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Prednost gajenja suncokreta je njegova sposobnost da dobro koristi vodu i hranljive materije iz zemljišta zahvaljujući korenu koji prodire duboko u zemljište, ima dobru usisnu snagu i razvijenost. Prilikom testiranja klijavosti partija semena uočeno je da se u pojedinim godinama kod klijanaca u većoj meri ispoljava nedostatak primarnog korena te je i obavljeno istraživanje sa ciljem da se utvrdi da li ova pojava značajno utiče na prinos, masu 1000 semena i sadržaj ulja tri hibrida suncokreta. Ogled je bio postavljen na dva lokaliteta tokom dve proizvodne godine po split-plot metodu. Parcelice su formirane biljkama razvijenim iz klijanaca sa kompletnim korenom, druga biljkama razvijenim iz klijanaca bez primarnog korena, dok je treća parcelica predstavljala kombinaciju prethodne dve, zavisno od procentualnog učešća klijanaca bez primarnog korena u polaznoj partiji semena. Najveći prinos semena ostvaren je kod useva sa kompletnim korenom, kod hibrida NS-H-111 i Sumo 2 OR i značajno veći u odnosu na prinos useva bez primarnog korena. Masa 1000 semena hibrida NS-H-111 je kao i prinos bila najveća u prvoj varijanti, kod hibrida Oliva u drugoj, dok je kod hibrida Sumo 2 OR najveća vrednost utvrđena kod useva koji je formiran kombinacijom biljaka sa i bez primarnog korena. Značajno najveći sadržaj ulja hibrida NS-H-111 imao je usev bez primarnog korena, dok je kod hibrida Oliva značajno veći bio kod useva sa kompletnim korenom. Kod hibrida Sumo 2 OR značajnih razlika nije bilo. Razvijenost korena je značajno uticala na prinos i komponente prinosa, a utvrđen je i značajan uticaj samog genotipa., Sunflower’s ability to make good use of water and nutrients from the soil by means of strong root represents its cultivation advantage. During the seed lots germination testing, it was observed that the lack of a primary root is significantly manifested in seedlings occasionally, and research was carried out with the aim of determining whether this phenomenon significantly affects the yield, 1000 seed weight and oil content of three sunflower hybrids. The experiment was set up on two locations during two production years using the split-plot method. The plots were formed by plants developed from seedlings with a complete root, the second by plants without a primary root, and the third was a combination of the previous two, depending on the percentage participation in the initial seed lot. The highest seed yield was achieved in crops with complete roots, and in hybrids NS-H-111 and Sumo 2 OR it was significantly higher. The weight of 1000 seeds was the highest in the first variant at NS-H-111, in the second variant at Oliva, while the highest value was determined in the crop with and without primary roots at Sumo 2 OR. NS-H-111 had a significantly highest oil content at a crop without a primary root, while in hybrid Oliva was in crop with complete roots. In the case of the hybrid Sumo 2 OR, no significant differences were found. Root development had a significant impact on yield and yield components, and a significant influence of the genotype itself was also determined.

Kapacitet biljke da preživi u uslovima suše u tesnoj vezi je sa osobinama korena. Većina naučnih radova koji se bave tolerancijom na sušu usmerena je na genetičke i molekularne analize. Međutim, osim na morfologiju korena (dubinu, pravac rasta i grananje), suša utiče i na anatomske karakteristike korena. U cilju odabira genotipova suncokreta tolerantnih na sušu, analizirana su tri genotipa uzgajana četrnaest dana u rizotronima, pri dva različita tretmana vlažnosti (70% - kontrola i 42% - suša). Metodom kriotehnike pravljeni su poprečni preseci korena, u nekoliko nivoa, duž celog korena. Preliminarni rezultatati pokazali su, da kod sva tri genotipa u uslovima vlaznosti od 42%, dolazi do smanjenja površine poprečnog preseka korena, površine ćelija korteksa (egzodermisa i mezodermisa), procentualnog udela centralnog cilindra i ksilema, kao i površine lumena trahejarnih elementa. Dobijene genotipske razlike u anatomskim karakteristikama korena, kao odgovor na vodni deficit, mogu biti značajne smernice u izboru genotipova suncokreta sa većim brojem kseromorfnih karakteristika., A plants capacity to survive in drought condition is in close relation with the root traits. Most of the scientific work related to drought tolerance is focused towards genetic and molecular analysis. Apart from the root morphology (depth, orientation and branching), drought condition reflects the root anatomical characteristics. In order to select sunflower genotypes tolerant to drought, we analyzed the three genotypes grown for fourteen days in rhizotrons, under two different humidity treatments (70% as control and 42% as drought). Root cross-sections were cut along root maturity using a cryotechnique. Our preliminary results showed that characters such as: root cross section area, cortical cells size (exodermis and mesodermis), central cylinder and xylem percentage, and lumen tracheary elements were reduced under 42% humidity, in all three genotypes. Differences in the root response to water deficit among genotypes, especially with the xylem architecture (structure), can be significant guidelines in the selection of sunflower genotypes with higher xeromorphic traits.

