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The exponential growth of data traffic has put pressure on existing mobile network infrastructures, which are challenged to provide a satisfactory user experience. Therefore, this paper addresses the construction of a mobile network using open source technology such as Mosaic5G and the analysis of objective quality of experience (QoE) metrics of a videostreaming service. During the process, a server and client were set up for video streaming, SIM cards were programmed for network access, and the FFmpeg tool was used to obtain objective QoE metrics. The results revealed the robustness of open source technologies in building functional mobile networks and their ability to provide good QoE for the most demanded and bandwidth-intensive service using H.264 and H.265 video encoders., El crecimiento exponencial del tráfico de datos ha generado una presión en las infraestructuras de redes móviles existentes, que se ven desafiadas a proporcionar una experiencia de usuario satisfactoria. Por tanto, este artículo aborda la construcción de una red móvil utilizando tecnología de código abierto como Mosaic5G y el análisis de métricas objetivas de calidad de experiencia (QoE) de un servicio de videostreaming. Durante el proceso, se estableció un servidor y un cliente para la transmisión de video, se programaron tarjetas SIM para el acceso a la red y se utilizó la herramienta FFmpeg para obtener métricas objetivas de QoE. Los resultados revelaron la robustez de las tecnologías de software libre en la construcción de redes móviles funcionales y su capacidad para brindar una QoE buena para el servicio más demandado y con mayor consumo de ancho de banda mediante los codificadores de video H.264 y H.265.

Cassava is one of the most important commodities worldwide, serving as a crucial food source due to its rich content of nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, calcium, and magnesium. Cassava is a perennial crop with slow growth, necessitating the selection of intercrops with shorter harvest periods. Cowpea, a legume high in protein, is widely cultivated and suitable for intercropping with cassava. Intercropping these crops involves adjusting planting distances to optimize yield. This study aims to determine the optimal planting distance in an intercropping system that yields the highest productivity for the cassava variety “Mangu” and the cowpea varieties “Albina” and “Uno”. The research was conducted from January to June 2023 at the IPB Experimental Farm in Sawahbaru, Dramaga, Bogor, on Latosol soil, at an altitude of 207 meters above sea level. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with a single factor: the intercropping system pattern. The patterns tested were 1:2 (one row of cassava with two rows of cowpea) and 1:3 (one row of cassava with three rows of cowpea), consisting of: P1: “Mangu” and “Uno” 1:2; P2: “Mangu” and “Uno” 1:3; P3: “Mangu” and “Albina” 1:2; P4: “Mangu” and “Albina” 1:3; P5: “Mangu” monoculture; P6: “Uno” monoculture; P7: “Albina” monoculture. The results indicated that the P3 planting system yielded the highest crown height at 1, 5, and 6 months after planting (MAP), the highest canopy diameter at 4 months after planting, tuber production, and 100 seed weight of cowpea. The P4 system produced the highest stem diameter, number of leaves, number of pods, pod dry weight, and seed dry weight at 9 months after planting.

Cassava is one of the most important commodities worldwide, serving as a crucial food source due to its rich content of nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, calcium, and magnesium. Cassava is a perennial crop with slow growth, necessitating the selection of intercrops with shorter harvest periods. Cowpea, a legume high in protein, is widely cultivated and suitable for intercropping with cassava. Intercropping these crops involves adjusting planting distances to optimize yield. This study aims to determine the optimal planting distance in an intercropping system that yields the highest productivity for the cassava variety “Mangu” and the cowpea varieties “Albina” and “Uno”. The research was conducted from January to June 2023 at the IPB Experimental Farm in Sawahbaru, Dramaga, Bogor, on Latosol soil, at an altitude of 207 meters above sea level. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with a single factor: the intercropping system pattern. The patterns tested were 1:2 (one row of cassava with two rows of cowpea) and 1:3 (one row of cassava with three rows of cowpea), consisting of: P1: “Mangu” and “Uno” 1:2; P2: “Mangu” and “Uno” 1:3; P3: “Mangu” and “Albina” 1:2; P4: “Mangu” and “Albina” 1:3; P5: “Mangu” monoculture; P6: “Uno” monoculture; P7: “Albina” monoculture. The results indicated that the P3 planting system yielded the highest crown height at 1, 5, and 6 months after planting (MAP), the highest canopy diameter at 4 months after planting, tuber production, and 100 seed weight of cowpea. The P4 system produced the highest stem diameter, number of leaves, number of pods, pod dry weight, and seed dry weight at 9 months after planting.

3Cat-8 is a mission based on a 6U satellite developed by the UPC NanosatLab group (technical University of Catalonia). The main goal of the satellite is for academic purposes and for ionospheric research. The satellite is composed in different subsystems. This Final degree thesis is focused on the communication subsystem, designing and implementing the S-band and X-band communication system., 3Cat-8 es una misión basada en un satélite 6U, desarrollado por el NanosatLab de la UPC (Universidad politécnica de Cataluña) Los Principales objetivos de este satélite son académicos para investigar sobre la Ionosfera. El satélite está dividido en diferentes subsistemas, este TFG está enfocado a la parte de Comunicaciones, más concretamente, al diseño e implementación del sistema de comunicaciones de banda X y banda S., 3Cat-8 és una missió basada en un satèl·lit 6U, desenvolupada pel NanosatLab de l'UPC (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) Els principals objectius d'aquest satèl·lit són, en primer lloc, acadèmics i, per altra banda, de recerca sobre la Ionosfera. El satèl·lit està dividit en diferents subsistemes. Aquest Treball de Final de Grau està enfocat a la part de comunicacions, més concretament en la part del disseny i implementació del sistema de comunicacions de banda X i banda S.

Radio direction-finding (DF) systems are used to determine the bearing of incoming radio signals. Such systems are used in multiple fields where tracking, location monitoring, or targeting of trans-mitters is necessary. Often, the bearing is found by measuring the signal at multiple antennas andusing an algorithm to derive the angle of arrival (AOA). The specifics of the antenna arrangement and algorithms depend on the DF method being used. In this paper, a novel implementation using a method called the pseudo-Doppler method has been pursued. The purpose being to create a system compatible with generic software-defined radio (SDR) receivers. The pseudo-Doppler DF method uses a so-called Doppler tone and a reference signal to make AOA estimates. For a system using a generic SDR receiver dongle, producing a reference signal is difficult due to a lack of synchronization between antenna commutation and sampling. In this paper, a system has been built in which periodic blackouts have been fed to the SDR receiver to provide a reference signal, while simultaneously using the pseudo-Doppler method to obtain a Doppler tone. The system has been tested by transmitting radio at known bearings using a 155 MHz radio transmitter and comparing the resulting AOA estimates with the true bearings. While accuracy and precision remain poor, the results indicate that the AOA estimates converge and depend on the true bearing of an incoming transmission. This indicates that the blackout method can successfully be used to create a DF system, thereby opening doors for new hobby-grade DF systems. Further testing is necessary to make more precise conclusions regarding the competence of the system.

This thesis investigates the possibilities of Software-defined radios as a surveillance system by monitoring the electromagnetic spectrum. The surveillance system monitors the Bluetooth bandwidth with a multi-channel receiver that passively listens to Bluetooth packets. Furthermore, this thesis investigates the possibility of implementing an automatic k-means clustering algorithm to count unique devices in the vicinity. The Background explains the fundamental technologies used in Bluetooth and explains how devices communicate with each other. The Background also explains the proposed receiver architecture and its technologies. Section Related work and similar products investigate different approaches to detecting mobile devices and the effectiveness of the k-means algorithm. The Method explains how the receiver is modeled, how the Python script identifies Bluetooth packets in the bit stream, and how the physical imperfections are collected for the automatic k-means algorithm. Lastly, the Method explains how the labs were conducted. The Result section shows the performance of the receiver and the k-means algorithm. The Discussion section analyzes the results and discusses some design flaws and how to fix them potentially. Lastly, the Conclusion section compares the goals with the results and presents future work for further development.

