvårdnaden är kulturell kompetent är meningsfullt för att säkerställa jämlik och effektiv vård för alla patienter, oavsett deras kulturella bakgrunder. Med ett mångkulturellt samhälle som bakgrund och jämlik vård som mål inom hälso- och sjukvården, blir betydelsen av ökad kulturell kompetens alltmer accentuerad. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av transkulturella vårdmöten i Skandinavien. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 12 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Fyra kategorier och 13 underkategorier identifierades. Kategorierna var: Upplevelser av utmaningar i transkulturella vårdmöten, Upplevelser av osäkerhet i transkulturella vårdmöten, Upplevelser av otillräcklighet i transkulturella vårdmöten, Upplevelser av svårigheter i transkulturella kommunikationen. Konklusion: Trots utmaningar i transkulturella vårdmöten visade sjuksköterskorna en god kulturell medvetenhet, en vilja att förvärva kulturell kunskap samt en adekvat kulturell sensitivitet, vilket bekräftade möjligheten till att utveckla kulturella kompetenser och ge kulturkongruent omvårdnad., Background: An individual adaptation based on cultural frameworks presupposes person-centered care in transcultural care encounters. Ensuring cultural competence in care is meaningful to achieve equitable and effective healthcare for all patients, regardless of their cultural backgrounds. With a multicultural society as the backdrop and equitable care as the goal in healthcare, the importance of increased cultural competence becomes increasingly emphasized. Aim: To illustrate nurses' experiences of transcultural care encounters in Scandinavia. Method: A literature review based on 12 qualitative scientific articles. Results: Four categories and 13 subcategories were identified. The categories were: Experiences of challenges in transcultural care encounters, Experiences of uncertainty in transcultural care encounters, Experiences of inadequacy in transcultural care encounters, Experiences of difficulties in transcultural communication. Conclusion: Despite experiences of negative elements, nurses demonstrated good cultural awareness, a willingness to acquire cultural knowledge, and adequate cultural sensitivity, confirming their potential to develop cultural competencies and provide culturally congruent care.

The Arabic primary sources from the early medieval period have long existed in the modern consciousness of the scholarship, however, differing interpretations, mistranslations, and omissions have contributed to the state of already existing confusion permeating the matter of the Rus origin, influence, and interactions in their theatre of action in East Europe, Eurasia and beyond. hence a methodology based on source criticism could lead a revisit of these sources to new understandings and an up-to-date interpretation that considers the latest contributions by the scholarship in the field. Furthermore, the paper aims to provide a new and updated translation of the three chosen accounts regarding the Rus people, with these accounts chosen on a criterion of temporal distance, reliability and officiality, thus delivering a take on the pre-state Rus that is conceivably comprehensive, as these accounts discuss and record the social, commercial and religious aspects amongst others. Moreover, a thorough discussion and analysis follows the translation while concurrently highlighting the scholarships understandings, positively and negatively. Finally, the paper aims to argue the need for a comprehensive re-evaluation of the over fifty Arabic primary sources regarding the Rus, based on the points and evidence generated through the translations and analysis conducted in the paper., De arabiska primärkällorna från tidig medeltid har länge funnits i den moderna forskningens medvetande.t. Ogrundade tolkningar, felöversättningar och utelämnanden har bidragit till ett förvirringstillstånd kring frågan om rusernas ursprung, inflytande, och interaktioner i Östeuropa och Eurasien. Ett återbesök av dessa källor skulle kunna resultera i nya förståelser och uppdaterade tolkningar som tar hänsyn till de senaste bidragen från forskningen inom området. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att tillhandahålla en ny och uppdaterad översättning av de tre utvalda redogörelserna om ruserna. Dessa redogörelser har valts ut baserat på kriterierna tidsavstånd, tillförlitlighet och officiell karaktär. Således levereras en syn på proto-statliga ruser som är tänkbart omfattande, då dessa redogörelser diskuterar och dokumenterar de sociala, kommersiella och religiösa aspekterna bland annat. Dessutom följer en grundlig diskussion och analys av översättningen samtidigt som den nuvarande förståelsen inom forskningen lyfts fram. Slutligen syftar uppsatsen till att argumentera för behovet av en omfattande omvärdering av de över femtio arabiska primärkällorna rörande ruserna, baserat på den kunskap som genereras genom de översättningar och analyser som genomförts i uppsatsen.

Excavations at the vicarage yard (prastgarden) at the famous Late Iron Age magnate centre of Gamla Uppsala, Sweden, have yielded six Viking Age (c. ad 750-1100) boat burials, several containing the remains of domestic dogs. The present study is an osteological examination of the remains of three of these dogs, one each from three boat graves, with a primary goal of morphological reconstruction and a secondary focus on identifying sex, age, and pathology. Two dogs were large, slender sight hounds, while the third was somewhat smaller and of indeterminate type. The preference for sight hounds in high-status graves is consistent with previous results from the contemporaneous nearby boat cemeteries of Vendel and Valsgarde, adding weight to the hypothesis of a shared funerary culture between these sites in the Late Iron Age., In den Ausgrabungen im Hof der Pfarrei (prastgarden) des weltbekannten spateisenzeitlichen Machtzentrums von Gamla Uppsala in Schweden wurden sechs wikingerzeitliche (ca. 750-1100 n. Chr.) Bootgraber entdeckt, davon einige mit uberresten von Hunden. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Morphologie von drei Hunden (ein Hund pro Bootgrab) durch die Untersuchung ihrer Knochen zu rekonstruieren sowie das Alter, Geschlecht und Pathologie dieser Tiere zu bestimmen. Zwei Hunde waren grosse und schlanke Jagdhunde (Windhunde), der dritte war kleiner und von unbestimmter Rasse. Die Vorliebe fur Windhunde in hochrangigen Grabern stimmt mit den benachbarten zeitgenossischen Bootgraberfeldern von Vendel und Valsgarde uberein, was die Hypothese einer gemeinsamen Grabsitte in der spaten Eisenzeit unterstutzt. Translation by Madeleine Hummler, Les fouilles du site du jardin du presbytere (prastgarden) situe dans le celebre centre de pouvoir de l'age du Fer recent de Gamla Uppsala en Suede ont revele six sepultures a bateau de l'epoque Viking (environ 750-1100 apr. J.-C.) dont plusieurs contenaient les restes de chiens domestiques. Le but principal de l'examen osteologique de trois de ces chiens (un par tombe) est de reconstruire leur morphologie, en plus d'une analyse de leur sexe, age et traces de pathologies. Deux chiens etaient des chiens de chasse grands et minces (levriers) tandis que le troisieme etait plus petit et de race indeterminee. La preference pour les chiens de chasse dans les sepultures prestigieuses est attestee dans les necropoles contemporaines voisines de Vendel et Valsgarde, ce qui etaye l'hypothese d'une tradition funeraire commune a l'age du Fer recent Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Excavations at the vicarage yard (prastgarden) at the famous Late Iron Age magnate centre of Gamla Uppsala, Sweden, have yielded six Viking Age (c. ad 750-1100) boat burials, several containing the remains of domestic dogs. The present study is an osteological examination of the remains of three of these dogs, one each from three boat graves, with a primary goal of morphological reconstruction and a secondary focus on identifying sex, age, and pathology. Two dogs were large, slender sight hounds, while the third was somewhat smaller and of indeterminate type. The preference for sight hounds in high-status graves is consistent with previous results from the contemporaneous nearby boat cemeteries of Vendel and Valsgarde, adding weight to the hypothesis of a shared funerary culture between these sites in the Late Iron Age., In den Ausgrabungen im Hof der Pfarrei (prastgarden) des weltbekannten spateisenzeitlichen Machtzentrums von Gamla Uppsala in Schweden wurden sechs wikingerzeitliche (ca. 750-1100 n. Chr.) Bootgraber entdeckt, davon einige mit uberresten von Hunden. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Morphologie von drei Hunden (ein Hund pro Bootgrab) durch die Untersuchung ihrer Knochen zu rekonstruieren sowie das Alter, Geschlecht und Pathologie dieser Tiere zu bestimmen. Zwei Hunde waren grosse und schlanke Jagdhunde (Windhunde), der dritte war kleiner und von unbestimmter Rasse. Die Vorliebe fur Windhunde in hochrangigen Grabern stimmt mit den benachbarten zeitgenossischen Bootgraberfeldern von Vendel und Valsgarde uberein, was die Hypothese einer gemeinsamen Grabsitte in der spaten Eisenzeit unterstutzt. Translation by Madeleine Hummler, Les fouilles du site du jardin du presbytere (prastgarden) situe dans le celebre centre de pouvoir de l'age du Fer recent de Gamla Uppsala en Suede ont revele six sepultures a bateau de l'epoque Viking (environ 750-1100 apr. J.-C.) dont plusieurs contenaient les restes de chiens domestiques. Le but principal de l'examen osteologique de trois de ces chiens (un par tombe) est de reconstruire leur morphologie, en plus d'une analyse de leur sexe, age et traces de pathologies. Deux chiens etaient des chiens de chasse grands et minces (levriers) tandis que le troisieme etait plus petit et de race indeterminee. La preference pour les chiens de chasse dans les sepultures prestigieuses est attestee dans les necropoles contemporaines voisines de Vendel et Valsgarde, ce qui etaye l'hypothese d'une tradition funeraire commune a l'age du Fer recent Translation by Madeleine Hummler

This book presents a history of Swedish sport, highlighting in particular the relationship between sport politics and people’s changing attitudes towards sport from the eighteenth century until today. It scrutinizes the interaction between sport politics and people’s different approaches to sport in everyday life. By investigating how different ways of pursuing and conceptualizing sport have progressed and interacted, and how they have influenced as well been influenced by sport politics, this book discerns the role of both governmental and municipal politics in the development of sport in Sweden.

