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Objectives This study estimated the permanent hearing loss (PHL) prevalence among newborns and 6-year-olds in the Uppsala region (Sweden), compared how different definitions affected this estimation, and evaluated the outcome of the three hearing screening occasions for children. Methods A retrospective investigation of medical records and audiograms was conducted for children born in 2011–2012. Data extraction was performed when the children had reached 7 years of age. Hearing loss was defined as > 20 dB hearing level in at least one frequency (125–8000 Hz) in one or both ears (clinician's definition). Results A total of 1385 children were included, and 95 were diagnosed with PHL. The prevalence of bilateral PHL at 6 years was 5.50 per 1000 children based on the clinician's definition, 3.74 per 1000 children based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 definition, and 2.64 per 1000 children based on the WHO 1991 definition. Adding unilateral PHL resulted in a total prevalence of 10.11 (clinician's definition) and 6.16 (WHO 2021) per 1000 children. Conclusion This study demonstrates the necessity of repeated hearing testing during childhood to identify PHL and suggests a higher prevalence in 6-year-olds than previously reported. The definition of PHL greatly impacted its estimated prevalence.

Objectives This study estimated the permanent hearing loss (PHL) prevalence among newborns and 6-year-olds in the Uppsala region (Sweden), compared how different definitions affected this estimation, and evaluated the outcome of the three hearing screening occasions for children. Methods A retrospective investigation of medical records and audiograms was conducted for children born in 2011–2012. Data extraction was performed when the children had reached 7 years of age. Hearing loss was defined as > 20 dB hearing level in at least one frequency (125–8000 Hz) in one or both ears (clinician's definition). Results A total of 1385 children were included, and 95 were diagnosed with PHL. The prevalence of bilateral PHL at 6 years was 5.50 per 1000 children based on the clinician's definition, 3.74 per 1000 children based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 definition, and 2.64 per 1000 children based on the WHO 1991 definition. Adding unilateral PHL resulted in a total prevalence of 10.11 (clinician's definition) and 6.16 (WHO 2021) per 1000 children. Conclusion This study demonstrates the necessity of repeated hearing testing during childhood to identify PHL and suggests a higher prevalence in 6-year-olds than previously reported. The definition of PHL greatly impacted its estimated prevalence.

Objectives This study estimated the permanent hearing loss (PHL) prevalence among newborns and 6-year-olds in the Uppsala region (Sweden), compared how different definitions affected this estimation, and evaluated the outcome of the three hearing screening occasions for children. Methods A retrospective investigation of medical records and audiograms was conducted for children born in 2011–2012. Data extraction was performed when the children had reached 7 years of age. Hearing loss was defined as > 20 dB hearing level in at least one frequency (125–8000 Hz) in one or both ears (clinician's definition). Results A total of 1385 children were included, and 95 were diagnosed with PHL. The prevalence of bilateral PHL at 6 years was 5.50 per 1000 children based on the clinician's definition, 3.74 per 1000 children based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 definition, and 2.64 per 1000 children based on the WHO 1991 definition. Adding unilateral PHL resulted in a total prevalence of 10.11 (clinician's definition) and 6.16 (WHO 2021) per 1000 children. Conclusion This study demonstrates the necessity of repeated hearing testing during childhood to identify PHL and suggests a higher prevalence in 6-year-olds than previously reported. The definition of PHL greatly impacted its estimated prevalence.

Objectives This study estimated the permanent hearing loss (PHL) prevalence among newborns and 6-year-olds in the Uppsala region (Sweden), compared how different definitions affected this estimation, and evaluated the outcome of the three hearing screening occasions for children. Methods A retrospective investigation of medical records and audiograms was conducted for children born in 2011–2012. Data extraction was performed when the children had reached 7 years of age. Hearing loss was defined as > 20 dB hearing level in at least one frequency (125–8000 Hz) in one or both ears (clinician's definition). Results A total of 1385 children were included, and 95 were diagnosed with PHL. The prevalence of bilateral PHL at 6 years was 5.50 per 1000 children based on the clinician's definition, 3.74 per 1000 children based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 definition, and 2.64 per 1000 children based on the WHO 1991 definition. Adding unilateral PHL resulted in a total prevalence of 10.11 (clinician's definition) and 6.16 (WHO 2021) per 1000 children. Conclusion This study demonstrates the necessity of repeated hearing testing during childhood to identify PHL and suggests a higher prevalence in 6-year-olds than previously reported. The definition of PHL greatly impacted its estimated prevalence.

Background: Acute phase proteins (APPs), including haptoglobin (Hp), are a large and varied group of plasma proteins that can be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis/detection/severity. Objective: The main objective was to assess the levels of haptoglobin (Hp) in serum and detect Hp phenotypes using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 100 school-aged children infected with Schistosoma haematobium compared with 60 healthy control. Methods: We conducted a case-control study on 160 schoolchildren (ages 9-15 years) recruited from Tayba Eltejania village, Sinar state, Sudan. Unrelated children with Schistosoma haematobium (case group 100) and unrelated healthy children (control group 60) were included, while those with both Schistosoma types were excluded. The enrolled subjects were evaluated for the levels of Hp and its phenotypes as early markers for disease severity. ELISA quantified biochemical analysis for the serum Hp level. Hp phenotypes were determined, and their frequency was compared between cases and controls. Results: The Hp 2-1 was the highest frequency among cases and controls 72/143 (50.3%), followed by Hp 2-2 (28%), while Hp 1-1 phenotype was 22%. The Hp 2-1 and Hp 2-2 frequency did not differ significantly between cases and controls, considering the Hp 1-1 as the reference group. Multiple comparisons were executed between Hp phenotypes; the differences between these groups were not statistically different. The disease severity was set according to the egg count (Group I: moderate infection ≤ 35/10 ml, Group II: severe infection ≥ 36/10 ml), the Hp 2-2 was four times more frequent in cases with severe infection considering Hp 1-1 as the reference phenotype (OR=3.85, 95% CI: 1.044-14.24). Confirming the result, Hp 2-2 was significantly associated with disease severity than Hp 1-1 and Hp 2-1 (OR= 3.77 95% CI: 1.39-10.20). Conclusion: There was evident that the egg count increased in subjects with Hp 2-2 indicating severe infection

Objectives This study estimated the permanent hearing loss (PHL) prevalence among newborns and 6-year-olds in the Uppsala region (Sweden), compared how different definitions affected this estimation, and evaluated the outcome of the three hearing screening occasions for children. Methods A retrospective investigation of medical records and audiograms was conducted for children born in 2011–2012. Data extraction was performed when the children had reached 7 years of age. Hearing loss was defined as > 20 dB hearing level in at least one frequency (125–8000 Hz) in one or both ears (clinician's definition). Results A total of 1385 children were included, and 95 were diagnosed with PHL. The prevalence of bilateral PHL at 6 years was 5.50 per 1000 children based on the clinician's definition, 3.74 per 1000 children based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 definition, and 2.64 per 1000 children based on the WHO 1991 definition. Adding unilateral PHL resulted in a total prevalence of 10.11 (clinician's definition) and 6.16 (WHO 2021) per 1000 children. Conclusion This study demonstrates the necessity of repeated hearing testing during childhood to identify PHL and suggests a higher prevalence in 6-year-olds than previously reported. The definition of PHL greatly impacted its estimated prevalence.

This community service activity carried out by Poltekkes Kerta Cendekia is routine activities done by academic civities in order to improve the health quality of school-age children in the Sidoarjo Regency environment. This activity carries the theme "Oral Care". Increasing the level of knowledge, attitudes, and skills of students regarding oral and dental health will change their behavior towards healthy living so that optimal dental and oral health degrees can be achieved. The long-term impact of this activity is that by improving the health quality of students, it is hoped that they can improve their academic achievement. This counseling activity was held on January 21, 2023, at SDN Dukuhsari 2 Jabon Sidoarjo. This activity was carried out by a team consisting of one lecturer and seven students. The participants in this activity were all 1st  and 2nd  graders at this elementary school, which totaled 39 students. During this activity, all students could work well together, were enthusiastic in answering all the questions posed by the presenters, and were enthusiastic in demonstrating how to brush their teeth.

