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For the first time, we present, i) an account of decay in the genetic material loading of SARS-CoV-2 during Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) treatment of wastewater, and ii) comparative evaluation of polyethylene glycol (PEG), and ultrafiltration as virus concentration methods from wastewater for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genes. The objectives were achieved through tracking of SARS-CoV-2 genetic loadings i.e. ORF1ab, N and S protein genes on 8th and 27th May 2020 along the wastewater treatment plant (106000 m3 million liters per day) equipped with UASB system in Ahmedabad, India. PEG method performed better in removing materials inhibiting RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 gene detection from the samples, as evident from constant and lower CT values of control (MS2). Using the PEG method, we found a reduction >1.3 log10 reduction in SARS-CoV-2 RNA abundance during UASB treatment, and the RNA was not detected at all in the final effluent. The study implies that i) conventional wastewater treatment systems is effective in SARS-CoV-2 RNA removal, and ii) UASB system significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 genetic loadings. Finally, PEG method is recommended for better sensitivity and inhibition removal during SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification in wastewater. © 2020 Elsevier B.V., QC 20201203

In this review, we present the environmental perspectives of the viruses and antiviral drugs related to SARS-CoV-2. The present review paper discusses occurrence, fate, transport, susceptibility, and inactivation mechanisms of viruses in the environment as well as environmental occurrence and fate of antiviral drugs, and prospects (prevalence and occurrence) of antiviral drug resistance (both antiviral drug resistant viruses and antiviral resistance in the human). During winter, the number of viral disease cases and environmental occurrence of antiviral drug surge due to various biotic and abiotic factors such as transmission pathways, human behaviour, susceptibility, and immunity as well as cold climatic conditions. Adsorption and persistence critically determine the fate and transport of viruses in the environment. Inactivation and disinfection of virus include UV, alcohol, and other chemical-base methods but the susceptibility of virus against these methods varies. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major reserviors of antiviral drugs and their metabolites and transformation products. Ecotoxicity of antiviral drug residues against aquatic organisms have been reported, however more threatening is the development of antiviral resistance, both in humans and in wild animal reservoirs. In particular, emergence of antiviral drug-resistant viruses via exposure of wild animals to high loads of antiviral residues during the current pandemic needs further evaluation., QC 20210309

The production of high quality wastewater after treatment plants using a membrane bioreactor (MBR) probably requires less control than traditional processes of activated sludge. However, the use of MBR leads to additional problems associated with the activated sludge filtration, the formation of a sediment layer on the surface of the membrane and membrane fouling. Operation engineers require simple tools for controlling and monitoring the operation of treatment plants that can provide timely information about the biological state of the activated sludge and the filterability of the waste fluid, as well as the risks of membrane contamination. To this end, effective means of monitoring MBR and methods for determining biological activity are considered. For a broader characterization of the wastewater composition, the use of total nitrogen and total carbon analyzers is considered, which have significant advantages over the analysis of chemical and biological oxygen consumption (COD, BOD).These tools can be used regularly to ensure timely intervention and more stable monitoring of the operation of MBR systems. © 2019 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Cílem práce bylo u vybraných mikroorganismů vyizolovaných ze vzorků odpadních vod stanovit citlivost na antibiotika., The aim of this work was to determine sensitivity to antibiotics in selected microorganisms extracted from wastewater samples.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antibiotic resistance as a major threat to human health. The environment has been suggested to play an important role in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The external environment can act as a source of resistance genes that could potentially be transferred into human pathogens. It is also an important route for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are among the most important routes by which antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes enter the environment. It has been suggested that STPs are hotspots for the development of antibiotic resistance because they contain relatively high concentrations of antibiotics as well as both human and environmental bacteria. Further complicating matters, there is evidence that other substances with antimicrobial properties, such as biocides and metals, can cause antibiotic resistance due to co- and cross-resistance. This thesis contributes new knowledge on the concentrations, mass flows, and removal efficiencies of antimicrobials in STPs and their connections to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Paper I presents data on the levels of 40 different antimicrobials in the incoming wastewater, treated effluent, and digested sludge of eleven different STPs. Although not previously detected in STPs, chlorhexidine is shown to be ubiquitous in such plants. In Paper II, mass flows and removal efficiencies are calculated for eleven antimicrobials over various treatment steps in three STPs, showing that polar antimicrobials were inefficiently removed from the wastewater. In Paper III, the minimum selective concentration (MSC) for the antibiotic tetracycline was determined in a complex bacterial aquatic biofilm using both phenotypic and genotypic endpoints. It was found that 10 µg/L selected for phenotypic resistance, and 1 µg/L selected for certain resistance genes. Paper VI used metagenomics to determine whether th

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antibiotic resistance as a major threat to human health. The environment has been suggested to play an important role in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The external environment can act as a source of resistance genes that could potentially be transferred into human pathogens. It is also an important route for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are among the most important routes by which antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes enter the environment. It has been suggested that STPs are hotspots for the development of antibiotic resistance because they contain relatively high concentrations of antibiotics as well as both human and environmental bacteria. Further complicating matters, there is evidence that other substances with antimicrobial properties, such as biocides and metals, can cause antibiotic resistance due to co- and cross-resistance. This thesis contributes new knowledge on the concentrations, mass flows, and removal efficiencies of antimicrobials in STPs and their connections to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Paper I presents data on the levels of 40 different antimicrobials in the incoming wastewater, treated effluent, and digested sludge of eleven different STPs. Although not previously detected in STPs, chlorhexidine is shown to be ubiquitous in such plants. In Paper II, mass flows and removal efficiencies are calculated for eleven antimicrobials over various treatment steps in three STPs, showing that polar antimicrobials were inefficiently removed from the wastewater. In Paper III, the minimum selective concentration (MSC) for the antibiotic tetracycline was determined in a complex bacterial aquatic biofilm using both phenotypic and genotypic endpoints. It was found that 10 µg/L selected for phenotypic resistance, and 1 µg/L selected for certain resistance genes. Paper VI used metagenomics to determine whether th

Photoautotrophic organisms, particularly cyanobacteria, have great ecological importance due to their photosynthetic capacity, and biosynthetic versatility in diverse and extreme environments. However, photosynthetic ponds, they may be serious and dangerous producers of potentially toxic toxins. Their release and bloom in treated effluent receiving bodies are a major concern because of the negative consequences on aquatic biota and the risks to public health. The aim of this study is to analyze the occurrence, composition, density and spatio-temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in sewage treatment plants by photosynthetic ponds in ten cities located in the central region of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The results recorded high densities of Microcystis sp. with a maximum average of 9.4x105 cells per millilitre (cells/mL); Synechococcus sp., with an average of 7.8x105; Synechocystis aquatilis with 7.2x105; Merismopedia tenuissima with 4.8x105; and Phormidium sp. with 1.9x105. Among these species found, the highest occurrence was M. tenuissima. The high densities show that these ponds are an aquatic environment conducive to the development of cyanobacteria and, potentially, an important source of cyanotoxin production. Therefore, studies and monitoring of the effects on the receiving water bodies are recommended by determining their cyanobacteria densities and investigating the possible presence of cyanotoxins.

Photoautotrophic organisms, particularly cyanobacteria, have great ecological importance due to their photosynthetic capacity, and biosynthetic versatility in diverse and extreme environments. However, photosynthetic ponds, they may be serious and dangerous producers of potentially toxic toxins. Their release and bloom in treated effluent receiving bodies are a major concern because of the negative consequences on aquatic biota and the risks to public health. The aim of this study is to analyze the occurrence, composition, density and spatio-temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in sewage treatment plants by photosynthetic ponds in ten cities located in the central region of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The results recorded high densities of Microcystis sp. with a maximum average of 9.4x105 cells per millilitre (cells/mL); Synechococcus sp., with an average of 7.8x105; Synechocystis aquatilis with 7.2x105; Merismopedia tenuissima with 4.8x105; and Phormidium sp. with 1.9x105. Among these species found, the highest occurrence was M. tenuissima. The high densities show that these ponds are an aquatic environment conducive to the development of cyanobacteria and, potentially, an important source of cyanotoxin production. Therefore, studies and monitoring of the effects on the receiving water bodies are recommended by determining their cyanobacteria densities and investigating the possible presence of cyanotoxins.

Photoautotrophic organisms, particularly cyanobacteria, have great ecological importance due to their photosynthetic capacity, and biosynthetic versatility in diverse and extreme environments. However, photosynthetic ponds, they may be serious and dangerous producers of potentially toxic toxins. Their release and bloom in treated effluent receiving bodies are a major concern because of the negative consequences on aquatic biota and the risks to public health. The aim of this study is to analyze the occurrence, composition, density and spatio-temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in sewage treatment plants by photosynthetic ponds in ten cities located in the central region of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The results recorded high densities of Microcystis sp. with a maximum average of 9.4x105 cells per millilitre (cells/mL); Synechococcus sp., with an average of 7.8x105; Synechocystis aquatilis with 7.2x105; Merismopedia tenuissima with 4.8x105; and Phormidium sp. with 1.9x105. Among these species found, the highest occurrence was M. tenuissima. The high densities show that these ponds are an aquatic environment conducive to the development of cyanobacteria and, potentially, an important source of cyanotoxin production. Therefore, studies and monitoring of the effects on the receiving water bodies are recommended by determining their cyanobacteria densities and investigating the possible presence of cyanotoxins.

Photoautotrophic organisms, particularly cyanobacteria, have great ecological importance due to their photosynthetic capacity, and biosynthetic versatility in diverse and extreme environments. However, photosynthetic ponds, they may be serious and dangerous producers of potentially toxic toxins. Their release and bloom in treated effluent receiving bodies are a major concern because of the negative consequences on aquatic biota and the risks to public health. The aim of this study is to analyze the occurrence, composition, density and spatio-temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in sewage treatment plants by photosynthetic ponds in ten cities located in the central region of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The results recorded high densities of Microcystis sp. with a maximum average of 9.4x105 cells per millilitre (cells/mL); Synechococcus sp., with an average of 7.8x105; Synechocystis aquatilis with 7.2x105; Merismopedia tenuissima with 4.8x105; and Phormidium sp. with 1.9x105. Among these species found, the highest occurrence was M. tenuissima. The high densities show that these ponds are an aquatic environment conducive to the development of cyanobacteria and, potentially, an important source of cyanotoxin production. Therefore, studies and monitoring of the effects on the receiving water bodies are recommended by determining their cyanobacteria densities and investigating the possible presence of cyanotoxins.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antibiotic resistance as a major threat to human health. The environment has been suggested to play an important role in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The external environment can act as a source of resistance genes that could potentially be transferred into human pathogens. It is also an important route for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are among the most important routes by which antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes enter the environment. It has been suggested that STPs are hotspots for the development of antibiotic resistance because they contain relatively high concentrations of antibiotics as well as both human and environmental bacteria. Further complicating matters, there is evidence that other substances with antimicrobial properties, such as biocides and metals, can cause antibiotic resistance due to co- and cross-resistance. This thesis contributes new knowledge on the concentrations, mass flows, and removal efficiencies of antimicrobials in STPs and their connections to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Paper I presents data on the levels of 40 different antimicrobials in the incoming wastewater, treated effluent, and digested sludge of eleven different STPs. Although not previously detected in STPs, chlorhexidine is shown to be ubiquitous in such plants. In Paper II, mass flows and removal efficiencies are calculated for eleven antimicrobials over various treatment steps in three STPs, showing that polar antimicrobials were inefficiently removed from the wastewater. In Paper III, the minimum selective concentration (MSC) for the antibiotic tetracycline was determined in a complex bacterial aquatic biofilm using both phenotypic and genotypic endpoints. It was found that 10 µg/L selected for phenotypic resistance, and 1 µg/L selected for certain resistance genes. Paper VI used metagenomics to determine whether th