Cassava is one of the most important commodities worldwide, serving as a crucial food source due to its rich content of nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, calcium, and magnesium. Cassava is a perennial crop with slow growth, necessitating the selection of intercrops with shorter harvest periods. Cowpea, a legume high in protein, is widely cultivated and suitable for intercropping with cassava. Intercropping these crops involves adjusting planting distances to optimize yield. This study aims to determine the optimal planting distance in an intercropping system that yields the highest productivity for the cassava variety “Mangu” and the cowpea varieties “Albina” and “Uno”. The research was conducted from January to June 2023 at the IPB Experimental Farm in Sawahbaru, Dramaga, Bogor, on Latosol soil, at an altitude of 207 meters above sea level. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with a single factor: the intercropping system pattern. The patterns tested were 1:2 (one row of cassava with two rows of cowpea) and 1:3 (one row of cassava with three rows of cowpea), consisting of: P1: “Mangu” and “Uno” 1:2; P2: “Mangu” and “Uno” 1:3; P3: “Mangu” and “Albina” 1:2; P4: “Mangu” and “Albina” 1:3; P5: “Mangu” monoculture; P6: “Uno” monoculture; P7: “Albina” monoculture. The results indicated that the P3 planting system yielded the highest crown height at 1, 5, and 6 months after planting (MAP), the highest canopy diameter at 4 months after planting, tuber production, and 100 seed weight of cowpea. The P4 system produced the highest stem diameter, number of leaves, number of pods, pod dry weight, and seed dry weight at 9 months after planting.

Radio direction-finding (DF) systems are used to determine the bearing of incoming radio signals. Such systems are used in multiple fields where tracking, location monitoring, or targeting of trans-mitters is necessary. Often, the bearing is found by measuring the signal at multiple antennas andusing an algorithm to derive the angle of arrival (AOA). The specifics of the antenna arrangement and algorithms depend on the DF method being used. In this paper, a novel implementation using a method called the pseudo-Doppler method has been pursued. The purpose being to create a system compatible with generic software-defined radio (SDR) receivers. The pseudo-Doppler DF method uses a so-called Doppler tone and a reference signal to make AOA estimates. For a system using a generic SDR receiver dongle, producing a reference signal is difficult due to a lack of synchronization between antenna commutation and sampling. In this paper, a system has been built in which periodic blackouts have been fed to the SDR receiver to provide a reference signal, while simultaneously using the pseudo-Doppler method to obtain a Doppler tone. The system has been tested by transmitting radio at known bearings using a 155 MHz radio transmitter and comparing the resulting AOA estimates with the true bearings. While accuracy and precision remain poor, the results indicate that the AOA estimates converge and depend on the true bearing of an incoming transmission. This indicates that the blackout method can successfully be used to create a DF system, thereby opening doors for new hobby-grade DF systems. Further testing is necessary to make more precise conclusions regarding the competence of the system.

This thesis investigates the possibilities of Software-defined radios as a surveillance system by monitoring the electromagnetic spectrum. The surveillance system monitors the Bluetooth bandwidth with a multi-channel receiver that passively listens to Bluetooth packets. Furthermore, this thesis investigates the possibility of implementing an automatic k-means clustering algorithm to count unique devices in the vicinity. The Background explains the fundamental technologies used in Bluetooth and explains how devices communicate with each other. The Background also explains the proposed receiver architecture and its technologies. Section Related work and similar products investigate different approaches to detecting mobile devices and the effectiveness of the k-means algorithm. The Method explains how the receiver is modeled, how the Python script identifies Bluetooth packets in the bit stream, and how the physical imperfections are collected for the automatic k-means algorithm. Lastly, the Method explains how the labs were conducted. The Result section shows the performance of the receiver and the k-means algorithm. The Discussion section analyzes the results and discusses some design flaws and how to fix them potentially. Lastly, the Conclusion section compares the goals with the results and presents future work for further development.

This thesis explores the process of porting a passive radar system from one SDR to another. Passive radar makes use of existing electromagnetic signals from sources such as TV and mobile phone towers to detect various objects. By leveraging consumer-grade SDRs, which have become increasingly accessible and powerful in recent years, new types of passive radar systems can be created. The project involves adapting a passive radar system originally implemented on a KrakenSDR, to an AntSDR, which supports significantly higher bandwidth. This transition necessitates modifications to both the hardware and software setup to accommodate differences in firmware and sampling capabilities between the two SDRs. Through theoretical analysis and practical implementation, I detail required considerations for the passive radar systems' sampling, signal processing, and display. The performance of the two systems in real-world scenarios is compared, focusing on their ability to detect and track aircraft in the vicinity of the Saab Järfälla site using a digital TV tower as the transmitter.Results demonstrate that the AntSDR system offers improved precision and detection capabilities due to its higher sampling rate, though challenges such as processing time and signal noise persist. This thesis underscores the feasibility and benefits of using modern SDRs for passive radar applications, while highlighting challenges and potential areas for further development.

This thesis explores the process of porting a passive radar system from one SDR to another. Passive radar makes use of existing electromagnetic signals from sources such as TV and mobile phone towers to detect various objects. By leveraging consumer-grade SDRs, which have become increasingly accessible and powerful in recent years, new types of passive radar systems can be created. The project involves adapting a passive radar system originally implemented on a KrakenSDR, to an AntSDR, which supports significantly higher bandwidth. This transition necessitates modifications to both the hardware and software setup to accommodate differences in firmware and sampling capabilities between the two SDRs. Through theoretical analysis and practical implementation, I detail required considerations for the passive radar systems' sampling, signal processing, and display. The performance of the two systems in real-world scenarios is compared, focusing on their ability to detect and track aircraft in the vicinity of the Saab Järfälla site using a digital TV tower as the transmitter.Results demonstrate that the AntSDR system offers improved precision and detection capabilities due to its higher sampling rate, though challenges such as processing time and signal noise persist. This thesis underscores the feasibility and benefits of using modern SDRs for passive radar applications, while highlighting challenges and potential areas for further development.

(English) Earmarked as the revolutionary 5G key enabler, Network Slicing (NS) is the embodiment of the concept of running multiple logical networks as virtually independent business operations on a common physical infrastructure in an efficient and economical way[2]. NS enables the sharing of 5G RAN functional elements and the Transport Network (TN), securing the effective allocation and prioritization of the limited resources available, and offering to the customer improvement in service flexibility and scalability. By combining 5G and NS solutions, Service Providers (SPs) will pave the ways to cutting-edge industry fields such as Massive IoT, high resolution video on-demand services, smart manufacturing, and advanced solutions like Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR) and cloud gaming, gaining access to potential new revenue sources and smarter solutions to support end customers[3]. This dissertation provides a contribution to the design, analysis, and evaluation of novel multi- tenant RAN NS techniques for the dynamic orchestration of the radio resources in 5G NR. Our research aims to define in real-time the optimal resources’ allocation per slice, able to overcome the resources’ under-over provisioning issue, by exploiting the latest 5G NR features and flexibility principles of the 5G infrastructure. All the proposed mathematical models have been extensively validated using the 5G simulation platforms and\or real 4G-5G testbed configurations. The main thesis contributions are divided into two parts. In the first part, starting from a common baseline scenario, four different resource orchestration frameworks are presented, where the optimization problem is gradually refined through the exploitation of distinct mathematical models, 5G features, and metrics. In the second part, the design of a novel Open-RAN (O-RAN) Functional Split (FS) architecture for Software Defined Radio (SDR) has been proposed; this innovative concept represents a step forward to the, (Español) Designado como el habilitador clave revolucionario 5G, Network Slicing (NS) es la encarnación del concepto de ejecutar múltiples lógicas redes como operaciones comerciales prácticamente independientes en una infraestructura física común de manera eficiente y económica[2]. NS permite compartir elementos funcionales RAN 5G y la red de transporte (TN), asegurando la asignación efectiva y priorización de los limitados recursos disponibles, y oferta al cliente de mejora en la flexibilidad y escalabilidad del servicio. Por combinando soluciones 5G y NS, los proveedores de servicios (SP) allanarán el camino hacia campos industriales de vanguardia como Massive IoT, servicios de video bajo demanda de alta resolución, fabricación inteligente y soluciones avanzadas como Realidad Aumentada (AR), Realidad Virtual (VR) y juegos en la nube, obteniendo acceso a posibles nuevas fuentes de ingresos y soluciones más inteligentes para ayudar a los clientes finales[3]. Esta disertación proporciona una contribución al diseño, análisis y evaluación de técnicas novedosas de RAN NS multiusuario para la orquestación dinámica de los recursos de radio en 5G NR. Nuestra investigación tiene como objetivo definir en tiempo real la asignación óptima de recursos por segmento, capaz de superar el problema de aprovisionamiento insuficiente de los recursos, al explotar las últimas características y flexibilidad de 5G NR principios de la infraestructura 5G. Todos los modelos matemáticos propuestos han sido ampliamente validados utilizando la simulación 5G plataformas y/o configuraciones reales de banco de pruebas 4G-5G. Las principales contribuciones de tesis se dividen en dos partes. En la primera parte,comenzando a partir de un escenario de referencia común, se presentan cuatro marcos de orquestación de recursos diferentes, donde el problema de optimización se refina gradualmente a través de la explotación de distintos modelos matemáticos, características 5G y métricas. En la segunda parte, Postprint (published version)