Background: The problem of nutritional health in society is a crucial topic widely reported in developed and developing countries. The incidence of Fe deficiency in children is associated with obesity, including overweight, but the relationship between the two is still being identified further. Objectives: To identify the relationship between obesity in school-aged children (7-19 years) and Fe deficiency and the specific parameters used through a systematic review. Methods: This research was conducted with a systematic review using PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. The literature search strategy was carried out through evidence software by entering predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Five kinds of literature were selected from 2015 to 2021. Discussions: Fe deficiency is defined as the presence of two or more abnormal values "‹"‹of the following parameters: (i) serum ferritin (SF) <15µg/L (ii) serum iron (SI) <10.7 µmol/l; (iii) Total iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) >62.7 µmol/l; dan (iv) %transferrin saturation (%Tsat) <15%. Fe deficiency in obese conditions occurs through an increase in proinflammatory mechanisms and the role of leptin which can reduce the availability and absorption of Fe in the body. Parameters soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is the best parameter to identify Fe deficiency in obese individuals. At the same time, serum ferritin (SF) has limitations as an indicator of iron status in obese children. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the incidence of obesity in children may lead to an increased risk of iron deficiency. The problem of iron deficiency and obesity is a public health problem that has detrimental short and long-term health effects, especially for school-age children in a phase of cognitive growth and development. The sTfR parameter is not significantly affected by inflammation due to adiposity, so it can differentiate iron deficiency from inflammatory hypoferremia., Latar Belakang: Masalah kesehatan gizi di masyarakat menjadi topik krusial yang banyak dilaporakan baik pada negara maju dan berkembang. Kejadian defisiensi Fe pada anak-anak banyak dikaitkan dengan kondisi obesitas termasuk juga kelebihan berat badan (overweight), namun hubungan antar keduanya saat ini masih diidentifikasi lebih lanjut. Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi hubungan antara obesitas pada anak usia sekolah (7-19 tahun) dengan defisiensi Fe serta parameter spesifik yang digunakan melalui tinjauan sistematik. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tinjauan sistematis menggunakan tiga database yaitu PubMed, scopus dan scienceDirect. Strategi pencarian literatur dilakukan dengan Covidence software dengan memasukkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. Lima literatur terpilih dari rentang tahun 2015 hingga 2021. Ulasan: Kekurangan Fe didefinisikan sebagai adanya dua atau lebih nilai abnormal dari parameter berikut: (i) serum ferritin (SF) <15µg/L (ii) serum iron (SI) <10.7 µmol/l; (iii) Total iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) >62,7 µmol/l; dan (iv) %Transferrin Saturation (%Tsat) <15%. Defisiensi Fe pada kondisi obesitas terjadi melalui peningkatan mekanisme proinflamasi dan peran leptin yang dapat menurunkan ketersediaan serta penyerapan Fe dalam tubuh. Parameter (sTfR) Soluble Transferrin Receptor digunakan sebagai parameter terbaik untuk mengidentifikasi defisiensi Fe pada individu obesitas sedangkan (SF) Serum Ferritin memiliki keterbatasan sebagai indikator status besi pada anak obesitas. Kesimpulan: Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kejadian obesitas pada anak-anak dapat menyebabkan peningkatan resiko defisiensi Fe. Masalah kekurangan zat besi dan obesitas menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang memiliki efek kesehatan jangka pendek dan panjang yang merugikan, terlebih anak usia sekolah yang berada pada fase pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kognitif. Parameter sTfR secara signifikan tidak dipengaruhi oleh peradangan karena adipositas sehingga da

The incidence of iodine deficiency among school-age children is a global concern due to its negative effect on their brain development and academic performance. Such, necessitated this study among the pupils of Hillcrest Schools aged 6-12 years during the 2016/17 academic year in the Cape Coast Metropolis. One hundred and ninety-six (196) urine samples were collected for their iodine concentrations using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The median urinary iodine concentration obtained for the population was 102.14 µg/L at 95% CI. The lower (Q1) and the upper (Q2) quartiles were respectively 81.33 and 138.51. Forty- eight percent (48%) of the samples had urinary iodine concentration below 100 µg/L, and none below 50 µg/L. In addition, one percent was above 300 µg/L. The median value suggests that the pupils had adequate iodine intake and optimal iodine nutrition. This notwithstanding, the inter quartile range (IQR) suggests a polarity of mild iodine deficiency and adequate iodine intake. The study therefore shows that the universal salt iodization programme and the schools’ initiative on consumption of iodized salt are having the required impact.

Background: There is growing data on T helper 2 (Th2) biomarker determinants in adult populations. However, the determinants and typical range of these biomarkers have not been well studied in general populations of children. Therefore, we assessed the determinants and typical range of three Th2 bio-markers, including blood eosinophils, FeNO, and serum total IgE in 9-11-year-old children in a pro-spective birth cohort.Methods: We examined the pre-and postnatal factors associated with Th2 biomarkers using multivar-iable logistic regression analysis (n = 428) and extended the results to the original cohort (n = 17,009) using inverse probability weighting. We also measured typical Th2 biomarker distribution in all exam-ined children and healthy participants without allergic diseases (n = 180).Results: At age 9-11, wheeze (odds ratio (OR) 7.63), rhinitis (OR 3.14), and eczema (OR 2.46) were significantly associated with increased blood eosinophils. All three allergic conditions were associated with FeNO and total serum IgE, but the ORs were smaller than those for blood eosinophils. Secondhand smoking was inversely associated with the blood eosinophils (OR, 0.38). Similar results were found in the original cohort. Male sex and prenatal factors (maternal smoking and parental history of allergies) were not independent predictors of high Th2 levels.Conclusions: In addition to wheezing and rhinitis, eczema and secondhand smoke exposure are inde-pendent factors for Th2 biomarker interpretation in children. Furthermore, the typical values and cutoff values of blood eosinophils in adults may not be applicable to children.(c) 2022 Japanese Society of Allergology. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION: Bilingualism has historically been claimed to be a risk factor for developmental stuttering. The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010-11 (ECLS-K:2011) ostensibly contains evidence to test that claim. METHODS: We analyze data from monolingual and bilingual children in Kindergarten through fifth grade in the ECLS-K:2011. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The prevalence, male/female ratio, and onset and recovery of reported stuttering in the ECLS are inconsistent with widely-accepted clinical reports of stuttering. We argue that the reported figures may be misleading. We discuss some factors that may inflate the reported prevalence, including a lack of awareness of the difference between stuttering vs. normal disfluencies, and the informal usage of the word stuttering on the part of teachers and parents to describe typical disfluencies.

Bilingualism has been associated with executive functioning (EF) advantages while EF is commonly impaired in ADHD. The present study tested applied EF skills (organizational skills and academic competence) in bilingual and monolingual children who exhibit ADHD symptoms preand posttreatment. A total of 159 children (Mage = 8.32) and their parents participated in multicomponent intervention targeting ADHD impairment in home and school settings. Parents and teachers completed EF and impairment rating scales and teachers completed academic competency scales. Linear mixed effects models were used to compare bilingual and monolingual groups while controlling for income and clustering effects by school. At pretreatment, the monolingual group scored higher on academic engagement, reading, and study skills than their bilingual counterparts; however, these differences diminished when income was controlled. No between-group differences were found on organizational skills pretreatment. While reductions in impairment were found for both groups following treatment, some evidence showed greater reduction in impairment for bilingual children compared to monolingual. Our findings demonstrate that bilingualism per se does not appear to hinder applied EF skills (organizational skills and academic competence) or response to treatment among children with ADHD. Instead, socioeconomic status may play an important role in the bilingualism-EF link in applied settings. Future studies are warranted to explore interventions delivered in multiple languages for children with ADHD with increased attention on environmental resources for these children.

Background: There is growing data on T helper 2 (Th2) biomarker determinants in adult populations. However, the determinants and typical range of these biomarkers have not been well studied in general populations of children. Therefore, we assessed the determinants and typical range of three Th2 bio-markers, including blood eosinophils, FeNO, and serum total IgE in 9-11-year-old children in a pro-spective birth cohort.Methods: We examined the pre-and postnatal factors associated with Th2 biomarkers using multivar-iable logistic regression analysis (n = 428) and extended the results to the original cohort (n = 17,009) using inverse probability weighting. We also measured typical Th2 biomarker distribution in all exam-ined children and healthy participants without allergic diseases (n = 180).Results: At age 9-11, wheeze (odds ratio (OR) 7.63), rhinitis (OR 3.14), and eczema (OR 2.46) were significantly associated with increased blood eosinophils. All three allergic conditions were associated with FeNO and total serum IgE, but the ORs were smaller than those for blood eosinophils. Secondhand smoking was inversely associated with the blood eosinophils (OR, 0.38). Similar results were found in the original cohort. Male sex and prenatal factors (maternal smoking and parental history of allergies) were not independent predictors of high Th2 levels.Conclusions: In addition to wheezing and rhinitis, eczema and secondhand smoke exposure are inde-pendent factors for Th2 biomarker interpretation in children. Furthermore, the typical values and cutoff values of blood eosinophils in adults may not be applicable to children.(c) 2022 Japanese Society of Allergology. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

This community service activity carried out by Poltekkes Kerta Cendekia is routine activities done by academic civities in order to improve the health quality of school-age children in the Sidoarjo Regency environment. This activity carries the theme "Oral Care". Increasing the level of knowledge, attitudes, and skills of students regarding oral and dental health will change their behavior towards healthy living so that optimal dental and oral health degrees can be achieved. The long-term impact of this activity is that by improving the health quality of students, it is hoped that they can improve their academic achievement. This counseling activity was held on January 21, 2023, at SDN Dukuhsari 2 Jabon Sidoarjo. This activity was carried out by a team consisting of one lecturer and seven students. The participants in this activity were all 1st  and 2nd  graders at this elementary school, which totaled 39 students. During this activity, all students could work well together, were enthusiastic in answering all the questions posed by the presenters, and were enthusiastic in demonstrating how to brush their teeth.