Background Investigations into the growth and self-organization of plant roots is subject to fundamental and applied research in various areas such as botany, agriculture, and soil science. The growth activity of the plant tissue can be investigated by isotope labeling experiments with heavy water and subsequent detection of the deuterium in non-exchangeable positions incorporated into the plant biomass. Commonly used analytical methods to detect deuterium in plants are based on mass-spectrometry or neutron-scattering and they either suffer from elaborated sample preparation, destruction of the sample during analysis, or low spatial resolution. Confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy (CRM) can be considered a promising method to overcome the aforementioned challenges. The substitution of hydrogen with deuterium results in the measurable shift of the CH-related Raman bands. By employing correlative approaches with a high-resolution technique, such as helium ion microscopy (HIM), additional structural information can be added to CRM isotope maps and spatial resolution can be further increased. For that, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive workflow from sample preparation to data processing. Results A workflow to prepare and analyze roots of hydroponically grown and deuterium labeled Zea mays by correlative HIM-CRM micro-analysis was developed. The accuracy and linearity of deuterium detection by CRM were tested and confirmed with samples of deuterated glucose. A set of root samples taken from deuterated Zea mays in a time-series experiment was used to test the entire workflow. The deuterium content in the roots measured by CRM was close to the values obtained by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. As expected, root tips being the most actively growing root zone had incorporated the highest amount of deuterium which increased with increasing time of labeling. Furthermore, correlative HIM-CRM analysis allowed for obtaining the spatial distribution pattern of deuterium and

In this work we approach the Tabernacle of the Escorial, which is a jewel and essential work of the monastery, both in an artistic and allegorical sense. Due to its material category and emblematic significance, we believe that it not only becomes the spiritual center of the monastery itself, but that it is the key element that helps to understand the founding king. From an analogical point of view, it can be considered as a root and symbol that explains the idea of ​​the Catholic Monarchy consolidated by Felipe II, which was inherited and maintained by the monarchs of the 16th century., En el siguiente trabajo nos aproximamos al Tabernáculo o Custodia del Escorial, alhaja y obra fundamental del monasterio, en sentido artístico y alegórico. Por su categoría material y significación emblemática creemos que no solamente se convierte en el centro espiritual del edificio, sino que es la pieza clave que ayuda a comprender la persona del rey fundador. Desde un punto de vita analógico puede ser considerado como raíz y símbolo que explica la idea de Monarquía Católica consolidada por Felipe II y que heredaron y mantuvieron los monarcas del Seiscientos.

Phytohormones play an important role in regulating the plant behavior to drought. In previous studies, NIBER® pepper rootstock showed tolerance to drought in terms of production and fruit quality compared to ungrafted plants. In this study, our hypothesis was that short-term exposure to water stress in young, grafted pepper plants would shed light on tolerance to drought in terms of modulation of the hormonal balance. To validate this hypothesis, fresh weight, water use efficiency (WUE) and the main hormone classes were analyzed in self-grafted pepper plants (variety onto variety, V/V) and variety grafted onto NIBER® (V/N) at 4, 24, and 48h after severe water stress was induced by PEG addition. After 48h, WUE in V/N was higher than in V/V, due to major stomata closure to maintain water retention in the leaves. This can be explained by the higher abscisic acid (ABA) levels observed in the leaves of V/N plants. Despite the interaction between ABA and the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), in relation to stomata closure is controversial, we observed an important increase of ACC at the end of the experiment in V/N plants coinciding with an important rise of the WUE and ABA. The maximum concentration of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid after 48h was found in the leaves of V/N, associated with their role in abiotic stress signaling and tolerance. Respect to auxins and cytokinins, the highest concentrations were linked to water stress and NIBER®, but this effect did not occur for gibberellins. These results show that hormone balance was affected by water stress and rootstock genotype, where NIBER® rootstock displayed a better ability to overcome short-term water stress