Three central steps during the biosynthesis of cytochalasan precursors, including reductive release, Knoevenagel cyclisation and Diels Alder cyclisation are not yet understood at a detailed molecular level. In this work we investigated the reductive release step catalysed by a hybrid polyketide synthase non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) from the pyrichalasin H pathway. Synthetic thiolesters were used as substrate mimics for in vitro studies with the isolated reduction (R) and holo-thiolation (T) domains of the PKS-NRPS hybrid PyiS. These assays demonstrate that the PyiS R-domain mainly catalyses an NADPH-dependent reductive release of an aldehyde intermediate that quickly undergoes spontaneous Knoevenagel cyclisation. The R-domain can only process substrates that are covalently bound to the phosphopantetheine thiol of the upstream T-domain, but it shows little selectivity for the polyketide.

The increasing threat of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) spoofing attacks necessitates the development of robust defense mechanisms and the testing of potential vulnerabilities. In this project, we present the development and testing of an ultraportable Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofer using an Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform, BladeRF. The spoofer enables users to initiate synchronous spoofing attacks with kilobyte-level files, facilitating synchronous attacks. The project comprises two primary components: an acquisition block based on a serial-search algorithm and a GPS signal simulator. The design emphasizes module reuse, allowing for cost-effective implementation on a relatively small and affordable Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). This project provides a foundation for both GPS spoofing research and defense algorithm testing, proving the ease of developing a spoofer., Det ökade hotet från GNSS-förfalskningsattacker kräver utveckling av robusta försvarsmekanismer och testning av potentiella sårbarheter. I det här projektet presenterar vi utvecklingen och testningen av en ultraportabel GPSförfalskare med hjälp av en mjukvarudefinierad radio, BladeRF. Förfalskaren möjliggör att användare kan initiera synkrona förfalskningsattacker med kilobytenivåfiler, vilket underlättar synkrona attacker. Projektet består av två primära komponenter: en samplingsblock baserad på en sekventiell sökalgoritm och en GPS-signalsimulator. Designen betonar återanvändning av moduler, vilket möjliggör kostnadseffektiv implementering på en relativt liten och prisvärd FPGA. Detta projekt ger en grund för både forskning om GPS-förfalskning och testning av försvarsalgoritmer och visar på enkelheten att utveckla en förfalskare.

The increasing threat of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) spoofing attacks necessitates the development of robust defense mechanisms and the testing of potential vulnerabilities. In this project, we present the development and testing of an ultraportable Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofer using an Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform, BladeRF. The spoofer enables users to initiate synchronous spoofing attacks with kilobyte-level files, facilitating synchronous attacks. The project comprises two primary components: an acquisition block based on a serial-search algorithm and a GPS signal simulator. The design emphasizes module reuse, allowing for cost-effective implementation on a relatively small and affordable Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). This project provides a foundation for both GPS spoofing research and defense algorithm testing, proving the ease of developing a spoofer., Det ökade hotet från GNSS-förfalskningsattacker kräver utveckling av robusta försvarsmekanismer och testning av potentiella sårbarheter. I det här projektet presenterar vi utvecklingen och testningen av en ultraportabel GPSförfalskare med hjälp av en mjukvarudefinierad radio, BladeRF. Förfalskaren möjliggör att användare kan initiera synkrona förfalskningsattacker med kilobytenivåfiler, vilket underlättar synkrona attacker. Projektet består av två primära komponenter: en samplingsblock baserad på en sekventiell sökalgoritm och en GPS-signalsimulator. Designen betonar återanvändning av moduler, vilket möjliggör kostnadseffektiv implementering på en relativt liten och prisvärd FPGA. Detta projekt ger en grund för både forskning om GPS-förfalskning och testning av försvarsalgoritmer och visar på enkelheten att utveckla en förfalskare.

GNSS positioning has become a key element in everyday life of millions of people, from the person using google maps to move around an unknown city to the mailman or the DRON pilot who require it to carry out their work. All of them benefit in some way from the GNSS constellations and the position algorithms.The European Union through their GNSS constellation, Galileo, has recently made available a new service called Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS). With the aim of improving the positioning solutions already provided by the Open Service (OS) to a centimetric level with the target of professional and commercial users requiring this high accuracy. As a result, in this Master Thesis project the steps of the development and implementation of a Software-Defined Radio to collect the High Accuracy corrections transmitted through Galileo GNSS constellation are going to be shown. The SDR itself is going to be made available so that other persons from companies to academia can benefit from it and see how the corrections are extracted and either use the algorithm or implement its own to be able to use this High Accuracy Service.

GNSS positioning has become a key element in everyday life of millions of people, from the person using google maps to move around an unknown city to the mailman or the DRON pilot who require it to carry out their work. All of them benefit in some way from the GNSS constellations and the position algorithms.The European Union through their GNSS constellation, Galileo, has recently made available a new service called Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS). With the aim of improving the positioning solutions already provided by the Open Service (OS) to a centimetric level with the target of professional and commercial users requiring this high accuracy. As a result, in this Master Thesis project the steps of the development and implementation of a Software-Defined Radio to collect the High Accuracy corrections transmitted through Galileo GNSS constellation are going to be shown. The SDR itself is going to be made available so that other persons from companies to academia can benefit from it and see how the corrections are extracted and either use the algorithm or implement its own to be able to use this High Accuracy Service.

In contemporary communication systems, Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC), Signal Defined Radio (SDR) signal creation, and clock data recovery are essential components. DACs convert digital signals to analog signals, creating continuous waveforms. DACs provide versatility in the transmission of SDR by supporting a range of communication protocols. Clock data recovery enables precise signal recovery and synchronization at the receiver end. These elements work together to provide effective and high-quality communication systems across several sectors. With the development of quantum computing, these SDR systems also find extensive use in generating precisely timed signals for controlling components of a quantum computer and also for read-out operations from various specialized instruments. This thesis demonstrates an FPGA (Xilinx vcu118) with a DAC (Analog Devices AD9081) platform. It employs SDR for generating of periodic signals and also stream of bits which are then recovered using a simple Clock Data Recovery technique. The signal integrity of the generated signals and error-rate from the proposed Clock Data Recovery technique is also analyzed.