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are common in tropical and sub-tropical regions where they can have substantial local public health impacts. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of STH infection in the community and children aged 6 to 11 years attending government-run schools in the Simanindo sub-district of Samosir Island. In total, 314 individuals in the community and 187 children aged 6 to 11 years attending government schools were invited to provide a fecal sample. All fecal samples were examined microscopically using the Kato-Katz technique. The prevalence of STH infection in the community was 46.8% (147/314). Infections were caused by Ascaris lumbricoides (n=52), followed by Trichuris trichiura (n=48), and hookworms (n=26). The prevalence of STH infection in school-age children was 4.8% in 2023. All infections in this cohort were due to T. trichiura. Even though the MDA program effectively controls A. lumbricoides and hookworm infections in school children, the problem of controlling T. trichiura infection remains. Therefore, selective treatment after fecal sample examination is needed to prevent T. trichiura infection and the potential for infection-associated anemia. Health education focusing on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation is still important for preventing STH infections. The suggestion is a new community-based survey with random sampling is necessary to ensure the present prevalence of STH in the community.

Background: There is growing data on T helper 2 (Th2) biomarker determinants in adult populations. However, the determinants and typical range of these biomarkers have not been well studied in general populations of children. Therefore, we assessed the determinants and typical range of three Th2 bio-markers, including blood eosinophils, FeNO, and serum total IgE in 9-11-year-old children in a pro-spective birth cohort.Methods: We examined the pre-and postnatal factors associated with Th2 biomarkers using multivar-iable logistic regression analysis (n = 428) and extended the results to the original cohort (n = 17,009) using inverse probability weighting. We also measured typical Th2 biomarker distribution in all exam-ined children and healthy participants without allergic diseases (n = 180).Results: At age 9-11, wheeze (odds ratio (OR) 7.63), rhinitis (OR 3.14), and eczema (OR 2.46) were significantly associated with increased blood eosinophils. All three allergic conditions were associated with FeNO and total serum IgE, but the ORs were smaller than those for blood eosinophils. Secondhand smoking was inversely associated with the blood eosinophils (OR, 0.38). Similar results were found in the original cohort. Male sex and prenatal factors (maternal smoking and parental history of allergies) were not independent predictors of high Th2 levels.Conclusions: In addition to wheezing and rhinitis, eczema and secondhand smoke exposure are inde-pendent factors for Th2 biomarker interpretation in children. Furthermore, the typical values and cutoff values of blood eosinophils in adults may not be applicable to children.(c) 2022 Japanese Society of Allergology. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Objective: To identify changes in food and energy consumption of Sonoran school-age children during 2010-2018. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study. Consumption patterns were determined using dietary databases (24-hour recall) and examining food consumption trends from 20102018. Results: Non-permanent changes were observed in the per capita consumption of cheese, meat, chicken, tortilla, and wheat products, as well as sugar drinks mainly cola type. In addition, eggs, beans, tortillas, and corn products and fried foods consumption increased (p≤0.01). Also, a decrease in milk and not recommended foods intake such as breakfast cereals, artificial fruit juices, breads, and cookies was found (p≤0.01). Limitations: Some foods could be underestimated or overestimated according to population characteristics; however, the personnel training minimizes the possibilities of error. Conclusions: Trends in consumption of recommended and non-recommended foods seems to suggest that national regulations regarding sugar-sweetened beverages and high energy foods among children, could be related to food consumption during 2012-014 period. Also, that energy consumption from both types of foods results high according to recommendations, alerting on portion size for future interventions., Objetivo: identificar cambios en el consumo de alimentos y energía de escolares sonorenses en el periodo 2010-2018. Metodología: estudio transversal analítico que determinó el patrón de consumo utilizando bases de datos dietarios (R24-horas) y examinando tendencias de consumo de alimentos de 2010-2018. Resultados: se observaron tendencias hacia el aumento en consumo per cápita de queso c/grasa, carnes, pollo, soda de cola, tortilla y productos de trigo y frituras (p≤0.01). Aumentos en el consumo de huevo, frijol, tortilla y productos de maíz (p≤0.01). También, disminución en consumo de leches y alimentos no recomendables como cereales para desayuno, bebidas azucaradas, panes y galletas (p≤0.01). Limitaciones: algunos alimentos podrían estar sub o sobreestimados de acuerdo con las características de la población; sin embargo, la capacitación del personal para la obtención la información minimiza las posibilidades de error. Conclusiones: las tendencias en el consumo de alimentos recomendados y no recomendados parecen sugerir que las regulaciones nacionales sobre bebidas azucaradas y alimentos de alto contenido energético entre los niños podrían estar relacionadas con el consumo de alimentos durante el período 2012-014. Asimismo, que el consumo energético de ambos tipos de alimentos resulta alto según las recomendaciones, alertando sobre el tamaño de las porciones para futuras intervenciones.

The incidence of iodine deficiency among school-age children is a global concern due to its negative effect on their brain development and academic performance. Such, necessitated this study among the pupils of Hillcrest Schools aged 6-12 years during the 2016/17 academic year in the Cape Coast Metropolis. One hundred and ninety-six (196) urine samples were collected for their iodine concentrations using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The median urinary iodine concentration obtained for the population was 102.14 µg/L at 95% CI. The lower (Q1) and the upper (Q2) quartiles were respectively 81.33 and 138.51. Forty- eight percent (48%) of the samples had urinary iodine concentration below 100 µg/L, and none below 50 µg/L. In addition, one percent was above 300 µg/L. The median value suggests that the pupils had adequate iodine intake and optimal iodine nutrition. This notwithstanding, the inter quartile range (IQR) suggests a polarity of mild iodine deficiency and adequate iodine intake. The study therefore shows that the universal salt iodization programme and the schools’ initiative on consumption of iodized salt are having the required impact.

Stuttering is a multidimensional neurodevelopmental disorder that comprises primary and secondary behaviors but also feelings and attitudes. These ones have a huge importance in the overall characterization and impact of stuttering. This research aims to: 1) guarantee the adaptation and content validation of the assessment instrument A-19 to European Portuguese, and 2) analyze A-19 construct validity through a pilot study. Across-sectional , quantitative and qualitative study was developed to ensure the adaptation and content validation of A-19. The achievement of semantic, conceptual, experiential and idiomatic equivalences was only possible after the experts’ debate of several items concerning meaning, concept and cultural experience.The final Portuguese version of A-19 was used in a pilot study in which 42 children participated (21 children who stutter and 21 children who do not stutter). The group of school-age children who stutter presented a higher A-19 mean (6.29) in comparison with children who do not stutter (5.48), although the difference was not statistically significant. The Portuguese Version of A19 identifies the differences in feelings and attitudes between school age children who do and who do not stutter. The fact that this sample of children who stutter is already attending speech and language therapy sessions in which emotional, behavioural and cognitive reactions are explored, may have contributed to a non-significative difference in A-19 scores. The content and construct validity of A-19 European Portuguese Version is assured, as so this is a valid instrument to assess feelings and attitudes of school age children who stutter., La tartamudez es un trastorno multidimensional del neurodesarrollo que comprende conductas primarias y secundarias, pero también sentimientos y actitudes. Esto tiene una enorme importancia en la caracterización global y el impacto de la tartamudez. Esta investigación pretende: 1) mostrar la adaptación y validación del instrumento de evaluación A-19 al portugués europeo y 2) analizar la validez de constructo del A-19 a través de un estudio piloto. Se desarrolló un estudio transversal, cuantitativo y cualitativo para garantizar la adaptación y validación de contenido de A-19. El logro de equivalencias semánticas, conceptuales, experienciales e idiomáticas fue posible tras el debate de expertos acerca de varios ítems relativos a significado, concepto y experiencia cultural. La versión portuguesa final de A-19 se utilizó en un estudio piloto en el que participaron 42 niños (21 niños que tartamudean y 21 niños que no tartamudean). El grupo de niños en edad escolar que tartamudean presentó una media de A-19 más alta (6,29) en comparación con los niños que no tartamudean (5,48), aunque la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. La versión portuguesa de A19 identifica las diferencias en sentimientos y actitudes entre niños en edad escolar que tartamudean y que no tartamudean. El hecho de que esta muestra de niños que tartamudean ya esté asistiendo a sesiones de logopedia en las que se exploran las reacciones emocionales, conductuales y cognitivas, puede haber contribuido a una diferencia no significativa en las puntuaciones del A-19. Los datos sobre validez de contenido y de constructo del A-19 muestran que se trata de un instrumento válido para evaluar sentimientos y actitudes de niños tartamudos en edad escolar.