Background: Suboptimal nitrogen availability is a primary constraint for crop production in low-input agroecosystems, while nitrogen fertilization is a primary contributor to the energy, economic, and environmental costs of crop production in high-input agroecosystems. In this article we consider avenues to develop crops with improved nitrogen capture and reduced requirement for nitrogen fertilizer. Scope: Intraspecific variation for an array of root phenotypes has been associated with improved nitrogen capture in cereal crops, including architectural phenotypes that colocalize root foraging with nitrogen availability in the soil; anatomical phenotypes that reduce the metabolic costs of soil exploration, improve penetration of hard soil, and exploit the rhizosphere; subcellular phenotypes that reduce the nitrogen requirement of plant tissue; molecular phenotypes exhibiting optimized nitrate uptake kinetics; and rhizosphere phenotypes that optimize associations with the rhizosphere microbiome. For each of these topics we provide examples of root phenotypes which merit attention as potential selection targets for crop improvement. Several cross-cutting issues are addressed including the importance of soil hydrology and impedance, phenotypic plasticity, integrated phenotypes, in silico modeling, and breeding strategies using high throughput phenotyping for co-optimization of multiple phenes. Conclusions: Substantial phenotypic variation exists in crop germplasm for an array of root phenotypes that improve nitrogen capture. Although this topic merits greater research attention than it currently receives, we have adequate understanding and tools to develop crops with improved nitrogen capture. Root phenotypes are underutilized yet attractive breeding targets for the development of the nitrogen efficient crops urgently needed in global agriculture.

The Mato Grosso dog-faced bat (Neoplatymops mattogrossensis) is very poorly known. We present data on their natural history (population structure, temperature and relative humidity inside and outside the shelters, diet based on the analysis of fecal samples) obtained in shelters on the the San Sebastián Private Reserve of Natural Heritage. The shelters found were inhabited by between 1-10 individuals and in more than 70% of the shelters there is a single scrotal adult male. Temperatures inside shelters tend to be more stable than outside, but relative humidity is not. The diet is composed of Insecta, Arachnida, with Coleoptera as the most frequent followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera., El murciélago cara de perro del Mato Grosso (Neoplatymops mattogrossensis), tiene hábitos muy pobremente conocidos. Presentamos datos sobre su historia natural (estructura poblacional, temperatura y humedad relativa en el interior y exterior de los refugios, dieta en base al análisis de muestras fecales) obtenidos en refugios de los predios de la Reserva Privada de Patrimonio Natural San Sebastián. Los refugios encontrados estuvieron habitados entre 1-10 individuos y en más del 70% de los refugios existe un solo macho adulto escrotal. Las temperaturas dentro de los refugios tienden a ser más estables que en el exterior, pero no así la humedad relativa. La dieta, esta está compuesta por Insecta, Arachnida, con los coleópteros como los más frecuentes seguido por Lepidoptera y Hemiptera.

This thesis explores a statistical framework for analysing LDMX data. It uses pre-built functions in the ROOT framework to calculate likelihoods and confidence levels (CL). Data, background and signal were generated in Monte Carlo simulations with a loose veto on signal in the Hcal with simple systematic uncertainties (for the background and signal) created by varying this selection. The data sets consisted of a 4000 event background and 25 event signal (a strong signal). Four hypotheses were tested with dark photon masses of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 MeV. The pre-bult functions did not work as intended hence another method to find CL$_s$ values needs to be found. Signs of signals were found in three of four hypotheses with the most promising being the 1000 MeV followed by the 100 MeV which where observed to a 95\% CL, the 10 MeV was observed to a 68\% CL. Lastly, the 1 MeV signal was not observed at a 68\% CL., You may be familiar with the standard model, the most successful theory in physics ever created and is the closest to a theory of everything that humanity has ever gotten. It describes the world in terms of 17 unique particles. These particles make up everything that we interact with every day, indeed you and me too. It may thus seem odd to claim that most matter is something different called dark matter. From the best estimates of astrophysics, we know that dark matter makes up 85% of all matter. This is all good and well, but, you may ask, what is this dark matter? That is a brilliant question and a question that particle physicists have spent several decades on. Historically, the search for dark matter has focused on particles heavier than the mass of a proton. This may seem like nothing at all for something that is supposed to constitute 85% of all matter, but is quite heavy for a particle. This has led to lighter possible dark matter particles being neglected – experiments designed to find heavy particles are not suited to finding light particles. The Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX) aims to rectify this gap in our search. The LDMX experiment hopes to produce dark matter by shooting electrons at a block of tungsten where a process known as bremsstrahlung (breaking radiation in German) takes place creating an enormous amount of particles (radiation). The idea of bremsstrahlung is simple – think of how when you are driving a car and break, sound and heat are generated. Bremsstrahlung is the particle equivalent of the noise generated when breaking in your car. The only thing that then remains to do then is to observe the dark matter, which is easier said than done. It is, in fact, it is reckoned to be so difficult to directly observe dark matter particles that it would be easier to observe all standard model particles instead and then infer the existence of the dark matter. Thinking back to our car breaking, imagine that you have to find how much heat is genera

