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Studien har undersökt upplevelsen av att vara anhörig till frihetsberövade samt utforskat anhörigas tillgång till stöd. Vidare har studien undersökt huruvida anhöriga upplever ett krav att bidra till den frihetsberövades återanpassning i samhället. I den tidigare forskningen som presenteras i studien beskrivs det att anhöriga till frihetsberövande kan drabbas av bland annat försämrad ekonomi, stigmatisering och stress. Bland den tidigare forskningen finns det en avsaknad av studier som undersöker detta ämne utifrån en svensk kontext, framförallt rörande vuxna anhöriga. Detta kan indikera på en kunskapslucka inom det svenska forskningsfältet och ämnet kan därför behöva utforskas i syfte att uppmärksamma målgruppens behov. För att genomföra denna studie har en kvalitativ metod tillämpats och fem intervjuer har genomförts som har utgått från en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Utifrån intervjuerna har en tematisk analys utförts i syfte att framföra studiens resultat. Respondenternas svar har tolkats utifrån Foucaults teori om makt, Goffmans beskrivning av stigma och begreppet skam. I resultatet framkommer det bland annat att anhöriga till frihetsberövade upplever skam och krav på att bidra till den frihetsberövades återanpassning i samhället. Anhöriga upplever också att Kriminalvård och Socialtjänst bemöter dem illa vilket har genererat en negativ syn på svenska myndigheter, This study aims to investigate the impact on relatives of incarcerated individuals, as well as the availability of support services for these relatives. Additionally, the study explores whether relatives feel a sense of responsibility to contribute to the reintegration of the incarcerated individual into society. To conduct this research, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with relatives who currently have incarcerated close ones. The findings have been analyzed using shame and stigma, as well as Foucault's theory of power. Results indicate that relatives experience changes in their financial situation, feel pressure to provide support to the incarcerated one to prevent them from relapse, and often face canceled visitations. Moreover, many respondents have expressed negative views towards the justice system due to their ill treatment. Social media serves as a support system for the majority of respondents, although there is also a presence of shame and stigma within the target group in other contexts. The motivation behind studying this topic is because of the lack of research on relatives of incarcerated individuals within the Swedish context. Additionally, there is a hope that by raising this issue, relatives can actively participate in the reintegration process for their incarcerated relatives, resulting in increased well-being for both parts

The objective of this study is to examine how professionals approach women that have experienced intimate partner rape. Sexual abuse is an area that has seen an upswing of interest in later years partly thanks to samtyckeslagen (the consent law) and #metoo. At the same time the field is full of misinterpretations and old prejudice that sometimes risks leading to poor professional approach from the professionals. Secondary victimization is an effect of the poor approach that means that the women feel victimized again but by the professionals instead of the perpetrator. Though the area has gained more scientific traction in later years there are still many questions remaining and gaps in knowledge to examine. Through this study we have found that the women continuously experience approaches that makes them feel victimized. We have also found that a lot of the victimization is based in old belief connected to rape myths, the belief that a rape looks a certain way and therefore also that the victim of rape is a certain way. At the same time the women also describe that some professionals have been absolutely essential to their healing. This imbalance in approach is also evident in the earlier research that we have found. Our analysis also found that secondary victimization doesn’t only happen in the meeting between the women and the professionals. The choice of wording in the documentation after the meeting have also proven to be able to wake feelings of both shame and pride with the women. It also became evident that the women that had been exposed to secondary victimization in some cases would go to long lengths to avoid further contact with professionals. This finding means that the secondary victimization risks preventing the authority from helping these women in the future.

Eating disorder is a serious illness that causes great suffering for those affected and their network of friends and family. The prognosis is described as generally positive, but a significant percentage develop severe illness with difficulties to recover. Knowing that eating disorders can be difficult to treat, new treatment methods need to be developed so that more patients can achieve a lasting improvement in health. People with eating disorders typically experience a high degree of self-shame as part of their condition. Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) is a therapeutic method that is integrative and transdiagnostic, and it aims to increase self-compassion and reduce shame and self-criticism in people suffering from mental illness. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate whether CFT can be an effective treatment option for people suffering from eating disorders. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven therapists with therapeutic competence in CBT, experience in treating eating disorders at a specialized level and knowledge of CFT. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis, which generated six themes that aimed to describe the core of the participants' experiences. The therapists in the study describe CFT as a missing piece of the puzzle, the pedagogical models and the evolutionary perspective of the method are described as particularly helpful. More research is needed to clarify the evidence. It is the understanding between shame, pride and eating disorder that the study finds a key area for how CFT could contribute to eating disorder treatment. Based on this study, compassion can be a way forward., Ätstörning är en allvarlig sjukdom som medför stort lidande för de drabbade och deras nätverk. Prognosen beskrivs som generellt gynnsam, men en betydande andel utvecklar svåra och långdragna förlopp. Med utgångspunkt i att ätstörningsproblematik kan vara svårbehandlad, behöver nya behandlingsmetoder utvecklas för att fler patienter ska kunna nå en bestående gynnsam förändring. Personer som lider av ätstörning upplever generellt hög grad av skam. Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) är en terapeutisk metod som är integrativ och transdiagnostisk, och har som mål att öka självmedkänsla och minska skam och självkritik hos personer som lider av psykisk ohälsa. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka om CFT kan vara ett effektivt behandlingsalternativ för personer som lider av ätstörning. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sju behandlare med terapeutisk kompetens i KBT, erfarenhet av behandling av ätstörningsproblematik på specialiserad nivå och kännedom om CFT. Datan analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys, vilken genererade sex teman som syftade till att beskriva kärnan i deltagarnas upplevelser. Terapeuterna i studien beskriver CFT som en saknad pusselbit. Metodens pedagogiska modeller och det evolutionära perspektivet beskrivs som särskilt hjälpsamt. Mer forskning behövs för att klargöra evidens. Det är i förståelsen mellan skam, stolthet och ätstörning som studien finner ett nyckelområde för hur CFT skulle kunna bidra inom ätstörningsbehandling. Med utgångspunkt i denna studie kan compassion vara en väg framåt.

Problematic school absenteeism and homebound students have over the years become a great problem in society. Research indicates that both causes for absenteeism and the path back to school are complex. Early detection is crucial to enable students to return to school. What do homebound students say about their situation? In this study, we aimed to explore the perspective of homebound students and attempted to understand what they are trying to communicate. Therefore, we chose to conduct a qualitative study where we analyzed six different podcasts. These podcasts consist of six different interviews with students who have been homebound themselves. We aimed to discover what these individuals, who have chosen to speak out in the media, want to tell society. The main object of this study was to examine how homebound students perceive themselves and their well-being, how they view their relationships with teachers, and what they want to mediate to society through podcasts. The analysis used a relational perspective and the concept of shame as a theoretical starting point. From the results, we drew several conclusions. To begin with, it is clear that students have a negative view of themselves where shame is a prominent feeling. Relationships with teachers were highlighted as crucial for students returning to school and a common thread in the students' voices was the experience of excessive demands. Too much focus on results and less on their actual well-being were commonly experienced.

The aim of this study was to explore and chart behavioral patterns and motives within problem gamblers in regards to understand why individuals become ensnared in the world of gambling with money. A qualitative netnographic method was used to gather data. The data gathered in the following study aims to answer the research questions, and thus making sure the purpose of the study is distinctly reached. This set of data was found using the online platform Reddit, and its’ subforum r/Problemgambling; a resource for individuals who struggles, have struggled and/or have connections with individuals who has/have struggled with a gambling problem. To analyze the data an approach of a thematic analysis was used. The results found that discussions on the forum was in line with previous research. Players get caught in a gambling problem when using it as a means to cope, escape, from everyday problems and from chasing their losses. The results found consequences linked to mental health problems, suicidal ideation and shame which have an impact on both the individual and their relations to friends and family. The thrill of gambling was a strong contributing factor to players not being able to quit gambling, and thus completing the endless cycle of gambling.

The text interprets shame as a fundamental way of social-moral experience of the world. This moral emotion is then crucial for self-awareness and the constitution of relationships with others. It is in this specific bodily experience of Self and relation to others that the ambiguity of the depersonalised Self opens up.

The text interprets shame as a fundamental way of social-moral experience of the world. This moral emotion is then crucial for self-awareness and the constitution of relationships with others. It is in this specific bodily experience of Self and relation to others that the ambiguity of the depersonalised Self opens up.