Open Radio Access Networks (Open RANs) enable flexible cellular network deployments by adopting open-source software and white-box hardware to build reference architectures customizable to innovative target use cases. The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Alliance defines specifications introducing new Radio Access Network (RAN) Intelligent Controller (RIC) functions that leverage open interfaces between disaggregated RAN elements to provide precise RAN control and monitoring capabilities using applications called xApps and rApps. Multiple xApps targeting novel use cases have been developed by the O-RAN Software Community (OSC) and incubated on the Near-Real-Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) platform. However, the Near-RT RIC has, so far, been demonstrated to support only a single xApp capable of controlling the RAN elements. This work studies the scalability of the OSC Near-RT RIC to support simultaneous control signaling by multiple xApps targeting the RAN element. We particularly analyze its internal message routing mechanism and experimentally expose the design limitations of the OSC Near-RT RIC in supporting simultaneous xApp control. To this end, we extend an existing open-source RAN slicing xApp and prototype a slice-aware User Equipment (UE) admission control xApp implementing the RAN Control E2 Service Model (E2SM) to demonstrate a multi-xApp control signaling use case and assess the control routing capability of the Near-RT RIC through an end-to-end O-RAN experiment using the OSC Near-RT RIC platform and an open-source Software Defined Radio (SDR) stack. We also propose and implement a tag-based message routing strategy for disambiguating multiple xApps to enable simultaneous xApp control. Our experimental results prove that our routing strategy ensures 100% delivery of control messages between multiple xApps and E2 Nodes while guaranteeing control scalability and xApp non-repudiation. Using the improved Near-RT RIC platform, we assess the security posture and resili

With improvements in hardware of antenna receivers, fully digital arrays have been made possible to use in real time systems. These systems have a greater complexity, with the advantage of more dynamic system design since the use of the communication system can be changed with only a software change. Construction of a system capable of bidirectional communication on the same frequency and at the same time, is possible with a fully digital array if the coupling between the antenna elements are known. The good thing about the system is that all components for measuring this coupling already are included in the fully digital array. A signal generator and a coherent multichannel receiver can be used to create a VNA, completely by software. This can be used to measures the coupling coefficients of the antenna elements. In this thesis the working principle of the the software defined VNA is proven, a testing environment for a antenna array is described andadjustments for real hardware are used to create a result which can be strongly correlated to measurements of a lab grade VNA used as reference.

The thesis work shows the implementation of sensing and communication, so a basic knowledge of analog and digital communication systems is needed to understand this paper Background. With the increase in smart devices, the bandwidth requirements are increased, which created congestion in the radio spectrum resources. To overcome this spectrum congestion, Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) can be used. This can be achieved by using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals. In ISAC, both sensing and communication use the same resources,which in turn predominantly improves the efficiency of the spectrum resources usage and reduces the cost of hardware. Objectives. The main aim of this research is to integrate radar sensing and communication using Software Defined Radios (SDR) and GNU Radio. The goal is to design a signal waveform and a receiver algorithm supporting both sensing and communications and then carry out experiments on an SDR unit to evaluate the functionality and performance. Methods. Experimentation is used in this research and is conducted at Ericsson Research Laboratory. The experiment is divided into three major parts. First, to test the sensing functionalities using Frequency Modulated Continuous Waves (FMCW). Second, to test the communication functionalities using OFDM signals. Third, to design the receiver algorithm and signal waveform for ISAC. To verify the dual functional paradigm, the results from the ISAC are compared with the individual test results of sensing and communications using FMCW and OFDM signals. Results. A receiver algorithm is designed to calculate the sensing range and BER of ISAC using an SDR. The results show the possibility of implementing ISAC using OFDM in GNU Radio with SDR. The thesis project can also be viewed as a proof of concept for ISAC on SDR, helping in providing useful information related to radar sensing and communication using OFDM and performance evaluation. Conclusions. The experimental

With improvements in hardware of antenna receivers, fully digital arrays have been made possible to use in real time systems. These systems have a greater complexity, with the advantage of more dynamic system design since the use of the communication system can be changed with only a software change. Construction of a system capable of bidirectional communication on the same frequency and at the same time, is possible with a fully digital array if the coupling between the antenna elements are known. The good thing about the system is that all components for measuring this coupling already are included in the fully digital array. A signal generator and a coherent multichannel receiver can be used to create a VNA, completely by software. This can be used to measures the coupling coefficients of the antenna elements. In this thesis the working principle of the the software defined VNA is proven, a testing environment for a antenna array is described andadjustments for real hardware are used to create a result which can be strongly correlated to measurements of a lab grade VNA used as reference.

This paper presents a method for mapping and analysis of electromagnetic background in an urban area. The uniqueness of our environment causes the inability to simulate electromagnetic fields of the real world as there is an unknown amount of sources and a near infinite amount of obstacles that could obscure the traveling wave or bounce it in a different direction altogether. The proposed method allows mapping an area of 64 hectares in less than 24 hours using only one person, antenna, software-defined radio, laptop, and optionally external drive to store data, which ensures the possibility of having multiple setups to multiply results. The general analysis of gathered data consists of three parts. The first is the compression ratio, a valuable byproduct of data compression for long-term storage. The second uses geographical locations to determine variance by distance, in a straight line and a cluster. The final tool for analysis is a Pearson's and Kendall's correlations to a baseline measurement to find potential errors and/or anomalies within a data set.

Travailler dans les mines, en particulier en profondeur, engendre des risques, des désagréments et des coûts importants. Afin d'assurer une surveillance efficace, l'utilisation de la télécommande et d'un système de communication fiable est indispensable. Cependant, l'installation et le déploiement d'un système de communication dans cet environnement se révèlent complexes. Par conséquent, il est primordial de procéder à une sélection méticuleuse du type de système de communication, en prenant en considération la complexité liée à l'installation et à la réparation de l'équipement. Ce projet vise à examiner et à analyser la connectivité du réseau V2X dans un environnement minier souterrain à l'aide d'un sondeur de canal, une technique non aveugle pour caractériser les canaux sans fil. Cette technique consiste à transmettre une séquence pseudo-aléatoire à travers le canal, puis à calculer l'autocorrélation de cette séquence pour estimer la réponse impulsionnelle du canal. Ces informations sont ensuite utilisées pour déterminer le retard RMS et la propagation Doppler du signal. Le sondeur de canal a été implémenté en utilisant le logiciel radio GNU et l'unité radio définie par logiciel Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP N210). Les résultats de cette étude permettront de sélectionner et d'optimiser les systèmes de communication sans fil pour les applications minières souterraines, en prenant compte les défis liés à l'installation et à la maintenance des équipements. En améliorant la connectivité V2X dans les mines souterraines, il devient possible de rendre plus aisé l'échange d'informations entre les véhicules, les équipements et les infrastructures, engendrant par la suite la sécurité, l'efficacité et la productivité.