I detta kandidatarbete genomförs en rigorös analys av tidigare experiment och behandlar effekterna av laserpulser på droppformeringen vid UPTS (Uppsala Pellet Test Station). Analysen består av att undersöka olika data som registrerats av både LineScan- och CCD-kameror och identifiera korrelationer mellan olika parametrar, samt utforska hur de påverkar droppformeringen och droppkvalitén. De varierande parametrarna var höjden på både STR-lasern och CCD-kameran, fördröjningen mellan laserpulserna och vibrationerna hos munstycket, pulslängden och intensiteten hos lasern. De identifierade korrelationerna var mellan olika pulslängder och viktade x-positionen, x-bredden, tidslinjerna mellan pelleterna och pelletstrålens 2D-profil. Dessutom hittades en korrelation mellan fördröjningen och den viktade x-positionen för pelleterna. För de andra parametrarna var det svårt att bekräfta korrelationer på grund av det stokastiska beteendet hos pelleterna.

Cannabis sativa L. is typically propagated through micropropagation or vegetative cuttings, but the use of root-inducing hormones, such as indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), is not allowed for growing medicinal cannabis in Denmark. This study examined alternative rooting treatments, including Rhizobium rhizogenes inoculation, water-only as well as IBA treatments, in eight cannabis cultivars. PCR on root tissue suggested that 19% of R. rhizogenes-inoculated cuttings were transformed. These were derived from “Herijuana”, “Wild Thailand”, “Motherlode Kush”, and “Bruce Banner”, indicating a variation in cultivar susceptibility toward R. rhizogenes. A 100% rooting success was achieved regardless of cultivar and treatment, suggesting that alternative rooting agents are not required for efficient vegetative propagation. However, rooted cuttings differed in shoot morphology with improved shoot growth in cuttings treated with R. rhizogenes (195 ± 7 mm) or water (185 ± 7 mm) while inhibited shoot growth under IBA treatment (123 ± 6 mm). This could have advantageous economic implications should cuttings not treated with hormone reach maturity faster than those exposed to the hormone, thereby contributing to completing a full growing cycle more effectively. IBA exposure increased root length, root dry weight, and root/shoot dry weight ratio compared to cuttings treated with R. rhizogenes or water but simultaneously inhibited shoot growth compared to these.

Climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme heat events that aggravate its negative impact on plant development and agricultural yield. Most experiments designed to study plant adaption to heat stress apply homogeneous high temperatures to both shoot and root. However, this treatment does not mimic the conditions in natural fields, where roots grow in a dark environment with a descending temperature gradient. Excessively high temperatures severely decrease cell division in the root meristem, compromising root growth, while increasing the division of quiescent center cells, likely in an attempt to maintain the stem cell niche under such harsh conditions. Here, we engineered the TGRooZ, a device that generates a temperature gradient for in vitro or greenhouse growth assays. The root systems of plants exposed to high shoot temperatures but cultivated in the TGRooZ grow efficiently and maintain their functionality to sustain proper shoot growth and development. Furthermore, gene expression and rhizosphere or root microbiome composition are significantly less affected in TGRooZ-grown roots than in high-temperature-grown roots, correlating with higher root functionality. Our data indicate that use of the TGRooZ in heat-stress studies can improve our knowledge of plant response to high temperatures, demonstrating its applicability from laboratory studies to the field.