"With a particular emphasis on definitions, continuities, and change, this edited volume examines the historical role and function of haya' – or feelings of shame, modesty, and honor – in Islamic theology and law, and explores contemporary Muslims' engagements with the concept. The book explores various conceptions of haya' and the practices associated with the concept in both Muslim majority and minority contexts. The empirically rich contributions reveal how haya' is socially constructed in varying social and cultural environments across the globe. From medieval Islam to the modern day, this book demonstrates the importance of haya' and its temporal and spatial transformations." -- Provided by publisher., "With a particular emphasis on definitions, continuities, and change, this edited volume examines the historical role and function of haya' – or feelings of shame, modesty, and honor – in Islamic theology and law, and explores contemporary Muslims' engagements with the concept. The book explores various conceptions of haya' and the practices associated with the concept in both Muslim majority and minority contexts. The empirically rich contributions reveal how haya' is socially constructed in varying social and cultural environments across the globe. From medieval Islam to the modern day, this book demonstrates the importance of haya' and its temporal and spatial transformations." -- Provided by publisher.

Shame may be a transdiagnostic marker of psychopathology and might potentially have a negative impact on treatment outcome. This scoping review maps the empirical literature on shame and psychotherapy, with a focus on individual therapy. Searching the terms shame and psychotherapy in PubMed and PsycInfo, we identified 2,520 unique records. After screening and selection, 46 empirical studies were included in the review and three themes were extracted from them: the impact of psychotherapy on shame, the impact of shame on psychotherapy, and additional shame-related themes. Narrative synthesis suggested that shame decreases after psychotherapy. In a subset of quantitative treatment evaluation studies, a preliminary meta-analysis indicated a medium size decrease in shame. The impact of shame on individual psychotherapy was more nuanced. Additional themes included but were not limited to shame-appropriate versus nonappropriate therapeutic interventions or investigations of therapists’ reactions to patients’ shame. Research gaps and recommendations for future investigations are outlined.

As a proposed mediator between stigma-related stressors and negative mental health outcomes, HIV-related shame has been predictive of increased rates of substance use and difficulties adhering to antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV. These downstream manifestations have ultimately impeded progress toward national goals to End the HIV Epidemic, in part due to limited success of conventional psychotherapies in addressing HIV-related shame. In a pilot clinical trial (N = 12), receipt of psilocybin-assisted group therapy was associated with a large pre-post decrease in HIV-related shame as measured by the HIV and Abuse Related Shame Inventory, with a median (IQR) change of - 5.5 (- 6.5, - 3.5) points from baseline to 3-months follow-up (Z = - 2.6, p = 0.009, r = - 0.75). A paradoxical exacerbation of sexual abuse-related shame experienced by two participants following receipt of psilocybin raises critical questions regarding the use of psilocybin therapy among patients with trauma. These preliminary findings carry potential significance for the future of HIV care.

Based on fieldwork among young Danish women aged 16-20, this thesis investigates the impact of the menstrual etiquette on their embodiment, perceptions and interactions with their menstruation. Through an analysis of menstrual pain, shame and activism, this thesis shows how young Danish women are forced by cultural norms to conform to the menstrual etiquette and keep their menstrual experiences hidden. In this study, I draw on theoretical frameworks regarding pain and embodiment to explore the role of menstrual pain. By analyzing the fieldwork, the findings reveal how the young women’s experiences of intense period pain forces them to become aware of their bodies. Conforming to the menstrual etiquette, the young women hide their pain to avoid being judged. Furthermore, by utilizing theories on shame and menstrual concealment when diving into the concept of menstrual shame, I uncover how the menstrual etiquette enforces the taboo surrounding menstruation, leading the young women to embody shame. Shame becomes particularly evident when the young women accidentally expose their menstruation through menstrual products and blood. Fearing this shame, the young women conform to the menstrual etiquette by hiding their menstruation and helping each other to do so. Finally, I examine how these young women perform acts of everyday menstrual activism. As acts of defiance, by refusing to hide their menstrual experiences, the young women are motivated by the desire to normalize menstruation among their peers. These acts are not without consequences for the women, as they risk being judged for their actions, while also fighting their own embodied shame. Nonetheless, they are inspired by the broader menstrual movement and wish to contribute to breaking the stigma. Conclusively, this thesis emphasizes the necessity of understanding menstrual experiences through a cultural and gendered lens. Moreover, these insights can be applied to further academic and political action at all level

Based on fieldwork among young Danish women aged 16-20, this thesis investigates the impact of the menstrual etiquette on their embodiment, perceptions and interactions with their menstruation. Through an analysis of menstrual pain, shame and activism, this thesis shows how young Danish women are forced by cultural norms to conform to the menstrual etiquette and keep their menstrual experiences hidden. In this study, I draw on theoretical frameworks regarding pain and embodiment to explore the role of menstrual pain. By analyzing the fieldwork, the findings reveal how the young women’s experiences of intense period pain forces them to become aware of their bodies. Conforming to the menstrual etiquette, the young women hide their pain to avoid being judged. Furthermore, by utilizing theories on shame and menstrual concealment when diving into the concept of menstrual shame, I uncover how the menstrual etiquette enforces the taboo surrounding menstruation, leading the young women to embody shame. Shame becomes particularly evident when the young women accidentally expose their menstruation through menstrual products and blood. Fearing this shame, the young women conform to the menstrual etiquette by hiding their menstruation and helping each other to do so. Finally, I examine how these young women perform acts of everyday menstrual activism. As acts of defiance, by refusing to hide their menstrual experiences, the young women are motivated by the desire to normalize menstruation among their peers. These acts are not without consequences for the women, as they risk being judged for their actions, while also fighting their own embodied shame. Nonetheless, they are inspired by the broader menstrual movement and wish to contribute to breaking the stigma. Conclusively, this thesis emphasizes the necessity of understanding menstrual experiences through a cultural and gendered lens. Moreover, these insights can be applied to further academic and political action at all level

Citizen science projects are vulnerable to top-down directivity, and driven by assumptions of one-directional ambitions with regard to capacity building and knowledge production. Through the story of Ruth, we discuss how deep-seated legacies of inequality influence the politics of knowledge and explore what we, involved in citizen science projects, could learn from the politics of knowledge as it emerges from decolonisation struggles—particularly as manifested within the academy. Most universities are orientated around Western knowledge regimes that mute many other ways of knowing and ordering the world. Significant inroads have been made when writing on decolonising education but less is known about the effects of the colonisation of state institutions and the disturbances, interferences, and disruptions to organising, sharing, and creating knowledge in public spheres outside of these same universities. These disturbances affect the personal and collective histories of people so that when they are part of research linked to the university, their everyday lives become enmeshed with institutional hegemonies. Research is not dissociated from its deeply entrenched colonial roots. If decolonisation means going deeper into the legitimacy of knowledge and who and how this is being defined, then this must include the process of producing that knowledge outside the bastions of power.

Both practicing self-compassion and sharing difficult experiences with trusted others to feel less alone in suffering can help individuals decrease their negative affect (Masaviru, 2016; Neff, 2003). When completed privately, self-compassion exercises can partly reduce negative affect following a shame-recall exercise, and self-disclosure literature suggests that sharing private information with a select few can benefit the individual. Social media’s popularity has brought together public disclosures, and discussions of difficult experiences. Contrary to the traditional use of social media in which users seek approval from their audience (Pinkerton et al., 2017; Sheldon & Newman, 2019), social media users are beginning to share posts about their imperfections while being self-compassionate. This research examined whether it is beneficial for university students to use social media to publicly engage in typically private practices of self-compassion. I hypothesized that those who wrote about difficult experiences with self-compassion in a public manner would experience higher negative affect, less emotional relief, and greater desire for reassurance than those who wrote in this way privately. To test this hypothesis, in Study 1 I developed and evaluated an embarrassment-recall task because sharing of embarrassment can be especially helpful in reducing this uncomfortable emotion (Leary et al., 1996). Participants in Study 1 rated their affect before and after an embarrassment-recall and a self-compassion induction. Study 2 included two independent projects: Study 2a used online questionnaires to examine correlations of participant traits and social media behaviours, while Study 2b used the embarrassment task from Study 1 to consider how variations in the expectations of privacy (private vs. public) for self-compassionate writing affected how participants evaluated their self-compassionate writing and whether they endorsed hopes related to reassurance-seeking. Particip

Bakgrund: Kvinnor som har varit med om sexuellt våld löper högre risk för att drabbas av en rad olika konsekvenser som kan begränsa offrets förmåga till att känna hälsa och välbefinnande. Sexuellt våld ökar sannolikheten för psykisk ohälsa och riskbeteende, som bland annat depression, PTSD, högre konsumtion av alkohol. Kvinnor som har utsatts för sexuellt våld tenderar också att känna skam, vilket leder till en försämrad självkänsla. Inom vården råder det bristande kunskap kring sexuellt våld, vilket kan leda till att vårdpersonalen har svårt att nyttjas vårdens resurser för att erbjuda rätt stöd. Syfte: Att beskriva hur sexuellt våld påverkar kvinnors psykiska hälsa Metod: En litteraturöversikt av kvantitativ och kvalitativ forskning tillämpades enligt Fribergs metod, där tio vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades utifrån fyra steg. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i ett huvudtema och tre underteman. Huvudtemat var negativa känslomässiga upplevelser av sexuellt våld och underteman var psykiska symptom och relaterade riskbeetenden, skam och skuld och känslan av utanförskap. Slutsats: Studien beskriver hur sexuellt våld försämrar kvinnors psykiska hälsa och minimerar det psykiska välbefinnandet ur olika aspekter. Vidare lyfter studien upp vikten av socialt stöd för att hjälpa dessa kvinnor att finna mening med livet trots psykisk ohälsa., Background: Women who have experienced sexual violence are at higher risk of suffering a range of consequences that can limit the victim's ability to experience health and well-being. Sexual violence increases the probability of mental illness and risky behavior, such as depression, PTSD, higher consumption of alcohol. Women who have been victims of sexual violence also tend to feel shame and guilt, which results in lower self-esteem. There is a lack of knowledge about sexual violence, which can lead to difficulties to use the right resources to offer the right support to the victims. Aim: Describe how sexual violence affects women’s mental health. Method: A literature review of quantitative and qualitative research was applied according to Friberg’s method, ten scientific articles were analyzed using four stages Results: The analysis resulted in one main theme and three subthemes. The main theme was negative emotional experience of sexual violence and the subthemes were psychological symptoms and related risk behaviors, shame and guilt and the feeling of alienation. Conclusion: The study describes how sexual violence impair women's mental health and minimize physical well-being from different aspects. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of social support to help these women find meaning in life despite mental illness.