Excavations at the vicarage yard (prastgarden) at the famous Late Iron Age magnate centre of Gamla Uppsala, Sweden, have yielded six Viking Age (c. ad 750-1100) boat burials, several containing the remains of domestic dogs. The present study is an osteological examination of the remains of three of these dogs, one each from three boat graves, with a primary goal of morphological reconstruction and a secondary focus on identifying sex, age, and pathology. Two dogs were large, slender sight hounds, while the third was somewhat smaller and of indeterminate type. The preference for sight hounds in high-status graves is consistent with previous results from the contemporaneous nearby boat cemeteries of Vendel and Valsgarde, adding weight to the hypothesis of a shared funerary culture between these sites in the Late Iron Age., In den Ausgrabungen im Hof der Pfarrei (prastgarden) des weltbekannten spateisenzeitlichen Machtzentrums von Gamla Uppsala in Schweden wurden sechs wikingerzeitliche (ca. 750-1100 n. Chr.) Bootgraber entdeckt, davon einige mit uberresten von Hunden. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Morphologie von drei Hunden (ein Hund pro Bootgrab) durch die Untersuchung ihrer Knochen zu rekonstruieren sowie das Alter, Geschlecht und Pathologie dieser Tiere zu bestimmen. Zwei Hunde waren grosse und schlanke Jagdhunde (Windhunde), der dritte war kleiner und von unbestimmter Rasse. Die Vorliebe fur Windhunde in hochrangigen Grabern stimmt mit den benachbarten zeitgenossischen Bootgraberfeldern von Vendel und Valsgarde uberein, was die Hypothese einer gemeinsamen Grabsitte in der spaten Eisenzeit unterstutzt. Translation by Madeleine Hummler, Les fouilles du site du jardin du presbytere (prastgarden) situe dans le celebre centre de pouvoir de l'age du Fer recent de Gamla Uppsala en Suede ont revele six sepultures a bateau de l'epoque Viking (environ 750-1100 apr. J.-C.) dont plusieurs contenaient les restes de chiens domestiques. Le but principal de l'examen osteologique de trois de ces chiens (un par tombe) est de reconstruire leur morphologie, en plus d'une analyse de leur sexe, age et traces de pathologies. Deux chiens etaient des chiens de chasse grands et minces (levriers) tandis que le troisieme etait plus petit et de race indeterminee. La preference pour les chiens de chasse dans les sepultures prestigieuses est attestee dans les necropoles contemporaines voisines de Vendel et Valsgarde, ce qui etaye l'hypothese d'une tradition funeraire commune a l'age du Fer recent Translation by Madeleine Hummler

A multitude of ideas about individual and distributed agency circulated in Scandinavian culture during the 1960s, a period often designated as the early information age. Through an analysis of six novels, this dissertation discusses how prose fiction in and around the 1960s in Norway, Sweden and Denmark responded and contributed to this circulation of ideas of agency. The study argues that a transition is played out in the novels, from an idea of agency as individualistic and possessive, which I designate as melodramatic, towards an idea of agency as distributed and ecodramatic, emerging in an active environment, where multiple agents, human and non-human, co-exist (these concepts are derived and developed from works by Timothy Melley and Mark Seltzer). This transition is claimed to be conveyed through vague feelings expressed by the characters, signalling problems with the representation of agency, which are discussed in the thesis through the concept of affects (as understood by Sianne Ngai, primarily). The study overall applies a media ecological perspective to the literary works, situating questions of both literary form and ideas of agency in the techno-cultural development of the 1960s, investigated through the lens of the cultural history of cybernetics and understood as part of a larger epistemological and ontological change – a process of ecologization (Erich Hörl). This process accelerated during the period and is characterized in this study by a focus on relations, networks and self-reflexivity. From this theoretic approach, ideas of agency must be understood as intrinsically entangled with changes in the environment (environment understood in a broad sense as a setting in the novels, including both technologically mediated environments and natural environments), and this is conceptualized through the newly coined term agotope, an adjusted version of Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope. Three agotopes organize the readings in the study, each refer, Under 1960-talet, en period som ofta betecknas som den tidiga informationsåldern, cirkulerade en mängd idéer om individuell och distribuerad agens i den skandinaviska kulturen. Genom att analysera sex romaner från Norge, Sverige och Danmark diskuterar denna avhandling hur prosan från perioden bidrog till och svarade på denna cirkulation av idéer om agens. Studien hävdar att romanerna sammantaget pekar på en övergång: från en idé om agens som individualistisk och melodramatisk till en idé om agens som distribuerad och ekodramatisk vilken framträder i en aktiv miljö, där flera agenter, mänskliga och icke-mänskliga, samverkar (dessa begrepp har övertagits och utvecklats från tidigare forskning av Timothy Melley och Mark Seltzer). I studien argumenteras för att denna förskjutning i förståelsen av agens förmedlas genom vaga känslor uttryckta av romanernas karaktärer. Vaga känslor signalerar också problem med representationen av agens och diskuteras i under-sökningarna genom affektteori (såsom det teoretiseras av främst Sianne Ngai). Sammantaget tillämpar studien ett medieekologiskt perspektiv på de litterära verken genom att placera frågor om både litterär form och idéer om agens i relation till den teknokulturella utvecklingen under 1960-talet, förstådda som en del av en större epistemologisk och ontologisk förändring – en process av ekologisering (Erich Hörl). Denna process accelererade under perioden i fråga och beskriver i ljuset av cybernetikens framväxt en relationell, nätverksbaserad och självreflexiv vändning inom teknologi och tänkande. Ur detta teoretiska perspektiv måste ideer om agens studeras som intrikat sammanflätade med förändringar i den omgivande miljön (här förstådd i bred mening som både teknologiskt medierade och naturliga miljöer) och detta konceptualiseras i studien genom den nybildade termen agotop, som är en vidareutveckling av Michail Bachtins koncept kronotop. Tre olika agotoper organiserar läsningarna i studien i tre hovudkapitel, vilka var oc

The Arabic primary sources from the early medieval period have long existed in the modern consciousness of the scholarship, however, differing interpretations, mistranslations, and omissions have contributed to the state of already existing confusion permeating the matter of the Rus origin, influence, and interactions in their theatre of action in East Europe, Eurasia and beyond. hence a methodology based on source criticism could lead a revisit of these sources to new understandings and an up-to-date interpretation that considers the latest contributions by the scholarship in the field. Furthermore, the paper aims to provide a new and updated translation of the three chosen accounts regarding the Rus people, with these accounts chosen on a criterion of temporal distance, reliability and officiality, thus delivering a take on the pre-state Rus that is conceivably comprehensive, as these accounts discuss and record the social, commercial and religious aspects amongst others. Moreover, a thorough discussion and analysis follows the translation while concurrently highlighting the scholarships understandings, positively and negatively. Finally, the paper aims to argue the need for a comprehensive re-evaluation of the over fifty Arabic primary sources regarding the Rus, based on the points and evidence generated through the translations and analysis conducted in the paper., De arabiska primärkällorna från tidig medeltid har länge funnits i den moderna forskningens medvetande.t. Ogrundade tolkningar, felöversättningar och utelämnanden har bidragit till ett förvirringstillstånd kring frågan om rusernas ursprung, inflytande, och interaktioner i Östeuropa och Eurasien. Ett återbesök av dessa källor skulle kunna resultera i nya förståelser och uppdaterade tolkningar som tar hänsyn till de senaste bidragen från forskningen inom området. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att tillhandahålla en ny och uppdaterad översättning av de tre utvalda redogörelserna om ruserna. Dessa redogörelser har valts ut baserat på kriterierna tidsavstånd, tillförlitlighet och officiell karaktär. Således levereras en syn på proto-statliga ruser som är tänkbart omfattande, då dessa redogörelser diskuterar och dokumenterar de sociala, kommersiella och religiösa aspekterna bland annat. Dessutom följer en grundlig diskussion och analys av översättningen samtidigt som den nuvarande förståelsen inom forskningen lyfts fram. Slutligen syftar uppsatsen till att argumentera för behovet av en omfattande omvärdering av de över femtio arabiska primärkällorna rörande ruserna, baserat på den kunskap som genereras genom de översättningar och analyser som genomförts i uppsatsen.