La 5G, cinquième génération de technologie de télécommunications mobiles, offre des débits de données accrus, une latence réduite et une connectivité améliorée pour les appareils connectés, comparée au réseau 4G. Au Canada, la 5G est devenue un élément essentiel dans le secteur minier industriel, contribuant à l'amélioration de la productivité et assurant la communication entre les mineurs. Cependant, l'optimisation de la qualité de service (QoS) pour le réseau d'accès radio (RAN) demeure un défi pour garantir une expérience utilisateur optimale. Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons une approche pour améliorer la QoS du RAN en utilisant la technologie 5G. Nous mettons l'accent sur l'impact du bruit sur la qualité du signal dans les communications souterraines et développons des filtres pour l'améliorer. Nous calculons des métriques de performance, telles que le taux d'erreur binaire (BER) et l'erreur vectorielle de modulation (EVM), pour évaluer l'efficacité de notre approche. De plus, nous menons des expériences pour analyser les métriques BER et EVM en fonction de la distance dans une mine souterraine, afin d'évaluer la qualité du signal dans des environnements complexes. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'optimiser la QoS du RAN grâce à la technologie 5G, procurant ainsi une expérience utilisateur satisfaisante et améliorant par conséquent la productivité de l'industrie minière.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem, realizací a testováním aparatury pro měření vyzařovacích charakteristik antén ve vzdálené zóně s použitím bezpilotního prostředku kategorie mikro-UAV. Práce obsahuje teorii k měření antén, pravidla letového provozu mikro-UAV, chyby působící na měření, návrh zařízení, popis vytvořených programů, ukázku měření a výsledků., This master thesis focuses on the design, implementation, and testing of a micro-UAV unmanned vehicle based far field antenna test range measuring equipment. Theses covers antenna measurement theory, impact of micro-UAV flight rules, errors impact on measurement, equipment design, custom software description, proof of concept test results., Fakulta elektrotechniky a informatiky, Diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem systému pro měření vyzařovacích charakteristik antén ve vzdálené zóně s použitím bezpilotního prostředku kategorie mikro UAV. Cíle diplomové práce byly naplněny, vznikl měřicí systém schopný provádět měření anténních systémů ve vzdálené zóně. Systém je schopen kromě samotného měření parametrů antén vyhodnotit nebo s použitím opakovaných měření v různých vzdálenostech značně eliminovat vliv prostředí. Systém má i potenciál dalšího rozvoje pro hodnocení reálného chování složitých radiotechnických systémů v provozu. Cíle diplomové práce byly splněny., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The thesis work shows the implementation of sensing and communication, so a basic knowledge of analog and digital communication systems is needed to understand this paper Background. With the increase in smart devices, the bandwidth requirements are increased, which created congestion in the radio spectrum resources. To overcome this spectrum congestion, Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) can be used. This can be achieved by using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals. In ISAC, both sensing and communication use the same resources,which in turn predominantly improves the efficiency of the spectrum resources usage and reduces the cost of hardware. Objectives. The main aim of this research is to integrate radar sensing and communication using Software Defined Radios (SDR) and GNU Radio. The goal is to design a signal waveform and a receiver algorithm supporting both sensing and communications and then carry out experiments on an SDR unit to evaluate the functionality and performance. Methods. Experimentation is used in this research and is conducted at Ericsson Research Laboratory. The experiment is divided into three major parts. First, to test the sensing functionalities using Frequency Modulated Continuous Waves (FMCW). Second, to test the communication functionalities using OFDM signals. Third, to design the receiver algorithm and signal waveform for ISAC. To verify the dual functional paradigm, the results from the ISAC are compared with the individual test results of sensing and communications using FMCW and OFDM signals. Results. A receiver algorithm is designed to calculate the sensing range and BER of ISAC using an SDR. The results show the possibility of implementing ISAC using OFDM in GNU Radio with SDR. The thesis project can also be viewed as a proof of concept for ISAC on SDR, helping in providing useful information related to radar sensing and communication using OFDM and performance evaluation. Conclusions. The experimental

The thesis work shows the implementation of sensing and communication, so a basic knowledge of analog and digital communication systems is needed to understand this paper Background. With the increase in smart devices, the bandwidth requirements are increased, which created congestion in the radio spectrum resources. To overcome this spectrum congestion, Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) can be used. This can be achieved by using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals. In ISAC, both sensing and communication use the same resources,which in turn predominantly improves the efficiency of the spectrum resources usage and reduces the cost of hardware. Objectives. The main aim of this research is to integrate radar sensing and communication using Software Defined Radios (SDR) and GNU Radio. The goal is to design a signal waveform and a receiver algorithm supporting both sensing and communications and then carry out experiments on an SDR unit to evaluate the functionality and performance. Methods. Experimentation is used in this research and is conducted at Ericsson Research Laboratory. The experiment is divided into three major parts. First, to test the sensing functionalities using Frequency Modulated Continuous Waves (FMCW). Second, to test the communication functionalities using OFDM signals. Third, to design the receiver algorithm and signal waveform for ISAC. To verify the dual functional paradigm, the results from the ISAC are compared with the individual test results of sensing and communications using FMCW and OFDM signals. Results. A receiver algorithm is designed to calculate the sensing range and BER of ISAC using an SDR. The results show the possibility of implementing ISAC using OFDM in GNU Radio with SDR. The thesis project can also be viewed as a proof of concept for ISAC on SDR, helping in providing useful information related to radar sensing and communication using OFDM and performance evaluation. Conclusions. The experimental

The thesis work shows the implementation of sensing and communication, so a basic knowledge of analog and digital communication systems is needed to understand this paper Background. With the increase in smart devices, the bandwidth requirements are increased, which created congestion in the radio spectrum resources. To overcome this spectrum congestion, Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) can be used. This can be achieved by using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals. In ISAC, both sensing and communication use the same resources,which in turn predominantly improves the efficiency of the spectrum resources usage and reduces the cost of hardware. Objectives. The main aim of this research is to integrate radar sensing and communication using Software Defined Radios (SDR) and GNU Radio. The goal is to design a signal waveform and a receiver algorithm supporting both sensing and communications and then carry out experiments on an SDR unit to evaluate the functionality and performance. Methods. Experimentation is used in this research and is conducted at Ericsson Research Laboratory. The experiment is divided into three major parts. First, to test the sensing functionalities using Frequency Modulated Continuous Waves (FMCW). Second, to test the communication functionalities using OFDM signals. Third, to design the receiver algorithm and signal waveform for ISAC. To verify the dual functional paradigm, the results from the ISAC are compared with the individual test results of sensing and communications using FMCW and OFDM signals. Results. A receiver algorithm is designed to calculate the sensing range and BER of ISAC using an SDR. The results show the possibility of implementing ISAC using OFDM in GNU Radio with SDR. The thesis project can also be viewed as a proof of concept for ISAC on SDR, helping in providing useful information related to radar sensing and communication using OFDM and performance evaluation. Conclusions. The experimental

The thesis work shows the implementation of sensing and communication, so a basic knowledge of analog and digital communication systems is needed to understand this paper Background. With the increase in smart devices, the bandwidth requirements are increased, which created congestion in the radio spectrum resources. To overcome this spectrum congestion, Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) can be used. This can be achieved by using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals. In ISAC, both sensing and communication use the same resources,which in turn predominantly improves the efficiency of the spectrum resources usage and reduces the cost of hardware. Objectives. The main aim of this research is to integrate radar sensing and communication using Software Defined Radios (SDR) and GNU Radio. The goal is to design a signal waveform and a receiver algorithm supporting both sensing and communications and then carry out experiments on an SDR unit to evaluate the functionality and performance. Methods. Experimentation is used in this research and is conducted at Ericsson Research Laboratory. The experiment is divided into three major parts. First, to test the sensing functionalities using Frequency Modulated Continuous Waves (FMCW). Second, to test the communication functionalities using OFDM signals. Third, to design the receiver algorithm and signal waveform for ISAC. To verify the dual functional paradigm, the results from the ISAC are compared with the individual test results of sensing and communications using FMCW and OFDM signals. Results. A receiver algorithm is designed to calculate the sensing range and BER of ISAC using an SDR. The results show the possibility of implementing ISAC using OFDM in GNU Radio with SDR. The thesis project can also be viewed as a proof of concept for ISAC on SDR, helping in providing useful information related to radar sensing and communication using OFDM and performance evaluation. Conclusions. The experimental