The objective of this thesis is to make a psychological analysis of the protagonist, Shouya Ishida, in director Naoko Yamada’s movie Koe no Katachi. 12-year-old Ishida bullies a deaf transfer student because he does not know how to communicate with her. At some point this goes too far, resulting in her transferring out again, leaving Ishida as the target of the bullying from his classmates. The now 17-year-old Ishida, remorseful and depressed, plans to take his own life. But after an encounter with the girl whom he once bullied, he has a change of heart and instead tries to repent for his actions. I studied how the bullying first began and how the effects of it impacted Ishida’s life later on. I also analysed his guilt, shame and uses of defence mechanisms. Finally, I investigated the act of forgiving oneself. This thesis concludes that defence mechanisms heavily influence Ishida’s actions, both as a child and as a teen. Additionally, how his guilt and shame play a large role in damaging his ability to form new relationships and forgive himself for his past actions.

Since The Well of Loneliness’ publication in 1928, critics have notoriously understood Radclyffe Hall’s sexually inverted protagonist as a lesbian character. Nevertheless, despite its reputation as the lesbian novel for the majority of the early and mid-twentieth century, Stephen Gordon has been heavily criticised in lesbian circles for her hyper-masculine, “mannish”, and melancholic lesbian representation. With the rise of the queer and trans movement, some contemporary critics have started arguing that Stephen’s experiences correspond more accurately to that of a queer, trans person. Grounded in Queer theory, especially Judith Butler’s conceptualisation of gender performativity as well as Feminist and Queer literary criticism, the purpose of this essay is to explore how queer gender identity and sexuality are presented, explored, and negotiated during the early twentieth century. Embedded in this literary exploration, I will also turn to affect theory to analyse notions of shame, loss, pride, and resistance in relation to queer experiences and identity formation, as well as its correlation to societal norms regarding gender and sexuality. I claim that Hall’s protagonist should be read as a trans “genderqueer” character rather than a cisgender lesbian. Stephen Gordon both subverts and endorses gender norms in her exploration of her queerness in accord with the socio-cultural and political climate of her time, which ultimately contributes to how and why her queer identity is formed the way it is. Thus, by focusing on Stephen´s experiences of being queer, treating her as a trans character that embodies both transmasculine, lesbian and female experiences, this essay aspires to untangle the complex relationship between gender, sexuality, and shame in a non-essentialist way. The concept of “genderqueer” enables me to situate the novel in a larger and more fluid discourse of queer identities and experiences and thus contribute to a better understanding of how queer ident

Denna uppsats börjar i tänkandet hos Augustinus, som förutom med hans egen definition av tänkandet som ett samlande också ser tänkandet som ett välvande [volvere] och ett fusionerande [fusio]. Tänkandet som ett välvande sker genom att ord revolverar [revolvere]. Detta leder till upptäckten av att vara involverad [involvere] i världen. Eftersom man är involverad vill man försöka evolvera [evolvere] det i vilket man är involverad: strukturen är volvere–revolvere–involvere–evolvere. Detta hänger samman med varats utgjutning [diffusio] som ingjuts [infusio] i människorna, varför människan ur förskingring vill fusionera [fusio] sin verklighet. Ur detta uppstår confusio. Hos Augustinus bestäms människan av ett tredelat confusio: kosmologiskt som upphov, biologiskt som skam och kognitivt som förvirring., The following thesis takes as its point of departure the implicit Augustinian view of thinking. Besides his own definition of thinking as a ”collecting” in the Confessions (and his view of thinking in On the Trinity), Augustine also suggests thinking as volving [volvere]. This kind of thinking is structured by words revolving [revolvere] in the mind. This, is suggested, by necessity leads to an involvement [involvere] in the world. The fact of being involved in the world also means striving to evolve [evolvere] that in which you are involved: the structure is volvere–revolvere–involvere–evolvere. This, in turn, is due to ”being” being diffused [diffusio], which then is infused [infusio] into human beings. As a result, the human being tries by thinking to fuse [fusio] reality from dispersion into unity. From this, confusion [confusio] emerges. Here, the structure is diffusio–infusio–fusio–confusio. The aim of this thesis is to envelope and place what for Augustine is predominantly a negative notion of confusio in the right manner as a generative and dynamic notion, structured in a threefold manner: cosmologically as origin, biologically as shame, cognitively as confusion. These being three aspects defining the ego.

A challenge for history education in Sweden involves integrating questions regarding relationships and sex education. The purpose of this article is to explore how students and teachers relate historical narratives about women’s sexuality between the past and present, with a particular focus on students’ discussion of shame. To analyse shame as something beyond the individual, we focus on the interrelationship of gender, sexuality and shame. The study builds on a poststructural understanding of gender, norms, sexuality and subjectification. The data comprise video-recorded classroom observations, focus group interviews with 16–19-year-old students, and interviews with their teachers. The findings are structured into two themes: shame as regulating women’s sexuality, and sexualised shame as a historical continuity. We conclude that it is highly challenging for a history teacher to construe a classroom environment that breaks with traditional historiography without resorting to a fragmentation of history into isolated case studies of the spectacular.

A challenge for history education in Sweden involves integrating questions regarding relationships and sex education. The purpose of this article is to explore how students and teachers relate historical narratives about women’s sexuality between the past and present, with a particular focus on students’ discussion of shame. To analyse shame as something beyond the individual, we focus on the interrelationship of gender, sexuality and shame. The study builds on a poststructural understanding of gender, norms, sexuality and subjectification. The data comprise video-recorded classroom observations, focus group interviews with 16–19-year-old students, and interviews with their teachers. The findings are structured into two themes: shame as regulating women’s sexuality, and sexualised shame as a historical continuity. We conclude that it is highly challenging for a history teacher to construe a classroom environment that breaks with traditional historiography without resorting to a fragmentation of history into isolated case studies of the spectacular.

A challenge for history education in Sweden involves integrating questions regarding relationships and sex education. The purpose of this article is to explore how students and teachers relate historical narratives about women’s sexuality between the past and present, with a particular focus on students’ discussion of shame. To analyse shame as something beyond the individual, we focus on the interrelationship of gender, sexuality and shame. The study builds on a poststructural understanding of gender, norms, sexuality and subjectification. The data comprise video-recorded classroom observations, focus group interviews with 16–19-year-old students, and interviews with their teachers. The findings are structured into two themes: shame as regulating women’s sexuality, and sexualised shame as a historical continuity. We conclude that it is highly challenging for a history teacher to construe a classroom environment that breaks with traditional historiography without resorting to a fragmentation of history into isolated case studies of the spectacular.

A challenge for history education in Sweden involves integrating questions regarding relationships and sex education. The purpose of this article is to explore how students and teachers relate historical narratives about women’s sexuality between the past and present, with a particular focus on students’ discussion of shame. To analyse shame as something beyond the individual, we focus on the interrelationship of gender, sexuality and shame. The study builds on a poststructural understanding of gender, norms, sexuality and subjectification. The data comprise video-recorded classroom observations, focus group interviews with 16–19-year-old students, and interviews with their teachers. The findings are structured into two themes: shame as regulating women’s sexuality, and sexualised shame as a historical continuity. We conclude that it is highly challenging for a history teacher to construe a classroom environment that breaks with traditional historiography without resorting to a fragmentation of history into isolated case studies of the spectacular.