Bakgrund: En individanpassning efter kulturella referensramar förutsätter personcentrerad vård i transkulturella vårdmöten. Att omvårdnaden är kulturell kompetent är meningsfullt för att säkerställa jämlik och effektiv vård för alla patienter, oavsett deras kulturella bakgrunder. Med ett mångkulturellt samhälle som bakgrund och jämlik vård som mål inom hälso- och sjukvården, blir betydelsen av ökad kulturell kompetens alltmer accentuerad. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av transkulturella vårdmöten i Skandinavien. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 12 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Fyra kategorier och 13 underkategorier identifierades. Kategorierna var: Upplevelser av utmaningar i transkulturella vårdmöten, Upplevelser av osäkerhet i transkulturella vårdmöten, Upplevelser av otillräcklighet i transkulturella vårdmöten, Upplevelser av svårigheter i transkulturella kommunikationen. Konklusion: Trots utmaningar i transkulturella vårdmöten visade sjuksköterskorna en god kulturell medvetenhet, en vilja att förvärva kulturell kunskap samt en adekvat kulturell sensitivitet, vilket bekräftade möjligheten till att utveckla kulturella kompetenser och ge kulturkongruent omvårdnad., Background: An individual adaptation based on cultural frameworks presupposes person-centered care in transcultural care encounters. Ensuring cultural competence in care is meaningful to achieve equitable and effective healthcare for all patients, regardless of their cultural backgrounds. With a multicultural society as the backdrop and equitable care as the goal in healthcare, the importance of increased cultural competence becomes increasingly emphasized. Aim: To illustrate nurses' experiences of transcultural care encounters in Scandinavia. Method: A literature review based on 12 qualitative scientific articles. Results: Four categories and 13 subcategories were identified. The categories were: Experiences of challenges in transcultural care encounters, Experiences of uncertainty in transcultural care encounters, Experiences of inadequacy in transcultural care encounters, Experiences of difficulties in transcultural communication. Conclusion: Despite experiences of negative elements, nurses demonstrated good cultural awareness, a willingness to acquire cultural knowledge, and adequate cultural sensitivity, confirming their potential to develop cultural competencies and provide culturally congruent care.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to investigate and analyze how the profession of librarians is presented in Scandinavian job advertisements. In recent studies the library profession has been found loaded with uncertainty due to large and radical changes in the Scandinavian societies during the last decades. 120 advertisement texts were collected online from the official national agencies of employment in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The texts were analyzed using a reflexive thematic method to locate a number of central themes in the complete body of text. The theoretical tools consisted of both performativity theory as formulated primarily by Judith Butler (1992) as well as the three levels of context that influence professions and their striving for jurisdiction, as formulated by Andrew Abbott (1988). Looking at an object or phenomenon through the lens of performativity makes one able to recognize the active and performing aspects of the object, phenomenon or text. The study found that this lens was fruitful when tracking the significant parts of the advertisement texts. The texts appeared sprawling, pointing the profession in very different directions. Signs of traditional values of the profession was found as well as signs of the profession adapting to recent changes in the surrounding social world. Most outcome in some way involved effects of the digital revolution. The study also found that the advertisement texts to a high degree related to the three levels of contexts (Abbott 1988) in ways that affected the status and stability of the profession.

Excavations at the vicarage yard (prastgarden) at the famous Late Iron Age magnate centre of Gamla Uppsala, Sweden, have yielded six Viking Age (c. ad 750-1100) boat burials, several containing the remains of domestic dogs. The present study is an osteological examination of the remains of three of these dogs, one each from three boat graves, with a primary goal of morphological reconstruction and a secondary focus on identifying sex, age, and pathology. Two dogs were large, slender sight hounds, while the third was somewhat smaller and of indeterminate type. The preference for sight hounds in high-status graves is consistent with previous results from the contemporaneous nearby boat cemeteries of Vendel and Valsgarde, adding weight to the hypothesis of a shared funerary culture between these sites in the Late Iron Age., In den Ausgrabungen im Hof der Pfarrei (prastgarden) des weltbekannten spateisenzeitlichen Machtzentrums von Gamla Uppsala in Schweden wurden sechs wikingerzeitliche (ca. 750-1100 n. Chr.) Bootgraber entdeckt, davon einige mit uberresten von Hunden. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Morphologie von drei Hunden (ein Hund pro Bootgrab) durch die Untersuchung ihrer Knochen zu rekonstruieren sowie das Alter, Geschlecht und Pathologie dieser Tiere zu bestimmen. Zwei Hunde waren grosse und schlanke Jagdhunde (Windhunde), der dritte war kleiner und von unbestimmter Rasse. Die Vorliebe fur Windhunde in hochrangigen Grabern stimmt mit den benachbarten zeitgenossischen Bootgraberfeldern von Vendel und Valsgarde uberein, was die Hypothese einer gemeinsamen Grabsitte in der spaten Eisenzeit unterstutzt. Translation by Madeleine Hummler, Les fouilles du site du jardin du presbytere (prastgarden) situe dans le celebre centre de pouvoir de l'age du Fer recent de Gamla Uppsala en Suede ont revele six sepultures a bateau de l'epoque Viking (environ 750-1100 apr. J.-C.) dont plusieurs contenaient les restes de chiens domestiques. Le but principal de l'examen osteologique de trois de ces chiens (un par tombe) est de reconstruire leur morphologie, en plus d'une analyse de leur sexe, age et traces de pathologies. Deux chiens etaient des chiens de chasse grands et minces (levriers) tandis que le troisieme etait plus petit et de race indeterminee. La preference pour les chiens de chasse dans les sepultures prestigieuses est attestee dans les necropoles contemporaines voisines de Vendel et Valsgarde, ce qui etaye l'hypothese d'une tradition funeraire commune a l'age du Fer recent Translation by Madeleine Hummler

A multitude of ideas about individual and distributed agency circulated in Scandinavian culture during the 1960s, a period often designated as the early information age. Through an analysis of six novels, this dissertation discusses how prose fiction in and around the 1960s in Norway, Sweden and Denmark responded and contributed to this circulation of ideas of agency. The study argues that a transition is played out in the novels, from an idea of agency as individualistic and possessive, which I designate as melodramatic, towards an idea of agency as distributed and ecodramatic, emerging in an active environment, where multiple agents, human and non-human, co-exist (these concepts are derived and developed from works by Timothy Melley and Mark Seltzer). This transition is claimed to be conveyed through vague feelings expressed by the characters, signalling problems with the representation of agency, which are discussed in the thesis through the concept of affects (as understood by Sianne Ngai, primarily). The study overall applies a media ecological perspective to the literary works, situating questions of both literary form and ideas of agency in the techno-cultural development of the 1960s, investigated through the lens of the cultural history of cybernetics and understood as part of a larger epistemological and ontological change – a process of ecologization (Erich Hörl). This process accelerated during the period and is characterized in this study by a focus on relations, networks and self-reflexivity. From this theoretic approach, ideas of agency must be understood as intrinsically entangled with changes in the environment (environment understood in a broad sense as a setting in the novels, including both technologically mediated environments and natural environments), and this is conceptualized through the newly coined term agotope, an adjusted version of Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope. Three agotopes organize the readings in the study, each refer, Under 1960-talet, en period som ofta betecknas som den tidiga informationsåldern, cirkulerade en mängd idéer om individuell och distribuerad agens i den skandinaviska kulturen. Genom att analysera sex romaner från Norge, Sverige och Danmark diskuterar denna avhandling hur prosan från perioden bidrog till och svarade på denna cirkulation av idéer om agens. Studien hävdar att romanerna sammantaget pekar på en övergång: från en idé om agens som individualistisk och melodramatisk till en idé om agens som distribuerad och ekodramatisk vilken framträder i en aktiv miljö, där flera agenter, mänskliga och icke-mänskliga, samverkar (dessa begrepp har övertagits och utvecklats från tidigare forskning av Timothy Melley och Mark Seltzer). I studien argumenteras för att denna förskjutning i förståelsen av agens förmedlas genom vaga känslor uttryckta av romanernas karaktärer. Vaga känslor signalerar också problem med representationen av agens och diskuteras i under-sökningarna genom affektteori (såsom det teoretiseras av främst Sianne Ngai). Sammantaget tillämpar studien ett medieekologiskt perspektiv på de litterära verken genom att placera frågor om både litterär form och idéer om agens i relation till den teknokulturella utvecklingen under 1960-talet, förstådda som en del av en större epistemologisk och ontologisk förändring – en process av ekologisering (Erich Hörl). Denna process accelererade under perioden i fråga och beskriver i ljuset av cybernetikens framväxt en relationell, nätverksbaserad och självreflexiv vändning inom teknologi och tänkande. Ur detta teoretiska perspektiv måste ideer om agens studeras som intrikat sammanflätade med förändringar i den omgivande miljön (här förstådd i bred mening som både teknologiskt medierade och naturliga miljöer) och detta konceptualiseras i studien genom den nybildade termen agotop, som är en vidareutveckling av Michail Bachtins koncept kronotop. Tre olika agotoper organiserar läsningarna i studien i tre hovudkapitel, vilka var oc

The aim of this master’s thesis is to investigate and analyze how the profession of librarians is presented in Scandinavian job advertisements. In recent studies the library profession has been found loaded with uncertainty due to large and radical changes in the Scandinavian societies during the last decades. 120 advertisement texts were collected online from the official national agencies of employment in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The texts were analyzed using a reflexive thematic method to locate a number of central themes in the complete body of text. The theoretical tools consisted of both performativity theory as formulated primarily by Judith Butler (1992) as well as the three levels of context that influence professions and their striving for jurisdiction, as formulated by Andrew Abbott (1988). Looking at an object or phenomenon through the lens of performativity makes one able to recognize the active and performing aspects of the object, phenomenon or text. The study found that this lens was fruitful when tracking the significant parts of the advertisement texts. The texts appeared sprawling, pointing the profession in very different directions. Signs of traditional values of the profession was found as well as signs of the profession adapting to recent changes in the surrounding social world. Most outcome in some way involved effects of the digital revolution. The study also found that the advertisement texts to a high degree related to the three levels of contexts (Abbott 1988) in ways that affected the status and stability of the profession.