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antibiotic resistance as a major threat to human health. The environment has been suggested to play an important role in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The external environment can act as a source of resistance genes that could potentially be transferred into human pathogens. It is also an important route for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are among the most important routes by which antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes enter the environment. It has been suggested that STPs are hotspots for the development of antibiotic resistance because they contain relatively high concentrations of antibiotics as well as both human and environmental bacteria. Further complicating matters, there is evidence that other substances with antimicrobial properties, such as biocides and metals, can cause antibiotic resistance due to co- and cross-resistance. This thesis contributes new knowledge on the concentrations, mass flows, and removal efficiencies of antimicrobials in STPs and their connections to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Paper I presents data on the levels of 40 different antimicrobials in the incoming wastewater, treated effluent, and digested sludge of eleven different STPs. Although not previously detected in STPs, chlorhexidine is shown to be ubiquitous in such plants. In Paper II, mass flows and removal efficiencies are calculated for eleven antimicrobials over various treatment steps in three STPs, showing that polar antimicrobials were inefficiently removed from the wastewater. In Paper III, the minimum selective concentration (MSC) for the antibiotic tetracycline was determined in a complex bacterial aquatic biofilm using both phenotypic and genotypic endpoints. It was found that 10 µg/L selected for phenotypic resistance, and 1 µg/L selected for certain resistance genes. Paper VI used metagenomics to determine whether th

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antibiotic resistance as a major threat to human health. The environment has been suggested to play an important role in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The external environment can act as a source of resistance genes that could potentially be transferred into human pathogens. It is also an important route for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are among the most important routes by which antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes enter the environment. It has been suggested that STPs are hotspots for the development of antibiotic resistance because they contain relatively high concentrations of antibiotics as well as both human and environmental bacteria. Further complicating matters, there is evidence that other substances with antimicrobial properties, such as biocides and metals, can cause antibiotic resistance due to co- and cross-resistance. This thesis contributes new knowledge on the concentrations, mass flows, and removal efficiencies of antimicrobials in STPs and their connections to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Paper I presents data on the levels of 40 different antimicrobials in the incoming wastewater, treated effluent, and digested sludge of eleven different STPs. Although not previously detected in STPs, chlorhexidine is shown to be ubiquitous in such plants. In Paper II, mass flows and removal efficiencies are calculated for eleven antimicrobials over various treatment steps in three STPs, showing that polar antimicrobials were inefficiently removed from the wastewater. In Paper III, the minimum selective concentration (MSC) for the antibiotic tetracycline was determined in a complex bacterial aquatic biofilm using both phenotypic and genotypic endpoints. It was found that 10 µg/L selected for phenotypic resistance, and 1 µg/L selected for certain resistance genes. Paper VI used metagenomics to determine whether th

En este caso de negocio, se describe una estructura que consiste en el análisis, diseño e implementación de una planta de Biodigestores que permita disponer 7500 toneladas mensuales de residuos sólidos orgánicos de la ciudad de Bogotá en busca de aportar una solución al problema que se presenta por la acumulación e indebida disposición final de residuos sólidos orgánicos, basados en el informe de gestión del año 2013 presentado por la Unidad Administrativa Especial de Servicios Públicos (UAESP) en promedio el ingreso de residuos sólidos que se disponen en el Relleno Sanitario Doña Juana RSDJ se encuentran alrededor de 6.441 ton/día de los cuales el 68% son residuos sólidos desaprovechados los cuales producen lixiviados, gases efectos de invernadero, olores, propagación de vectores de enfermedades y plagas, entre otros y los cuales comprometen de manera significativa la salud de la población aledaña de acuerdo a lo anterior, como resultado del tratamiento mensual se desea promover la generación de gas y abono orgánico dentro de la producción base de la planta como modelo de ingresos económicos y ambientales., In this business case, it describes a structure that consists of the analysis, design and implementation of a Biodigestores plant that allows to dispose 7500 tons of organic solid waste per month of the city of Bogota in order to provide a solution to the problem that is presented For the accumulation and undue final disposal of organic solid waste, based on the management report of the year 2013 presented by the Special Administrative Unit of Public Services (UAESP), on average, the solid waste disposed in the Sanitary Landfill Doña Juana RSDJ Are about 6,441 tons / day of which 68% are waste wastes that produce leachates, greenhouse gases, odors, propagation of vectors of diseases and pests, among others and which significantly compromise the health of the neighboring population according to the above, as a result of the monthly treatment it is desired to promote the generation of gas and organic fertilizer within the base production of the plant as a model of economic and environmental income.

En este caso de negocio, se describe una estructura que consiste en el análisis, diseño e implementación de una planta de Biodigestores que permita disponer 7500 toneladas mensuales de residuos sólidos orgánicos de la ciudad de Bogotá en busca de aportar una solución al problema que se presenta por la acumulación e indebida disposición final de residuos sólidos orgánicos, basados en el informe de gestión del año 2013 presentado por la Unidad Administrativa Especial de Servicios Públicos (UAESP) en promedio el ingreso de residuos sólidos que se disponen en el Relleno Sanitario Doña Juana RSDJ se encuentran alrededor de 6.441 ton/día de los cuales el 68% son residuos sólidos desaprovechados los cuales producen lixiviados, gases efectos de invernadero, olores, propagación de vectores de enfermedades y plagas, entre otros y los cuales comprometen de manera significativa la salud de la población aledaña de acuerdo a lo anterior, como resultado del tratamiento mensual se desea promover la generación de gas y abono orgánico dentro de la producción base de la planta como modelo de ingresos económicos y ambientales., In this business case, it describes a structure that consists of the analysis, design and implementation of a Biodigestores plant that allows to dispose 7500 tons of organic solid waste per month of the city of Bogota in order to provide a solution to the problem that is presented For the accumulation and undue final disposal of organic solid waste, based on the management report of the year 2013 presented by the Special Administrative Unit of Public Services (UAESP), on average, the solid waste disposed in the Sanitary Landfill Doña Juana RSDJ Are about 6,441 tons / day of which 68% are waste wastes that produce leachates, greenhouse gases, odors, propagation of vectors of diseases and pests, among others and which significantly compromise the health of the neighboring population according to the above, as a result of the monthly treatment it is desired to promote the generation of gas and organic fertilizer within the base production of the plant as a model of economic and environmental income.

En este caso de negocio, se describe una estructura que consiste en el análisis, diseño e implementación de una planta de Biodigestores que permita disponer 7500 toneladas mensuales de residuos sólidos orgánicos de la ciudad de Bogotá en busca de aportar una solución al problema que se presenta por la acumulación e indebida disposición final de residuos sólidos orgánicos, basados en el informe de gestión del año 2013 presentado por la Unidad Administrativa Especial de Servicios Públicos (UAESP) en promedio el ingreso de residuos sólidos que se disponen en el Relleno Sanitario Doña Juana RSDJ se encuentran alrededor de 6.441 ton/día de los cuales el 68% son residuos sólidos desaprovechados los cuales producen lixiviados, gases efectos de invernadero, olores, propagación de vectores de enfermedades y plagas, entre otros y los cuales comprometen de manera significativa la salud de la población aledaña de acuerdo a lo anterior, como resultado del tratamiento mensual se desea promover la generación de gas y abono orgánico dentro de la producción base de la planta como modelo de ingresos económicos y ambientales., In this business case, it describes a structure that consists of the analysis, design and implementation of a Biodigestores plant that allows to dispose 7500 tons of organic solid waste per month of the city of Bogota in order to provide a solution to the problem that is presented For the accumulation and undue final disposal of organic solid waste, based on the management report of the year 2013 presented by the Special Administrative Unit of Public Services (UAESP), on average, the solid waste disposed in the Sanitary Landfill Doña Juana RSDJ Are about 6,441 tons / day of which 68% are waste wastes that produce leachates, greenhouse gases, odors, propagation of vectors of diseases and pests, among others and which significantly compromise the health of the neighboring population according to the above, as a result of the monthly treatment it is desired to promote the generation of gas and organic fertilizer within the base production of the plant as a model of economic and environmental income.

[ES] El presente trabajo determina, el rendimiento energético de cada uno de los procesos que conforman la depuradora objeto del estudio y determina como optimizar energéticamente la instalación, nunca mermando la productividad de la misma, en todo caso mejorándola. El análisis se realiza relacionando los equipos y variables del proceso con la energía consumida por cada uno de ellos, lo que permite determinar el consumo óptimo de cada proceso y el efecto se obtiene incrementando o reduciendo el consumo energético del mismo. Para la realización del presente trabajo, se lleva a cabo el siguiente esquema de trabajo: -Se realiza el estudio de los consumos iniciales (estado 0) -Se estudian y se analizan los porcentajes de consumo en cada línea de tratamiento (pretratamiento, tratamiento biológico, tratamiento de fangos, desodorización, etc.) -La línea de tratamiento que supone un consumo energético más elevado, se analizara en mayor detalle, y se proponen los procesos en los cuales actuar de cara a obtener unas medidas que sean lo más efectivas posible y supongan un mayor ahorro -Se realiza un estudio de las potenciales medidas a emplear en cada uno de los procesos con un potencial de ahorro mayor El trabajo introduce, según estudios existentes, los consumos energético generalistas producidos según la tipología de depuración en las estaciones depuradoras de agua urbana existentes en España. Como caso concreto se analiza, partiendo de una EDAR cualquiera de tipo aireación prolongada, los consumos energéticos concretos existentes en la misma y se deduce en qué procesos existe un potencial ahorro mayor. Inicialmente se describe la estación depuradora de la cual es objeto el estudio, describiendo sus caudales de diseño, línea de tratamiento, equipos instalados, consumos energéticos estimados según potencias por metro cúbico de agua tratada, estudio porcentual de consumos, etc. Como consecuencia de esta deducción de potenciales ahorros en la estación depuradora estudiada, se, [EN] This work determines the energy efficiency of each process involved in the wastewater treatment plant object of study. At the same time establishes how to optimize energetically the facilities increasing its productivity. The analysis starts with the existing relationship between equipment description and process variables and their energy consumption, which allows to determine the optimal consumption of each process and the effects that increasing or decreasing it have over the global efficiency. To carry out this work, the following scheme of work is followed: -- Establishment of the initial energy consumption (stage 0). -- Study and analysis of each treatment process consumption (pre-treatment, biological treatment, sludge treatment, deodorization, etc) -- The higher the energy consumption of a treatment process is, the more detailed analysis will be carried out. As a result of it, the processes in which to act will be identified in order to achieve the most effective and with higher savings measures to adopt. In every process identified a study of potential measures to adopt is carried out. The work introduces, according to previous studies, the common energy consumptions of the different wastewater treatment technologies existing in most of the urban wastewater treatment plants in Spain. As a case study, the energy consumption of a typical prolonged aeration WWTP is analyzed and the processes with potential higher savings are identified. Initially the wastewater treatment plant is described, stating its different design flow capacities, treatment processes, equipment, energy consumptions estimated according to power consumption per cubic meter of treated water, energy consumptions percentages, etc. As a consequence of this study of potential savings in the referred wastewater treatment plant, three energy efficiency measures are settled: 1. Improvement of the efficiency of the inlet pumping station. 2. Biological aeration equipment substitution. 3. Improve