Receptors that distinguish the multitude of microbes surrounding plants in the environment enable dynamic responses to the biotic and abiotic conditions encountered. In this study, we identify and characterise a glycan receptor kinase, EPR3a, closely related to the exopolysaccharide receptor EPR3. Epr3a is up-regulated in roots colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and is able to bind glucans with a branching pattern characteristic of surface-exposed fungal glucans. Expression studies with cellular resolution show localised activation of the Epr3a promoter in cortical root cells containing arbuscules. Fungal infection and intracellular arbuscule formation are reduced in epr3a mutants. In vitro, the EPR3a ectodomain binds cell wall glucans in affinity gel electrophoresis assays. In microscale thermophoresis (MST) assays, rhizobial exopolysaccharide binding is detected with affinities comparable to those observed for EPR3, and both EPR3a and EPR3 bind a well-defined beta-1,3/beta-1,6 decasaccharide derived from exopolysaccharides of endophytic and pathogenic fungi. Both EPR3a and EPR3 function in the intracellular accommodation of microbes. However, contrasting expression patterns and divergent ligand affinities result in distinct functions in AM colonisation and rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus. The presence of Epr3a and Epr3 genes in both eudicot and monocot plant genomes suggest a conserved function of these receptor kinases in glycan perception.

Receptors that distinguish the multitude of microbes surrounding plants in the environment enable dynamic responses to the biotic and abiotic conditions encountered. In this study, we identify and characterise a glycan receptor kinase, EPR3a, closely related to the exopolysaccharide receptor EPR3. Epr3a is up-regulated in roots colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and is able to bind glucans with a branching pattern characteristic of surface-exposed fungal glucans. Expression studies with cellular resolution show localised activation of the Epr3a promoter in cortical root cells containing arbuscules. Fungal infection and intracellular arbuscule formation are reduced in epr3a mutants. In vitro, the EPR3a ectodomain binds cell wall glucans in affinity gel electrophoresis assays. In microscale thermophoresis (MST) assays, rhizobial exopolysaccharide binding is detected with affinities comparable to those observed for EPR3, and both EPR3a and EPR3 bind a well-defined beta-1,3/beta-1,6 decasaccharide derived from exopolysaccharides of endophytic and pathogenic fungi. Both EPR3a and EPR3 function in the intracellular accommodation of microbes. However, contrasting expression patterns and divergent ligand affinities result in distinct functions in AM colonisation and rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus. The presence of Epr3a and Epr3 genes in both eudicot and monocot plant genomes suggest a conserved function of these receptor kinases in glycan perception.

Very high-resolution satellite images and deep learning are achieving the mapping of individual trees and shrubs over large areas in Africa. Each woody plant is precisely georeferenced and defined by its crown area and, sometimes, its height. The challenge is to build allometric equations for foliage, wood and root dry masses based either on crown area alone, or the product crown area × tree height as independent variables regardless of species. This was met by reanalyzing existing Sahel woody plant data from destructive sampling. Overall, the foliage (seasonal maximum), wood and root dry masses were measured on 900, 698 and 26 trees or shrubs from 27, 26 and 5 species respectively. The regression models tested for foliage, wood or root masses were linear or power functions using a range of different approaches: Ordinary least square (OLS) regression after log–log transform with or without Baskerville correction (1972), and non-linear regressions (NLR). All the models outputs were intercompared for fit indicators and prediction uncertainty, as well as the resulting trends in root to wood ratio, and foliage to wood ratio over the range of crown areas. This process selected a set of OLS log–log equations with crown area as independent variable. When the Baskerville correction is applied the approximation errors are 0.4 kg Dry Matter (DM) for foliage, 12.2 for wood and 6.3 for roots, aggregating at 13.8 kg DM per tree. These allometry equations were compared to published equations for tropical trees, most from the more humid tropics that were generally based on stem diameter, tree height and wood density. This paper's allometry predictions were within the range of these other allometry equations, reinforcing the confidence in their use even beyond the Sahel domain towards sub-humid savannas.