Excavations at the vicarage yard (prastgarden) at the famous Late Iron Age magnate centre of Gamla Uppsala, Sweden, have yielded six Viking Age (c. ad 750-1100) boat burials, several containing the remains of domestic dogs. The present study is an osteological examination of the remains of three of these dogs, one each from three boat graves, with a primary goal of morphological reconstruction and a secondary focus on identifying sex, age, and pathology. Two dogs were large, slender sight hounds, while the third was somewhat smaller and of indeterminate type. The preference for sight hounds in high-status graves is consistent with previous results from the contemporaneous nearby boat cemeteries of Vendel and Valsgarde, adding weight to the hypothesis of a shared funerary culture between these sites in the Late Iron Age., In den Ausgrabungen im Hof der Pfarrei (prastgarden) des weltbekannten spateisenzeitlichen Machtzentrums von Gamla Uppsala in Schweden wurden sechs wikingerzeitliche (ca. 750-1100 n. Chr.) Bootgraber entdeckt, davon einige mit uberresten von Hunden. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Morphologie von drei Hunden (ein Hund pro Bootgrab) durch die Untersuchung ihrer Knochen zu rekonstruieren sowie das Alter, Geschlecht und Pathologie dieser Tiere zu bestimmen. Zwei Hunde waren grosse und schlanke Jagdhunde (Windhunde), der dritte war kleiner und von unbestimmter Rasse. Die Vorliebe fur Windhunde in hochrangigen Grabern stimmt mit den benachbarten zeitgenossischen Bootgraberfeldern von Vendel und Valsgarde uberein, was die Hypothese einer gemeinsamen Grabsitte in der spaten Eisenzeit unterstutzt. Translation by Madeleine Hummler, Les fouilles du site du jardin du presbytere (prastgarden) situe dans le celebre centre de pouvoir de l'age du Fer recent de Gamla Uppsala en Suede ont revele six sepultures a bateau de l'epoque Viking (environ 750-1100 apr. J.-C.) dont plusieurs contenaient les restes de chiens domestiques. Le but principal de l'examen osteologique de trois de ces chiens (un par tombe) est de reconstruire leur morphologie, en plus d'une analyse de leur sexe, age et traces de pathologies. Deux chiens etaient des chiens de chasse grands et minces (levriers) tandis que le troisieme etait plus petit et de race indeterminee. La preference pour les chiens de chasse dans les sepultures prestigieuses est attestee dans les necropoles contemporaines voisines de Vendel et Valsgarde, ce qui etaye l'hypothese d'une tradition funeraire commune a l'age du Fer recent Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Denna kandidatuppsats täcker användningen, deponeringen och handeln av Hallstattsvärd i Sverige under den yngre bronsåldern. Mycket har sagts om fynden, spridning och användning av svärden som hittats inom Hallstattkulturens geografiska gränser men jämförelsevis har lite skrivits om den rika samlingen av Hallstattsvärd som hittats i Sydskandinavien. Denna avhandling syftar till att diskutera kontexten kring dessa fynd genom rumslig och jämförande analys tillsammans med tolkningar av tidigare forskning för att ta reda på hur dessa främmande föremål kan ha använts utanför deras ursprungsområde. Resultaten drar slutsatsen att de svenska Hallstattsvärden har deponerats i de traditioner som rådde i Skandinavien under YBÅ, många av dessa visar även spår av lokal produktion. Svärdens eggskador tyder även på att de kan ha använts annorlunda från den tolkade användningen som kavallerivapen inom Hallstatt. Svärden har tolkats ur ett postprocessuellt perspektiv som levande föremål vars förstörelse och deponering efterliknar den mänskliga användarens död och begravning., This bachelor’s thesis covers the usage, deposition and trade of hallstatt swords in Sweden during the late bronze age. While much has been said about the findings of hallstatt swords within the geographical boundaries of the Hallstatt culture comparably little has been written about the rich collection of the same swords found in southern Scandinavia. This thesis aims to discuss the context of these findings through spatial and comparative analysis together with the interpretations of previous archaeologists to figure out how these foreign objects may have been used outside of their area of origin. The findings conclude that the Swedish hallstatt swords have been deposited in the traditions prevalent in Scandinavia at the time and many of them show signs of local production. The blade damage prevalent on some swords suggest a different usage from the perceived cavalry weapons observed in Hallstatt. The swords have been interpreted from a post processual perspective as living objects whos destruction and deposit mimics that of the death and burial of the human user.

This essay concerns the relationship between humans and animals during the Late Iron Age, 450-1050 AD, in the Nordic region. The archaeological and osteological material studied is animal style ornamentation and inhumation and cremation graves. The essay is based on a human-animal perspective and is inspired by Human-Animal Studies (HAS). This perspective shows how an anthropocentric worldview and human exceptionalism have come to influence the previous research regarding humans and animals. From this perspective, the animal's agency becomes central, which means that the animal acts as its own subject that mutually affects people and each other. Several parallels between the animal style ornamentation and the osteological material are also apparent both within the previous research and within my own analysis. In the previous research, a secondary view of animals abounds, and the focus is on human agency. But in the study's analysis, it becomes clear how the animal's agency is present. In both materials examined, bodies are mixed and assimilated in different and unique ways. The interpretation of the material is that people during the Late Iron Age thought "with both people and animals" and that people wanted to be influenced by animals. There was a world view were all living beings were a transversal unit, a so-called zoe. Both humans and animals were becomings initiated in a process of eternal co-creation.

The presence of roman coins outside of the Roman Empire during the Iron Age is a curiousthing. One would assume they represent a giant trade confederation of sorts, and one would notbe completely wrong in assuming so. The trade aspect of the Roman Empire to the north is stillsomething unknown. But this essays focus lies instead with how the coins were used in specificplaces in Scandinavia. This essay focuses on two central places, Gudme in Denmark, andUppåkra in Sweden, while also looking at stray coins in the northern part of Sweden todetermine if there is a correlation between a central place and stray finds out in the wilderness. The analysis of this essay showed a similar yet different use of the roman coins at the twocentral places. In Gudme the norm was to use the coins, as they were, in the metal workshops,or use them as clippings for using a smaller amount of metal in the rework of new items. InUppåkra the norm was instead to melt all coins down to metal bars for an easier storage and useof specific wights and metal in making new items. The correlation between the stray coins anda central place is that hunters or tradesmen travelled through the country and dropped coins.The analysis showed that the travellers where hunting and trading fur that were most likely soldin a central place like Uppåkra and then brought back to settlement in the north, Närvaron av romerska mynt utanför romarriket under järnåldern är en underlig sak. Antagandetsom har gjorts är att de representerade ett handels förbund av ett slag, och en har inte helt fel iatt anta så. Handelsaspekten av romarriket i norr är fortfarande okänt. Fokuset för denna uppsatsligger i stället hur de romerska mynten användes vid specifika platser i Skandinavien.Uppsatsen fokuserar på två centralplatser, Gudme i Danmark och Uppåkra i Sverige, detkommer även kolls på ströfynd i norra delen av Sverige för att ta reda på om en korrelationmellan centralplats och ströfynden i utmarken. Analysen av Uppsatsen visade på en liknande användning av mynten men ändå en olikhetvid de två centralplatserna. I Gudme var normen att använda mynten som de var imetallverkstäderna, eller använda dem som klippningar för att använda en mindre mängd metalli tillverkningen av nya föremål. I Uppåkra smältes mynten i stället ner till metalltackor förenklare förvaring samt att kunna använda en specifik metall eller mängd för att tillverka nyaföremål. Korrelationen mellan utmarksfynden och en centralplats var att jägare ellerhandelsmän reste genom landet och tappade mynt. Analysen visade att de jagade efter päls föratt sälja på centralplatser och fick romerska mynt som betalning och tog mynten till derasbosättningar i norra Sverige.