[ES] El presente trabajo determina, el rendimiento energético de cada uno de los procesos que conforman la depuradora objeto del estudio y determina como optimizar energéticamente la instalación, nunca mermando la productividad de la misma, en todo caso mejorándola. El análisis se realiza relacionando los equipos y variables del proceso con la energía consumida por cada uno de ellos, lo que permite determinar el consumo óptimo de cada proceso y el efecto se obtiene incrementando o reduciendo el consumo energético del mismo. Para la realización del presente trabajo, se lleva a cabo el siguiente esquema de trabajo: -Se realiza el estudio de los consumos iniciales (estado 0) -Se estudian y se analizan los porcentajes de consumo en cada línea de tratamiento (pretratamiento, tratamiento biológico, tratamiento de fangos, desodorización, etc.) -La línea de tratamiento que supone un consumo energético más elevado, se analizara en mayor detalle, y se proponen los procesos en los cuales actuar de cara a obtener unas medidas que sean lo más efectivas posible y supongan un mayor ahorro -Se realiza un estudio de las potenciales medidas a emplear en cada uno de los procesos con un potencial de ahorro mayor El trabajo introduce, según estudios existentes, los consumos energético generalistas producidos según la tipología de depuración en las estaciones depuradoras de agua urbana existentes en España. Como caso concreto se analiza, partiendo de una EDAR cualquiera de tipo aireación prolongada, los consumos energéticos concretos existentes en la misma y se deduce en qué procesos existe un potencial ahorro mayor. Inicialmente se describe la estación depuradora de la cual es objeto el estudio, describiendo sus caudales de diseño, línea de tratamiento, equipos instalados, consumos energéticos estimados según potencias por metro cúbico de agua tratada, estudio porcentual de consumos, etc. Como consecuencia de esta deducción de potenciales ahorros en la estación depuradora estudiada, se, [EN] This work determines the energy efficiency of each process involved in the wastewater treatment plant object of study. At the same time establishes how to optimize energetically the facilities increasing its productivity. The analysis starts with the existing relationship between equipment description and process variables and their energy consumption, which allows to determine the optimal consumption of each process and the effects that increasing or decreasing it have over the global efficiency. To carry out this work, the following scheme of work is followed: -- Establishment of the initial energy consumption (stage 0). -- Study and analysis of each treatment process consumption (pre-treatment, biological treatment, sludge treatment, deodorization, etc) -- The higher the energy consumption of a treatment process is, the more detailed analysis will be carried out. As a result of it, the processes in which to act will be identified in order to achieve the most effective and with higher savings measures to adopt. In every process identified a study of potential measures to adopt is carried out. The work introduces, according to previous studies, the common energy consumptions of the different wastewater treatment technologies existing in most of the urban wastewater treatment plants in Spain. As a case study, the energy consumption of a typical prolonged aeration WWTP is analyzed and the processes with potential higher savings are identified. Initially the wastewater treatment plant is described, stating its different design flow capacities, treatment processes, equipment, energy consumptions estimated according to power consumption per cubic meter of treated water, energy consumptions percentages, etc. As a consequence of this study of potential savings in the referred wastewater treatment plant, three energy efficiency measures are settled: 1. Improvement of the efficiency of the inlet pumping station. 2. Biological aeration equipment substitution. 3. Improve

[ES] El presente trabajo determina, el rendimiento energético de cada uno de los procesos que conforman la depuradora objeto del estudio y determina como optimizar energéticamente la instalación, nunca mermando la productividad de la misma, en todo caso mejorándola. El análisis se realiza relacionando los equipos y variables del proceso con la energía consumida por cada uno de ellos, lo que permite determinar el consumo óptimo de cada proceso y el efecto se obtiene incrementando o reduciendo el consumo energético del mismo. Para la realización del presente trabajo, se lleva a cabo el siguiente esquema de trabajo: -Se realiza el estudio de los consumos iniciales (estado 0) -Se estudian y se analizan los porcentajes de consumo en cada línea de tratamiento (pretratamiento, tratamiento biológico, tratamiento de fangos, desodorización, etc.) -La línea de tratamiento que supone un consumo energético más elevado, se analizara en mayor detalle, y se proponen los procesos en los cuales actuar de cara a obtener unas medidas que sean lo más efectivas posible y supongan un mayor ahorro -Se realiza un estudio de las potenciales medidas a emplear en cada uno de los procesos con un potencial de ahorro mayor El trabajo introduce, según estudios existentes, los consumos energético generalistas producidos según la tipología de depuración en las estaciones depuradoras de agua urbana existentes en España. Como caso concreto se analiza, partiendo de una EDAR cualquiera de tipo aireación prolongada, los consumos energéticos concretos existentes en la misma y se deduce en qué procesos existe un potencial ahorro mayor. Inicialmente se describe la estación depuradora de la cual es objeto el estudio, describiendo sus caudales de diseño, línea de tratamiento, equipos instalados, consumos energéticos estimados según potencias por metro cúbico de agua tratada, estudio porcentual de consumos, etc. Como consecuencia de esta deducción de potenciales ahorros en la estación depuradora estudiada, se, [EN] This work determines the energy efficiency of each process involved in the wastewater treatment plant object of study. At the same time establishes how to optimize energetically the facilities increasing its productivity. The analysis starts with the existing relationship between equipment description and process variables and their energy consumption, which allows to determine the optimal consumption of each process and the effects that increasing or decreasing it have over the global efficiency. To carry out this work, the following scheme of work is followed: -- Establishment of the initial energy consumption (stage 0). -- Study and analysis of each treatment process consumption (pre-treatment, biological treatment, sludge treatment, deodorization, etc) -- The higher the energy consumption of a treatment process is, the more detailed analysis will be carried out. As a result of it, the processes in which to act will be identified in order to achieve the most effective and with higher savings measures to adopt. In every process identified a study of potential measures to adopt is carried out. The work introduces, according to previous studies, the common energy consumptions of the different wastewater treatment technologies existing in most of the urban wastewater treatment plants in Spain. As a case study, the energy consumption of a typical prolonged aeration WWTP is analyzed and the processes with potential higher savings are identified. Initially the wastewater treatment plant is described, stating its different design flow capacities, treatment processes, equipment, energy consumptions estimated according to power consumption per cubic meter of treated water, energy consumptions percentages, etc. As a consequence of this study of potential savings in the referred wastewater treatment plant, three energy efficiency measures are settled: 1. Improvement of the efficiency of the inlet pumping station. 2. Biological aeration equipment substitution. 3. Improve

[ES] El presente trabajo determina, el rendimiento energético de cada uno de los procesos que conforman la depuradora objeto del estudio y determina como optimizar energéticamente la instalación, nunca mermando la productividad de la misma, en todo caso mejorándola. El análisis se realiza relacionando los equipos y variables del proceso con la energía consumida por cada uno de ellos, lo que permite determinar el consumo óptimo de cada proceso y el efecto se obtiene incrementando o reduciendo el consumo energético del mismo. Para la realización del presente trabajo, se lleva a cabo el siguiente esquema de trabajo: -Se realiza el estudio de los consumos iniciales (estado 0) -Se estudian y se analizan los porcentajes de consumo en cada línea de tratamiento (pretratamiento, tratamiento biológico, tratamiento de fangos, desodorización, etc.) -La línea de tratamiento que supone un consumo energético más elevado, se analizara en mayor detalle, y se proponen los procesos en los cuales actuar de cara a obtener unas medidas que sean lo más efectivas posible y supongan un mayor ahorro -Se realiza un estudio de las potenciales medidas a emplear en cada uno de los procesos con un potencial de ahorro mayor El trabajo introduce, según estudios existentes, los consumos energético generalistas producidos según la tipología de depuración en las estaciones depuradoras de agua urbana existentes en España. Como caso concreto se analiza, partiendo de una EDAR cualquiera de tipo aireación prolongada, los consumos energéticos concretos existentes en la misma y se deduce en qué procesos existe un potencial ahorro mayor. Inicialmente se describe la estación depuradora de la cual es objeto el estudio, describiendo sus caudales de diseño, línea de tratamiento, equipos instalados, consumos energéticos estimados según potencias por metro cúbico de agua tratada, estudio porcentual de consumos, etc. Como consecuencia de esta deducción de potenciales ahorros en la estación depuradora estudiada, se, [EN] This work determines the energy efficiency of each process involved in the wastewater treatment plant object of study. At the same time establishes how to optimize energetically the facilities increasing its productivity. The analysis starts with the existing relationship between equipment description and process variables and their energy consumption, which allows to determine the optimal consumption of each process and the effects that increasing or decreasing it have over the global efficiency. To carry out this work, the following scheme of work is followed: -- Establishment of the initial energy consumption (stage 0). -- Study and analysis of each treatment process consumption (pre-treatment, biological treatment, sludge treatment, deodorization, etc) -- The higher the energy consumption of a treatment process is, the more detailed analysis will be carried out. As a result of it, the processes in which to act will be identified in order to achieve the most effective and with higher savings measures to adopt. In every process identified a study of potential measures to adopt is carried out. The work introduces, according to previous studies, the common energy consumptions of the different wastewater treatment technologies existing in most of the urban wastewater treatment plants in Spain. As a case study, the energy consumption of a typical prolonged aeration WWTP is analyzed and the processes with potential higher savings are identified. Initially the wastewater treatment plant is described, stating its different design flow capacities, treatment processes, equipment, energy consumptions estimated according to power consumption per cubic meter of treated water, energy consumptions percentages, etc. As a consequence of this study of potential savings in the referred wastewater treatment plant, three energy efficiency measures are settled: 1. Improvement of the efficiency of the inlet pumping station. 2. Biological aeration equipment substitution. 3. Improve

Population growth in urban areas is putting pressure on sewage treatment plants. The improper treatment of sewage entering the aquatic ecosystems causes deterioration of the water quality of the receiving water body. The effect of sewage effluent on the Sand River was assessed. Eight sampling sites were selected, site 1 and 2 were upstream of the of the sewage treatment plant along the urbanised area of Polokwane, whilst sites 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were downstream. The physicochemical parameters and coliform counts in the water samples were determined. Macroinvertebrate abundances and diversity (H') was determined at the different sites during the dry and rainy season. The water quality status of the Sand River with respect to the South African scoring system (SASS) scores and average score per taxon (ASPT) was determined. A linear regression was performed to test the correlation of the SASS scores with abundance and H'. Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment, grass (Ishaemum fasciculatum) and fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) at the sites were evaluated. The suitability of the Sand River and surrounding borehole water for irrigation was also determined. Hierarchical average linkage cluster analysis produced two clusters, grouping two sites above the sewage treatment works and six sites downstream of the sewage effluent discharge point. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified total nitrogen, total phosphorus, conductivity and salinity as the major factors contributing to the variability of the Sand River water quality. These factors are strongly associated with the downstream sites. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that Chironomidae family was found on the nitrogen gradient during the dry season. However during the rainy season, Chironomidae was found in the centre of the ordination which indicated that it was ubiquitous. Escherichia coli levels (1463.73 counts/100ml) in the maturation ponds of Polokwane wastewater treatment works could pote

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and the removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals at a sewage treatment plant in Umeå. Levels of pharmaceuticals were measured on three consecutive days in influent water, after presedimentation and in effluent water using Online Solid Phase Extraction Liquid Chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (SPE LC-HESI-MS/MS). The selection of the 95 pharmaceuticals included in the study was primarily based on ecotoxological data, of which 31 were detected in 24 of 27 samples in levels between low ng/l to low µg/l. Paracetamol was detected in highest concentrations, up to 106 µg/l in influent water, but also showed the highest removal efficiency at 99.8 %. Several pharmaceuticals showed negative removal rates, indicating an increase in concentration. None of the analyzed pharmaceuticals were detected in levels exceeding the calculated critical environmental concentration in the recipient Ume River and therefore no pharmacological effects are expected to occur in exposed fish. The sewage treatment plant at Ön has no emission limits for pharmaceuticals in its environmental permit, but the active upstream work carried out at the treatment plant aims to reduce the occurrence of drug residues in sewage. Today, there are no specific limits for pharmaceuticals released from Swedish sewage treatment plants and EU recently decided not to include pharmaceuticals on the list of priority substances in the Water Framework Directive, which probably would have led to more restrictions regarding drug residues in sewage effluent.

IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket genomfört en screening avseende pyritioner och deras viktigaste nedbrytningsprodukter under 2012/2013. Zink pyrition (ZnPT) är en bredspektrumbiocid mot bakterier, svampar och alger. ZnPT används kommersiellt som antimjällmedel i schampon och som konserveringsmedel i kosmetika. ZnPTs löslighet i vatten gör ämnet lämpligt som tillsatts i båt- och utomhusfärger. Natrium pyrition (HPT) har samma användningsområden som ZnPT och förekommer som konserveringsmedel i kosmetika och i vätskor som används inom metallindustrin. Syftet med studien var att bestämma halter och att bidra till förståelsen av pyritioners omvandling genom att även analysera 2-pyridinsulfonsyra (PSA) och andra nedbrytnings­produkter i prover från reningsverk och småbåtshamnar. ZnPT och/eller kopparpyrition (CuPT) uppmättes i 79 % av inkommande och i 7 % av utgående avloppsvatten från kommunala reningsverk. Minskningen av halten ZnPT och/eller CuPT mellan inkommande och utgående avloppsvatten visar att nedbrytning kan ske i reningsverksprocessen. Att ZnPT och/eller CuPT inte kunde detekteras i slam tyder på att nedbrytning av dessa ämnen sker i kontakt med slam. Nedbrytningsprodukten PSA var den mest frekvent förekommande föreningen och uppmättes i de flesta avloppsvatten samt i samtliga slamprover. Koncentrationen av PSA i inkommande vatten var 73 – 480 (median 240) ng/L (n=14), i utgående vatten <2 - 330 (median 59) ng/L (n=28) och i slam 25 - 280 (median 110) µg/kg TS (n=21). Minskningen i halten PSA mellan inkommande och utgående avloppsvatten tyder på att PSA kan brytas ner eller adsorberas till slam. I en småbåtshamn där ZnPT troligen emitteras från båtbottenfärger, och också kan omvandlas till den ännu mer toxiska formen CuPT, kunde ingen av dessa former påvisas i vattenfasen eller sedimentet. Däremot kunde PSA detekteras i sedimentet. I sediment där belastningen av ZnPT är mer diffus (Göta älv, gradient från Göteborg), kunde ingen ac, As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of pyrithiones and their major degradation products has been performed by IVL during 2012/2013. Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is a broad-spectrum biocide effective against bacteria, fungi and algae. ZnPT is commercially used as anti-dandruff agent in shampoos and as preservatives in cosmetics. Due to ZnPTs solubility in water it is suitable for use in outdoor and marine paints. Sodium pyrithione (HPT) is used as a preservative in cosmetics and as protective agent for fluids used in the metal industries. The objective of the present screening was to determine concentrations and to illuminate the fate of pyrithiones in sewage treatment plants and in small boat marinas by broadening the chemical analysis also to 2-pyridinesulfonic acid (PSA) and other pyrithione residues. ZnPT and/or cupper pyrithione (CuPT) were detected in 79% of influent and in 7% of effluent wastewaters from sewage treatment plants (STPs). A decrease in concentration from influent to effluent indicates that ZnPT and CuPT are degraded in the STPs. The absence of ZnPT and/or CuPT in sludge suggests that degradation will take place in contact with sludge. The degradation product PSA was the most abundant compound in the study. PSA was present in the majority of the wastewater samples and in all the sludge samples analysed. The concentration range of PSA in influents were 73 - 480 (median 240) ng/L (n=14), in effluents <2 - 330 (median 59) ng/L (n=28) and in sludge 25 - 280 (median 110) µg/kg dw (n=21). The decrease in concentration of PSA from influent to effluent wastewater shows that PSA may be further degraded or adsorbed to sludge in the STP. In a small boat marina where ZnPT is probably constantly emitted from anti-fouling paints, (and could be trans-chelated to the even more toxic CuPT) none of these species could be detected in the water or in the sediment. PSA, however, was detected in the sediment. In the sediments

IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket genomfört en screening avseende pyritioner och deras viktigaste nedbrytningsprodukter under 2012/2013. Zink pyrition (ZnPT) är en bredspektrumbiocid mot bakterier, svampar och alger. ZnPT används kommersiellt som antimjällmedel i schampon och som konserveringsmedel i kosmetika. ZnPTs löslighet i vatten gör ämnet lämpligt som tillsatts i båt- och utomhusfärger. Natrium pyrition (HPT) har samma användningsområden som ZnPT och förekommer som konserveringsmedel i kosmetika och i vätskor som används inom metallindustrin. Syftet med studien var att bestämma halter och att bidra till förståelsen av pyritioners omvandling genom att även analysera 2-pyridinsulfonsyra (PSA) och andra nedbrytnings­produkter i prover från reningsverk och småbåtshamnar. ZnPT och/eller kopparpyrition (CuPT) uppmättes i 79 % av inkommande och i 7 % av utgående avloppsvatten från kommunala reningsverk. Minskningen av halten ZnPT och/eller CuPT mellan inkommande och utgående avloppsvatten visar att nedbrytning kan ske i reningsverksprocessen. Att ZnPT och/eller CuPT inte kunde detekteras i slam tyder på att nedbrytning av dessa ämnen sker i kontakt med slam. Nedbrytningsprodukten PSA var den mest frekvent förekommande föreningen och uppmättes i de flesta avloppsvatten samt i samtliga slamprover. Koncentrationen av PSA i inkommande vatten var 73 – 480 (median 240) ng/L (n=14), i utgående vatten <2 - 330 (median 59) ng/L (n=28) och i slam 25 - 280 (median 110) µg/kg TS (n=21). Minskningen i halten PSA mellan inkommande och utgående avloppsvatten tyder på att PSA kan brytas ner eller adsorberas till slam. I en småbåtshamn där ZnPT troligen emitteras från båtbottenfärger, och också kan omvandlas till den ännu mer toxiska formen CuPT, kunde ingen av dessa former påvisas i vattenfasen eller sedimentet. Däremot kunde PSA detekteras i sedimentet. I sediment där belastningen av ZnPT är mer diffus (Göta älv, gradient från Göteborg), kunde ingen ac, As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of pyrithiones and their major degradation products has been performed by IVL during 2012/2013. Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is a broad-spectrum biocide effective against bacteria, fungi and algae. ZnPT is commercially used as anti-dandruff agent in shampoos and as preservatives in cosmetics. Due to ZnPTs solubility in water it is suitable for use in outdoor and marine paints. Sodium pyrithione (HPT) is used as a preservative in cosmetics and as protective agent for fluids used in the metal industries. The objective of the present screening was to determine concentrations and to illuminate the fate of pyrithiones in sewage treatment plants and in small boat marinas by broadening the chemical analysis also to 2-pyridinesulfonic acid (PSA) and other pyrithione residues. ZnPT and/or cupper pyrithione (CuPT) were detected in 79% of influent and in 7% of effluent wastewaters from sewage treatment plants (STPs). A decrease in concentration from influent to effluent indicates that ZnPT and CuPT are degraded in the STPs. The absence of ZnPT and/or CuPT in sludge suggests that degradation will take place in contact with sludge. The degradation product PSA was the most abundant compound in the study. PSA was present in the majority of the wastewater samples and in all the sludge samples analysed. The concentration range of PSA in influents were 73 - 480 (median 240) ng/L (n=14), in effluents <2 - 330 (median 59) ng/L (n=28) and in sludge 25 - 280 (median 110) µg/kg dw (n=21). The decrease in concentration of PSA from influent to effluent wastewater shows that PSA may be further degraded or adsorbed to sludge in the STP. In a small boat marina where ZnPT is probably constantly emitted from anti-fouling paints, (and could be trans-chelated to the even more toxic CuPT) none of these species could be detected in the water or in the sediment. PSA, however, was detected in the sediment. In the sediments

Large and ever-increasing numbers of chemicals, including large quantities of a broad spectrum of organic compounds are used in modern society. More than 30 000 of the more than 100 000 chemical substances registered in the EU are estimated to be daily used, of which many will be discharged into the waste-streams handled by municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). The main objective of the work underlying this thesis was to improve understanding of the relationships between the characteristics of sewage contaminants and their sewage treatment efficiency. Further objectives were to examine the relationships between socio-economic uses of chemicals and sludge quality, and the effects of regulatory actions on sludge quality. The quality of the sewage sludge and the levels and distribution patterns of the sludge contaminants, both within and between the STPs, seem to remain quite constant over time. The overall findings indicate that the levels of contaminants in sewage sludge seem to be largely independent of the location, size and treatment techniques applied at the STPs, and generally, of the types of human activity connected to them. The total and relative concentrations of the sludge contaminants were found to be fairly constant on a dry weight basis, with some exceptions, indicating that the pollutants originate from broad usage and diffuse dispersion rather than (industrial) point sources. The proportion of cyclic methylsiloxanes recovered in sludge seems to strongly depend on their vapour pressure, which decreases with the number of siloxane units. The higher water solubility and biodegradability of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reflected in lower percentages (relative to their national use) found in sludge. Significant time-trends in levels of a-third of the sludge contaminants included in the annual national measurement program were detected over a period of seven years. The levels of

Large and ever-increasing numbers of chemicals, including large quantities of a broad spectrum of organic compounds are used in modern society. More than 30 000 of the more than 100 000 chemical substances registered in the EU are estimated to be daily used, of which many will be discharged into the waste-streams handled by municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). The main objective of the work underlying this thesis was to improve understanding of the relationships between the characteristics of sewage contaminants and their sewage treatment efficiency. Further objectives were to examine the relationships between socio-economic uses of chemicals and sludge quality, and the effects of regulatory actions on sludge quality. The quality of the sewage sludge and the levels and distribution patterns of the sludge contaminants, both within and between the STPs, seem to remain quite constant over time. The overall findings indicate that the levels of contaminants in sewage sludge seem to be largely independent of the location, size and treatment techniques applied at the STPs, and generally, of the types of human activity connected to them. The total and relative concentrations of the sludge contaminants were found to be fairly constant on a dry weight basis, with some exceptions, indicating that the pollutants originate from broad usage and diffuse dispersion rather than (industrial) point sources. The proportion of cyclic methylsiloxanes recovered in sludge seems to strongly depend on their vapour pressure, which decreases with the number of siloxane units. The higher water solubility and biodegradability of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reflected in lower percentages (relative to their national use) found in sludge. Significant time-trends in levels of a-third of the sludge contaminants included in the annual national measurement program were detected over a period of seven years. The levels of