The incidence of iodine deficiency among school-age children is a global concern due to its negative effect on their brain development and academic performance. Such, necessitated this study among the pupils of Hillcrest Schools aged 6-12 years during the 2016/17 academic year in the Cape Coast Metropolis. One hundred and ninety-six (196) urine samples were collected for their iodine concentrations using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The median urinary iodine concentration obtained for the population was 102.14 µg/L at 95% CI. The lower (Q1) and the upper (Q2) quartiles were respectively 81.33 and 138.51. Forty- eight percent (48%) of the samples had urinary iodine concentration below 100 µg/L, and none below 50 µg/L. In addition, one percent was above 300 µg/L. The median value suggests that the pupils had adequate iodine intake and optimal iodine nutrition. This notwithstanding, the inter quartile range (IQR) suggests a polarity of mild iodine deficiency and adequate iodine intake. The study therefore shows that the universal salt iodization programme and the schools’ initiative on consumption of iodized salt are having the required impact.

Background: The problem of nutritional health in society is a crucial topic widely reported in developed and developing countries. The incidence of Fe deficiency in children is associated with obesity, including overweight, but the relationship between the two is still being identified further. Objectives: To identify the relationship between obesity in school-aged children (7-19 years) and Fe deficiency and the specific parameters used through a systematic review. Methods: This research was conducted with a systematic review using PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. The literature search strategy was carried out through evidence software by entering predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Five kinds of literature were selected from 2015 to 2021. Discussions: Fe deficiency is defined as the presence of two or more abnormal values "‹"‹of the following parameters: (i) serum ferritin (SF) <15µg/L (ii) serum iron (SI) <10.7 µmol/l; (iii) Total iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) >62.7 µmol/l; dan (iv) %transferrin saturation (%Tsat) <15%. Fe deficiency in obese conditions occurs through an increase in proinflammatory mechanisms and the role of leptin which can reduce the availability and absorption of Fe in the body. Parameters soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is the best parameter to identify Fe deficiency in obese individuals. At the same time, serum ferritin (SF) has limitations as an indicator of iron status in obese children. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the incidence of obesity in children may lead to an increased risk of iron deficiency. The problem of iron deficiency and obesity is a public health problem that has detrimental short and long-term health effects, especially for school-age children in a phase of cognitive growth and development. The sTfR parameter is not significantly affected by inflammation due to adiposity, so it can differentiate iron deficiency from inflammatory hypoferremia., Latar Belakang: Masalah kesehatan gizi di masyarakat menjadi topik krusial yang banyak dilaporakan baik pada negara maju dan berkembang. Kejadian defisiensi Fe pada anak-anak banyak dikaitkan dengan kondisi obesitas termasuk juga kelebihan berat badan (overweight), namun hubungan antar keduanya saat ini masih diidentifikasi lebih lanjut. Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi hubungan antara obesitas pada anak usia sekolah (7-19 tahun) dengan defisiensi Fe serta parameter spesifik yang digunakan melalui tinjauan sistematik. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tinjauan sistematis menggunakan tiga database yaitu PubMed, scopus dan scienceDirect. Strategi pencarian literatur dilakukan dengan Covidence software dengan memasukkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. Lima literatur terpilih dari rentang tahun 2015 hingga 2021. Ulasan: Kekurangan Fe didefinisikan sebagai adanya dua atau lebih nilai abnormal dari parameter berikut: (i) serum ferritin (SF) <15µg/L (ii) serum iron (SI) <10.7 µmol/l; (iii) Total iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) >62,7 µmol/l; dan (iv) %Transferrin Saturation (%Tsat) <15%. Defisiensi Fe pada kondisi obesitas terjadi melalui peningkatan mekanisme proinflamasi dan peran leptin yang dapat menurunkan ketersediaan serta penyerapan Fe dalam tubuh. Parameter (sTfR) Soluble Transferrin Receptor digunakan sebagai parameter terbaik untuk mengidentifikasi defisiensi Fe pada individu obesitas sedangkan (SF) Serum Ferritin memiliki keterbatasan sebagai indikator status besi pada anak obesitas. Kesimpulan: Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kejadian obesitas pada anak-anak dapat menyebabkan peningkatan resiko defisiensi Fe. Masalah kekurangan zat besi dan obesitas menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang memiliki efek kesehatan jangka pendek dan panjang yang merugikan, terlebih anak usia sekolah yang berada pada fase pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kognitif. Parameter sTfR secara signifikan tidak dipengaruhi oleh peradangan karena adipositas sehingga da

Caries is portrayed by a moderate sclerosing of stain and dentin designs and plaque, and it is rapidly becoming perhaps the most widely recognized persistent sickness in small kids, particularly those between the ages of 7 and 12 years. The objective of this study was to learn the association between youngsters' dental caries and brushing rehearses in Pancur Batu, Deli Serdang District, Durin Simbelang Town. This examination technique utilizes a cross-sectional procedure and a relationship plan. 84 members in this review went through accidental testing. A survey was the device utilized. The review’s discoveries demonstrate that most of the respondents have dental caries (63.1%) and unfortunate brushing propensities (57.1%), with the Chi-square trial results procuring a p-regard of 0.002 (p=0.05), showing a significant association between brushing propensities and dental caries. at the point when dental caries in small kids begin to be an issue in Durin Simbelang Pancur Batu Town, Deli Serdang District, starting in 2021. To keep away from dental caries, health professionals are obliged to show their children how to consistently keep up with oral cleanliness by cleaning and flossing their teeth.

Due to children's lack of knowledge and attitudes about how to save themselves during an earthquake, school-age children are one of the vulnerable groups who become the most victims during an earthquake. One of the efforts to minimize victims of school-age children during an earthquake is to provide self-rescue simulation training during an earthquake. This study aimed to describe the knowledge and attitude preparedness of school-age children in the face of an earthquake after being given a simulation of self-rescue during an earthquake in RW 02, Kelurahan Pasia Nan Tigo. This type of research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. The sample in this study amounted to 32 school-age children using the total sampling technique. The data was collected by spreading questionnaires of knowledge and attitudes about self-rescue preparedness during an earthquake by LIPI/UNESCO/ISDR in 2006. The results showed that almost all School-age children understood self-rescue preparedness during an earthquake (84.4%), and most of them had positive behavior (75%). The recommended that the member of RW 02 Kelurahan Pasia Nan Tigo could collaborate with BPBD Padang City to hold regular self-rescue drills or simulations during earthquakes.

Due to children's lack of knowledge and attitudes about how to save themselves during an earthquake, school-age children are one of the vulnerable groups who become the most victims during an earthquake. One of the efforts to minimize victims of school-age children during an earthquake is to provide self-rescue simulation training during an earthquake. This study aimed to describe the knowledge and attitude preparedness of school-age children in the face of an earthquake after being given a simulation of self-rescue during an earthquake in RW 02, Kelurahan Pasia Nan Tigo. This type of research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. The sample in this study amounted to 32 school-age children using the total sampling technique. The data was collected by spreading questionnaires of knowledge and attitudes about self-rescue preparedness during an earthquake by LIPI/UNESCO/ISDR in 2006. The results showed that almost all School-age children understood self-rescue preparedness during an earthquake (84.4%), and most of them had positive behavior (75%). The recommended that the member of RW 02 Kelurahan Pasia Nan Tigo could collaborate with BPBD Padang City to hold regular self-rescue drills or simulations during earthquakes.

The Ukrainian-Latvian team of researchers are dedicated to commit their research to finding out parents’ views on whether school-age children experience anxiety in war-affected areas in Ukraine and ways to reduce it. The research also enables to identify the most common signs of anxiety. The data collection instrument includes a web-based questionnaire developed by researchers from Ukraine using Google Forms. All researchers are involved in sharing the developed web-based questionnaire via social media networks. The research sample includes 1346 parents of school-age children from all the parts of Ukraine, namely, Central, Eastern, Western, Northern, Southern Ukraine and Kyiv. Research findings demonstrate the urgent need to implement targeted psychological and pedagogical influences (the use of technologies, methods and techniques aimed at reducing the level of anxiety in school-aged children) in the educational process of general secondary schools, regardless of whether this process is carried out face-to-face, remotely or in a blended learning format. The conducted research makes it possible to substantiate the necessity of creating a web-based support system for educators to reduce anxiety among school-age children. The current research is carried out within the project “Web-based Support System for Educators to Reduce Children’s Anxiety in War-affected Areas” (Registration No GPK-07/2022).