Bakgrund: Ett stort antal kvinnor drabbas av bröstcancer varje år. Drabbade kvinnor upplever ofta att behandlingen gör dem sjuka och inte cancern i sig, med anledning av biverkningar som behandlingarna för med sig. Att drabbas av sjukdom innebär en förändring i många aspekter. Sjuksköterskans ansvar är att arbeta personcentrerat där patientberättelsen lägger grunden för hennes omvårdnadsbehov. Syfte: Att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av att diagnostiseras och leva med bröstcancer i Skandinavien. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt. Resultat: Fyra teman framkom i resultatet, vilka var emotionellt kaos, förlust av identitet, relationers nya värde samt förändrat perspektiv. Emotionellt kaos utgjordes av chock, ångest och rädsla inför framtiden. Hos kvinnorna infann sig samtidigt en livslust. Moderskap, äktenskap och karriär försummas och kvinnans självbild förvrängs. Hela familjen påverkas då en kvinna får bröstcancer, vilket stärker eller stjälper nära relationer. Värdefulla detaljer i livet uppmärksammas och vardagen får en större mening. Konklusion: Det framkom tydligt att livslidande och sjukdomslidande tog stor plats i kvinnans liv. Sjukvården bör bemöta kvinnan som något mer än en cancersjuk patient. Sjuksköterskans roll är att stötta kvinnan i hennes lidandeprocess och arbeta för att eliminera vårdlidandet., Background: Every year a large number of women are diagnosed with breast cancer. The women often feel that the treatment is what makes them sick and not the cancer itself, due to the treatment's side effects. The nurse’s responsibility is to perform personcentered care in which the patient’s story lays the foundation for her nursing needs. Aim: To describe women's experiences of being diagnosed and living with breast cancer in Scandinavia. Method: A qualitative literature review. Findings: Four themes emerged from the result, which were emotional chaos, loss of identity, the new values of relationships and changed perspective. Emotional chaos consisted of shock, anxiety and fear. A lust for life also appeared in the women. Motherhood, marriage, relationships and career are affected and the woman's self-image is distorted. A change in the woman's outlook on life takes place and everyday life takes on greater meaning. Conclusion: It became clear that life suffering and suffering from illness took a large place in the woman's life. The role of the nurse is to support the woman in her process and work to prevent unnecessary suffering.

Recently, Sjöblom et al. assessed the cause of the vitrified wall of Broborg, the 5th century CE hillfort in East Middle Sweden. By exploring possible incentives and competence to melt stones together, as well as the genesis of the vitrified material, the authors suggested that the builders of Broborg used vitrification as a construction method to strengthen the wall. In this comment, I critically examine the line of arguments presented in support of this claim. The conclusion reached is that there is no convincing evidence to warrant a construction hypothesis.

As the era of Christianity is taking a firm foothold of Europe and Scandinavia during the late 1500s and early 1600s. The prosecution, accusations, and pure terror against anyone who did not fit the mold of a true Christian was faced with doubt, suspicion, and allegations of being in a pact with the Devil. Even if Christianity was becoming the main religion in the regions. It was common among townsfolk when in great doubt, sickness and worries to pay a visit to the old lady, the shaman, or the local healer. Some of these shamans depending on where you lived could also be a part of the Indigenous people of Scandinavia, the Sami. Whether you where that local old lady, that local shaman or one of the many regional Sami’s roaming the north of Scandinavia during this period of history, it was extremely dangerous to express local beliefs, superstitions, and an alternative faith then Christianity. The goal of this essay is to take a closer look at some of these cases, analyze the trials and prosecutions of these witches and Sami Shamans within Swedish courts, to see the similarities and discuss six cases in greater details. The conclusion of this essay is that we see some similarities between Swedish witches and Sami people who used magic, however the use and/or blame off alcohol may vary, the methods on how these witches would inflict “hurtful magic” was different and so too the trials. There is a “clearer mentioning” of torture on “Swedish witches” then Sami witches. The Swedish witches would use “totems” and items to cast spells, while Sami witches would use vocal incantations to hurt their victims.

From West Indian sugar and bottles of Southeast Asian arrack to French red wines, English felt cloth, and Mediterranean lemons, many global wares ended up in the Scandinavian borderlands during the late eighteenth century. This book explores how and why these goods came to be there and analyses what smuggling can reveal about the emergence of global trade, the formation of the nation state, and the development of consumer society in Europe’s northernmost outskirts. This book shows that the global underground was ubiquitous in the Nordic countries and fundamentally altered them, politically, economically, socially, and culturally. Through re-evaluating the role of smuggling the book complements and challenges established historical accounts about state building, market dynamics, consumer culture, and ideas and identity. It also offers a roadmap for how to think about illegal global trade and how to approach this notoriously difficult research field. By integrating illegality, the book aims to show how an illicit web entangled often overlooked ‘peripheral’ territories with traditional ‘portals of globalisation’ and proposes a novel take on early modern globalisation and the paths to modernity in the European hinterlands. To achieve this a wide variety of sources are used including court records, administrative sources, diaries, ambassadorial correspondence, and maps in various languages including Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, English, and French. This book makes a significant contribution to the literature on economic history, the first wave of globalisation, the study of shadow economies, and Scandinavian history more broadly.

As the era of Christianity is taking a firm foothold of Europe and Scandinavia during the late 1500s and early 1600s. The prosecution, accusations, and pure terror against anyone who did not fit the mold of a true Christian was faced with doubt, suspicion, and allegations of being in a pact with the Devil. Even if Christianity was becoming the main religion in the regions. It was common among townsfolk when in great doubt, sickness and worries to pay a visit to the old lady, the shaman, or the local healer. Some of these shamans depending on where you lived could also be a part of the Indigenous people of Scandinavia, the Sami. Whether you where that local old lady, that local shaman or one of the many regional Sami’s roaming the north of Scandinavia during this period of history, it was extremely dangerous to express local beliefs, superstitions, and an alternative faith then Christianity. The goal of this essay is to take a closer look at some of these cases, analyze the trials and prosecutions of these witches and Sami Shamans within Swedish courts, to see the similarities and discuss six cases in greater details. The conclusion of this essay is that we see some similarities between Swedish witches and Sami people who used magic, however the use and/or blame off alcohol may vary, the methods on how these witches would inflict “hurtful magic” was different and so too the trials. There is a “clearer mentioning” of torture on “Swedish witches” then Sami witches. The Swedish witches would use “totems” and items to cast spells, while Sami witches would use vocal incantations to hurt their victims.

Med en växande efterfråga efter hållbarhet är förhållandet mellan environmental, social & governance (ESG) och företagsprestanda ofta föremål för forskning. Forskningen om detta ämne har dock hittills inte varit entydig. Orsakerna till detta är olika metoder som används och snäva områden som endast representerar det specifika sammanhanget. Dessutom har förhållandet mellan ESG och företagens resultat hittills mestadels genomförts med fokus på rent finansiella mått, vilket gör att marknadsvärden i viss mån fortfarande är outforskade. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förhållandet mellan ESG och marknadsvärde (mätt med Tobin’s Q) inom kontexten av den skandinaviska industrisektorn. Med olika perspektiv från "shareholder theory”, "stakeholder theory” och från rationella eller etiska investerare, säger studiens hypoteser att det bör finnas ett signifikant positivt samband mellan ett företags ESG betyg och dess marknadsvärde, och att det bör finnas ett signifikant negativt samband mellan ett företags ESG risk och dess marknadsvärde. Genom en kvantitativ metod har tvärsnittsdata samlats in och införlivats i en multipel regressionsmodell med flera variabler. Studiens resultat tyder på att det inte finns något signifikant samband (positivt eller negativt) mellan ESG och marknadsvärde. Studien förkastar därav nollhypoteserna och således förklaringsförmågan hos de ovan nämnda teorierna. Det konkluderas att den skandinaviska marknaden troligen består av både rationella och etiska investerare, vilket neutraliserar den effekt som ett företags ESG värde har på dess marknadsvärde. Resultatet föreslår också att företag inom den skandinaviska industrisektorn kan implementera ESG utan att det missgynnar dess marknadsvärdering., With a growing demand for sustainability, the relationship between environmental, social & governance (ESG) and corporate performance is frequently occuring in research. However, research on this topic has as of now been inconclusive. The reasons for this are the different methodologies used and the narrow scopes that represent the specific context only. Furthermore, the relationship between ESG and corporate performance has mostly been conducted with a focus on strict financial metrics, leaving the perspective of market value to a certain degree still unexplored. This paper aims to examine the relationship between ESG and market value (measured by Tobin’s Q), in the context of the Scandinavian industrial sector. With different perspectives from Shareholder theory, Stakeholder theory and those from a rational or ethical investor, this study’s hypotheses states that there should exist a significant positive relationship between a company’s ESG score and their market value, and accordingly a significant negative relationship between a company’s ESG risk and their market value. Through a quantitative approach, cross-sectional data have been collected and incorporated in a multiple regression model with several variables. Our results suggest that no significant relationship (positive or negative) exists between ESG and market value. We therefore reject the null hypotheses and consequently the explanatory power of the above-mentioned theories as well. It is concluded that the Scandinavian market probably consists of both rational and ethical investors, neutralizing the effect a company’s ESG value has on its market value. The results further indicate that companies within the Scandinavian industrial sector might be able to incorporate ESG to improve their corporate behavior, with no negative market value effects.