The thesis work shows the implementation of sensing and communication, so a basic knowledge of analog and digital communication systems is needed to understand this paper Background. With the increase in smart devices, the bandwidth requirements are increased, which created congestion in the radio spectrum resources. To overcome this spectrum congestion, Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) can be used. This can be achieved by using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals. In ISAC, both sensing and communication use the same resources,which in turn predominantly improves the efficiency of the spectrum resources usage and reduces the cost of hardware. Objectives. The main aim of this research is to integrate radar sensing and communication using Software Defined Radios (SDR) and GNU Radio. The goal is to design a signal waveform and a receiver algorithm supporting both sensing and communications and then carry out experiments on an SDR unit to evaluate the functionality and performance. Methods. Experimentation is used in this research and is conducted at Ericsson Research Laboratory. The experiment is divided into three major parts. First, to test the sensing functionalities using Frequency Modulated Continuous Waves (FMCW). Second, to test the communication functionalities using OFDM signals. Third, to design the receiver algorithm and signal waveform for ISAC. To verify the dual functional paradigm, the results from the ISAC are compared with the individual test results of sensing and communications using FMCW and OFDM signals. Results. A receiver algorithm is designed to calculate the sensing range and BER of ISAC using an SDR. The results show the possibility of implementing ISAC using OFDM in GNU Radio with SDR. The thesis project can also be viewed as a proof of concept for ISAC on SDR, helping in providing useful information related to radar sensing and communication using OFDM and performance evaluation. Conclusions. The experimental

This paper solves the problem of exact computation of the phase and gain margins of multivariable control systems. These stability margins are studied using the concept of the Davis–Wielandt shell of complex matrices. Calculation of the phase and gain margins requires solving a quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP) and a parametrized quadratically constrained problem, respectively, which are known to be difficult in general. The semidefinite relaxation (SDR) technique is often used as a computationally efficient approximation technique to solve QCQPs. It turns out that the QCQPs formulated from the phase and gain margin problems in this paper fall under the class of quadratic optimization problem, for which the SDR is exact. This is so in the sense that optimal values of the QCQP and its SDR are equal, and an optimal solution for the original QCQP problem can be obtained from an optimal solution of its SDR. Thus, we are able to propose computationally efficient algorithms to compute the phase and gain margins with an arbitrarily high precision. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

To enhance the robustness of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) against malicious attacks (e.g., spoofing), the European Galileo is working on new services, like Open Service Navigation Message Authentication (OSNMA), which provides authentication on the navigation bits, or Commercial Authentication Service (CAS), which aims to encrypt the spreading code chips. An assisted mode of the latter, named Assisted Commercial Authentication Service (ACAS), is currently under definition by the Galileo program. It uses the Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication (TESLA) keys provided by OSNMA on the E1-B signal to re-encrypt some fragments of the encrypted E6-C signal, known as Re-Encrypted Code Sequences (RECSs), that are made available in the GNSS Service Centre (GSC). Once downloaded by a compatible receiver, they can be decrypted using the corresponding key and used to perform the correlation with the broadcasted E6-C signal. If that results in a correlation peak, the signal can be authenticated under certain circumstances. However, the probability of detecting this peak depends on the length of these fragments and their periodicity, since they are only provided for certain predefined instants. Indeed, if the receiver relies solely on E6-C signal and has no accurate time reference, this probability is severely degraded. This is why the nominal operating mode proposed for ACAS is to use the estimates provided by E1-B to reduce the uncertainty on the E6-C signal, so that the receiver can know precisely where these fragments are located. In the context of the PAULA project, we have developed a low-cost hardware platform based on bladeRF that allows acquiring both E1-B and E6-C samples synchronously. In this paper, we describe how to set up this platform and we characterise the alignment between the E1-B and E6-C estimates (code phase and Doppler frequency) using the real datasets obtained with such a platform, which is of key importance for the ACAS no

This paper describes the implementation of technique based on D–BLAST spatial multiplexing over Software Defined Radio (SDR) equipment; specifically, using Universal Software Peripheral Radio (USRP) Ettus Research x310; with the aim of solve the problem of spatial diversity that the MIMO Alamouti scheme has, since it is not possible to increase the number of antennas of the transmitter with respect to the receiver. The simulation scenario was in an indoor environment using graphical programming tools with the Labview Communications Software, achieving a more robust coding design based on the nonlinearity of matrix equations, in this way, the effects of interference were mitigating through the redundancy of information due to the increase of the antennas at the transmitter. The experimental results evaluated were bit error rate (BER) and symbol error rate (SER) to determine the effectiveness of spatial diversity. The gain achieved was around 10dB and 7dB in MIMO 2×2 and MIMO 3×2 respectively, using the symmetric D–BLAST technique., Este artículo describe la implementación de la técnica basada en multiplexación espacial D–BLAST sobre equipos de radio definido por software (SDR) específicamente usando USRP Ettus Research x310; con el objetivo de afrontar el problema de la diversidad espacial que posee el esquema de MIMO Alamouti, al no poder incrementar el número de antenas del transmisor respecto al del receptor. El escenario de simulación fue en un ambiente indoor usando las herramientas de programación gráfica con el software Labview Communications, logrando un diseño más robusto de codificación basado en la no linealidad de ecuaciones matriciales, mitigando, de este modo, a través de la redundancia de información los efectos de la interferencia que genera el incremento propio de las antenas en el transmisor. Los resultados experimentales evaluados fueron la tasa de error de bit (BER) y la tasa de error de símbolo (SER) para determinar la efectividad de la diversidad espacial. La ganancia lograda fue alrededor de 10 dB y 7 dB en MIMO 2×2 y MIMO 3×2 respectivamente, usando la técnica D–BLAST simétrica.

Satellite navigation (such as GPS) has become widely successful and is used by billions of users daily. Accuratepositioning and timing has a wide range of applications and is increasingly being integrated in safety criticalsystems such as autonomous operations, traffic management, navigation for airplanes and other vehicles. Thesecurity and vulnerabilities of satellite navigation is however often not considered in the same way as for exampledata security, even though the high efficacy of spoofing with off-the-self software-defined radio (SDR) has beendemonstrated repeatedly. The lack of concern comes partially from the lack of options as satellite navigationauthentication has not previously existed in the civil domain.This work benchmarks the anti-spoofing and signal level measurements of commercial receivers in both simulatedand real-world scenarios and implements additional anti-spoofing measures. The additional anti-spoofingmeasures are implemented using no additional information than what the receiver should already have accessto in any modern commercial vehicle. Upcoming EU regulation 2021/1228 for vehicles used in internationaltransport will also mandate the use of these three anti-spoofing measures by August 2023. Here receiver time isverified by the means of Network Time Protocol (NTP) and real time clock (RTC); receiver motion is verifiedby the means of dead reckoning and inertial measurement unit (IMU); receiver navigation data is verified by themeans of asymmetric cryptography and Galileo Open Service Navigation Message Authentication (OSNMA).The computational overhead is analyzed as well as cost and worldwide Market feasibility. We estimate thateven basic timing devices would only have to perform one NTP request every 17 days and a microcontrollerpowerful enough to do OSNMA costs less than $2. Finally, the benefits of multi-band receivers and futuredevelopments in both the user and space segments are discussed.

Includes Supplementary Material, Commercial cellular service providers are at the forefront of the paradigm shift from 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) to 5G New Radio (NR). The increase in throughput, provisioning of ultra-low latency, and greater reliability of 5G enable potential uses that no other wireless communication could support. The Department of Defense (DOD) is interested in 5G NR technologies, but the implementation of the architecture can be lengthy and costly. This capstone configured a 4G LTE network and a 5G non-standalone network using OpenAirInterface and software defined radios (SDRs). Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) cards were configured and introduced to user equipment and attached to the 4G LTE network. A gNodeB (gNB) was added to the 4G LTE network to establish the 5G non-standalone (NSA) network architecture (3GPP Option 3). The testbed developed in this research was able to connect the core to a commercial internet service provider and browse the internet using third-party applications. Our analysis educates future researchers on the challenges and lessons learned when implementing the OpenAirInterface 4G LTE and 5G NSA networks. This work also provides a better understanding of 4G LTE and 5G NSA OpenAirInterface software usability, flexibility, and scalability for potential use cases for the DOD., Chief Petty Officer, United States Navy, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