I detta kandidatarbete genomförs en rigorös analys av tidigare experiment och behandlar effekterna av laserpulser på droppformeringen vid UPTS (Uppsala Pellet Test Station). Analysen består av att undersöka olika data som registrerats av både LineScan- och CCD-kameror och identifiera korrelationer mellan olika parametrar, samt utforska hur de påverkar droppformeringen och droppkvalitén. De varierande parametrarna var höjden på både STR-lasern och CCD-kameran, fördröjningen mellan laserpulserna och vibrationerna hos munstycket, pulslängden och intensiteten hos lasern. De identifierade korrelationerna var mellan olika pulslängder och viktade x-positionen, x-bredden, tidslinjerna mellan pelleterna och pelletstrålens 2D-profil. Dessutom hittades en korrelation mellan fördröjningen och den viktade x-positionen för pelleterna. För de andra parametrarna var det svårt att bekräfta korrelationer på grund av det stokastiska beteendet hos pelleterna.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the main foods used as an energy source that is also as one of the staples feeding more than 800 million people worldwide. In some countries as well as some Colombian areas known for their cassava production, there has been a decrease in their production growth due to the fact that there is neither enough technology nor knowledge to contribute to the current demand for cassava. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on some yield-related variables on variety MCol 2066 of cassava (chirosa). A homogeneous crop of cassava was established and cuttings of 15 cm in length were obtained, which in turn were subjected to three immersion times (5, 10 and 20 min) in four concentrations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm). Data were collected 240 days after planting. The evaluated variables which were percentage of starch, dry matter, and fresh root mass, showed significant differences between treatments. The highest values were observed in the treatment at 20 min immersion in 200 ppm of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid for the variables, starch (45,56 %), dry matter (51,6 %), and fresh mass (73.270 kg/ha). Under the conditions of the study, this treatment was the best inducer to increase the yield of the crop, because it influenced positively on such results, showing better results in the variables percentage of starch, dry matter and fresh mass of the root, which could be favorable to improve the yield of the crop of variety MCol 2066 cassava (chirosa) in the region., La yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) es uno de los principales alimentos utilizado como fuente de energía, proporciona el alimento básico para alimentar a más de 800 millones de personas en todo el mundo. En algunos países y zonas colombianas productoras de yuca el aumento en la producción ha disminuido, debido a que no se cuenta con la tecnología y conocimiento suficiente para contribuir a la demanda actual de yuca. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del ácido 1-naftalenacético sobre algunas variables de rendimiento de yuca variedad MCol 2066 (chirosa). Se estableció un cultivo homogéneo de yuca y se obtuvieron esquejes de 15 cm de longitud, los cuales se sometieron a tres tiempos de inmersión (5, 10 y 20 min) en cuatro concentraciones de ácido 1-naftalenacético (0, 100, 200 y 300 ppm). Los datos se colectaron a los 240 días después de la siembra. Las variables evaluadas porcentaje de almidón, materia seca, y masa fresca de raíces, presentaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Los valores más altos se observaron en el tratamiento a 20 min de inmersión en 200 ppm de ácido 1-naftalenacético para las variables, almidón (45,56 %), materia seca (51,6 %), y masa fresca (73,270 kg/ha). A las condiciones del estudio, este tratamiento fue el mejor inductor para aumentar el rendimiento del cultivo, debido a que influyó positivamente, mostrando mejores resultados en las variables porcentaje de almidón, materia seca y masa fresca de la raíz, lo cual podría ser favorable para mejorar el rendimiento del cultivo de yuca variedad MCol 2066 (chirosa) en la región.

Root growth depends on cell proliferation in the apices, which determines the root meristem size. The expression of B2-type cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKB2) is known to be restricted to dividing cells in the meristematic region, and therefore, the mechanisms controlling CDKB2 accumulation may be associated with those determining the meristem size. We investigated how CDKB2 expression is controlled in distinct zones of Arabidopsis roots. We found that CDKB2;1 expression was induced by a member of the PLETHORA (PLT) family of transcription factors, which are known to mediate auxin signaling and maintain the undifferentiated state of meristematic cells. When the root meristem was treated with an auxin antagonist, the CDKB2;1 level was reduced not only by transcriptional suppression but also by proteasome-mediated protein degradation. This indicates that auxin promotes CDKB2 accumulation at both mRNA and protein levels in the meristem. In the elongation and differentiation zones, on the other hand, neither the ubiquitin–proteasome system nor the PLT-mediated transcriptional regulation is associated with CDKB2;1 accumulation. Both CDKB2;1 and HIGH PLOIDY2 (HPY2), a SUMO E3 ligase, were ectopically accumulated in the stele when treated with exogenous auxin, suggesting the possibility that CDKB2;1 accumulation is dependent on HPY2-mediated sumoylation, which is usually maintained by a higher auxin level in the meristem. Our results demonstrate that the CDKB2 level is tightly controlled by multiple pathways to maintain the mitotic activity in developing roots.