The presence of roman coins outside of the Roman Empire during the Iron Age is a curiousthing. One would assume they represent a giant trade confederation of sorts, and one would notbe completely wrong in assuming so. The trade aspect of the Roman Empire to the north is stillsomething unknown. But this essays focus lies instead with how the coins were used in specificplaces in Scandinavia. This essay focuses on two central places, Gudme in Denmark, andUppåkra in Sweden, while also looking at stray coins in the northern part of Sweden todetermine if there is a correlation between a central place and stray finds out in the wilderness. The analysis of this essay showed a similar yet different use of the roman coins at the twocentral places. In Gudme the norm was to use the coins, as they were, in the metal workshops,or use them as clippings for using a smaller amount of metal in the rework of new items. InUppåkra the norm was instead to melt all coins down to metal bars for an easier storage and useof specific wights and metal in making new items. The correlation between the stray coins anda central place is that hunters or tradesmen travelled through the country and dropped coins.The analysis showed that the travellers where hunting and trading fur that were most likely soldin a central place like Uppåkra and then brought back to settlement in the north, Närvaron av romerska mynt utanför romarriket under järnåldern är en underlig sak. Antagandetsom har gjorts är att de representerade ett handels förbund av ett slag, och en har inte helt fel iatt anta så. Handelsaspekten av romarriket i norr är fortfarande okänt. Fokuset för denna uppsatsligger i stället hur de romerska mynten användes vid specifika platser i Skandinavien.Uppsatsen fokuserar på två centralplatser, Gudme i Danmark och Uppåkra i Sverige, detkommer även kolls på ströfynd i norra delen av Sverige för att ta reda på om en korrelationmellan centralplats och ströfynden i utmarken. Analysen av Uppsatsen visade på en liknande användning av mynten men ändå en olikhetvid de två centralplatserna. I Gudme var normen att använda mynten som de var imetallverkstäderna, eller använda dem som klippningar för att använda en mindre mängd metalli tillverkningen av nya föremål. I Uppåkra smältes mynten i stället ner till metalltackor förenklare förvaring samt att kunna använda en specifik metall eller mängd för att tillverka nyaföremål. Korrelationen mellan utmarksfynden och en centralplats var att jägare ellerhandelsmän reste genom landet och tappade mynt. Analysen visade att de jagade efter päls föratt sälja på centralplatser och fick romerska mynt som betalning och tog mynten till derasbosättningar i norra Sverige.

Denna kandidatuppsats täcker användningen, deponeringen och handeln av Hallstattsvärd i Sverige under den yngre bronsåldern. Mycket har sagts om fynden, spridning och användning av svärden som hittats inom Hallstattkulturens geografiska gränser men jämförelsevis har lite skrivits om den rika samlingen av Hallstattsvärd som hittats i Sydskandinavien. Denna avhandling syftar till att diskutera kontexten kring dessa fynd genom rumslig och jämförande analys tillsammans med tolkningar av tidigare forskning för att ta reda på hur dessa främmande föremål kan ha använts utanför deras ursprungsområde. Resultaten drar slutsatsen att de svenska Hallstattsvärden har deponerats i de traditioner som rådde i Skandinavien under YBÅ, många av dessa visar även spår av lokal produktion. Svärdens eggskador tyder även på att de kan ha använts annorlunda från den tolkade användningen som kavallerivapen inom Hallstatt. Svärden har tolkats ur ett postprocessuellt perspektiv som levande föremål vars förstörelse och deponering efterliknar den mänskliga användarens död och begravning., This bachelor’s thesis covers the usage, deposition and trade of hallstatt swords in Sweden during the late bronze age. While much has been said about the findings of hallstatt swords within the geographical boundaries of the Hallstatt culture comparably little has been written about the rich collection of the same swords found in southern Scandinavia. This thesis aims to discuss the context of these findings through spatial and comparative analysis together with the interpretations of previous archaeologists to figure out how these foreign objects may have been used outside of their area of origin. The findings conclude that the Swedish hallstatt swords have been deposited in the traditions prevalent in Scandinavia at the time and many of them show signs of local production. The blade damage prevalent on some swords suggest a different usage from the perceived cavalry weapons observed in Hallstatt. The swords have been interpreted from a post processual perspective as living objects whos destruction and deposit mimics that of the death and burial of the human user.

This essay concerns the relationship between humans and animals during the Late Iron Age, 450-1050 AD, in the Nordic region. The archaeological and osteological material studied is animal style ornamentation and inhumation and cremation graves. The essay is based on a human-animal perspective and is inspired by Human-Animal Studies (HAS). This perspective shows how an anthropocentric worldview and human exceptionalism have come to influence the previous research regarding humans and animals. From this perspective, the animal's agency becomes central, which means that the animal acts as its own subject that mutually affects people and each other. Several parallels between the animal style ornamentation and the osteological material are also apparent both within the previous research and within my own analysis. In the previous research, a secondary view of animals abounds, and the focus is on human agency. But in the study's analysis, it becomes clear how the animal's agency is present. In both materials examined, bodies are mixed and assimilated in different and unique ways. The interpretation of the material is that people during the Late Iron Age thought "with both people and animals" and that people wanted to be influenced by animals. There was a world view were all living beings were a transversal unit, a so-called zoe. Both humans and animals were becomings initiated in a process of eternal co-creation.

Following the 2022 Swedish general election, all three of the Scandinavian countries have had right-wing populist parties either within the government or in cooperation with one. This thesis will review the origins and developments of the major, national, right-wing populist parties in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. It will further focus on the respective party’s development of relationship with other, mainstream parties, as well as the progression of cooperations and advancement towards influence of governmental politics. With the Scandinavian states’ high level of similarities across various areas, this thesis aims to review and analyse similarities and differences from the three examples connected to the theories. This methodology is based as a qualitative, comparative study, focusing on gathered text materials such as academic works, political statements and news. The empirical material gathered will be analysed and connected to theories like convergence, political strategy and party ideology among others, with the aim to observe what aspects these theories have had regarding both the emergence of the right-wing populist parties in Scandinavia, as well as in connection to their development of cooperation with other parties. Central conclusions from the thesis’s discussion and analysis shows how political convergence through various acts and happenings, have supported the achievements of the right-wing populist parties’ goals of entering governmental cooperation. Moreover, comparisons between the countries show similarities such as these parties being shunned by the mainstream ones for example, while some differences include the societal statuses at the point of the parties’ origins.

Bakgrund: Ett stort antal kvinnor drabbas av bröstcancer varje år. Drabbade kvinnor upplever ofta att behandlingen gör dem sjuka och inte cancern i sig, med anledning av biverkningar som behandlingarna för med sig. Att drabbas av sjukdom innebär en förändring i många aspekter. Sjuksköterskans ansvar är att arbeta personcentrerat där patientberättelsen lägger grunden för hennes omvårdnadsbehov. Syfte: Att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av att diagnostiseras och leva med bröstcancer i Skandinavien. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt. Resultat: Fyra teman framkom i resultatet, vilka var emotionellt kaos, förlust av identitet, relationers nya värde samt förändrat perspektiv. Emotionellt kaos utgjordes av chock, ångest och rädsla inför framtiden. Hos kvinnorna infann sig samtidigt en livslust. Moderskap, äktenskap och karriär försummas och kvinnans självbild förvrängs. Hela familjen påverkas då en kvinna får bröstcancer, vilket stärker eller stjälper nära relationer. Värdefulla detaljer i livet uppmärksammas och vardagen får en större mening. Konklusion: Det framkom tydligt att livslidande och sjukdomslidande tog stor plats i kvinnans liv. Sjukvården bör bemöta kvinnan som något mer än en cancersjuk patient. Sjuksköterskans roll är att stötta kvinnan i hennes lidandeprocess och arbeta för att eliminera vårdlidandet., Background: Every year a large number of women are diagnosed with breast cancer. The women often feel that the treatment is what makes them sick and not the cancer itself, due to the treatment's side effects. The nurse’s responsibility is to perform personcentered care in which the patient’s story lays the foundation for her nursing needs. Aim: To describe women's experiences of being diagnosed and living with breast cancer in Scandinavia. Method: A qualitative literature review. Findings: Four themes emerged from the result, which were emotional chaos, loss of identity, the new values of relationships and changed perspective. Emotional chaos consisted of shock, anxiety and fear. A lust for life also appeared in the women. Motherhood, marriage, relationships and career are affected and the woman's self-image is distorted. A change in the woman's outlook on life takes place and everyday life takes on greater meaning. Conclusion: It became clear that life suffering and suffering from illness took a large place in the woman's life. The role of the nurse is to support the woman in her process and work to prevent unnecessary suffering.

The main fortification tradition of pre-Viking Age eastern Sweden consisted of defensive walls built in an advanced dry-stone technique, some including internal timber-lacing and supporting earthen banks. Erected on mountain crests, hillocks, plains and shorelines, these constructions were part of the martial landscape of an immensely transformative period in Scandinavian Iron Age. However, inadequate temporal and spatial frameworks have long hampered any engagement with this phenomenon. In combination with the profound demilitarization of these walls and ramparts, which dominated Swedish archaeology from c. 1990 and two decades on, this has resulted in a state of knowledge of this tradition that is not on a par with the significance it once had. The thesis addresses these issues by establishing the chronology of this architectural tradition and, with this tool, by exploring the martial dimensions of the fortifications as well as the lifestyle of those behind the walls. Data from c. 80 excavations of various sizes, many of them carried out in the 20th century, are processed and combined with on-site analyses of the architecture and layout of the individual walls. Episodes concerning the concept of fortification in the Beowulf poem are examined and compared to the archaeological material. An approach is adopted which views the material culture of the fortifications as physical expressions of a complex network or system made up by the social, economic, religious and ideological elements that define the character of warfare and its participants. All members of a society are part of and influence such “war systems” practically as well as normatively, consciously or not. The study argues that the fortification tradition including the dry-stone technique was not static, widespread or an architectural monoculture. Instead, it was constantly evolving during the period AD 375/400-700/750 in relation to changing needs, ideals and skills according to regional conditions in th

Recently, Sjöblom et al. assessed the cause of the vitrified wall of Broborg, the 5th century CE hillfort in East Middle Sweden. By exploring possible incentives and competence to melt stones together, as well as the genesis of the vitrified material, the authors suggested that the builders of Broborg used vitrification as a construction method to strengthen the wall. In this comment, I critically examine the line of arguments presented in support of this claim. The conclusion reached is that there is no convincing evidence to warrant a construction hypothesis.