Background: Many teachers consider it challenging to teach children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in an inclusive classroom due to their unique needs and challenges. The integration of information communication technology (ICT) in the education system allows children with ASD to improve their learning. However, these ICT tools should meet their needs to lead a productive life. Objective: This study aimed to examine the possibilities of re-creating and adapting digital content to improve the learning of numeracy among children with ASD in inclusive school settings. Methods: We conducted 7 focus group discussions (FGDs) with 56 teachers from 7 schools and 14 parents from April to November 2019. Each of the FGDs took around 1 hour. Two clustered sets of questions were used: (1) general knowledge about teaching children with ASD and (2) analysis of selected online educational video content of early math (specifically, counting numbers). The researchers used video to understand current methodologies used in teaching children with ASD, possibilities of adaptation of the content in the current teaching environment, future challenges when the content is adapted, and possible solutions to overcome those challenges. All data, including audio recordings, field notes, and participants’ comments, were transcribed, recorded, and analyzed following the steps recommended in qualitative data analysis. Results: The researchers identified ten themes from the analysis of the data: (1) awareness of the existence of ASD among children in schools and the community, (2) acceptance of children with ASD in an inclusive classroom and the community, (3) methods and models used when teaching children with ASD, (4)realia used to improve the learning of children with ASD, (5) the design of educational digital content, (6) the accessibility of online educational content, (7) quality of the content of the educational multimedia, (8) the opportunity of using the translated and re-created conte

Background: Loss of efcacy of diagnostic tests may lead to untreated or mistreated malaria cases, compromising case management and control. There is an increasing reliance on rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria diagnosis, with the most widely used of these targeting the Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2). There are numerous reports of the deletion of this gene in P. falciparum parasites in some populations, rendering them unde‑ tectable by PfHRP2 RDTs. The aim of this study was to identify P. falciparum parasites lacking the P. falciparum histidine rich protein 2 and 3 genes (pfhrp2/3) isolated from asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods: The performance of PfHRP2-based RDTs in comparison to microscopy and PCR was assessed using blood samples collected and spotted on Whatman 903™ flter papers between October and November 2019 from schoolage children aged 6–14 years. PCR was then used to identify parasite isolates lacking pfhrp2/3 genes. Results: Among asymptomatic malaria carriers (N=266), 49%, 65%, and 70% were microscopy, PfHRP2_RDT, and pfdh-qPCR positive, respectively. The sensitivity and specifcity of RDTs compared to PCR were 80% and 70% while the sensitivity and specifcity of RDTs compared to microscopy were 92% and 60%, respectively. Among sympto‑ matic malaria carriers (N=196), 62%, 67%, and 87% were microscopy, PfHRP2-based RDT, pfdh-qPCR and positive, respectively. The sensitivity and specifcity of RDTs compared to PCR were 75% and 88%, whereas the sensitivity and specifcity of RDTs compared to microscopy were 93% and 77%, respectively. Of 173 samples with sufcient DNA for PCR amplifcation of pfhrp2/3, deletions of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 were identifed in 2% and 1%, respectively. Three (4%)of samples harboured deletions of the pfhrp2 gene in asymptomatic parasite carriers and one (1%) isolate lacked the pfhrp3 gene among symptomatic parasite carriers in the RDT positive sub, Malaria Journal, 21(1), art. no. 126; 2022

PurposeAlthough a semantic receptive-expressive gap appears to be a universal feature of early bilingualism, little is known about its development. We sought to determine if the magnitude of the discrepancy between receptive and expressive standard scores changed over time in bilingual children's two languages.MethodIn this longitudinal study, standardized receptive and expressive semantics tests of 106 Spanish-English bilingual children with TD were taken at kindergarten and first grade in both English and Spanish. We used a multivariate analysis approach to identify interactions and main effects.ResultsAlthough both receptive and expressive standard scores improved across the year in both languages, the magnitude of the gap was similar for both languages at both time points. However, there was greater improvement in English than in Spanish. Expressive scores at the end of the year were similar to receptive scores a year earlier.ConclusionsThe magnitude of this gap remains relatively constant at kindergarten and first grade in both English and Spanish, despite overall improvements in semantic performance in both languages. There is on average roughly a one year lag between receptive and expressive semantics skills. Clinicians should take caution in interpreting receptive-expressive semantic gaps.

ObjectiveIn the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, psychologists were pushed to look beyond traditional in-person models of neurodevelopmental assessment to maintain continuity of care. A wealth of data demonstrates that telehealth is efficacious for pediatric behavioral intervention; however, best practices for incorporating telehealth into neurodevelopmental assessment are yet to be developed. In this topical review, we propose a conceptual model to demonstrate how telehealth can be incorporated into various components of neurodevelopmental assessment.MethodsHarnessing existing literature and expertise from a multidisciplinary task force comprised of clinicians, researchers, and patient/parent representatives from the subspecialty of cardiac neurodevelopmental care, a conceptual framework for telehealth neurodevelopmental assessment was developed. Considerations for health equity and access to care are discussed, as well as general guidelines for clinical implementation and gaps in existing literature.ResultsThere are opportunities to integrate telehealth within each stage of neurodevelopmental assessment, from intake to testing, through to follow-up care. Further research is needed to determine whether telehealth mitigates or exacerbates disparities in access to care for vulnerable populations as well as to provide evidence of validity for a wider range of neurodevelopmental measures to be administered via telehealth.ConclusionsWhile many practices are returning to traditional, face-to-face neurodevelopmental assessment services, psychologists have a unique opportunity to harness the momentum for telehealth care initiated during the pandemic to optimize the use of clinical resources, broaden service delivery, and increase access to care for pediatric neurodevelopmental assessment.

School breakfast should provide up to 25% of daily calories; when it is not consumed, the correct ful fillment of school activities decreases. The effect of breakfast consumption on the attention of 383 school-age children from 6 to 11 years old in Aguascalientes City, Mexico was analyzed. We apply memory and attention cognitive tests from the psycho-pedagogical battery EVALUAas well as a dietary recall to assess the quantity and quality of the children's breakfast. The classification of memory and attention was found to be related to the number of total calories consumed at breakfast (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, it was found that there is no correlation between both variables (Rho 0.085, p > 0.05). No association was found between the type of breakfast and the classification of memory and attention (p> 0.05). The type of breakfast does not present a relationship with the attention capability of school-age children., El desayuno escolar debe proporcionar hasta 25% de las calorías diarias; cuando no se consume, el cumplimiento correcto de las actividades escolares es menor. Se analizó el efecto del desayuno sobre la atención de 383 escolares de 6 a 11 años de edad en la ciudad de Aguascalientes, México; aplicando pruebas cognitivas de memoria y atención de la batería psicopedagógica EVALÚA, así como un recordatorio de ingesta para evaluar cantidad y calidad del desayuno. Se encontró que la clasificación de memoria y atención se relaciona con la cantidad de calorías totales consumidas en el desayuno (p< 0.05). No obstante, se encontró que no existe correlación entre ambas variables (Rho 0.085, p> 0.05). No se encontró asociación entre el tipo de desayuno y la clasificación de memoria y atención (p> 0.05).El tipo de desayuno no presenta una relación con la capacidad de atención en los escolares.

Children with autism often display discrepancies in their intellectual functioning, with nonverbal skills frequently being more developed than verbal. Compared to monolingual autistic children, however, much less is known about how bilingualism affects intelligence in autism. The current study examined the intelligence profiles of 146 bilingual and 170 age- and gender-matched monolingual children with autism (6–17 years) using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Third Edition, by tracking cluster profiles across children and by modeling verbal and nonverbal IQ performance in each cluster as a function of language experience (monolinguals vs bilinguals), socioeconomic status, and age. The results reveal that socioeconomic status, operationalized as mother’s years of education, mediated by bilingualism was strongly related to autistic children’s intelligence. Low-socioeconomic status bilingual autistic children exhibited better performance than their monolingual peers across both the verbal and nonverbal intelligence subtests. However, the difference found in the intelligence profiles between monolinguals and bilinguals belonging to high-socioeconomic status was limited to the Comprehension Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children test, with high-socioeconomic status monolingual autistic children outperforming their bilingual peers. The findings highlight the importance of investigating bilingualism effects in relation to socioeconomic status in autism. Lay abstract: Previous research has suggested that bilingualism may improve cognition in children with autism, and that this boost may stem from improvement in executive functions. The Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children are considered to be reliable and valid measures of intelligence when administered to autistic children. These measures have so far revealed unusual psychometric properties in monolingual autistic children, notably distinctive patterns of strengths and weaknesses and low inter-correlat

Background: Childhood obesity became a major nutritional problem in the last decades and growing rapidly in many countries, including Indonesia. Processed food especially ultra-processed food (UPF) as part of NOVA classification had known to contain obesogenic nutrients which were high energy-dense, fatty, sugary, and salty may lead to higher body mass index-for-age (BAZ). Objective: The study aimed to assess the correlation between UPF and BAZ among school-age children 10-12 years old in Surabaya. Methods: A cross-sectional study and data collection were conducted in three public and private schools in Surabaya, East Java Indonesia from March-April 2020. Elementary students in the 4th and 5th grades were enrolled and 136 students were randomly selected as respondents. Weight and height measurements were obtained for calculating the BAZ, and UPF consumption was obtained by food frequency questionnaire. Structured questionnaires and physical activity questionnaires for children (PAQ-C) were used to assess socio-demographic status, physical activity level, energy intake, and sedentary screen time. ANOVA test was done for bivariate analysis and linear regression for multivariate analysis, all data analyzed used SPSS version 20. Results: The result found a mean of BAZ was 0.31 SD; 35.3% of respondents were in the 1st tercile of UPF consumption. Most of the respondents had inadequate TEI and low PAL. No significant association was found between UPF consumption and BAZ (p=0.217). Only physical activity that significant in multivariate analysis (p=0.032) Conclusion: It was necessary to distinguish the type of obesogenic and non-obesogenic UPF to get a clear correlation between UPF consumption and BAZ among school-age children.