Large and ever-increasing numbers of chemicals, including large quantities of a broad spectrum of organic compounds are used in modern society. More than 30 000 of the more than 100 000 chemical substances registered in the EU are estimated to be daily used, of which many will be discharged into the waste-streams handled by municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). The main objective of the work underlying this thesis was to improve understanding of the relationships between the characteristics of sewage contaminants and their sewage treatment efficiency. Further objectives were to examine the relationships between socio-economic uses of chemicals and sludge quality, and the effects of regulatory actions on sludge quality. The quality of the sewage sludge and the levels and distribution patterns of the sludge contaminants, both within and between the STPs, seem to remain quite constant over time. The overall findings indicate that the levels of contaminants in sewage sludge seem to be largely independent of the location, size and treatment techniques applied at the STPs, and generally, of the types of human activity connected to them. The total and relative concentrations of the sludge contaminants were found to be fairly constant on a dry weight basis, with some exceptions, indicating that the pollutants originate from broad usage and diffuse dispersion rather than (industrial) point sources. The proportion of cyclic methylsiloxanes recovered in sludge seems to strongly depend on their vapour pressure, which decreases with the number of siloxane units. The higher water solubility and biodegradability of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reflected in lower percentages (relative to their national use) found in sludge. Significant time-trends in levels of a-third of the sludge contaminants included in the annual national measurement program were detected over a period of seven years. The levels of

Práce se zabývá problematikou malých komunálních biologických čistíren odpadních vod. Proces čištění je v práci popsán mechanickým odstraňováním znečišťujících látek, například pomocí česlí, lapáku písku apod., a dále biologickými metodami čištění buď aerobních či anaerobních procesů. Zhodnoceny jsou účinnosti těchto procesů a na příkladu malé čistírny komunálních odpadních vod v Sobíňově je popsána technologie nejčastěji v těchto čistírnách používaná. Je jí využití mikroorganismů k degradaci polutantů, tzv. aktivační proces za přístupu vzduchu. Při správném chodu je proces velice spolehlivý a účinný. Na příkladu sobíňovské čistírny je zhodnocena také dosahovaná kvalita takto čištěných vod v průběhu kalendářního roku v praxi. Práce popisuje způsoby úpravy vznikajících čistírenských kalů, z nichž nejpoužívanějšími na malých čistírnách jsou nejčastěji aerobní stabilizace a zahuštění kalu na určité procento obsahu sušiny. Úpravy, jako anaerobní stabilizace nebo odvodňování kalů, se často provádějí až po převozu kalu na místa určená k úpravě kalu., The work deals with the problem of small municipal biological sewage treatment plants. The cleaning process is depicted as mechanical removal of pollutants, for example, using screens, sand traps, etc., as well as biological cleaning methods, either aerobic or anaerobic processes. The effectiveness of these processes is evaluated and the technology most often used in these facilities is described on the example of a small municipal sewage treatment plant in Sobíňov. It uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants, ie. activation process with the access to air. With the right functioning the process is very reliable and efficient. Also the quality of water, treated in this way, achieved during the calendar year in praktice is evaluated on the example of Sobíňov sewage treatment plant. The work also deals with the processes for modifying the produced sewage sludge, of which the most commonly used in small treatment plants are mostly aerobic stabilization and sludge thickening to a specified percentage of dry matter kontent. Adjustments, such as anaerobic stabilization and dewatering sludge, are often made after the transportation of the sludge to places intended for that purpose., Ústav environmentálního a chemického inženýrství, Posluchačka seznámila komisi s obsahem své bakalářské práce a následně zodpověděla dotazy komise. Formální připomínky - psaní citací, autoři se píší bez titulů. Technologický popis biologické čistírny. Popis aerátoru. Porovnávání anaerobního a aerobního procesu, výsledek anaerobního procesu. Princip mokré oxidace kalu. Co vyjadřuje parametr CHSK?

Large and ever-increasing numbers of chemicals, including large quantities of a broad spectrum of organic compounds are used in modern society. More than 30 000 of the more than 100 000 chemical substances registered in the EU are estimated to be daily used, of which many will be discharged into the waste-streams handled by municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). The main objective of the work underlying this thesis was to improve understanding of the relationships between the characteristics of sewage contaminants and their sewage treatment efficiency. Further objectives were to examine the relationships between socio-economic uses of chemicals and sludge quality, and the effects of regulatory actions on sludge quality. The quality of the sewage sludge and the levels and distribution patterns of the sludge contaminants, both within and between the STPs, seem to remain quite constant over time. The overall findings indicate that the levels of contaminants in sewage sludge seem to be largely independent of the location, size and treatment techniques applied at the STPs, and generally, of the types of human activity connected to them. The total and relative concentrations of the sludge contaminants were found to be fairly constant on a dry weight basis, with some exceptions, indicating that the pollutants originate from broad usage and diffuse dispersion rather than (industrial) point sources. The proportion of cyclic methylsiloxanes recovered in sludge seems to strongly depend on their vapour pressure, which decreases with the number of siloxane units. The higher water solubility and biodegradability of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reflected in lower percentages (relative to their national use) found in sludge. Significant time-trends in levels of a-third of the sludge contaminants included in the annual national measurement program were detected over a period of seven years. The levels of

Tens of thousands of chemicals are currently marketed worldwide, but only a small number of these compounds has been measured in effluents or the environment to date. The need for screening methodologies to select candidates for environmental monitoring is therefore significant. To meet this need, the Swedish Chemicals Agency developed the Exposure Index (EI), a model for ranking emissions to a number of environmental matrices based on chemical quantity used and use pattern. Here we evaluate the EI. Data on measured concentrations of organic chemicals in sewage treatment plants, one of the recipients considered in the EI model, were compiled from the literature, and the correlation between predicted emission levels and observed concentrations was assessed by linear regression analysis. The adequacy of the parameters employed in the EI was further explored by calibration of the model to measured concentrations. The EI was found to be of limited use for ranking contaminant levels in STPs; the r2 values for the regressions between predicted and observed values ranged from 0.02 (p = 0.243) to 0.14 (p = 0.007) depending on the dataset. The calibrated version of the model produced only slightly better predictions although it was fitted to the experimental data. However, the model is a valuable first step in developing a high throughput screening tool for organic contaminants, and there is potential for improving the EI algorithm.

RIVM rapport:In oppervlaktewater van de Rijn en de Maas zijn lage concentraties aangetoond van twaalf stoffen die zijn opgenomen in de Opiumwet. Het gaat om stoffen uit de groepen amphetaminen, slaap- en kalmeringsmiddelen (barbituraten en benzodiazepinen) opiaten en cocaïne. De meeste van deze stoffen worden verwijderd of sterk in concentratie verlaagd tijdens de drinkwaterzuivering. In het drinkwater worden uiteindelijk nog drie stoffen aangetroffen, allen barbituraten. De concentraties zijn zeer laag (maximaal 12 nanogram per liter). Hiermee worden de gezondheidskundige risiconormen voor drinkwater niet overschreden. Het is raadzaam om de aanwezigheid van deze stoffen in het watersysteem te blijven volgen met het oog op mogelijke effecten op de volksgezondheid op lange termijn. Daarnaast wordt aanbevolen om de mogelijke effecten op het ecosysteem te onderzoeken. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van het RIVM, in opdracht van de VROM-Inspectie van het ministerie van Infrastructuur & Milieu. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd in samenwerking met KWR Watercycle Research Institute en het Research Institute for Pesticides and Water van de Spaanse Universiteit Jaume I. In totaal zijn 65 watermonsters onderzocht op de aanwezigheid van 37 verschillende drugs en afbraakproducten. Behalve oppervlaktewater en drinkwater is ook stedelijk afvalwater onderzocht. De aangetroffen stoffen konden worden opgespoord dankzij geavanceerde meettechnieken die sinds kort beschikbaar zijn, maar zijn waarschijnlijk al aanwezig in het watersysteem sinds mensen ze gebruiken. Een substantieel deel van de onderzochte stoffen in de Maas en Rijn komt vanuit het buitenland. Vervolgens draagt ook het afvalwater van rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallaties in Nederland hieraan bij. De gevonden concentraties in Nederlands afvalwater zijn van dezelfde ordegrootte als de concentraties in andere West-Europese landen. Met behulp van de gemeten concentraties was het mogelijk om de cocaine consumptie in een aantal steden te schatten en met e, In the surface waters of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, twelve drugs that are listed in the Dutch Opium act were detected at low concentrations. They are from the groups amphetamines, tranquilizers (barbiturates and benzodiazepines) opiates and cocaine. During drinking water production, most compounds are removed or concentrations are substantially lowered. In finished drinking water, three barbiturates were still detected in very low concentrations (up to 12 ng/L). The amounts are below health based provisional drinking water limits. Ongoing monitoring of the presence of these compounds in water and possible long-term effects on human health are a point of interest. It is recommended to investigate possible ecotoxicological effects. These findings are the results of a RIVM investigation performed under the authority of the VROM-Inspectorate of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment. This investigation was carried out in cooperation with KWR Watercycle Research Institute and the Research Institute for Pesticides and Water of the University Jaume I (Spain). A total of 65 water samples were analysed for 37 different drugs of abuse and metabolites. In addition to surface waters and drinking water, sewage waters were also analysed. The compounds can be detected due to the increased sensitivity of analytical methods nowadays available. However, drugs have probably been present in the aquatic environment since they have been used by humans. Substantial fractions of the total load of drugs in the Rhine and Meuse rivers enter the Netherlands from abroad. There is also a contribution through effluents from sewage water treatment plants in the Netherlands. The concentrations found in Dutch sewage water are in the same range as concentrations found in other Western European countries. Based on the measured concentrations, cocaine consumption in some Dutch cities could be estimated and compared.

RIVM rapport:In oppervlaktewater van de Rijn en de Maas zijn lage concentraties aangetoond van twaalf stoffen die zijn opgenomen in de Opiumwet. Het gaat om stoffen uit de groepen amphetaminen, slaap- en kalmeringsmiddelen (barbituraten en benzodiazepinen) opiaten en cocaïne. De meeste van deze stoffen worden verwijderd of sterk in concentratie verlaagd tijdens de drinkwaterzuivering. In het drinkwater worden uiteindelijk nog drie stoffen aangetroffen, allen barbituraten. De concentraties zijn zeer laag (maximaal 12 nanogram per liter). Hiermee worden de gezondheidskundige risiconormen voor drinkwater niet overschreden. Het is raadzaam om de aanwezigheid van deze stoffen in het watersysteem te blijven volgen met het oog op mogelijke effecten op de volksgezondheid op lange termijn. Daarnaast wordt aanbevolen om de mogelijke effecten op het ecosysteem te onderzoeken. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van het RIVM, in opdracht van de VROM-Inspectie van het ministerie van Infrastructuur & Milieu. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd in samenwerking met KWR Watercycle Research Institute en het Research Institute for Pesticides and Water van de Spaanse Universiteit Jaume I. In totaal zijn 65 watermonsters onderzocht op de aanwezigheid van 37 verschillende drugs en afbraakproducten. Behalve oppervlaktewater en drinkwater is ook stedelijk afvalwater onderzocht. De aangetroffen stoffen konden worden opgespoord dankzij geavanceerde meettechnieken die sinds kort beschikbaar zijn, maar zijn waarschijnlijk al aanwezig in het watersysteem sinds mensen ze gebruiken. Een substantieel deel van de onderzochte stoffen in de Maas en Rijn komt vanuit het buitenland. Vervolgens draagt ook het afvalwater van rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallaties in Nederland hieraan bij. De gevonden concentraties in Nederlands afvalwater zijn van dezelfde ordegrootte als de concentraties in andere West-Europese landen. Met behulp van de gemeten concentraties was het mogelijk om de cocaine consumptie in een aantal steden te schatten en met e, In the surface waters of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, twelve drugs that are listed in the Dutch Opium act were detected at low concentrations. They are from the groups amphetamines, tranquilizers (barbiturates and benzodiazepines) opiates and cocaine. During drinking water production, most compounds are removed or concentrations are substantially lowered. In finished drinking water, three barbiturates were still detected in very low concentrations (up to 12 ng/L). The amounts are below health based provisional drinking water limits. Ongoing monitoring of the presence of these compounds in water and possible long-term effects on human health are a point of interest. It is recommended to investigate possible ecotoxicological effects. These findings are the results of a RIVM investigation performed under the authority of the VROM-Inspectorate of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment. This investigation was carried out in cooperation with KWR Watercycle Research Institute and the Research Institute for Pesticides and Water of the University Jaume I (Spain). A total of 65 water samples were analysed for 37 different drugs of abuse and metabolites. In addition to surface waters and drinking water, sewage waters were also analysed. The compounds can be detected due to the increased sensitivity of analytical methods nowadays available. However, drugs have probably been present in the aquatic environment since they have been used by humans. Substantial fractions of the total load of drugs in the Rhine and Meuse rivers enter the Netherlands from abroad. There is also a contribution through effluents from sewage water treatment plants in the Netherlands. The concentrations found in Dutch sewage water are in the same range as concentrations found in other Western European countries. Based on the measured concentrations, cocaine consumption in some Dutch cities could be estimated and compared.