This paper presents the implementation of a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) network prototype based on SDR (Software Defined Radio) using the Linux-based OpenBTS software and the USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) hardware. GSM has been chosen because it is one of the most successful standards with the most significant impact on the mobile telephony ecosystem. It has been the key to the development of subsequent generations. By integrating GSM with SDR, it is possible to implement a prototype of an experimental GSM network, which can become a testbed for future innovations and developments in SDR dynamics that seek to provide alternative mobile infrastructures to rural populations in Ecuador and around the word that they still are part of the great digital divide. Keywords: GSM, SDR, OpenBTS, USRP.doi: https://doi.org/10.36825/RITI.10.21.004, Este artículo presenta la implementación de un prototipo de red GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) basado en SDR (Software Defined Radio) utilizando el software OpenBTS basado en Linux y el hardware USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral). Se ha elegido GSM por ser uno de los estándares de mayor éxito e impacto en el ecosistema de la telefonía móvil y base para las siguientes generaciones. Al integrar GSM con SDR es posible implementar un prototipo de red GSM experimental, el cual puede llegar a convertirse en un banco de pruebas para futuras innovaciones y desarrollos en la dinámica SDR cuyo objetivo que es brindar infraestructuras móviles alternativas para poblaciones rurales en Ecuador y en el mundo que forman parte de la gran brecha digital.Palabras clave: GSM, SDR, OpenBTS, USRP.doi: https://doi.org/10.36825/RITI.10.21.004

This paper describes the implementation of technique based on D–BLAST spatial multiplexing over Software Defined Radio (SDR) equipment; specifically, using Universal Software Peripheral Radio (USRP) Ettus Research x310; with the aim of solve the problem of spatial diversity that the MIMO Alamouti scheme has, since it is not possible to increase the number of antennas of the transmitter with respect to the receiver. The simulation scenario was in an indoor environment using graphical programming tools with the Labview Communications Software, achieving a more robust coding design based on the nonlinearity of matrix equations, in this way, the effects of interference were mitigating through the redundancy of information due to the increase of the antennas at the transmitter. The experimental results evaluated were bit error rate (BER) and symbol error rate (SER) to determine the effectiveness of spatial diversity. The gain achieved was around 10dB and 7dB in MIMO 2×2 and MIMO 3×2 respectively, using the symmetric D–BLAST technique., Este artículo describe la implementación de la técnica basada en multiplexación espacial D–BLAST sobre equipos de radio definido por software (SDR) específicamente usando USRP Ettus Research x310; con el objetivo de afrontar el problema de la diversidad espacial que posee el esquema de MIMO Alamouti, al no poder incrementar el número de antenas del transmisor respecto al del receptor. El escenario de simulación fue en un ambiente indoor usando las herramientas de programación gráfica con el software Labview Communications, logrando un diseño más robusto de codificación basado en la no linealidad de ecuaciones matriciales, mitigando, de este modo, a través de la redundancia de información los efectos de la interferencia que genera el incremento propio de las antenas en el transmisor. Los resultados experimentales evaluados fueron la tasa de error de bit (BER) y la tasa de error de símbolo (SER) para determinar la efectividad de la diversidad espacial. La ganancia lograda fue alrededor de 10 dB y 7 dB en MIMO 2×2 y MIMO 3×2 respectivamente, usando la técnica D–BLAST simétrica.

This paper deals with the issue of radio spectrum analysis focused on WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) bands. The aim of the article is to approach the issue of capturing the radio spectrum and its visualization. Ways of approaching the solution of the problem are discussed, and on the basis of this comparison, attention is further focused on the use of SDR (Software Defined Radio). This device creates digitalized samples of captured radio signals and forwards them via USB to a computer, where the samples are further processed and visualized. The result is a functional program capable of visualizing this data in the form of a waterfall spectrogram. These results can also be additionally used for advanced machine analysis.

This paper deals with the issue of radio spectrum analysis focused on WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) bands. The aim of the article is to approach the issue of capturing the radio spectrum and its visualization. Ways of approaching the solution of the problem are discussed, and on the basis of this comparison, attention is further focused on the use of SDR (Software Defined Radio). This device creates digitalized samples of captured radio signals and forwards them via USB to a computer, where the samples are further processed and visualized. The result is a functional program capable of visualizing this data in the form of a waterfall spectrogram. These results can also be additionally used for advanced machine analysis.

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) has been widely accepted around the world. The implementation of this system for a comunity are expensive because to use high-cost equipment, but thanks to the development of software-defined radio systems, it is possible to develop this type of network at a reduced cost. Access to telecommunications services in rural communities in Cuba is today a great challenge, mainly caused by the geographical location and the small number of habitants that make the deployment of infrastructure not economically feasible. The main contributions of the present work focus in an alternative cellular system and GSM network management software. It was shown that it is possible to build a mobile telephone network using free software components and low-cost hardware, which can be used in sparsely populated rural communities, as well as in emergency situations., El Sistema Global de Comunicaciones Móviles (GSM) ha tenido una gran aceptación alrededor del mundo. Para implementar estos sistemas era necesario utilizar equipos de costo elevado, sin embargo, gracias al desarrollo de sistemas de radios definidos por software, es posible desarrollar este tipo de redes con un costo reducido. El acceso a servicios de telecomunicaciones en comunidades rurales de Cuba es hoy en día un gran reto, propiciado principalmente, por la ubicación geográfica y el reducido número de habitantes que hacen que el despliegue de infraestructura no sea económicamente factible. Las contribuciones principales del presente trabajo son un sistema celular alternativo y software de administración de red GSM. Quedó demostrado que es posible la construcción de una red telefónica móvil usando componentes de software libre y hardware de bajo costo, que pueden ser empleados en comunidades rurales de poca población, así como en situaciones de emergencia.

This thesis elaborates on the implementation of spoofing detection techniques for GPS L1 C/A signals, topic which is up to the minute in the GNSS community. The interest of this topic has its origin on the fact that, currently, there is a large number of applications relying on GNSS communications. Moreover, the public character of the communication details and specifications have exposed the communications to spoofing agents, which, with a relatively cheap equipment, are capable of controlling the tracking loops of a victim receiver and, as a result, manipulate the its timing or navigation solution. In front of this issue, this project aims to contribute on the spoofing detection community by implementing, in the recognized Borre¿s GNSS receiver software, and testing some techniques. To do so, the project is organized in three sections; the preliminary study of the state of the art and the software that will be considered as the starting point, the spoofing signal analysis and the implementation of the selected spoofing detection techniques, and the result¿s evaluation.

The 3Cat-4 mission is a 1-unit CubeSat platform that serves as a technology demonstrator and educational platform for students at Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC). Promoted by the UPC Nanosatellite and Payload Laboratory (UPC NanoSatLab), the most notable subsystems that innovate in the nanosatellite scenario are (1) the Flexible Microwave Payload - 1 (FMPL-1) [1], a cost-effective payload to execute Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R), and L-band microwave radiometry experiments using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software-defined radio (SDR) and (2) the Nadir Antenna Deployment Subsystem (NADS) [2], an in-orbit deployable high-directivity antenna used by Earth Observation (EO) payloads. This paper presents the findings of the 3Cat-4 mission during Phase D, the qualification and production phase of the project. Since the publication of the first introductory work for this mission in 2019[3], several sections of the subsystems have been redesigned and upgraded to correct previous design flaws or to meet new requirements. In addition, this paper addresses the educational perspective of this mission, analyzing its performance and usefulness in the aforementioned subject.