Obesity in children can continue into adulthood accompanied by the risk of comorbidities such as coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and various other diseases that can reduce life expectancy. Nutrition education or assistance through counseling is one of the efforts to prevent nutrition and health problems, because it can increase knowledge and change behavior to achieve optimal nutritional and health status. There are various factors that cause obesity, including excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) contains 70-85% medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) which are easily oxidized and are not stored in body fat tissue (adipose), provide a feeling of fullness, and help reduce appetite. With a reduced appetite, the calorie intake from food can also be reduced, thus allowing for weight loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of counseling using pocket books and giving VCO on nutritional knowledge, nutrient intake and nutritional status of obese elementary school students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) Ummushabri Pesri Kendari, in March-August 2018. This type of research was a quasi-experimental design. pre test and post test. The population in this study were all obese elementary school students in grades 4, 5, and 6 aged 10-12 years. A sample of 30 people was taken by purposive sampling. Data analysis was performed using paired T-test. The results showed that there were significant differences in knowledge of nutrition, energy intake, protein, and carbohydrates in research subjects after nutrition counseling was carried out using the "Gentas" pocket book and VCO administration. Meanwhile, in the intake of fat, fiber and nutritional status, there was no significant difference after the intervention., Obesitas pada anak dapat berlanjut sampai dewasa disertai risiko penyakit penyerta seperti jantung koroner, stroke, penyakit kantung empedu, diabetes, hipertensi, hiperlipidemia, dan berbagai penyakit lainnya yang dapat menurunkan usia harapan hidup. Edukasi atau pendampingan gizi melalui konseling merupakan salah satu upaya mencegah masalah gizi dan kesehatan, karena dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan perubahan perilaku untuk mencapai status gizi dan kesehatan yang optimal. Terdapat berbagai faktor penyebab kegemukan, antara lain asupan makanan berlebih, kurangnya aktivitas fisik, faktor genetik, hormonal, dan lingkungan. Minyak kelapa murni (VCO) mengandung 70-85% asam lemak rantai sedang (MCFAs) yang mudah teroksidasi dan tidak disimpan dalam jaringan lemak tubuh (adiposa), memberi rasa kenyang, serta membantu mengurangi selera makan. Dengan berkurangnya selera makan, maka asupan kalori dari makanan juga dapat berkurang, sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya penurunan berat badan. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui pengaruh konseling menggunakan buku saku dan pemberian VCO terhadap pengetahuan gizi, asupan zat gizi dan status gizi siswa SD obesitas di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) Ummushabri Pesri Kendari, pada Maret-Agustus 2018. Tipe penelitian ini adalah eksperimental semu dengan desain pra tes dan pasca tes. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah semua siswa SD obesitas kelas 4, 5, dan 6 berumur 10-12 tahun. Sampel sebanyak 30 orang, diambil secara purposive sampling. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji T berpasangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada pengetahuan gizi, asupan energi, protein, dan karbohidrat pada subyek penelitian setelah dilakukan konseling gizi menggunakan buku saku “Gentas” dan pemberian VCO. Sedangkan pada asupan lemak, serat dan status gizi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna setelah pemberian intervensi.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevel-opmental disorders in children and adolescents. A current area of interest is the association between ADHD and food consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the food consumption and dietary patterns of children with and without ADHD in relation to their age and ADHD presentation. The study involved 259 preschoolers aged 3 to 6 years old (57 with ADHD and 202 controls) and 475 elementary-school-age children, aged 10 to 12 years old (213 with ADHD and 262 controls) from Spain. ADHD was diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) from Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children interviews. Eating data were collected using a food consumption frequency questionnaire, and principal component analysis was carried out to analyze dietary patterns. Western-like, sweet, and healthy patterns were identified. The ADHD group was negatively associated with the healthy pattern (p < 0.001) and positively associated with the Western-like diet (p = 0.004). Children with inattentive presentation showed lower adherence (12.2%) to a healthy pattern than that of the control group (39.9%) (p <0.001). There is an association between ADHD and dietary habits; children with inattentive presentation may particularly be at risk of unhealthy eating habits.

The article discusses the psychological and pedagogical foundations of the development of interest in older preschoolers. the role of parents in teaching books to schoolchildren is discussed.

The article discusses the psychological and pedagogical foundations of the development of interest in older preschoolers. the role of parents in teaching books to schoolchildren is discussed.

The article discusses the psychological and pedagogical foundations of the development of interest in older preschoolers. the role of parents in teaching books to schoolchildren is discussed.

Objective: Sweden is an international exception in its public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a higher number of deaths, albeit not pediatric, compared with other Nordic countries. The objective of this study was to investigate what worries children and adolescents living in Sweden expressed in relation to the pandemic. Methods: Using an anonymous web-survey, 1,047 children (4–12 years; N = 717) and adolescents (13–18 years; N = 330) responded to five background and four open-ended questions, one of which was: Is there anything that you are worried about when it comes to ‘Corona’? The responses were coded using manifest content analysis. Interrater reliability was .95, assessed on the code level. Results: Worry was common (77%); mostly (60%) related to disease or death of elderly relatives, parents, the child him/herself or general worry for the elderly/risk groups. Existential worry (15%) comprised worries about the future, including economy and worries about the world perishing or the contagion becoming uncontrollable. A developmental trajectory was evident in the nature of responses. Adolescents’ worries about the future included missing out on their youth and employment. They also worried about society (6%), for example, the future of democracy and the world economy. There was no indication of socioeconomic status or geographic area (urban vs. rural) affecting the presence of worrisome thoughts. Conclusions: Worry about “Corona” was common. Universal preventative mental health intervention is warranted and could be conducted in the school setting. Intervention could be tailored by age, covering discussion on financial aspects with adolescents.

Objective: Sweden is an international exception in its public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a higher number of deaths, albeit not pediatric, compared with other Nordic countries. The objective of this study was to investigate what worries children and adolescents living in Sweden expressed in relation to the pandemic. Methods: Using an anonymous web-survey, 1,047 children (4–12 years; N = 717) and adolescents (13–18 years; N = 330) responded to five background and four open-ended questions, one of which was: Is there anything that you are worried about when it comes to ‘Corona’? The responses were coded using manifest content analysis. Interrater reliability was .95, assessed on the code level. Results: Worry was common (77%); mostly (60%) related to disease or death of elderly relatives, parents, the child him/herself or general worry for the elderly/risk groups. Existential worry (15%) comprised worries about the future, including economy and worries about the world perishing or the contagion becoming uncontrollable. A developmental trajectory was evident in the nature of responses. Adolescents’ worries about the future included missing out on their youth and employment. They also worried about society (6%), for example, the future of democracy and the world economy. There was no indication of socioeconomic status or geographic area (urban vs. rural) affecting the presence of worrisome thoughts. Conclusions: Worry about “Corona” was common. Universal preventative mental health intervention is warranted and could be conducted in the school setting. Intervention could be tailored by age, covering discussion on financial aspects with adolescents.

Objective: Sweden is an international exception in its public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a higher number of deaths, albeit not pediatric, compared with other Nordic countries. The objective of this study was to investigate what worries children and adolescents living in Sweden expressed in relation to the pandemic. Methods: Using an anonymous web-survey, 1,047 children (4–12 years; N = 717) and adolescents (13–18 years; N = 330) responded to five background and four open-ended questions, one of which was: Is there anything that you are worried about when it comes to ‘Corona’? The responses were coded using manifest content analysis. Interrater reliability was .95, assessed on the code level. Results: Worry was common (77%); mostly (60%) related to disease or death of elderly relatives, parents, the child him/herself or general worry for the elderly/risk groups. Existential worry (15%) comprised worries about the future, including economy and worries about the world perishing or the contagion becoming uncontrollable. A developmental trajectory was evident in the nature of responses. Adolescents’ worries about the future included missing out on their youth and employment. They also worried about society (6%), for example, the future of democracy and the world economy. There was no indication of socioeconomic status or geographic area (urban vs. rural) affecting the presence of worrisome thoughts. Conclusions: Worry about “Corona” was common. Universal preventative mental health intervention is warranted and could be conducted in the school setting. Intervention could be tailored by age, covering discussion on financial aspects with adolescents.