Sexual assault (SA) remains a pervasive issue with profound psychological and social implications. This study investigated the relationships between shame, rape myth culture (RMC), dissociation, and revictimization among college students utilizing southern university health center counseling services. Using a quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional research design, the study addressed a gap in the existing literature by examining how these factors act together and affect SA survivors' mental health. The research questions focused on the decrease in shame following SA, the impact of revictimization on shame levels, and whether acceptance of rape myths and dissociation mediate this relationship. The study also explored whether these mediating effects are moderated by revictimization. The theoretical framework incorporated trauma theory, RMC theory, dissociation theory, and shame resilience theory. Data was collected through self-report surveys including TOSCA-3, DES II, and IRMA, and are analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression, and moderated mediation models. The findings within this study are expected to enhance mental health professionals' understanding of survivors' experiences and inform the development of educational and preventive measures to reduce revictimization within the college population.

A growing body of research indicates various mental and behavioral health problems are associated with combat-related experiences and witnessing the atrocities of war. Emerging research demonstrates the importance of identifying resilient traits in individuals that lessen the degree to which they develop symptoms associated with moral injury. The current study examined the relationship between moral injury, shame, and guilt outcomes. It also examined the potential moderating role self-compassion may have in these relationships. Participants were 139 military veterans and service members who completed an online questionnaire. Simple linear regression analyses show that morally injurious experiences moderately predicted shame and slightly predicted guilt among the participants in the sample. Simple moderation analyses indicate that self-compassion moderated the effect of morally injurious experiences in predicting shame and guilt. Individuals in the sample were found to experience shame and guilt with high self-compassion. However, the effect greatly depends on the level of self-compassion. The results indicate that self-compassion may heighten self-awareness and have an important role in developing mental health outcomes associated with morally injurious experiences, and further research into this association is recommended.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om exposekonton reproducerar befintliga maktstrukturer och samhällsnormer bland unga. Därtill hur fenomenet påverkar dagens unga i deras liv och relationer. Målet var att öka kunskapen och lyfta ämnet kring exposekonton då det är ett socialt fenomen som saknar omfattande vetenskaplig forskning. Det är viktigt att vuxna har kunskap om ämnet, eftersom det är en del av ungas digitala vardag. Att bidra med kunskap hoppas vi leder till en ökad dialog bland vuxna. Studien genomfördes med kvantitativ metod och enkätundersökningar, totalt deltog 109 respondenter mellan 15–18 år i undersökningen i Skåne län. Resultatet i studien visar att det främst är killar som är förövare och tjejer som blir utsatta för att blir uthängda på exposekonto, vilket visar på att det finns en tydlig maktförskjutning. En stor andel av respondenterna menar på att exposekonton skapar förväntningar och normer på respektive kön. Det är tydligt att den utsatta påverkas på flera plan i livet samt upplever starka känslor av skam, nedstämdhet och ilska. Resultatet analyseras utifrån Michel Foucault & Judith Butlers teori om könsmakt samt Thomas Scheffs teorier om skam och sociala band och Raewyn Connells teori om maskuliniteter., The aim of the study was to investigate if expose accounts reproduce society's existing power structure and social norms among young people. In addition, how the phenomenon affects the lives and relationships of today's youth. The goal was to raise awareness about the topic, as it is a social phenomenon that has no scientific research. It's important for adults around young people to have knowledge about the subject, as it is a part of young people's digital life. The study was conducted using a quantitative method with surveys. A total of 109 respondents participated in the region Skane. The results of the study show that primarily boys are the perpetrators and girls are the ones who become victims for being exposed, indicating a clear power imbalance. A large percentage of the respondents believe that expose accounts create expectations and norms for each gender. It is clear that the victim is affected on several levels in life and experiencing strong emotions of shame, sadness, and anger. The results are analyzed based on Michel Foucault & Judith Butler's theory of gender power, Thomas Scheff's theories of shame and social bonds, and Raewyn Connell's theory of masculinity.

Prokrastinering är ett utbrett fenomen över hela världen som innebär att frivilligt skjuta upp eller inte fullfölja uppgifter trots vetskapen om de negativa konsekvenserna till följd av det. Det kan ses som en irrationell försening av vissa åtaganden, ofta för att undvika negativa känslor, eller som ett tecken på bristande självreglering när man konfronteras med utmanande eller obekväma uppgifter. Forskning visar att prokrastinering är kopplad till depression, ångest, ökad stress och sämre akademiska prestationer. Det verkar dessutom som att antalet personer som uppvisar uppskjutarbeteende och graden av prokrastinering ökar. Denna studie ämnade att utforskaeventuella samband och förhållanden mellan självskattad prokrastinering, skam och känsloreglering. Den undersökte även om dessa förhållanden modereras av ålder. Studien genomfördes för att öka förståelsen kring prokrastinering och dess negativa effekter. Genom att identifiera mekanismer bakom prokrastinering kan interventioner anpassas för att minska beteendet och öka välbefinnandet. En enkät distribuerades till allmän befolkning där 200 individer svarade, varav 37 män och 163 kvinnor. Medelåldern för samtliga deltagare var 39,21, SD = 11,06. Resultaten visade att skam, känsloregleringssvårigheter och prokrastinering är signifikant korrelerade. Högre nivåer av skam och känsloregleringssvårigheter är associerade med ökad tendens till prokrastinering. Även om ålder inte visade sig vara en signifikant moderator visademedelvärden hur skam och känsloregleringssvårigheter samt prokrastinering minskar med ålder., Procrastination is a global phenomenon, involves the voluntary delay or non-completion of tasks despite awareness of the negative consequences. Often percieved as an irrational postponement of certain commitments to avoid negative emotions, or as a sign of deficient selfregulation when confronted with challenging or uncomfortable tasks. Research indicates that procrastination is linked to depression, anxiety, increased stress, and poor academic performance. Moreover, it appears that the number of individuals exhibiting procrastinatory behavior and the degree of procrastination are on the rise. This study aimed to explore potential associations and relationships between self-reported procrastination, shame, and emotion regulation. The research also investigated whether these relationships were moderated by age. The study was conducted to enhance understanding of procrastination and its negative effects. By identifying mechanisms behind procrastination, interventions can be tailored to reduce the behavior and increase wellbeing. A survey was distributed to the general population, with 200 individuals responding of which 37 identified as men and 163 as women. The mean age of all participants was 39.21, SD = 11.06. The results showed that shame, difficulties in emotion regulation, and procrastination are significantly correlated. Higher levels of shame and emotion regulation difficulties are associated with an increased tendency to procrastinate. Although age did not prove to be a significant moderator, mean values demonstrated how shame, emotion regulation difficulties, and procrastination decrease with age.

Extraversion och skam är psykologiska företeelser relaterade till social interaktion. En individ som besitter en hög nivå av extraversion tros ha egenskaper som att vara pratsam, social, optimistisk och person-orienterad. Skam är en känsla som uppstår när en individ observeras kränka vad samhället skulle uppfatta som en moralisk eller social förväntan. Extraversion och skam kan anses vara sociala eftersom extraversion är hur du agerar och beter dig i en social miljö och skam är hur du skulle känna och reagera när skamliga känslor introduceras i dessa situationer. Utifrån detta undersöks i denna studie vilken typ av relation dessa två variabler har med varandra. Denna studie syftar till att utforska sambandet mellan extraversion och delskalorna i Compass of Shame-skalan. 52 deltagare i åldrarna 18-64 där 79% var kvinnor och 19% män besvarade ett frågeformulär bestående av 8 items från Big Five Inventory (BIF) som utgör delskalan om extraversion och 48 items från Compass of Shame Scale (CoSS). En korrelationsanalys och regressionsanalys utfördes med hjälp av statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultaten indikerade ett måttligt samband och en negativ korrelation mellan extraversion och skam. Delskalorna skiljde sig inte nämnvärt i sin relation till extraversion och delskalorna hade även en mycket stark korrelation till varandra, vilket indikerar att de mäter samma sak även om CoSS påstår sig mäta olika dimensioner av skam., Extraversion and shame are psychological phenomena related to social interaction. An individual who possesses a high level of extraversion is believed to have certain characteristics such as being talkative, social, optimistic and people-oriented. Shame is an emotion that arises when an individual is observed to be violating what society would perceive as a moral or social expectation. Extraversion and shame are considered to be social because extraversion is how you act and behave in a social setting and shame is how you would feel and react when shameful emotions are introduced into these situations. Based on this, this study examines what kind of relationship these two variables have with each other. This study aims to explore the relationship between extraversion and the subscales of the Compass of Shame scale. 52 participants aged 18-64 with 79% being women and 19% being men answered a questionnaire consisting of 8 items from the Big Five Inventory (BIF) that make up the extraversion subscale and 48 items from the Compass of Shame Scale (CoSS). A correlation analysis and a regression analysis were performed using the statistical program SPSS. The results indicated a moderate relationship and a negative correlation between extraversion and shame. The subscales did not differ significantly in their relationship to extraversion and the subscales also had a very strong relationship to each other, which indicates that they measure the same thing even though CoSS claims to measure different dimensions of shame.