RIVM rapport:In oppervlaktewater van de Rijn en de Maas zijn lage concentraties aangetoond van twaalf stoffen die zijn opgenomen in de Opiumwet. Het gaat om stoffen uit de groepen amphetaminen, slaap- en kalmeringsmiddelen (barbituraten en benzodiazepinen) opiaten en cocaïne. De meeste van deze stoffen worden verwijderd of sterk in concentratie verlaagd tijdens de drinkwaterzuivering. In het drinkwater worden uiteindelijk nog drie stoffen aangetroffen, allen barbituraten. De concentraties zijn zeer laag (maximaal 12 nanogram per liter). Hiermee worden de gezondheidskundige risiconormen voor drinkwater niet overschreden. Het is raadzaam om de aanwezigheid van deze stoffen in het watersysteem te blijven volgen met het oog op mogelijke effecten op de volksgezondheid op lange termijn. Daarnaast wordt aanbevolen om de mogelijke effecten op het ecosysteem te onderzoeken. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van het RIVM, in opdracht van de VROM-Inspectie van het ministerie van Infrastructuur & Milieu. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd in samenwerking met KWR Watercycle Research Institute en het Research Institute for Pesticides and Water van de Spaanse Universiteit Jaume I. In totaal zijn 65 watermonsters onderzocht op de aanwezigheid van 37 verschillende drugs en afbraakproducten. Behalve oppervlaktewater en drinkwater is ook stedelijk afvalwater onderzocht. De aangetroffen stoffen konden worden opgespoord dankzij geavanceerde meettechnieken die sinds kort beschikbaar zijn, maar zijn waarschijnlijk al aanwezig in het watersysteem sinds mensen ze gebruiken. Een substantieel deel van de onderzochte stoffen in de Maas en Rijn komt vanuit het buitenland. Vervolgens draagt ook het afvalwater van rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallaties in Nederland hieraan bij. De gevonden concentraties in Nederlands afvalwater zijn van dezelfde ordegrootte als de concentraties in andere West-Europese landen. Met behulp van de gemeten concentraties was het mogelijk om de cocaine consumptie in een aantal steden te schatten en met e, In the surface waters of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, twelve drugs that are listed in the Dutch Opium act were detected at low concentrations. They are from the groups amphetamines, tranquilizers (barbiturates and benzodiazepines) opiates and cocaine. During drinking water production, most compounds are removed or concentrations are substantially lowered. In finished drinking water, three barbiturates were still detected in very low concentrations (up to 12 ng/L). The amounts are below health based provisional drinking water limits. Ongoing monitoring of the presence of these compounds in water and possible long-term effects on human health are a point of interest. It is recommended to investigate possible ecotoxicological effects. These findings are the results of a RIVM investigation performed under the authority of the VROM-Inspectorate of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment. This investigation was carried out in cooperation with KWR Watercycle Research Institute and the Research Institute for Pesticides and Water of the University Jaume I (Spain). A total of 65 water samples were analysed for 37 different drugs of abuse and metabolites. In addition to surface waters and drinking water, sewage waters were also analysed. The compounds can be detected due to the increased sensitivity of analytical methods nowadays available. However, drugs have probably been present in the aquatic environment since they have been used by humans. Substantial fractions of the total load of drugs in the Rhine and Meuse rivers enter the Netherlands from abroad. There is also a contribution through effluents from sewage water treatment plants in the Netherlands. The concentrations found in Dutch sewage water are in the same range as concentrations found in other Western European countries. Based on the measured concentrations, cocaine consumption in some Dutch cities could be estimated and compared.

RIVM rapport:In oppervlaktewater van de Rijn en de Maas zijn lage concentraties aangetoond van twaalf stoffen die zijn opgenomen in de Opiumwet. Het gaat om stoffen uit de groepen amphetaminen, slaap- en kalmeringsmiddelen (barbituraten en benzodiazepinen) opiaten en cocaïne. De meeste van deze stoffen worden verwijderd of sterk in concentratie verlaagd tijdens de drinkwaterzuivering. In het drinkwater worden uiteindelijk nog drie stoffen aangetroffen, allen barbituraten. De concentraties zijn zeer laag (maximaal 12 nanogram per liter). Hiermee worden de gezondheidskundige risiconormen voor drinkwater niet overschreden. Het is raadzaam om de aanwezigheid van deze stoffen in het watersysteem te blijven volgen met het oog op mogelijke effecten op de volksgezondheid op lange termijn. Daarnaast wordt aanbevolen om de mogelijke effecten op het ecosysteem te onderzoeken. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van het RIVM, in opdracht van de VROM-Inspectie van het ministerie van Infrastructuur & Milieu. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd in samenwerking met KWR Watercycle Research Institute en het Research Institute for Pesticides and Water van de Spaanse Universiteit Jaume I. In totaal zijn 65 watermonsters onderzocht op de aanwezigheid van 37 verschillende drugs en afbraakproducten. Behalve oppervlaktewater en drinkwater is ook stedelijk afvalwater onderzocht. De aangetroffen stoffen konden worden opgespoord dankzij geavanceerde meettechnieken die sinds kort beschikbaar zijn, maar zijn waarschijnlijk al aanwezig in het watersysteem sinds mensen ze gebruiken. Een substantieel deel van de onderzochte stoffen in de Maas en Rijn komt vanuit het buitenland. Vervolgens draagt ook het afvalwater van rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallaties in Nederland hieraan bij. De gevonden concentraties in Nederlands afvalwater zijn van dezelfde ordegrootte als de concentraties in andere West-Europese landen. Met behulp van de gemeten concentraties was het mogelijk om de cocaine consumptie in een aantal steden te schatten en met e, In the surface waters of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, twelve drugs that are listed in the Dutch Opium act were detected at low concentrations. They are from the groups amphetamines, tranquilizers (barbiturates and benzodiazepines) opiates and cocaine. During drinking water production, most compounds are removed or concentrations are substantially lowered. In finished drinking water, three barbiturates were still detected in very low concentrations (up to 12 ng/L). The amounts are below health based provisional drinking water limits. Ongoing monitoring of the presence of these compounds in water and possible long-term effects on human health are a point of interest. It is recommended to investigate possible ecotoxicological effects. These findings are the results of a RIVM investigation performed under the authority of the VROM-Inspectorate of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment. This investigation was carried out in cooperation with KWR Watercycle Research Institute and the Research Institute for Pesticides and Water of the University Jaume I (Spain). A total of 65 water samples were analysed for 37 different drugs of abuse and metabolites. In addition to surface waters and drinking water, sewage waters were also analysed. The compounds can be detected due to the increased sensitivity of analytical methods nowadays available. However, drugs have probably been present in the aquatic environment since they have been used by humans. Substantial fractions of the total load of drugs in the Rhine and Meuse rivers enter the Netherlands from abroad. There is also a contribution through effluents from sewage water treatment plants in the Netherlands. The concentrations found in Dutch sewage water are in the same range as concentrations found in other Western European countries. Based on the measured concentrations, cocaine consumption in some Dutch cities could be estimated and compared.

We investigated the presence and fate of 16 antibiotics belonging to seven groups (β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim and amphenicols) in effluents of sewage plants and receiving waters in Hong Kong. Cefalexin, amoxicillin, ofloxacin and erythromycin-H2O were ubiquitous in sea water throughout Victoria Harbour, indicating continuous discharge to the environment. This is one of the few studies reporting the frequent occurrence of cefalexin and amoxicillin in sewage effluents and sea water (170-5070 and 64-1670 ng/L in sewage; 6.1-493 and 0.64-76 ng/L in sea water, respectively). Mass flows from seven sewage plants discharged an estimated total of 14.4 kg/day to the Harbour. Typhoon shelters also appeared to play an important role as sources of antibiotics, as evidenced by elevated concentrations within their boundaries. Mass balance estimations suggested significant quantities of antibiotics are discharged to the Harbour without passage through treatment plants. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In August 2002, flooding in the Elbe valley caused severe damage of sewage treatment plants and networks. We investigated the impact of flooding on the bacteriological water quality (colony-forming units of saprophytic bacteria, coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli) compared with levels from previous and subsequent years. The flood introduced organic matter and elevated saprophytic bacteria levels, and a general increase of coliform bacteria. Markedly high loads of coliforms and E. coli were detected in the water column in areas where damage to sewage treatment plants was rife, exceeding the European Commission's Bathing Water Directive. The rapid disappearance from the water column may partly be caused by sedimentation creating deposits on pasture, farmland and in built-up areas, which could represent a health hazard. Future flood risk reduction should therefore be focused on the protection of sewage systems and hygienic monitoring of floodwater and flood sediments.

Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na rozhodovací postupy ve veřejné správě, konkrétně v obci Vojkov, která v současné době plánuje výstavbu kanalizační sítě pro celou obec. Pro tuto obec je zde zpracována podrobná aplikace vícekriteriálních metod rozhodování a také analýzy dotací ze strukturálních fondů. Při hodnocení v rozhodovacím procesu jsou použity metody rozhodování za jistoty, nejistoty a rizika., The bachelor work focuses with the process of decision-making in public administration. The municipality Vojkov, chosen as an example, decided to realize project of canalization and sewage plant. In this work is processed detailed application of multi-criteria methods of decision-making and analyse grants from structural funds. During the evaluation, methods of decision of certainty, uncertainty and risk are used., Ústav systémového inženýrství a informatiky, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The potential risks associated with antibiotics present in the Swedish environment were assessed using concentrations found in hospital effluent, and sewage treatment waters and sludge, in combination with data on their environmental effects obtained from the literature. For the aqueous environment, measured environmental concentrations and effect/no observed effect concentration ratios were much lower than one in most cases. The only exceptions, where concentrations of the investigated substances were high enough to pose potential risks, were the concentrations of the two fluoroquinolones, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, in the hospital effluent. Treating digested dewatered sludge by heat did not fully eliminate norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin, thus pellets may still contain high amounts of these substances (sub to low mgkg(-1)dw). In leaching tests less than 1% of the amounts of these fluoroquinolones in the sludge or pellets reached the aqueous phase, indicating that their mobility is limited if sludge is used to fertilize soil.