The master's thesis has as a main objective to encompass the progress and efforts dedicated to the development and improvement of an open-source collection of Software-Defined Radios (SDR) for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Most of the efforts have focused in conducting an extensive test campaign for each implementation of the collection, with the aim of determining their characteristics at every stage in the positioning process, and make the required adjustments to achieve the defined performance. This document details the structure of the collection, the adjustments made to improve each code-base as well as the metrics considered to assess the obtained results., Outgoing

The use of Signals of Opportunity for Earth Observation is a hot topic nowadays. It consists of using signals already used for some purposes for other purposes, like remote sensing or navigation. The thesis mixes this concept with signals from P-band, a really interesting band because they can penetrate more than 20 cm in the soil, before being reflected, allowing us to estimate root-zone soil moisture values. The main objective of the project is to design a receiving system for Signals of Opportunity at P-band based on Software Defined Radio. This thesis reviews all the necessary parts of the whole system and the necessary software setup to have a complete receiver. On the other hand it has some results recorded for testing the receiving system and results of the process of finding suitable signals of Opportunity to develop our reflectometry studies with also a curious report on Intermodulation Distortion components being surprisingly well received. Results indicate that the receiving system works, but that the received interferences are a problem for the thesis objective, and further tests on different locations with different setups are needed to start having a first estimation of the root-zone soil moisture., El uso de Señales de Oportunidad para la teledetección es un tema de relevancia actualmente, consiste en usar señales preconcebidas para otras finalidades para tus propies intereses, como teledetección o para usar de señal de navegación. La tesis mezcla ese concepto con señales de banda P, una banda de frecuencias realmente interesante por el hecho de que las frecuencias que pertenecen a la banda son capaces de penetrar unos 20 cm en la tierra antes de reflejarse, permitiéndonos estimar valores de humedad en las raíces de la vegetación. El objetivo principal del proyecto es diseñar un sistema de recepción para señales de oportunidad en la banda P basado en una Radio Definida por Software (SDR). La tesis repasa todas las partes necesarias que componen el sistema entero y el software necesario para tener el setup del sistema de recepción completo. Por otro lado, incluye resultados grabados para probar el funcionamiento del sistema de recepción y el resultado del proceso de encontrar señales de oportunidad adecuadas para desarrollar estudios de reflectometría. La tesis también incluye un reporte curioso sobre Productos de Intermodulación siendo recibidos correctamente. Los resultados indican que el sistema de recepción funciona, pero las interferencias recibidas son un problema para los objetivos del proyecto. También indican que más test en diferentes localizaciones con diferentes configuraciones son necesarios para empezar a tener estimaciones de valores de humedad en las raíces de vegetación., L'ús de Senyals d'Oportunitat per a la teledetecció és un tema de rellevància actualment, consisteix a utilitzar senyals preconcebuts per altres finalitats pels teus propis interessos, com teledetecció o per utilitzar de senyals de navegació. La tesi combina aquest concepte amb senyals de banda P, una banda de freqüències realment interessants pel fet que les freqüències que pertanyen a aquesta banda estan capacitades de penetrar uns 20 cm a la terra abans de reflectir-se, permetent estimar valors d'humitat a les arrels de la vegetació. L'objectiu principal del projecte és dissenyar un sistema de recepció per senyals d'oportunitat a la banda P basat en una Ràdio Definida per Software (SDR). La tesi repassa totes les parts necessàries que componen el sistema sencer i el software necessari per tenir el "setup" del sistema de recepció complet. Per altra banda, inclou resultats gravats per provar el funcionament del sistema de recepció i el resultat del procés de trobar senyals d'oportunitat adequats per desenvolupar estudis de reflectometria. La tesis també aporta un informe curiós sobre Productes d'Intermodulació sent rebuts correctament. Els resultats indiquen que el sistema de recepció funciona, però les interferències rebudes són un problema pels propòsits del projecte. També indiquen que més test a diferents localitzacions amb diferents configuracions són necessaris per començar a tenir estimacions de valors d'humitat en les arrels de la vegetació.

This paper deals with the issue of radio spectrum analysis focused on WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) bands. The aim of the article is to approach the issue of capturing the radio spectrum and its visualization. Ways of approaching the solution of the problem are discussed, and on the basis of this comparison, attention is further focused on the use of SDR (Software Defined Radio). This device creates digitalized samples of captured radio signals and forwards them via USB to a computer, where the samples are further processed and visualized. The result is a functional program capable of visualizing this data in the form of a waterfall spectrogram. These results can also be additionally used for advanced machine analysis.

This paper deals with the issue of radio spectrum analysis focused on WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) bands. The aim of the article is to approach the issue of capturing the radio spectrum and its visualization. Ways of approaching the solution of the problem are discussed, and on the basis of this comparison, attention is further focused on the use of SDR (Software Defined Radio). This device creates digitalized samples of captured radio signals and forwards them via USB to a computer, where the samples are further processed and visualized. The result is a functional program capable of visualizing this data in the form of a waterfall spectrogram. These results can also be additionally used for advanced machine analysis.

Satellite navigation (such as GPS) has become widely successful and is used by billions of users daily. Accuratepositioning and timing has a wide range of applications and is increasingly being integrated in safety criticalsystems such as autonomous operations, traffic management, navigation for airplanes and other vehicles. Thesecurity and vulnerabilities of satellite navigation is however often not considered in the same way as for exampledata security, even though the high efficacy of spoofing with off-the-self software-defined radio (SDR) has beendemonstrated repeatedly. The lack of concern comes partially from the lack of options as satellite navigationauthentication has not previously existed in the civil domain.This work benchmarks the anti-spoofing and signal level measurements of commercial receivers in both simulatedand real-world scenarios and implements additional anti-spoofing measures. The additional anti-spoofingmeasures are implemented using no additional information than what the receiver should already have accessto in any modern commercial vehicle. Upcoming EU regulation 2021/1228 for vehicles used in internationaltransport will also mandate the use of these three anti-spoofing measures by August 2023. Here receiver time isverified by the means of Network Time Protocol (NTP) and real time clock (RTC); receiver motion is verifiedby the means of dead reckoning and inertial measurement unit (IMU); receiver navigation data is verified by themeans of asymmetric cryptography and Galileo Open Service Navigation Message Authentication (OSNMA).The computational overhead is analyzed as well as cost and worldwide Market feasibility. We estimate thateven basic timing devices would only have to perform one NTP request every 17 days and a microcontrollerpowerful enough to do OSNMA costs less than $2. Finally, the benefits of multi-band receivers and futuredevelopments in both the user and space segments are discussed.

The low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies, which enable cost and energy-efficient wireless connectivity for massive deployments of autonomous machines, have enabled and boosted the development of many new Internet of things (IoT) applications; however, the security of LPWA technologies in general, and specifically those operating in the license-free frequency bands, have received somewhat limited attention so far. This paper focuses specifically on the security and privacy aspects of one of the most popular license-free-band LPWA technologies, which is named LoRaWAN. The paper's key contributions are the details of the design and experimental validation of a security-focused testbed, based on the combination of software-defined radio (SDR) and GNU Radio software with a standalone LoRaWAN transceiver. By implementing the two practical man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., the replay and bit-flipping attacks through intercepting the over-the-air activation procedure by an external to the network attacker device), we demonstrate that the developed testbed enables practical experiments for on-air security in real-life conditions. This makes the designed testbed perspective for validating the novel security solutions and approaches and draws attention to some of the relevant security challenges extant in LoRaWAN.

The low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies, which enable cost and energy-efficient wireless connectivity for massive deployments of autonomous machines, have enabled and boosted the development of many new Internet of things (IoT) applications; however, the security of LPWA technologies in general, and specifically those operating in the license-free frequency bands, have received somewhat limited attention so far. This paper focuses specifically on the security and privacy aspects of one of the most popular license-free-band LPWA technologies, which is named LoRaWAN. The paper’s key contributions are the details of the design and experimental validation of a security-focused testbed, based on the combination of software-defined radio (SDR) and GNU Radio software with a standalone LoRaWAN transceiver. By implementing the two practical man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., the replay and bit-flipping attacks through intercepting the over-the-air activation procedure by an external to the network attacker device), we demonstrate that the developed testbed enables practical experiments for on-air security in real-life conditions. This makes the designed testbed perspective for validating the novel security solutions and approaches and draws attention to some of the relevant security challenges extant in LoRaWAN.