Bakgrund: Kvinnor som har varit med om sexuellt våld löper högre risk för att drabbas av en rad olika konsekvenser som kan begränsa offrets förmåga till att känna hälsa och välbefinnande. Sexuellt våld ökar sannolikheten för psykisk ohälsa och riskbeteende, som bland annat depression, PTSD, högre konsumtion av alkohol. Kvinnor som har utsatts för sexuellt våld tenderar också att känna skam, vilket leder till en försämrad självkänsla. Inom vården råder det bristande kunskap kring sexuellt våld, vilket kan leda till att vårdpersonalen har svårt att nyttjas vårdens resurser för att erbjuda rätt stöd. Syfte: Att beskriva hur sexuellt våld påverkar kvinnors psykiska hälsa Metod: En litteraturöversikt av kvantitativ och kvalitativ forskning tillämpades enligt Fribergs metod, där tio vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades utifrån fyra steg. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i ett huvudtema och tre underteman. Huvudtemat var negativa känslomässiga upplevelser av sexuellt våld och underteman var psykiska symptom och relaterade riskbeetenden, skam och skuld och känslan av utanförskap. Slutsats: Studien beskriver hur sexuellt våld försämrar kvinnors psykiska hälsa och minimerar det psykiska välbefinnandet ur olika aspekter. Vidare lyfter studien upp vikten av socialt stöd för att hjälpa dessa kvinnor att finna mening med livet trots psykisk ohälsa., Background: Women who have experienced sexual violence are at higher risk of suffering a range of consequences that can limit the victim's ability to experience health and well-being. Sexual violence increases the probability of mental illness and risky behavior, such as depression, PTSD, higher consumption of alcohol. Women who have been victims of sexual violence also tend to feel shame and guilt, which results in lower self-esteem. There is a lack of knowledge about sexual violence, which can lead to difficulties to use the right resources to offer the right support to the victims. Aim: Describe how sexual violence affects women’s mental health. Method: A literature review of quantitative and qualitative research was applied according to Friberg’s method, ten scientific articles were analyzed using four stages Results: The analysis resulted in one main theme and three subthemes. The main theme was negative emotional experience of sexual violence and the subthemes were psychological symptoms and related risk behaviors, shame and guilt and the feeling of alienation. Conclusion: The study describes how sexual violence impair women's mental health and minimize physical well-being from different aspects. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of social support to help these women find meaning in life despite mental illness.

Samhällets normer och förväntningar kring traditionell manlighet kan ha en djupgående inverkan på det emotionella välbefinnandet hos unga män. Denna uppsats utforskar hur manliga ideal ser ut och hur de reproduceras. Dessa ideal betonar egenskaper som dominans och emotionell återhållsamhet som formar tonåringar och unga vuxna män. Genom en genomgång av empiriska studier undersöker analysen effekterna av maskulinitetsnormer som avråder från öppet uttryck av andra känslor än ilska. Resultaten visar att många unga män känner ett intensivt tryck att följa begränsande könsroller och undertrycka sårbara känslor som uppfattas som omanliga svagheter, där skam är den dominerande känslan. Denna emotionella begränsning är förknippad med ökad risk för depression, skadliga sociala grupper och ansträngda relationer till omgivningen. Uppsatsen överväger faktorer som förstärker sådana normer samt upplysningar som syftar till att främja emotionell medvetenhet och hälsosammare syn på maskulinitet. Möjligheterna för att förbättra stödsystem för att främja den emotionella utvecklingen hos unga män diskuteras även kort. Genom att bättre förstå samspelet mellan maskulina ideal och psykosocialt välbefinnande kan åtgärder vidtas för att minska könsbaserade hinder för unga mäns självuttryck och självförverkligande. Arbetet har avgränsats till hur unga män upplever och relaterar till de förväntningar och ideal som ställs på dem, delvis på en fysisk nivå men också emotionellt., Societal norms and expectations around traditional masculinity can have a profound impact on the emotional well-being and self-expression of young men. This paper explores how rigid masculine ideals prevalent in many cultures, which emphasize traits like dominance and emotional restraint, shape the lived experiences of adolescent and young adult males. Drawing from a review of empirical studies, the analysis examines the toll of masculinity norms that discourage open expression of emotions beyond anger. Findings indicate many young men feel intense pressure to adhere to restrictive gender roles, suppressing vulnerable feelings that are perceived as unmasculine weaknesses where shame is the main emotion. This emotional constraint is associated with increased risk for depression, toxic social groups and strained interpersonal relationships. The paper considers socio-cultural factors that reinforce such norms as well as interventions aimed at promoting emotional awareness and healthier masculinities. Implications for improving support systems to foster the emotional development of young men are discussed. By better understanding the interplay between masculinity ideals and psychosocial well-being, steps can be taken to reduce gender-based barriers to young males' self-expression and actualization. The work has been delimited to how young men experience and relate to the expectations and ideals placed on them, partly on a physical level but also emotionally.

Since The Well of Loneliness’ publication in 1928, critics have notoriously understood Radclyffe Hall’s sexually inverted protagonist as a lesbian character. Nevertheless, despite its reputation as the lesbian novel for the majority of the early and mid-twentieth century, Stephen Gordon has been heavily criticised in lesbian circles for her hyper-masculine, “mannish”, and melancholic lesbian representation. With the rise of the queer and trans movement, some contemporary critics have started arguing that Stephen’s experiences correspond more accurately to that of a queer, trans person. Grounded in Queer theory, especially Judith Butler’s conceptualisation of gender performativity as well as Feminist and Queer literary criticism, the purpose of this essay is to explore how queer gender identity and sexuality are presented, explored, and negotiated during the early twentieth century. Embedded in this literary exploration, I will also turn to affect theory to analyse notions of shame, loss, pride, and resistance in relation to queer experiences and identity formation, as well as its correlation to societal norms regarding gender and sexuality. I claim that Hall’s protagonist should be read as a trans “genderqueer” character rather than a cisgender lesbian. Stephen Gordon both subverts and endorses gender norms in her exploration of her queerness in accord with the socio-cultural and political climate of her time, which ultimately contributes to how and why her queer identity is formed the way it is. Thus, by focusing on Stephen´s experiences of being queer, treating her as a trans character that embodies both transmasculine, lesbian and female experiences, this essay aspires to untangle the complex relationship between gender, sexuality, and shame in a non-essentialist way. The concept of “genderqueer” enables me to situate the novel in a larger and more fluid discourse of queer identities and experiences and thus contribute to a better understanding of how queer ident

The objective of this thesis is to make a psychological analysis of the protagonist, Shouya Ishida, in director Naoko Yamada’s movie Koe no Katachi. 12-year-old Ishida bullies a deaf transfer student because he does not know how to communicate with her. At some point this goes too far, resulting in her transferring out again, leaving Ishida as the target of the bullying from his classmates. The now 17-year-old Ishida, remorseful and depressed, plans to take his own life. But after an encounter with the girl whom he once bullied, he has a change of heart and instead tries to repent for his actions. I studied how the bullying first began and how the effects of it impacted Ishida’s life later on. I also analysed his guilt, shame and uses of defence mechanisms. Finally, I investigated the act of forgiving oneself. This thesis concludes that defence mechanisms heavily influence Ishida’s actions, both as a child and as a teen. Additionally, how his guilt and shame play a large role in damaging his ability to form new relationships and forgive himself for his past actions.

Denna uppsats börjar i tänkandet hos Augustinus, som förutom med hans egen definition av tänkandet som ett samlande också ser tänkandet som ett välvande [volvere] och ett fusionerande [fusio]. Tänkandet som ett välvande sker genom att ord revolverar [revolvere]. Detta leder till upptäckten av att vara involverad [involvere] i världen. Eftersom man är involverad vill man försöka evolvera [evolvere] det i vilket man är involverad: strukturen är volvere–revolvere–involvere–evolvere. Detta hänger samman med varats utgjutning [diffusio] som ingjuts [infusio] i människorna, varför människan ur förskingring vill fusionera [fusio] sin verklighet. Ur detta uppstår confusio. Hos Augustinus bestäms människan av ett tredelat confusio: kosmologiskt som upphov, biologiskt som skam och kognitivt som förvirring., The following thesis takes as its point of departure the implicit Augustinian view of thinking. Besides his own definition of thinking as a ”collecting” in the Confessions (and his view of thinking in On the Trinity), Augustine also suggests thinking as volving [volvere]. This kind of thinking is structured by words revolving [revolvere] in the mind. This, is suggested, by necessity leads to an involvement [involvere] in the world. The fact of being involved in the world also means striving to evolve [evolvere] that in which you are involved: the structure is volvere–revolvere–involvere–evolvere. This, in turn, is due to ”being” being diffused [diffusio], which then is infused [infusio] into human beings. As a result, the human being tries by thinking to fuse [fusio] reality from dispersion into unity. From this, confusion [confusio] emerges. Here, the structure is diffusio–infusio–fusio–confusio. The aim of this thesis is to envelope and place what for Augustine is predominantly a negative notion of confusio in the right manner as a generative and dynamic notion, structured in a threefold manner: cosmologically as origin, biologically as shame, cognitively as confusion. These being three aspects defining the ego.