Metoder har utvecklats för att kunna bestämma tolv antibiotikasubstanser, vanliga inom human medicin, i miljöprover. Fokus lades på trimetoprim samt substanser från följande grupper: fluorokinoloner, sulfonamider, penicilliner, cefalosporiner, nitroimidazoler, tetracykliner samt makrolider. Vid extraktion användes fast-fas extraktion för vattenprover och ultraljuds-assisterad fast-fas/vätske extraktion för fasta prover. För separering och bestämning användes vätskekromatografi tandemmasspektrometri. Interna standarder nyttjades för att öka noggrannhet och precision. Extraktionsutbyte låg mellan 50% och 100% för vattenfaser och 14% och 100% för fasta faser. Koncentrationer och massflöden bestämdes för antibiotikasubstanser i inkommande och utgående vatten och slam, från fem avloppreningsverk i Sverige, samt i avloppsvatten från ett sjukhus. I sjukhusavloppsvattnet så påträffades ciprofloxacin (en fluorokinolon) och metronidazol (en nitroimidazol) i höga halter (µg/L nivå). Screening-studien vid de fem avloppsreningsverken visade att norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin och doxycyklin ofta förekom i inkommande och utgående vatten och slam. Trimetoprim och sulfametoxazol påvisades inte i slam men förekom i snarlika koncentrationer i det utgående vattnet relativt det inkommande. I vattenfasen så förekom de sex antibiotikasubstanserna i ng/L nivån och i slam förekom norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, och doxycyklin i låga mg/kg nivån. En studie genomfördes där beteendet hos antibiotikasubstanser under avloppsrening studerades. De två fluorokinolonerna, norfloxacin och ciprofloxacin, adsorberade till slam och mindre än 5% av den totala mängd som kommer till avloppsreningsverket påvisades i det utgående vattnet. I slam var motsvarande andel 70%. Resultat från en process som värmebehandlar rötat avvattnat slam antyder att cirka 50% av de två fluorokinolonerna bryts ner. Trimetoprim adsorberade inte till slam och 100% av total mängd återfanns i det utgående vattnet. Teo, Methods were developed for determining levels in environmental samples of twelve antibiotics that are commonly used in human medicine: trimethoprim and substances from the following groups: fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporines, nitroimidazoles, tetracyclines and macrolides. These substances were extracted from liquid and solid samples by solid phase extraction and ultrasonic-assisted liquid/solid extraction, respectively. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was then used to separate and quantify them, and internal standards were added to improve the accuracy and precision of the determinations. Extraction yields from aqueous and solid phases were in the ranges 50 - 100% and 14 - 100%, respectively. Concentrations and mass flows of antibiotic substances were determined in a hospital effluent and in the raw sewage water, final effluent, and sludge from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) scattered across Sweden. High levels (in the µg/L range) of ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) and metronidazole (a nitroimidazole), were found in the hospital effluent. The screening study of the five sewage treatment plants revealed that norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were frequently present in the raw sewage water, final effluent and sludge. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were not detected in the sludge, but these substances were present in the final effluents at concentrations close to those of the raw sewage water. In the aqueous phase, these six antibiotics were present in the ng/L range and in the solid phase, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were present in the low mg/kg range. The behaviour of the antibiotic substances during sewage water treatment was also investigated in one of the STPs. The two fluoroquinolones, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, sorbed to sludge, and less than 5% of the total amounts that entered the STP were found in the final effluent. In sludge, the corresponding figure was

Metoder har utvecklats för att kunna bestämma tolv antibiotikasubstanser, vanliga inom human medicin, i miljöprover. Fokus lades på trimetoprim samt substanser från följande grupper: fluorokinoloner, sulfonamider, penicilliner, cefalosporiner, nitroimidazoler, tetracykliner samt makrolider. Vid extraktion användes fast-fas extraktion för vattenprover och ultraljuds-assisterad fast-fas/vätske extraktion för fasta prover. För separering och bestämning användes vätskekromatografi tandemmasspektrometri. Interna standarder nyttjades för att öka noggrannhet och precision. Extraktionsutbyte låg mellan 50% och 100% för vattenfaser och 14% och 100% för fasta faser. Koncentrationer och massflöden bestämdes för antibiotikasubstanser i inkommande och utgående vatten och slam, från fem avloppreningsverk i Sverige, samt i avloppsvatten från ett sjukhus. I sjukhusavloppsvattnet så påträffades ciprofloxacin (en fluorokinolon) och metronidazol (en nitroimidazol) i höga halter (µg/L nivå). Screening-studien vid de fem avloppsreningsverken visade att norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin och doxycyklin ofta förekom i inkommande och utgående vatten och slam. Trimetoprim och sulfametoxazol påvisades inte i slam men förekom i snarlika koncentrationer i det utgående vattnet relativt det inkommande. I vattenfasen så förekom de sex antibiotikasubstanserna i ng/L nivån och i slam förekom norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, och doxycyklin i låga mg/kg nivån. En studie genomfördes där beteendet hos antibiotikasubstanser under avloppsrening studerades. De två fluorokinolonerna, norfloxacin och ciprofloxacin, adsorberade till slam och mindre än 5% av den totala mängd som kommer till avloppsreningsverket påvisades i det utgående vattnet. I slam var motsvarande andel 70%. Resultat från en process som värmebehandlar rötat avvattnat slam antyder att cirka 50% av de två fluorokinolonerna bryts ner. Trimetoprim adsorberade inte till slam och 100% av total mängd återfanns i det utgående vattnet. Teo, Methods were developed for determining levels in environmental samples of twelve antibiotics that are commonly used in human medicine: trimethoprim and substances from the following groups: fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporines, nitroimidazoles, tetracyclines and macrolides. These substances were extracted from liquid and solid samples by solid phase extraction and ultrasonic-assisted liquid/solid extraction, respectively. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was then used to separate and quantify them, and internal standards were added to improve the accuracy and precision of the determinations. Extraction yields from aqueous and solid phases were in the ranges 50 - 100% and 14 - 100%, respectively. Concentrations and mass flows of antibiotic substances were determined in a hospital effluent and in the raw sewage water, final effluent, and sludge from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) scattered across Sweden. High levels (in the µg/L range) of ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) and metronidazole (a nitroimidazole), were found in the hospital effluent. The screening study of the five sewage treatment plants revealed that norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were frequently present in the raw sewage water, final effluent and sludge. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were not detected in the sludge, but these substances were present in the final effluents at concentrations close to those of the raw sewage water. In the aqueous phase, these six antibiotics were present in the ng/L range and in the solid phase, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were present in the low mg/kg range. The behaviour of the antibiotic substances during sewage water treatment was also investigated in one of the STPs. The two fluoroquinolones, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, sorbed to sludge, and less than 5% of the total amounts that entered the STP were found in the final effluent. In sludge, the corresponding figure was

The Hong Kong government has a 15-year time series of ambient nutrients and phytoplankton dynamics in Victoria Harbor and its vicinity. Ammonium and phosphate are good indicators of sewage inputs where screened, untreated sewage was discharged into the harbor until 2001. Total inorganic nitrogen, nitrate and chlorophyll have been increasing and dissolved oxygen has decreased during this 15-year period. The phytoplankton biomass was usually dominated by fast growing centric diatoms and chlorophyll ranged from 5 to 20 mu g/L. During the last four years, 70% of the sewage is now receiving primary treatment at a sewage treatment plant located several kilometers away. We have been following the recovery in Victoria Harbor with a focus on nutrients, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll and phytoplankton dynamics. Ammonium, phosphate and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations have declined since sewage treatment has begun. However, increasing Chl-a and decreasing dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters near the new sewage treatment plant indicates that the potential eutrophication problem may have been moved from the harbor to the vicinity of the sewage treatment plant.

The Hong Kong government has a 15-year time series of ambient nutrients and phytoplankton dynamics in Victoria Harbor and its vicinity. Ammonium and phosphate are good indicators of sewage inputs where screened, untreated sewage was discharged into the harbor until 2001. Total inorganic nitrogen, nitrate and chlorophyll have been increasing and dissolved oxygen has decreased during this 15-year period. The phytoplankton biomass was usually dominated by fast growing centric diatoms and chlorophyll ranged from 5 to 20 mu g/L. During the last four years, 70% of the sewage is now receiving primary treatment at a sewage treatment plant located several kilometers away. We have been following the recovery in Victoria Harbor with a focus on nutrients, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll and phytoplankton dynamics. Ammonium, phosphate and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations have declined since sewage treatment has begun. However, increasing Chl-a and decreasing dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters near the new sewage treatment plant indicates that the potential eutrophication problem may have been moved from the harbor to the vicinity of the sewage treatment plant.

The Hong Kong government has a 15-year time series of ambient nutrients and phytoplankton dynamics in Victoria Harbor and its vicinity. Ammonium and phosphate are good indicators of sewage inputs where screened, untreated sewage was discharged into the harbor until 2001. Total inorganic nitrogen, nitrate and chlorophyll have been increasing and dissolved oxygen has decreased during this 15-year period. The phytoplankton biomass was usually dominated by fast growing centric diatoms and chlorophyll ranged from 5 to 20 mu g/L. During the last four years, 70% of the sewage is now receiving primary treatment at a sewage treatment plant located several kilometers away. We have been following the recovery in Victoria Harbor with a focus on nutrients, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll and phytoplankton dynamics. Ammonium, phosphate and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations have declined since sewage treatment has begun. However, increasing Chl-a and decreasing dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters near the new sewage treatment plant indicates that the potential eutrophication problem may have been moved from the harbor to the vicinity of the sewage treatment plant.

Metoder har utvecklats för att kunna bestämma tolv antibiotikasubstanser, vanliga inom human medicin, i miljöprover. Fokus lades på trimetoprim samt substanser från följande grupper: fluorokinoloner, sulfonamider, penicilliner, cefalosporiner, nitroimidazoler, tetracykliner samt makrolider. Vid extraktion användes fast-fas extraktion för vattenprover och ultraljuds-assisterad fast-fas/vätske extraktion för fasta prover. För separering och bestämning användes vätskekromatografi tandemmasspektrometri. Interna standarder nyttjades för att öka noggrannhet och precision. Extraktionsutbyte låg mellan 50% och 100% för vattenfaser och 14% och 100% för fasta faser. Koncentrationer och massflöden bestämdes för antibiotikasubstanser i inkommande och utgående vatten och slam, från fem avloppreningsverk i Sverige, samt i avloppsvatten från ett sjukhus. I sjukhusavloppsvattnet så påträffades ciprofloxacin (en fluorokinolon) och metronidazol (en nitroimidazol) i höga halter (µg/L nivå). Screening-studien vid de fem avloppsreningsverken visade att norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin och doxycyklin ofta förekom i inkommande och utgående vatten och slam. Trimetoprim och sulfametoxazol påvisades inte i slam men förekom i snarlika koncentrationer i det utgående vattnet relativt det inkommande. I vattenfasen så förekom de sex antibiotikasubstanserna i ng/L nivån och i slam förekom norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, och doxycyklin i låga mg/kg nivån. En studie genomfördes där beteendet hos antibiotikasubstanser under avloppsrening studerades. De två fluorokinolonerna, norfloxacin och ciprofloxacin, adsorberade till slam och mindre än 5% av den totala mängd som kommer till avloppsreningsverket påvisades i det utgående vattnet. I slam var motsvarande andel 70%. Resultat från en process som värmebehandlar rötat avvattnat slam antyder att cirka 50% av de två fluorokinolonerna bryts ner. Trimetoprim adsorberade inte till slam och 100% av total mängd återfanns i det utgående vattnet. Teo, Methods were developed for determining levels in environmental samples of twelve antibiotics that are commonly used in human medicine: trimethoprim and substances from the following groups: fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporines, nitroimidazoles, tetracyclines and macrolides. These substances were extracted from liquid and solid samples by solid phase extraction and ultrasonic-assisted liquid/solid extraction, respectively. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was then used to separate and quantify them, and internal standards were added to improve the accuracy and precision of the determinations. Extraction yields from aqueous and solid phases were in the ranges 50 - 100% and 14 - 100%, respectively. Concentrations and mass flows of antibiotic substances were determined in a hospital effluent and in the raw sewage water, final effluent, and sludge from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) scattered across Sweden. High levels (in the µg/L range) of ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) and metronidazole (a nitroimidazole), were found in the hospital effluent. The screening study of the five sewage treatment plants revealed that norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were frequently present in the raw sewage water, final effluent and sludge. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were not detected in the sludge, but these substances were present in the final effluents at concentrations close to those of the raw sewage water. In the aqueous phase, these six antibiotics were present in the ng/L range and in the solid phase, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were present in the low mg/kg range. The behaviour of the antibiotic substances during sewage water treatment was also investigated in one of the STPs. The two fluoroquinolones, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, sorbed to sludge, and less than 5% of the total amounts that entered the STP were found in the final effluent. In sludge, the corresponding figure was