The main fortification tradition of pre-Viking Age eastern Sweden consisted of defensive walls built in an advanced dry-stone technique, some including internal timber-lacing and supporting earthen banks. Erected on mountain crests, hillocks, plains and shorelines, these constructions were part of the martial landscape of an immensely transformative period in Scandinavian Iron Age. However, inadequate temporal and spatial frameworks have long hampered any engagement with this phenomenon. In combination with the profound demilitarization of these walls and ramparts, which dominated Swedish archaeology from c. 1990 and two decades on, this has resulted in a state of knowledge of this tradition that is not on a par with the significance it once had. The thesis addresses these issues by establishing the chronology of this architectural tradition and, with this tool, by exploring the martial dimensions of the fortifications as well as the lifestyle of those behind the walls. Data from c. 80 excavations of various sizes, many of them carried out in the 20th century, are processed and combined with on-site analyses of the architecture and layout of the individual walls. Episodes concerning the concept of fortification in the Beowulf poem are examined and compared to the archaeological material. An approach is adopted which views the material culture of the fortifications as physical expressions of a complex network or system made up by the social, economic, religious and ideological elements that define the character of warfare and its participants. All members of a society are part of and influence such “war systems” practically as well as normatively, consciously or not. The study argues that the fortification tradition including the dry-stone technique was not static, widespread or an architectural monoculture. Instead, it was constantly evolving during the period AD 375/400-700/750 in relation to changing needs, ideals and skills according to regional conditions in th

Recently, Sjöblom et al. assessed the cause of the vitrified wall of Broborg, the 5th century CE hillfort in East Middle Sweden. By exploring possible incentives and competence to melt stones together, as well as the genesis of the vitrified material, the authors suggested that the builders of Broborg used vitrification as a construction method to strengthen the wall. In this comment, I critically examine the line of arguments presented in support of this claim. The conclusion reached is that there is no convincing evidence to warrant a construction hypothesis.

Organisationer inom de skandinaviska länderna står ständigtinför essentiella utmaningar. En accelererande globalisering,teknologisk utveckling och digitalisering har medfört nyakrav för fortsatt funktionalitet och överlevnad. Under desenaste åren har även extraordinära händelser såsomcovid-19-pandemin och kriget i Ukraina orsakat starkakontraster gällande organisatorisk anpassningsförmåga.Inarbetade metoder och arbetssätt har påverkats på mångaolika sätt, likaså behovet för att snabbt och effektivt kunnaställa om samtidigt som att hantera medarbetares reaktioneroch behov. Därför är det mycket aktuellt att undersöka omdet skett någon vital förändring kring de förändringsverktygoch metoder som använts vid implementering avtransformationsprocesser. Likaså är det av stor relevans attstudera medarbetares reaktioner för att skapa sig en bild avderas förmåga att hantera och acceptera enförändringsprocess. Syftet var att med underlag frånskandinavisk forskning stärka organisationersförutsättningar till flexibilitet, proaktivitet och stabilitet vidtransformationsprocesser. Detta genom att skapa en tematisksyntes som härleder hur medarbetare inom de skandinaviskaländerna idag, till skillnad från innan 2020, uppfattar enorganisatorisk transformationsprocess. Likväl vilkastabiliserande segment som organisationer använder för atthantera och bemöta medarbetaren vid förändringar. Studienutfördes genom en systematisk litteraturöversikt där densenaste forskningen studerades för att se om det uppkommittendenser till trendskiftningar inom genrenförändringsledning. Resultatet visar att det finns åttaframgångsrika segment för att skapa stabilitet vidförändringsprocesser. Dessa är; delaktighet och involvera,engagerat ledarskap och det mänskliga perspektivet,kommunikation, budskap och förståelse, organisatorisktansvarstagande, strategiska verktyg, stötta och coacha,tydliga roller och utbildning och träning. Inom segmenten;kommunikation, budskap och förståelse, organisatorisktansvarstagand, Organizations within the Scandinavian countries areconstantly faced with essential challenges. Acceleratingglobalization, technological development and digitizationhave brought new requirements for continued functionalityand survival. In recent years, also extraordinary events suchas the covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine havecaused strong contrasts regarding organizationaladaptability. Incorporated methods and working methodshave been affected in many different ways, as has the need tobe able to change quickly and efficiently at the same time ashandling the employee's reactions and needs. Therefore, it isvery relevant to study whether there has been any vitalchange regarding the change tools and methods used in theimplementation of transformation processes. Similarly, it isrelevant to study employees' reactions in order to create apicture of their ability to handle and accept a change process.The aim was to use data from Scandinavian research tostrengthen organizations' conditions for flexibility,proactivity and stability in transformation processes. This bycreating a thematic synthesis that derives how employees inthe Scandinavian countries today, unlike before 2020,perceive an organizational transformation process. However,which stabilizing segments do organizations use to manageand respond to the employee in the event of changes. Thestudy was carried out through a systematic literature reviewwhere the latest research was studied to see if there weretendencies towards trend shifts within the genre of changemanagement. The result shows that there are eight successfulsegments for creating stability in change processes. Theseare; participation and involvement, committed leadershipand the human perspective, communication, message andunderstanding, organizational responsibility, strategic tools,support and coaching, clear roles and education andtraining. Within the segments; communication, message andunderstanding, organizational responsibility and strategictool

Recently, Sjöblom et al. assessed the cause of the vitrified wall of Broborg, the 5th century CE hillfort in East Middle Sweden. By exploring possible incentives and competence to melt stones together, as well as the genesis of the vitrified material, the authors suggested that the builders of Broborg used vitrification as a construction method to strengthen the wall. In this comment, I critically examine the line of arguments presented in support of this claim. The conclusion reached is that there is no convincing evidence to warrant a construction hypothesis.

Organisationer inom de skandinaviska länderna står ständigtinför essentiella utmaningar. En accelererande globalisering,teknologisk utveckling och digitalisering har medfört nyakrav för fortsatt funktionalitet och överlevnad. Under desenaste åren har även extraordinära händelser såsomcovid-19-pandemin och kriget i Ukraina orsakat starkakontraster gällande organisatorisk anpassningsförmåga.Inarbetade metoder och arbetssätt har påverkats på mångaolika sätt, likaså behovet för att snabbt och effektivt kunnaställa om samtidigt som att hantera medarbetares reaktioneroch behov. Därför är det mycket aktuellt att undersöka omdet skett någon vital förändring kring de förändringsverktygoch metoder som använts vid implementering avtransformationsprocesser. Likaså är det av stor relevans attstudera medarbetares reaktioner för att skapa sig en bild avderas förmåga att hantera och acceptera enförändringsprocess. Syftet var att med underlag frånskandinavisk forskning stärka organisationersförutsättningar till flexibilitet, proaktivitet och stabilitet vidtransformationsprocesser. Detta genom att skapa en tematisksyntes som härleder hur medarbetare inom de skandinaviskaländerna idag, till skillnad från innan 2020, uppfattar enorganisatorisk transformationsprocess. Likväl vilkastabiliserande segment som organisationer använder för atthantera och bemöta medarbetaren vid förändringar. Studienutfördes genom en systematisk litteraturöversikt där densenaste forskningen studerades för att se om det uppkommittendenser till trendskiftningar inom genrenförändringsledning. Resultatet visar att det finns åttaframgångsrika segment för att skapa stabilitet vidförändringsprocesser. Dessa är; delaktighet och involvera,engagerat ledarskap och det mänskliga perspektivet,kommunikation, budskap och förståelse, organisatorisktansvarstagande, strategiska verktyg, stötta och coacha,tydliga roller och utbildning och träning. Inom segmenten;kommunikation, budskap och förståelse, organisatorisktansvarstagand, Organizations within the Scandinavian countries areconstantly faced with essential challenges. Acceleratingglobalization, technological development and digitizationhave brought new requirements for continued functionalityand survival. In recent years, also extraordinary events suchas the covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine havecaused strong contrasts regarding organizationaladaptability. Incorporated methods and working methodshave been affected in many different ways, as has the need tobe able to change quickly and efficiently at the same time ashandling the employee's reactions and needs. Therefore, it isvery relevant to study whether there has been any vitalchange regarding the change tools and methods used in theimplementation of transformation processes. Similarly, it isrelevant to study employees' reactions in order to create apicture of their ability to handle and accept a change process.The aim was to use data from Scandinavian research tostrengthen organizations' conditions for flexibility,proactivity and stability in transformation processes. This bycreating a thematic synthesis that derives how employees inthe Scandinavian countries today, unlike before 2020,perceive an organizational transformation process. However,which stabilizing segments do organizations use to manageand respond to the employee in the event of changes. Thestudy was carried out through a systematic literature reviewwhere the latest research was studied to see if there weretendencies towards trend shifts within the genre of changemanagement. The result shows that there are eight successfulsegments for creating stability in change processes. Theseare; participation and involvement, committed leadershipand the human perspective, communication, message andunderstanding, organizational responsibility, strategic tools,support and coaching, clear roles and education andtraining. Within the segments; communication, message andunderstanding, organizational responsibility and strategictool