A challenge for history education in Sweden involves integrating questions regarding relationships and sex education. The purpose of this article is to explore how students and teachers relate historical narratives about women’s sexuality between the past and present, with a particular focus on students’ discussion of shame. To analyse shame as something beyond the individual, we focus on the interrelationship of gender, sexuality and shame. The study builds on a poststructural understanding of gender, norms, sexuality and subjectification. The data comprise video-recorded classroom observations, focus group interviews with 16–19-year-old students, and interviews with their teachers. The findings are structured into two themes: shame as regulating women’s sexuality, and sexualised shame as a historical continuity. We conclude that it is highly challenging for a history teacher to construe a classroom environment that breaks with traditional historiography without resorting to a fragmentation of history into isolated case studies of the spectacular.

Artiklen handler om, hvordan arbejdsløshedsskam kommer til udtryk i nyere dansk arbejderlitteratur. Jeg undersøger derfor, hvad der ligger til grund for, at mænd oplever arbejdsløshedsskam, herunder hvilken sammenhæng arbejdsløshedsskam har til både køn, klasse og alder. Analyserne af Møller (1991), Slagterkoner og bagerenker (2016) og Dagpengeland (2012) peger på, at arbejdsløshedsskam kan forstås som en påvirkning af individet, der kommer både indefra og udefra. For selvom fortællerne i Møller og Slagterkoner og bagerenker bliver arbejdsløse som følge af forandringer på arbejdsmarkedet, og fordi de tilhører prekariatet, der er særligt udsatte overfor arbejdsløshed, opstår arbejdsløshedsskammen som en følelse af at blive ekskluderet fra et fællesskab. De ender med at internalisere samfundsmæssige omstændigheder, hvilket resulterer i interpellation. En stor del af mændenes arbejdsløshedsskam er desuden forårsaget af mændenes egne heteronormative og krononormative idealer, som forbinder maskulinitet med evnen til at forsørge og arbejdsløshed med mangel på formål i livet. I mødet med det udskammende beskæftigelsessystem, som kommer til udtryk i Dagpengeland, bliver arbejdsløshed yderligere forbundet med en personlig brist., This article deals with men’s unemployment shame in contemporary working-class fiction. With an intersectional approach I am looking to find what causes unemployment shame and how it is tied to both masculinity, class, and age. From the analysis of Møller (1991), Slagterkoner og bagerenker (2016) and Dagpengeland (2012), this article argues that unemployment shame must be understood as an affect that influences the individual both internally and externally. Even though the men in Møller and Slagterkoner og bagerenker become unemployed due to changes in the labour market and because they belong to the precariat, which is particularly vulnerable to unemployment, unemployment shame arises as a reaction to the fact that they feel excluded from a community. They thus internalize social conditions to a point of interpellation. In addition, a large part of their unemployment shame is due to the men’s own heteronormative and chrononormative ideals, which associate masculinity with the ability to provide, and unemployment with lack of purpose in life. When the unemployed are then met by the shaming unemployment system, which is expressed in Dagpengeland, unemployment becomes even more associated with a personal deficiency.

Exploring a prevalent yet under-researched phenomenon in organizations, we examine the effect of multi-source negative gossip (i.e., gossip from coworkers and supervisors) on targets’ strategic behavioral responses. Drawing on appraisal theory of emotion, we propose that negative gossip from coworkers and supervisors interactively affect targets’ anger and shame. These discrete emotions, in turn, lead to distinct strategic behavioral responses of gossip targets: social undermining and exemplification, respectively. In Study 1, we tested our hypotheses with a three-wave, time-lagged survey among 500 Chinese employees; in Study 2, we conducted a scenario experiment with 479 international employees. Supporting our theorizing, negative gossip from coworkers was associated with stronger feelings of anger when negative gossip from supervisors was lower (vs. higher), which led to social undermining of coworkers. Negative gossip from coworkers was associated with stronger feelings of shame when negative gossip from supervisors was higher (vs. lower), which led to exemplification of socially desirable behavior. Overall, investigating the phenomenon of multi-source gossip within organizations, we document emotional and behavioral responses of targets to multi-source negative gossip and discuss their theoretical and practical implications, as well as future avenues for research.

In this article we point out why social workers and treatment staff must have knowledge of how to identify emotions, understand their own emotions and understand the emotions they elicit in others as a prerequisite for successful rehabilitation. In particular, the emotions of shame and pride play a crucial role in the interaction between social workers and clients. There is currently a need for empirically applicable models that facilitate social workers and therapists in institutional care to identify shame and pride in the interaction with clients. Here we provide a model that can be used to analyze the quality of the social bonds between treatment staff and young clients in institutional care. Institutionalized treatment of young people is often based on an asymmetrical power relationship and the transformation of deviant young people's identity into normal ones. This is fraught with risks, as the power imbalance can preserve and reinforce deviant identities. To encourage the emergence of a normalized identity, the client's good qualities must form the basis of treatment. Greater understanding of the emotions evoked in a treatment situation is necessary for successful rehabilitation.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om exposekonton reproducerar befintliga maktstrukturer och samhällsnormer bland unga. Därtill hur fenomenet påverkar dagens unga i deras liv och relationer. Målet var att öka kunskapen och lyfta ämnet kring exposekonton då det är ett socialt fenomen som saknar omfattande vetenskaplig forskning. Det är viktigt att vuxna har kunskap om ämnet, eftersom det är en del av ungas digitala vardag. Att bidra med kunskap hoppas vi leder till en ökad dialog bland vuxna. Studien genomfördes med kvantitativ metod och enkätundersökningar, totalt deltog 109 respondenter mellan 15–18 år i undersökningen i Skåne län. Resultatet i studien visar att det främst är killar som är förövare och tjejer som blir utsatta för att blir uthängda på exposekonto, vilket visar på att det finns en tydlig maktförskjutning. En stor andel av respondenterna menar på att exposekonton skapar förväntningar och normer på respektive kön. Det är tydligt att den utsatta påverkas på flera plan i livet samt upplever starka känslor av skam, nedstämdhet och ilska. Resultatet analyseras utifrån Michel Foucault & Judith Butlers teori om könsmakt samt Thomas Scheffs teorier om skam och sociala band och Raewyn Connells teori om maskuliniteter., The aim of the study was to investigate if expose accounts reproduce society's existing power structure and social norms among young people. In addition, how the phenomenon affects the lives and relationships of today's youth. The goal was to raise awareness about the topic, as it is a social phenomenon that has no scientific research. It's important for adults around young people to have knowledge about the subject, as it is a part of young people's digital life. The study was conducted using a quantitative method with surveys. A total of 109 respondents participated in the region Skane. The results of the study show that primarily boys are the perpetrators and girls are the ones who become victims for being exposed, indicating a clear power imbalance. A large percentage of the respondents believe that expose accounts create expectations and norms for each gender. It is clear that the victim is affected on several levels in life and experiencing strong emotions of shame, sadness, and anger. The results are analyzed based on Michel Foucault & Judith Butler's theory of gender power, Thomas Scheff's theories of shame and social bonds, and Raewyn Connell's theory of masculinity.

Extraversion och skam är psykologiska företeelser relaterade till social interaktion. En individ som besitter en hög nivå av extraversion tros ha egenskaper som att vara pratsam, social, optimistisk och person-orienterad. Skam är en känsla som uppstår när en individ observeras kränka vad samhället skulle uppfatta som en moralisk eller social förväntan. Extraversion och skam kan anses vara sociala eftersom extraversion är hur du agerar och beter dig i en social miljö och skam är hur du skulle känna och reagera när skamliga känslor introduceras i dessa situationer. Utifrån detta undersöks i denna studie vilken typ av relation dessa två variabler har med varandra. Denna studie syftar till att utforska sambandet mellan extraversion och delskalorna i Compass of Shame-skalan. 52 deltagare i åldrarna 18-64 där 79% var kvinnor och 19% män besvarade ett frågeformulär bestående av 8 items från Big Five Inventory (BIF) som utgör delskalan om extraversion och 48 items från Compass of Shame Scale (CoSS). En korrelationsanalys och regressionsanalys utfördes med hjälp av statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultaten indikerade ett måttligt samband och en negativ korrelation mellan extraversion och skam. Delskalorna skiljde sig inte nämnvärt i sin relation till extraversion och delskalorna hade även en mycket stark korrelation till varandra, vilket indikerar att de mäter samma sak även om CoSS påstår sig mäta olika dimensioner av skam., Extraversion and shame are psychological phenomena related to social interaction. An individual who possesses a high level of extraversion is believed to have certain characteristics such as being talkative, social, optimistic and people-oriented. Shame is an emotion that arises when an individual is observed to be violating what society would perceive as a moral or social expectation. Extraversion and shame are considered to be social because extraversion is how you act and behave in a social setting and shame is how you would feel and react when shameful emotions are introduced into these situations. Based on this, this study examines what kind of relationship these two variables have with each other. This study aims to explore the relationship between extraversion and the subscales of the Compass of Shame scale. 52 participants aged 18-64 with 79% being women and 19% being men answered a questionnaire consisting of 8 items from the Big Five Inventory (BIF) that make up the extraversion subscale and 48 items from the Compass of Shame Scale (CoSS). A correlation analysis and a regression analysis were performed using the statistical program SPSS. The results indicated a moderate relationship and a negative correlation between extraversion and shame. The subscales did not differ significantly in their relationship to extraversion and the subscales also had a very strong relationship to each other, which indicates that they measure the same thing even though CoSS claims to measure different dimensions of shame.