Metoder har utvecklats för att kunna bestämma tolv antibiotikasubstanser, vanliga inom human medicin, i miljöprover. Fokus lades på trimetoprim samt substanser från följande grupper: fluorokinoloner, sulfonamider, penicilliner, cefalosporiner, nitroimidazoler, tetracykliner samt makrolider. Vid extraktion användes fast-fas extraktion för vattenprover och ultraljuds-assisterad fast-fas/vätske extraktion för fasta prover. För separering och bestämning användes vätskekromatografi tandemmasspektrometri. Interna standarder nyttjades för att öka noggrannhet och precision. Extraktionsutbyte låg mellan 50% och 100% för vattenfaser och 14% och 100% för fasta faser. Koncentrationer och massflöden bestämdes för antibiotikasubstanser i inkommande och utgående vatten och slam, från fem avloppreningsverk i Sverige, samt i avloppsvatten från ett sjukhus. I sjukhusavloppsvattnet så påträffades ciprofloxacin (en fluorokinolon) och metronidazol (en nitroimidazol) i höga halter (µg/L nivå). Screening-studien vid de fem avloppsreningsverken visade att norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin och doxycyklin ofta förekom i inkommande och utgående vatten och slam. Trimetoprim och sulfametoxazol påvisades inte i slam men förekom i snarlika koncentrationer i det utgående vattnet relativt det inkommande. I vattenfasen så förekom de sex antibiotikasubstanserna i ng/L nivån och i slam förekom norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, och doxycyklin i låga mg/kg nivån. En studie genomfördes där beteendet hos antibiotikasubstanser under avloppsrening studerades. De två fluorokinolonerna, norfloxacin och ciprofloxacin, adsorberade till slam och mindre än 5% av den totala mängd som kommer till avloppsreningsverket påvisades i det utgående vattnet. I slam var motsvarande andel 70%. Resultat från en process som värmebehandlar rötat avvattnat slam antyder att cirka 50% av de två fluorokinolonerna bryts ner. Trimetoprim adsorberade inte till slam och 100% av total mängd återfanns i det utgående vattnet. Teo, Methods were developed for determining levels in environmental samples of twelve antibiotics that are commonly used in human medicine: trimethoprim and substances from the following groups: fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporines, nitroimidazoles, tetracyclines and macrolides. These substances were extracted from liquid and solid samples by solid phase extraction and ultrasonic-assisted liquid/solid extraction, respectively. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was then used to separate and quantify them, and internal standards were added to improve the accuracy and precision of the determinations. Extraction yields from aqueous and solid phases were in the ranges 50 - 100% and 14 - 100%, respectively. Concentrations and mass flows of antibiotic substances were determined in a hospital effluent and in the raw sewage water, final effluent, and sludge from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) scattered across Sweden. High levels (in the µg/L range) of ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) and metronidazole (a nitroimidazole), were found in the hospital effluent. The screening study of the five sewage treatment plants revealed that norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were frequently present in the raw sewage water, final effluent and sludge. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were not detected in the sludge, but these substances were present in the final effluents at concentrations close to those of the raw sewage water. In the aqueous phase, these six antibiotics were present in the ng/L range and in the solid phase, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were present in the low mg/kg range. The behaviour of the antibiotic substances during sewage water treatment was also investigated in one of the STPs. The two fluoroquinolones, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, sorbed to sludge, and less than 5% of the total amounts that entered the STP were found in the final effluent. In sludge, the corresponding figure was

Global consumption of organophosphate esters (OPs), which are used as flame retardants and plasticizers, is rapidly increasing. Their use as additives in diverse applications poses a risk as they may be emitted from the products they are added to and be further transported in the environment. Therefore, the levels, distribution, and possible sources of 15 OPs, some of which are reported to be toxic, were investigated in indoor and outdoor environments. An exposure assessment was performed, and the exposure to OPs via inhalation was examined for five occupational groups. In addition, based on the findings of the studies, the total flow of OPs in Sweden was estimated. In indoor environments, the OPs detected in air and dust varied between the sites, but generally reflected the building materials, furniture etc. used in the premises. A majority of the analysed OPs were detected in all samples, and public buildings tended to have higher levels than domestic buildings. The chlorinated OPs dominated in indoor air and wipe samples from vehicles. They were also abundant in the dust samples. Some occupational groups were significantly more exposed to OPs than others. Aircraft technicians, for example, were exposed to about 500 times more tributyl phosphate than day care centre personnel. Upon domestic and industrial cleaning, OPs are discharged with the wastewater via the sewage system to sewage treatment plants (STPs). Irrespective of the size of the STPs investigated, they had similar levels of OPs in their influents, indicating that products containing OPs are widely used by the communities they serve. In some cases, it was possible to trace elevated levels of individual OPs to specific sources. The OPs were poorly removed from the wastewater, and the chlorinated OPs especially tended to pass through the STPs without being removed or degraded. Thus, levels of OPs in their effluents were also similar, as were the levels in their sludge. Of the total amounts of OPs entering, Den globala konsumtionen av organiska fosfatestrar (OP) för användning som flamskyddsmedel och mjukgörare har ökat kraftigt på senare tid. Det breda användningsområdet för dessa additiv medför en risk att de kan avges från de produkter de är satta till och transporteras vidare ut i miljön. Följaktligen undersöktes källor till, halter av, och fördelning i inom- och utomhusmiljöer av 15 OP, varav en del har toxiska effekter. Vidare har exponering för OP i bl.a bostäder och offentliga byggnader beräknats. Utöver detta undersöktes exponeringen för OP via inandning hos 5 yrkesgrupper. Slutligen användes resultaten för att uppskatta det totala flödet av OP i Sverige. I de olika inomhusmiljöerna uppmättes ett flertal OP i varierande halter i damm och luft, men generellt speglade halterna byggnadsmaterial, möbler etc. som fanns i lokalerna. De offentliga lokalerna tenderade att uppvisa högre halter än privata hus, förmodligen beroende på högre brandskyddskrav. Klorerade OP dominerade i inomhusluft samt i avstrykningsprov från fordon och förekom även i höga halter i damm. Vissa yrkesgrupper var exponerade för betydligt högre halter OP än andra, t.ex. exponerades flygtekniker för upp till 500 ggr högre lufthalter av tributylfosfat jämfört med förskollärare. I samband med våtskurning i inomhusmiljöer (hushåll, industrilokaler, osv.) släpps avsevärda mängder OP ut i avloppet och når till sist reningsverk. Oberoende av storlek på reningsverken var halterna av OP relativt lika, i vardera ingående vatten och slam, vilket indikerar en bred användning av OP i samhället. I vissa fall kunde specifika källor till OP i avloppsvattnet spåras. Exempelvis hade två av reningsverken högre halter av en klorerad OP jämfört med övriga reningsverk. Dessa behandlade vatten från en skumplastfabrik, respektive en fabrik som tillverkar flamskyddad färg. Avskiljningsgraden av OP från avloppsvatten visade sig generellt vara dålig, i synnerhet klorerade OP tenderade att passera genom reningsverken utan

Global consumption of organophosphate esters (OPs), which are used as flame retardants and plasticizers, is rapidly increasing. Their use as additives in diverse applications poses a risk as they may be emitted from the products they are added to and be further transported in the environment. Therefore, the levels, distribution, and possible sources of 15 OPs, some of which are reported to be toxic, were investigated in indoor and outdoor environments. An exposure assessment was performed, and the exposure to OPs via inhalation was examined for five occupational groups. In addition, based on the findings of the studies, the total flow of OPs in Sweden was estimated. In indoor environments, the OPs detected in air and dust varied between the sites, but generally reflected the building materials, furniture etc. used in the premises. A majority of the analysed OPs were detected in all samples, and public buildings tended to have higher levels than domestic buildings. The chlorinated OPs dominated in indoor air and wipe samples from vehicles. They were also abundant in the dust samples. Some occupational groups were significantly more exposed to OPs than others. Aircraft technicians, for example, were exposed to about 500 times more tributyl phosphate than day care centre personnel. Upon domestic and industrial cleaning, OPs are discharged with the wastewater via the sewage system to sewage treatment plants (STPs). Irrespective of the size of the STPs investigated, they had similar levels of OPs in their influents, indicating that products containing OPs are widely used by the communities they serve. In some cases, it was possible to trace elevated levels of individual OPs to specific sources. The OPs were poorly removed from the wastewater, and the chlorinated OPs especially tended to pass through the STPs without being removed or degraded. Thus, levels of OPs in their effluents were also similar, as were the levels in their sludge. Of the total amounts of OPs entering, Den globala konsumtionen av organiska fosfatestrar (OP) för användning som flamskyddsmedel och mjukgörare har ökat kraftigt på senare tid. Det breda användningsområdet för dessa additiv medför en risk att de kan avges från de produkter de är satta till och transporteras vidare ut i miljön. Följaktligen undersöktes källor till, halter av, och fördelning i inom- och utomhusmiljöer av 15 OP, varav en del har toxiska effekter. Vidare har exponering för OP i bl.a bostäder och offentliga byggnader beräknats. Utöver detta undersöktes exponeringen för OP via inandning hos 5 yrkesgrupper. Slutligen användes resultaten för att uppskatta det totala flödet av OP i Sverige. I de olika inomhusmiljöerna uppmättes ett flertal OP i varierande halter i damm och luft, men generellt speglade halterna byggnadsmaterial, möbler etc. som fanns i lokalerna. De offentliga lokalerna tenderade att uppvisa högre halter än privata hus, förmodligen beroende på högre brandskyddskrav. Klorerade OP dominerade i inomhusluft samt i avstrykningsprov från fordon och förekom även i höga halter i damm. Vissa yrkesgrupper var exponerade för betydligt högre halter OP än andra, t.ex. exponerades flygtekniker för upp till 500 ggr högre lufthalter av tributylfosfat jämfört med förskollärare. I samband med våtskurning i inomhusmiljöer (hushåll, industrilokaler, osv.) släpps avsevärda mängder OP ut i avloppet och når till sist reningsverk. Oberoende av storlek på reningsverken var halterna av OP relativt lika, i vardera ingående vatten och slam, vilket indikerar en bred användning av OP i samhället. I vissa fall kunde specifika källor till OP i avloppsvattnet spåras. Exempelvis hade två av reningsverken högre halter av en klorerad OP jämfört med övriga reningsverk. Dessa behandlade vatten från en skumplastfabrik, respektive en fabrik som tillverkar flamskyddad färg. Avskiljningsgraden av OP från avloppsvatten visade sig generellt vara dålig, i synnerhet klorerade OP tenderade att passera genom reningsverken utan