Med en växande efterfråga efter hållbarhet är förhållandet mellan environmental, social & governance (ESG) och företagsprestanda ofta föremål för forskning. Forskningen om detta ämne har dock hittills inte varit entydig. Orsakerna till detta är olika metoder som används och snäva områden som endast representerar det specifika sammanhanget. Dessutom har förhållandet mellan ESG och företagens resultat hittills mestadels genomförts med fokus på rent finansiella mått, vilket gör att marknadsvärden i viss mån fortfarande är outforskade. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förhållandet mellan ESG och marknadsvärde (mätt med Tobin’s Q) inom kontexten av den skandinaviska industrisektorn. Med olika perspektiv från "shareholder theory”, "stakeholder theory” och från rationella eller etiska investerare, säger studiens hypoteser att det bör finnas ett signifikant positivt samband mellan ett företags ESG betyg och dess marknadsvärde, och att det bör finnas ett signifikant negativt samband mellan ett företags ESG risk och dess marknadsvärde. Genom en kvantitativ metod har tvärsnittsdata samlats in och införlivats i en multipel regressionsmodell med flera variabler. Studiens resultat tyder på att det inte finns något signifikant samband (positivt eller negativt) mellan ESG och marknadsvärde. Studien förkastar därav nollhypoteserna och således förklaringsförmågan hos de ovan nämnda teorierna. Det konkluderas att den skandinaviska marknaden troligen består av både rationella och etiska investerare, vilket neutraliserar den effekt som ett företags ESG värde har på dess marknadsvärde. Resultatet föreslår också att företag inom den skandinaviska industrisektorn kan implementera ESG utan att det missgynnar dess marknadsvärdering., With a growing demand for sustainability, the relationship between environmental, social & governance (ESG) and corporate performance is frequently occuring in research. However, research on this topic has as of now been inconclusive. The reasons for this are the different methodologies used and the narrow scopes that represent the specific context only. Furthermore, the relationship between ESG and corporate performance has mostly been conducted with a focus on strict financial metrics, leaving the perspective of market value to a certain degree still unexplored. This paper aims to examine the relationship between ESG and market value (measured by Tobin’s Q), in the context of the Scandinavian industrial sector. With different perspectives from Shareholder theory, Stakeholder theory and those from a rational or ethical investor, this study’s hypotheses states that there should exist a significant positive relationship between a company’s ESG score and their market value, and accordingly a significant negative relationship between a company’s ESG risk and their market value. Through a quantitative approach, cross-sectional data have been collected and incorporated in a multiple regression model with several variables. Our results suggest that no significant relationship (positive or negative) exists between ESG and market value. We therefore reject the null hypotheses and consequently the explanatory power of the above-mentioned theories as well. It is concluded that the Scandinavian market probably consists of both rational and ethical investors, neutralizing the effect a company’s ESG value has on its market value. The results further indicate that companies within the Scandinavian industrial sector might be able to incorporate ESG to improve their corporate behavior, with no negative market value effects.

The main fortification tradition of pre-Viking Age eastern Sweden consisted of defensive walls built in an advanced dry-stone technique, some including internal timber-lacing and supporting earthen banks. Erected on mountain crests, hillocks, plains and shorelines, these constructions were part of the martial landscape of an immensely transformative period in Scandinavian Iron Age. However, inadequate temporal and spatial frameworks have long hampered any engagement with this phenomenon. In combination with the profound demilitarization of these walls and ramparts, which dominated Swedish archaeology from c. 1990 and two decades on, this has resulted in a state of knowledge of this tradition that is not on a par with the significance it once had. The thesis addresses these issues by establishing the chronology of this architectural tradition and, with this tool, by exploring the martial dimensions of the fortifications as well as the lifestyle of those behind the walls. Data from c. 80 excavations of various sizes, many of them carried out in the 20th century, are processed and combined with on-site analyses of the architecture and layout of the individual walls. Episodes concerning the concept of fortification in the Beowulf poem are examined and compared to the archaeological material. An approach is adopted which views the material culture of the fortifications as physical expressions of a complex network or system made up by the social, economic, religious and ideological elements that define the character of warfare and its participants. All members of a society are part of and influence such “war systems” practically as well as normatively, consciously or not. The study argues that the fortification tradition including the dry-stone technique was not static, widespread or an architectural monoculture. Instead, it was constantly evolving during the period AD 375/400-700/750 in relation to changing needs, ideals and skills according to regional conditions in th

The main fortification tradition of pre-Viking Age eastern Sweden consisted of defensive walls built in an advanced dry-stone technique, some including internal timber-lacing and supporting earthen banks. Erected on mountain crests, hillocks, plains and shorelines, these constructions were part of the martial landscape of an immensely transformative period in Scandinavian Iron Age. However, inadequate temporal and spatial frameworks have long hampered any engagement with this phenomenon. In combination with the profound demilitarization of these walls and ramparts, which dominated Swedish archaeology from c. 1990 and two decades on, this has resulted in a state of knowledge of this tradition that is not on a par with the significance it once had. The thesis addresses these issues by establishing the chronology of this architectural tradition and, with this tool, by exploring the martial dimensions of the fortifications as well as the lifestyle of those behind the walls. Data from c. 80 excavations of various sizes, many of them carried out in the 20th century, are processed and combined with on-site analyses of the architecture and layout of the individual walls. Episodes concerning the concept of fortification in the Beowulf poem are examined and compared to the archaeological material. An approach is adopted which views the material culture of the fortifications as physical expressions of a complex network or system made up by the social, economic, religious and ideological elements that define the character of warfare and its participants. All members of a society are part of and influence such “war systems” practically as well as normatively, consciously or not. The study argues that the fortification tradition including the dry-stone technique was not static, widespread or an architectural monoculture. Instead, it was constantly evolving during the period AD 375/400-700/750 in relation to changing needs, ideals and skills according to regional conditions in th

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of how gender was used and expressed through burial customs in the South Scandinavian mesolithic. This topic was chosen to further explore gender aspects during the mesolithic through different perspectives on the burial to complement previous research. For this purpose 110 graves from Sweden and Denmark were examined and 48 of them were deemed appropriate to use as material for this study. The requirements for these graves were that the sex of the individuals needed to be osetiologically determined, the individuals had to be adults and double graves with individuals of more than one sex were excluded. The study revolves around four concepts to try to understand gender during the funerary ritual: Gender, Gender ideology, Funerary rituals and Grave goods. This study uses gender archeology as a theoretical framework to discuss the results and a hermeneutic approach is taken throughout. Patterns were found between male and female graves, some of which were stronger than others. The results show that certain grave goods were placed in the grave and in specific positions with gender in mind. These patterns are interpreted through the theoretical framework and point to a difference in gender ideology during the mesolithic that may be dependent on, among other things, occupation, genitalia and sexuality.

Following the 2022 Swedish general election, all three of the Scandinavian countries have had right-wing populist parties either within the government or in cooperation with one. This thesis will review the origins and developments of the major, national, right-wing populist parties in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. It will further focus on the respective party’s development of relationship with other, mainstream parties, as well as the progression of cooperations and advancement towards influence of governmental politics. With the Scandinavian states’ high level of similarities across various areas, this thesis aims to review and analyse similarities and differences from the three examples connected to the theories. This methodology is based as a qualitative, comparative study, focusing on gathered text materials such as academic works, political statements and news. The empirical material gathered will be analysed and connected to theories like convergence, political strategy and party ideology among others, with the aim to observe what aspects these theories have had regarding both the emergence of the right-wing populist parties in Scandinavia, as well as in connection to their development of cooperation with other parties. Central conclusions from the thesis’s discussion and analysis shows how political convergence through various acts and happenings, have supported the achievements of the right-wing populist parties’ goals of entering governmental cooperation. Moreover, comparisons between the countries show similarities such as these parties being shunned by the mainstream ones for example, while some differences include the societal statuses at the point of the parties’ origins.

Recently, Sjöblom et al. assessed the cause of the vitrified wall of Broborg, the 5th century CE hillfort in East Middle Sweden. By exploring possible incentives and competence to melt stones together, as well as the genesis of the vitrified material, the authors suggested that the builders of Broborg used vitrification as a construction method to strengthen the wall. In this comment, I critically examine the line of arguments presented in support of this claim. The conclusion reached is that there is no convincing evidence to warrant a construction hypothesis.