Prokrastinering är ett utbrett fenomen över hela världen som innebär att frivilligt skjuta upp eller inte fullfölja uppgifter trots vetskapen om de negativa konsekvenserna till följd av det. Det kan ses som en irrationell försening av vissa åtaganden, ofta för att undvika negativa känslor, eller som ett tecken på bristande självreglering när man konfronteras med utmanande eller obekväma uppgifter. Forskning visar att prokrastinering är kopplad till depression, ångest, ökad stress och sämre akademiska prestationer. Det verkar dessutom som att antalet personer som uppvisar uppskjutarbeteende och graden av prokrastinering ökar. Denna studie ämnade att utforskaeventuella samband och förhållanden mellan självskattad prokrastinering, skam och känsloreglering. Den undersökte även om dessa förhållanden modereras av ålder. Studien genomfördes för att öka förståelsen kring prokrastinering och dess negativa effekter. Genom att identifiera mekanismer bakom prokrastinering kan interventioner anpassas för att minska beteendet och öka välbefinnandet. En enkät distribuerades till allmän befolkning där 200 individer svarade, varav 37 män och 163 kvinnor. Medelåldern för samtliga deltagare var 39,21, SD = 11,06. Resultaten visade att skam, känsloregleringssvårigheter och prokrastinering är signifikant korrelerade. Högre nivåer av skam och känsloregleringssvårigheter är associerade med ökad tendens till prokrastinering. Även om ålder inte visade sig vara en signifikant moderator visademedelvärden hur skam och känsloregleringssvårigheter samt prokrastinering minskar med ålder., Procrastination is a global phenomenon, involves the voluntary delay or non-completion of tasks despite awareness of the negative consequences. Often percieved as an irrational postponement of certain commitments to avoid negative emotions, or as a sign of deficient selfregulation when confronted with challenging or uncomfortable tasks. Research indicates that procrastination is linked to depression, anxiety, increased stress, and poor academic performance. Moreover, it appears that the number of individuals exhibiting procrastinatory behavior and the degree of procrastination are on the rise. This study aimed to explore potential associations and relationships between self-reported procrastination, shame, and emotion regulation. The research also investigated whether these relationships were moderated by age. The study was conducted to enhance understanding of procrastination and its negative effects. By identifying mechanisms behind procrastination, interventions can be tailored to reduce the behavior and increase wellbeing. A survey was distributed to the general population, with 200 individuals responding of which 37 identified as men and 163 as women. The mean age of all participants was 39.21, SD = 11.06. The results showed that shame, difficulties in emotion regulation, and procrastination are significantly correlated. Higher levels of shame and emotion regulation difficulties are associated with an increased tendency to procrastinate. Although age did not prove to be a significant moderator, mean values demonstrated how shame, emotion regulation difficulties, and procrastination decrease with age.

Studien har undersökt upplevelsen av att vara anhörig till frihetsberövade samt utforskat anhörigas tillgång till stöd. Vidare har studien undersökt huruvida anhöriga upplever ett krav att bidra till den frihetsberövades återanpassning i samhället. I den tidigare forskningen som presenteras i studien beskrivs det att anhöriga till frihetsberövande kan drabbas av bland annat försämrad ekonomi, stigmatisering och stress. Bland den tidigare forskningen finns det en avsaknad av studier som undersöker detta ämne utifrån en svensk kontext, framförallt rörande vuxna anhöriga. Detta kan indikera på en kunskapslucka inom det svenska forskningsfältet och ämnet kan därför behöva utforskas i syfte att uppmärksamma målgruppens behov. För att genomföra denna studie har en kvalitativ metod tillämpats och fem intervjuer har genomförts som har utgått från en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Utifrån intervjuerna har en tematisk analys utförts i syfte att framföra studiens resultat. Respondenternas svar har tolkats utifrån Foucaults teori om makt, Goffmans beskrivning av stigma och begreppet skam. I resultatet framkommer det bland annat att anhöriga till frihetsberövade upplever skam och krav på att bidra till den frihetsberövades återanpassning i samhället. Anhöriga upplever också att Kriminalvård och Socialtjänst bemöter dem illa vilket har genererat en negativ syn på svenska myndigheter, This study aims to investigate the impact on relatives of incarcerated individuals, as well as the availability of support services for these relatives. Additionally, the study explores whether relatives feel a sense of responsibility to contribute to the reintegration of the incarcerated individual into society. To conduct this research, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with relatives who currently have incarcerated close ones. The findings have been analyzed using shame and stigma, as well as Foucault's theory of power. Results indicate that relatives experience changes in their financial situation, feel pressure to provide support to the incarcerated one to prevent them from relapse, and often face canceled visitations. Moreover, many respondents have expressed negative views towards the justice system due to their ill treatment. Social media serves as a support system for the majority of respondents, although there is also a presence of shame and stigma within the target group in other contexts. The motivation behind studying this topic is because of the lack of research on relatives of incarcerated individuals within the Swedish context. Additionally, there is a hope that by raising this issue, relatives can actively participate in the reintegration process for their incarcerated relatives, resulting in increased well-being for both parts

The objective of this study is to examine how professionals approach women that have experienced intimate partner rape. Sexual abuse is an area that has seen an upswing of interest in later years partly thanks to samtyckeslagen (the consent law) and #metoo. At the same time the field is full of misinterpretations and old prejudice that sometimes risks leading to poor professional approach from the professionals. Secondary victimization is an effect of the poor approach that means that the women feel victimized again but by the professionals instead of the perpetrator. Though the area has gained more scientific traction in later years there are still many questions remaining and gaps in knowledge to examine. Through this study we have found that the women continuously experience approaches that makes them feel victimized. We have also found that a lot of the victimization is based in old belief connected to rape myths, the belief that a rape looks a certain way and therefore also that the victim of rape is a certain way. At the same time the women also describe that some professionals have been absolutely essential to their healing. This imbalance in approach is also evident in the earlier research that we have found. Our analysis also found that secondary victimization doesn’t only happen in the meeting between the women and the professionals. The choice of wording in the documentation after the meeting have also proven to be able to wake feelings of both shame and pride with the women. It also became evident that the women that had been exposed to secondary victimization in some cases would go to long lengths to avoid further contact with professionals. This finding means that the secondary victimization risks preventing the authority from helping these women in the future.

OBJECTIVE: Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people experience higher levels of stigma, discrimination, and interpersonal violence due to their gender identity and/or expression, particularly TGD people with a migration background. This study aimed to conduct and evaluate group psychotherapy for TGD migrants to provide opportunities for exploring and developing interpersonal skills and relationships. METHOD: The group therapy included five individuals who identified as TGD and originated from the Middle East. The TGD group therapy consisted of 12 weekly sessions of 90 minutes each and was facilitated by a psychiatrist. All sessions were conducted online and in Turkish. The sessions were guided by the group process and discussions. RESULTS: After completing 12 group therapy sessions, members of the group reported benefiting from observing and emulating others who shared their problem constellation. Through the interpersonal skills that they built up throughout the sessions, they became more open to share their feelings experiencing fewer social barriers, and reduced anxiety. CONCLUSION: This observational study indicates the significance of offering group-based psychotherapy to enhance affirmation and social connection within gender minority groups and emphasizes the need to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of group psychotherapy with TGD individuals, with special attention to the unique needs of TGD migrants.

A topic of concern and discussion in the mental health community, and maybe a special concern from both governmental and civilian practitioners, is the subject of moral injury. Moral Injury has been widely researched over the last 10 years and is a known and discussed condition that is linked to military personnel and veterans who have experienced events while deployed or operating in adverse conditions such as combat. The following descriptive study focuses on one group from which they have been excluded or overlooked in past studies. This creates a gap in the published literature: female servicewomen and veterans. Both governmental and civilian mental health communities must further the research to close this gap. This descriptive statistical study provides a sample of 45 participants of which 21 have some level of MI and were deployed or operated in a combat environment. The results of the study: compare MI between men and women. The results reveal a possible difference between genders concerning different MIEs and the effect MI has on each gender.