Objective: Sweden is an international exception in its public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a higher number of deaths, albeit not pediatric, compared with other Nordic countries. The objective of this study was to investigate what worries children and adolescents living in Sweden expressed in relation to the pandemic. Methods: Using an anonymous web-survey, 1,047 children (4–12 years; N = 717) and adolescents (13–18 years; N = 330) responded to five background and four open-ended questions, one of which was: Is there anything that you are worried about when it comes to ‘Corona’? The responses were coded using manifest content analysis. Interrater reliability was .95, assessed on the code level. Results: Worry was common (77%); mostly (60%) related to disease or death of elderly relatives, parents, the child him/herself or general worry for the elderly/risk groups. Existential worry (15%) comprised worries about the future, including economy and worries about the world perishing or the contagion becoming uncontrollable. A developmental trajectory was evident in the nature of responses. Adolescents’ worries about the future included missing out on their youth and employment. They also worried about society (6%), for example, the future of democracy and the world economy. There was no indication of socioeconomic status or geographic area (urban vs. rural) affecting the presence of worrisome thoughts. Conclusions: Worry about “Corona” was common. Universal preventative mental health intervention is warranted and could be conducted in the school setting. Intervention could be tailored by age, covering discussion on financial aspects with adolescents.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship of nutrient density and diet cost with anemia and iron deficiency (ID) in children. Methods: Dietary intake data of 5- to 12-y-old children (n = 578) from three independent studies in low-income communities were pooled. Nutrient densities were calculated using the Nutrient Rich Foods index and Nutrient Rich Diet index, with higher scores indicating more nutrient-dense foods and diets. Food prices and food intake data were used to calculate ratios of nutrient density to price for foods and diets. Descriptive and correlation analyses examined associations of nutrient density and diet cost with anemia and ID. Results: Most children (>50%) consumed starchy staples (100%), vegetables that are not vitamin A rich (63.9%), and legumes (58.1%), with mean NRF9.3 scores ranging from 31.9 to 56.3. Cheese, eggs, organ meat, fish, dark-green leafy vegetables, and vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruits had mean NRF9.3 scores ranging from 112.6 to 184.7, but each was consumed by less than a third of the children. Children with anemia or ID had lower NRD9.3 scores than children without (P < 0.001 and P = 0.039, respectively). Diet cost did not differ according to anemia and iron status, but nutrient-density-to-price ratio was lower in children with anemia than without (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Careful selection of nutrient-dense foods as substitutes for foods with lower nutrient density could make it possible for children to consume a diet richer in specific nutrients and help prevent anemia and ID without affecting diet cost.

Objective: Sweden is an international exception in its public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a higher number of deaths, albeit not pediatric, compared with other Nordic countries. The objective of this study was to investigate what worries children and adolescents living in Sweden expressed in relation to the pandemic. Methods: Using an anonymous web-survey, 1,047 children (4–12 years; N = 717) and adolescents (13–18 years; N = 330) responded to five background and four open-ended questions, one of which was: Is there anything that you are worried about when it comes to ‘Corona’? The responses were coded using manifest content analysis. Interrater reliability was .95, assessed on the code level. Results: Worry was common (77%); mostly (60%) related to disease or death of elderly relatives, parents, the child him/herself or general worry for the elderly/risk groups. Existential worry (15%) comprised worries about the future, including economy and worries about the world perishing or the contagion becoming uncontrollable. A developmental trajectory was evident in the nature of responses. Adolescents’ worries about the future included missing out on their youth and employment. They also worried about society (6%), for example, the future of democracy and the world economy. There was no indication of socioeconomic status or geographic area (urban vs. rural) affecting the presence of worrisome thoughts. Conclusions: Worry about “Corona” was common. Universal preventative mental health intervention is warranted and could be conducted in the school setting. Intervention could be tailored by age, covering discussion on financial aspects with adolescents.

Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure during early life may increase risk of childhood obesity, however, prospective evidence of birth cohort is limited and inconclusive. We aimed to explore the associations of maternal and childhood BPA exposure with child adiposity measures, including body mass index, waist circumference and skinfold thickness and waist to height ratio of children at 7 years. 430 mother-child pairs were examined from a population-based prospective cohort in a rural area of East China. BPA concentrations of spot urine samples were quantified in mothers and their children aged 3 and 7 years. Maternal urinary BPA concentration was significantly positively associated with waist circumference in children aged 7 years (β = 0.508 cm, 95% CI: 0.067, 0.950). These significant associations were not modified by child sex, but they were only observed among girls in sex-stratified analyses. Risk of central obesity related to prenatal BPA exposure was significantly higher in the second and the third tertile than those in the first tertile (odds ratio, OR = 2.510, 95% CI = 1.146, 5.499; OR = 2.584, 95% CI = 1.186, 5.631, respectively; p for trend = 0.022). The present findings suggested that prenatal exposure to BPA may enhance waist circumference of children and thereby increase risk of central obesity in school-age girls., Funding Agencies:National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC-STINT 81611130087Shanghai "3-Year Action" Project GWIV- 27.3

Objective. Arterial hypertension is a disease characterized by a periodic or persistentincrease of blood pressure that occurs on the background of excessive activity of the sympathoadrenal or renin-angiotensin-systems. The prevalence of hypertension in children isfrom 1% to 14%, among schoolchildren - 12-18%. The diagnosis of hypertension isestablished in children in the case when primary arterial hypertension persists for 1 yearor more or earlier (in the presence of target organ damage).Purpose of the study. To evaluate and use indicators of the state of microcirculation in thediagnosis of arterial hypertension in schoolchildren.Materials and methods. 80 children of school age from the countryside and the city ofChernivtsi were examined. The average age of the children was 14.2 ± 0.11 years. The maingroup (40 persons) included children with high blood pressure, and the control groupconsisted of 40 clinically healthy children. Blood pressure was measured with anautomatic blood pressure monitor with interchangeable cuffs, three times with an intervalof 2 minutes. The evaluation of the state of peripheral microcirculation was carried outusing computer capillaroscopy (quantitative and qualitative parameters were estimated).Results. In 26 children (65.0%) of the main group, the level of blood pressure was withinthe range of 90-95%, which is estimated as arterial prehypertension; in 14 children(35.0%) - exceeded the 95th percentile, which is regarded as grade 1 arterial hypertension. In all children of the control group, the level of blood pressure was within therange of 25-75 percentile corridor, which corresponds to the normal level of bloodpressure. During biomicroscopy of the nail bed capillaries in the main group, 4 children(10%) showed a change in the shape of the capillaries, and there was a decrease in theirnumber per unit area, in 9 children (22.5%) the phenomenon of "sladge" and slowing ofblood flow with local spasm of capillaries was observed. In the control g, Артериальная гипертензия - заболевание, характеризующееся периодическим илистойким повышением артериального давления, возникает на фоне избыточнойактивности симпатоадреналовой или ренин-ангиотензиновой-систем. Распространенность артериальной гипертензии у детей составляет от 1% до 14%, средишкольников - 12-18%. Диагноз гипертонической болезни устанавливают у детей вслучае, когда первичная артериальная гипертензия сохраняется в течение 1 года иболее или раньше (при наличии поражения органов-мишеней).Цель работы - оценить и использовать показатели состояния микроциркуляции вдиагностике артериальной гипертензии у школьников.Материал и методы. Обследовано 80 детей школьного возраста из сельской местности и г. Черновцы. Средний возраст детей составил 14,2 ± 0,11 лет. В основную группу (40 человек) вошли дети с повышенным уровнем артериального давления, вконтрольную группу - 40 клинически здоровых детей. Измерение артериального давления проводилось автоматическим тонометром со сменными манжетами, триждыс интервалом в 2 минуты. Оценка состояния периферической микроциркуляциипроводилась с помощью компьютерной капилляроскопии (оценено количественные икачественные параметры).Результаты. У 26 детей (65,0%) основной группы уровень артериального давлениябыл в пределах коридора 90-95%, что оценивается как артериальная передгипертензия; в 14 детей (35,0%) - превышал 95-й перцентиль, что расценено какартериальная гипертензия 1 степени. У всех детей контрольной группы уровеньартериального давления находился в пределах 25-75 перцентильного коридора,соответствует нормальному уровню артериального давления. При проведениибиомикроскопии капилляров ногтевого ложа в основной группы у 4 детей (10%)наблюдалось изменение формы капилляров, и имело место уменьшение их количествана единицу площади, у 9 детей (22,5%) обнаружен феномен "сладжирования" изамедления кровотока с локальным спазмом капилляров. В контрольной группе такихизменений не было. При оценке периваскулярной зоны, линейной плотнос, Артеріальна гіпертензія - захворювання, що характеризується періодичним абостійким підвищенням артеріального тиску, виникає на фоні надмірної активностісимпатоадреналової або ренін-ангіотензин-альдостеронової систем. Поширеністьартеріальної гіпертензії у дітей становить від 1% до 14%, серед школярів - 12-18%. Діагноз гіпертонічної хвороби встановлюють у дітей у випадку, коли первиннаартеріальна гіпертензія зберігається протягом 1 року і більше або раніше (занаявності ураження органів-мішеней).Мета роботи - оцінити та використати показники стану мікроциркуляції вдіагностиці артеріальної гіпертензії у школярів.Матеріал і методи. Обстежено 80 дітей шкільного віку з сільської місцевості там. Чернівці. Середній вік дітей становив 14,2±0,11 років. До основної групи (40 осіб)увійшли діти з підвищеним рівнем артеріального тиску, до контрольної групи - 40клінічно здорових дітей. Вимірювання артеріального тиску проводилось автоматичними тонометрами зі змінними манжетами, тричі, з інтервалом у 2 хвилини.Оцінку стану периферичної мікроциркуляції проводили за допомогою комп'ютерноїкапіляроскопії (оцінено кількісні та якісні параметри).Результати. У 26 дітей (65,0 %) основної групи рівень артеріального тиску був умежах коридору 90-95 %, що оцінено як артеріальну передгіпертензію; у 14 дітей(35,0 %) - перевищував 95-й перцентиль, що розцінено як артеріальну гіпертензію 1ступеня. У всіх дітей контрольної групи рівень артеріального тиску знаходився вмежах 25-75 перцентильного коридору, що відповідає нормальному рівню артеріального тиску. Під час проведення біомікроскопії капілярів нігтьового ложа у 4дітей основної групи (10 %) спостерігалася зміна форми капілярів та мало місцезменшення їх кількості на одиницю площі, у 9 дітей (22,5 %) виявлявся феномен"сладжування" та уповільнення кровотоку з локальною спазмованістю капілярів. Уконтрольній групі таких змін не було. При оцінці периваскулярної зони, лінійної щільності і довжини капілярів відмінності в цих показниках між групами не спо