Despite efforts made in treatment and prevention strategies, prevalence of mental illness in adolescence remains high, with detrimental impacts to social, emotional and physical wellbeing and academic achievement. In most mental health disorders, onset occurs during adolescence which is often a difficult time of development. This developmental stage is made further difficult by the challenges associated with mental illness. Given these critical issues, the purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of adolescent mental health problems and engagement with service providers. With parents being central to the care of their child and often being regarded as the gatekeepers to adolescents accessing service providers, this study sought to gain this understanding through an examination of parental perspectives in relation to three key areas a) youth mental health support services b) the impacts of youth mental illness on education and c) how adolescents express, respond to and manage mental illness. The philosophical paradigms of interpretative phenomenological analysis and social justice theory guided this study. Interpretative phenomenological analysis research methods informed the approach to data collection and analysis in this qualitative research. Participants of this study were six parents from different families whose adolescent child, aged between 12 and 18, had mental health problems. Findings indicated that social reactions to adolescent mental illness were invalidating and often stigma laden. Stigmatised responses occurred within the contextual domains of healthcare, education and friendships, and these were perceived to influence young people’s experiences of mental health illness. Parental perceptions of adolescent mental health illness were based on relational experiences that were often shrouded in shame and resulted in dimensions of alienation, making shame and alienation the overarching themes in this study. The core subthemes identified wer

This dossier offers a critical reflection on the shame/pride dichotomy as an articulating axis of the LGBT world before and after the liberation movements of the 1970s. In the set of articles, the aim is to demonstrate that this dichotomy is in fact reductive since both everyday experiences and literary, audiovisual and film productions produced in Spain and Latin America throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centu-ries show that pride and shame are tensioned in a complex way: neither pride triumphs in an absolute way from the “liberation”, nor shame is the paradigmatic experience of the previous period. The articles explore, in very diverse discourses –novels, newspa-pers, poetry, visual arts, documentaries, theatrical productions– how pride and shame constituted the subjectivities –and artistic manifestations– of dissident creators both in contexts that were mostly hostile to sex-gender diversity and in others that were progressively more tolerant., Este dossier propõe uma reflexão crítica sobre a dicotomia vergonha/orgulho como eixo articulador do universo LGBT antes e depois dos movimentos libertários da década de 1970. Tem por objetivo demostrar que esta dicotomia é redutora, uma vez que tanto as experiências quotidianas como as produções literárias, audiovisuais e cinematográficas produzidas em Espanha e na América Latina ao longo dos séculos XX e XXI demonstram que o orgulho e a vergonha estão em tensão complexa: nem o orgulho triunfa absolutamente após a “libertação”, nem a vergonha é a experiência paradigmática do período anterior. Os artigos exploram, em discursos muito diversos –romances, jornais, poesia, artes plásticas, documentários, peças de teatro– a forma como o orgulho e a vergonha constituíram as subjectividades –e as manifestações artís-ticas– de criadores dissidentes, tanto em contextos largamente hostis à diversidade de género como noutros progressivamente mais tolerantes, Este dossier propone una reflexión crítica acerca de la dicotomía vergüenza/orgullo como eje articulador del universo LGTB antes y después de los movimientos de liberación de los 70. En el conjunto de artículos, se pretende demostrar que esa dicotomía es, en realidad, reductora, pues tanto las vivencias cotidianas como las producciones literarias, audiovisuales y cinematográficas producidas en España y Latinoamérica a lo largo de los siglos XX y XXI demuestran que el orgullo y la vergüenza se tensionan de manera compleja: ni el orgullo triunfa de manera absoluta a partir de la “liberación” de la década de 1970, ni la vergüenza es la experiencia paradigmática del periodo previo. Los artículos exploran, en discursos muy diversos –novelas, diarios, poesía, artes plásticas, documentales, puestas teatrales– cómo el orgullo y la vergüenza constituyeron las subjetividades –y las manifestaciones artísticas– de creadores disidentes tanto en contextos mayormente hostiles a la diversidad sexogenérica, como en otros progresivamente más tolerantes.

A challenge for history education in Sweden involves integrating questions regarding relationships and sex education. The purpose of this article is to explore how students and teachers relate historical narratives about women’s sexuality between the past and present, with a particular focus on students’ discussion of shame. To analyse shame as something beyond the individual, we focus on the interrelationship of gender, sexuality and shame. The study builds on a poststructural understanding of gender, norms, sexuality and subjectification. The data comprise video-recorded classroom observations, focus group interviews with 16–19-year-old students, and interviews with their teachers. The findings are structured into two themes: shame as regulating women’s sexuality, and sexualised shame as a historical continuity. We conclude that it is highly challenging for a history teacher to construe a classroom environment that breaks with traditional historiography without resorting to a fragmentation of history into isolated case studies of the spectacular.

This special issue coedited by Gaby David and Amparo Lasén, compiles 13 articles that explore the articulation of contemporary affective and digital cultures, regarding shame and shaming associated with online image sharing. The convergence of social structures, social norms and digital affordances shapes the vulnerability of different social groups into shame and modulates the potential of that experienced shame to exert a pedagogic and productive effect. This article not only presents each contribution to this special issue but also offers a reflection about the affective and attention economies of shame in digital visual practices as well as about the modulation of shame enacted in the everyday practices of sharing images online., Depto. de Sociología Aplicada, Fac. de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, TRUE, pub

Syftet med denna studie var att utforska upplevelser av låg affektmedvetenhet hos unga vuxna med erfarenhet av mobbning. Det övergripande syftet var att öka förståelsen för vad denna grupp kan behöva hjälp med i psykoterapi. Åtta studenter (18-22 år) med låg affektmedvetenhet intervjuades. Låg affektmedvetenhet kallas också alexitymi och innebär svårigheter att identifiera känslor, att beskriva känslor och ett externaliserat tänkande. Intervjuerna analyserades med reflexiv tematisk analys och åtta teman fördelade på två temagrupper genererades: Kortsiktiga konsekvenser: Internaliserade symtom och Undvikande coping-strategier; Långsiktiga konsekvenser: Instrumentell syn på relationer, Jag tror inte jag litar på nån, En mörk hemlighet, Att släppa garden – intervjun, Masken som växte fast och Är jag glad om jag skrattar? Deltagarna berättade om allvarliga internaliserade symtom, strategier för att undvika affekter, tystnad och skam kring erfarenhet av mobbning och kring sårbarhet i allmänhet, och svårigheter att identifiera och visa känslor. Beskrivningar om hur deltagarna har hanterat sin erfarenhet av mobbning tolkades som en pågående process mot läkning. Skamkänslor verkar förstärka undvikande strategier och försvåra läkning. Svårigheter att identifiera känslor och att göra val i vardagen tolkas som svag interoceptiv inferens. Framtida forskning behövs för att undersöka om dessa fynd hittas i en större population unga vuxna med erfarenhet av mobbning och låg affektmedvetenhet, och hur en process mot läkning efter mobbning kan se ut på längre sikt., The purpose of this study was to explore experiences of low affect consciousness in students who have been bullied in school. The overall purpose was to increase understanding of what this group might need help with in psychotherapy. Eight students (18-22 years old) with low affect consciousness were interviewed. Another name for affect consciousness is alexithymia, a condition which implies difficulty identifying feelings, describing feelings and an externally oriented cognition. The interviews were analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis and eight themes were identified: Short-term consequences: Internalized symptoms and Avoidant coping-strategies; Long-term consequences: Instrumental understanding of relationships, I don´t think I trust anybody, A dark secret, Dropping the guard – the interview, A mask that became me, and Am I happy if I laugh? The participants shared experiences of serious internalizing symptoms, affect avoidance strategies, silence and feelings of shame surrounding experiences of bullying and of vulnerability, and difficulties identifying and expressing feelings. Descriptions of dealing with the experience of being bullied were interpreted as an ongoing process towards healing. Feelings of shame seemed to enhance avoidance strategies and function as a barrier to healing. Difficulties identifying feelings and making choices in everyday life were interpreted as connected to weak interoceptive inference. Future research is needed to determine how well these findings represent a bigger population of bullied young adults with low levels of affect consciousness, and how a process towards healing from bullying may look in a longer perspective.

The aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of honor-related violence and oppression by analyzing how women describe their experiences of this in autobiographical books. Labeling theory and stigmatization theory was used as the theoretical framework applied to the analysis. Based on our analysis, the study shows that there is a pattern of shame and stigmatization that is based on norm-breaking behavior and actions. The cultural norms and values are also seen as a cause of honor-related violence and oppression. This is because the men want to maintain their social status, which is of importance to the collective. In order to maintain standards of honor, the men practice physical, psychological and sexual violence. Social control has been shown to be a large part of psychological violence, where women are limited and controlled in their everyday life. Furthermore, the study shows that Swedish society contributes to the stigmatization of honor-related violence and oppression. Keywords: Honor-related violence, shame, social control, stigmatization, Sweden.