Språklig sårbarhet uppstår i situationer där omgivningens krav och förväntningar inte överensstämmer med de språkliga förutsättningar som finns hos en individ. Flerspråkiga barn med bristande exponering på sina språk riskerar att hamna i språklig sårbarhet och saknar ofta basordförråd på svenska, vilket påverkar senare läs- och skrivinlärning. För att hjälpa dessa barn att utveckla ordförrådet krävs direkta interventionsmetoder. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka om en ordförrådsintervention som utgår från metoderna Interaktiv bokläsning och Ordskattsamling har en effekt på utvecklingen av basordförrådet på svenska hos flerspråkiga barn i språklig sårbarhet. Studien syftade även till att utvärdera om barnen har tillägnat sig ordinlärningsstrategier efter interventionen. Studien inkluderade 26 deltagare, varav 18 slutförde studien. Deltagarna fördelades till en interventionsgrupp och en kontrollgrupp. Samtliga barns ordförråd undersöktes före och efter interventionsperioden genom tre olika test: Semantiskt ordflöde med kategorin djur, deltestet Likheter 1 ur CELF-4 samt ett ordskattningstest. Resultatet visade att barnen som tog del av interventionen tillägnade sig fler nya ord och strategier för ordinlärning jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Resultaten visade ingen förbättring gällande ordmobilisering eller förmåga att kunna se samband mellan ord inom samma semantiska kategori, mätt med standardiserade test. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten i föreliggande studie att Interaktiv bokläsning och Ordskattsamling i kombination med fördel kan användas för att stötta ordförrådsutvecklingen hos elever i språklig sårbarhet.

Background: Early-life carbamate exposure during developmental period has been linked with adverse health effects and attracted attention. Methods: Three hundred and three children at age of seven were included in the current study. Urinary carbofuranphenol concentrations were measured using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Verbal, performance and full-scale intelligence quotients (IQ(V), IQ(P), and IQ(FS)) were assessed using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Chinese Revised. Generalized linear models were used to explore the associations between carbofuranphenol levels and IQs. Generalized estimating equations were used to explore long-term health effect and sensitive time window. Results: Carbofuranphenol was detected in 96.6% of the seven-year-old urinary samples, the geometric mean, median, and inter quartile range of the carbofuranphenol concentrations were 0.67 mu g/L, 0.30 mu g/L, and 0.09-3.72 mu g/L, respectively, which were similar with the level of three-year-old children from the SMBCS cohort. Seven-year-old carbofuranphenol level was negatively associated with IQP [beta = -0.044; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.087, -0.001; p = 0.045]. Three-year-old carbofuranphenol level was negatively associated with IQP (beta =-0.100; 95% CI: -0.186, -0.014; p= 0.022) and IQFS (beta =-0.087; 95% CI: -0.173, -0.001; p = 0.047). Carbamate exposure of maternal and children at both three and seven years old had negative associations with IQP (beta = -0.089; 95% CI: -0.171, -0.007; p = 0.034), and IQFS (beta = -0.064; 95% CI: -0.127, -0.000; p = 0.049) of children at age of seven. Conclusion: Results of the present study verify that children in an agricultural region of China were widely exposed to carbamate pesticides. Carbamate exposure in utero and at three and seven years may adversely impact children's neurodevelopment., Funding Agencies:Joint China-Sweden Mobility Program of the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education NSFC-STINT 81611130087 CH2015-6145Shanghai 3-Year Action Project GWIV-27.3 15GWZK0201Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai 18ZR1404200Shanghai Municipal Health Commission 201640037

Research shows that the attitudes of children and adolescents towards bullying are influenced by the school environment and their peer groups. Given the increased vulnerability to bullying for autistic children, this study explored whether neurotypical children’s attitudes towards bullying and autism varied according to school exposure and personal contact with autistic people. Survey data were collected at the beginning and end of the school year from 775 children aged 11–12 years, from six schools: three with specialist centres for autism and three without. Participants read vignettes depicting bullying scenarios then completed measures of their attitudes in relation to the vignette and towards autism. Children from centre schools showed a greater increase in prosocial emotions towards bullying. For children from non-centre schools, an interaction showed a decrease in prosocial emotions except in response to social exclusion of an autistic child. Increases in personal contact showed a greater increase in positive attitudes towards autistic people. Explanations draw on theories of inter-group contact and social-moral reasoning. Results highlight the need for contact both at a personal level and through attending a school with an inclusive autism provision to increase understanding, improve attitudes towards autism and reduce tolerance for bullying. Lay abstract Autistic children are more likely than non-autistic children to be bullied at school. This study therefore explored whether the kind of school setting and the level of personal contact with autistic people can affect children’s attitudes towards bullying and autism. Surveys were completed at the beginning and end of the school year by 775 children aged 11–12 years, from six schools: three with specialist centres for autistic children and three without. Participants read stories describing bullying situations, t

Språklig sårbarhet uppstår i situationer där omgivningens krav och förväntningar inte överensstämmer med de språkliga förutsättningar som finns hos en individ. Flerspråkiga barn med bristande exponering på sina språk riskerar att hamna i språklig sårbarhet och saknar ofta basordförråd på svenska, vilket påverkar senare läs- och skrivinlärning. För att hjälpa dessa barn att utveckla ordförrådet krävs direkta interventionsmetoder. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka om en ordförrådsintervention som utgår från metoderna Interaktiv bokläsning och Ordskattsamling har en effekt på utvecklingen av basordförrådet på svenska hos flerspråkiga barn i språklig sårbarhet. Studien syftade även till att utvärdera om barnen har tillägnat sig ordinlärningsstrategier efter interventionen. Studien inkluderade 26 deltagare, varav 18 slutförde studien. Deltagarna fördelades till en interventionsgrupp och en kontrollgrupp. Samtliga barns ordförråd undersöktes före och efter interventionsperioden genom tre olika test: Semantiskt ordflöde med kategorin djur, deltestet Likheter 1 ur CELF-4 samt ett ordskattningstest. Resultatet visade att barnen som tog del av interventionen tillägnade sig fler nya ord och strategier för ordinlärning jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Resultaten visade ingen förbättring gällande ordmobilisering eller förmåga att kunna se samband mellan ord inom samma semantiska kategori, mätt med standardiserade test. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten i föreliggande studie att Interaktiv bokläsning och Ordskattsamling i kombination med fördel kan användas för att stötta ordförrådsutvecklingen hos elever i språklig sårbarhet.

Several studies have demonstrated the role of narrative competence in predicting later academic achievement, but only a few authors tried to highlight exact relationships between the different aspects of these two complex domains. The main aim of the present work was to investigate this association considering the micro- and macrostructural levels of narratives and both the automatism of reading and writing and more complex literacy skills. Participants were 45 Italian children attending the second and third year of primary school. A battery of tasks assessing their narrative, linguistic, and learning abilities was administered. The results partially confirmed the hypothesized associations between narrative macrostructure, in particular information density and the use of psychological lexicon, and ‘higher’ abilities, in particular written text production.