Cell elongation, which plays an important role in root penetration into the soil, responds to a variety of environmental factors. A previous study demonstrated that abscisic acid, a phytohormone involved in stress responses, inhibits root growth by delaying the onset of cell elongation. In contrast, we recently reported that cytokinins promote elongation of root cells by enhancing actin bundling. However, the control of root cell elongation through the interaction between abscisic acid and cytokinin signaling has not yet been uncovered. Here, we show that abscisic acid-induced delay in cell elongation requires inhibition of cytokinin signaling; further, stress is signaled to cell elongation by the pathway mediated by B-type ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 (ARR2), which retards root growth.

Root anatomical phenotypes present a promising yet underexploited avenue to deliver major improvements in yield and climate resilience of crops by improving water and nutrient uptake. For instance, the formation of root cortical aerenchyma (RCA) significantly increases soil exploration and resource capture by reducing the metabolic costs of root tissue. A key bottleneck in studying such phenotypes has been the lack of robust high-throughput anatomical phenotyping platforms. We exploited a phenotyping approach based on laser ablation tomography, termed Anatomics, to quantify variation in RCA formation of 436 diverse maize lines in the field. Results revealed a significant and heritable variation for RCA formation. Genome-wide association studies identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping to a root cortex-expressed gene-encoding transcription factor bHLH121. Functional studies identified that the bHLH121 Mu transposon mutant line and CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function mutant line showed reduced RCA formation, whereas an overexpression line exhibited significantly greater RCA formation when compared to the wild-type line. Characterization of these lines under suboptimal water and nitrogen availability in multiple soil environments revealed that bHLH121 is required for RCA formation developmentally as well as under studied abiotic stress. Overall functional validation of the bHLH121 gene’s importance in RCA formation provides a functional marker to select varieties with improved soil exploration and thus yield under suboptimal conditions.

The Mediator multiprotein complex acts as a universal adaptor between transcription factors (TFs) and RNA polymerase II. MEDIATOR25 (MED25) has an important role in jasmonic acid (JA) signaling in Arabidopsis. However, no research has been conducted on the role of MED25 in JA signaling in rice, which is one of the most important food crops globally and is a model plant for molecular studies in other monocotyledonous species. In the present study, we isolated the loss-of function mutant of MED25, osmed25, through the map-based cloning and phenotypic complementation analysis by the introduction of OsMED25 and investigated the role of OsMED25 in JA signaling in rice. The osmed25 mutants had longer primary (seminal) roots than those of the wild-type (WT) and exhibited JA-insensitive phenotypes. S-type lateral root densities in osmed25 mutants were lower than those in the WT, whereas L-type lateral root densities in osmed25 mutants were higher than those in the WT. Furthermore, the osmed25 mutants retarded JA-regulated leaf senescence under dark-induced senescence. Mutated osmed25 protein could not interact with OsMYC2, which is a positive TF in JA signaling in rice. The expression of JA-responsive senescence-associated genes was not upregulated in response to JA in the osmed25 mutants. The results suggest that OsMED25 participates in JA-mediated root development and OsMYC2-mediated leaf senescence in rice.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of Odonata larvae with the roots of Eichhornia crassipes in La Larga wetland. For the capture of Odonata larvae, standardized sampling techniques for aquatic macroinvertebrates were used. Six samplings were carried out and in each sampling 100 individuals of E. crassipeswere collected. The length and volume of each root were obtained. A total of 738 individuals and 10 species of odonata were collected; Miathyria marcella presented the highest abundance, with 83% of the total sampled. The percentage of occupation of the roots of E. crassipesby Odonata larvae was 58% (346 of the 600 roots collected). The collected roots varied between 5 and 58 cm in length and between 5 and 450 ml in volume. Significant differences were found in the composition and structure of the larvae with respect to the volume of the roots. Larval lengths ranged from 2.4 to 24.3 mm; most of the collected individuals were found in the length range between 5.1 and 10 mm. In conclusion, the size of the root is not a determinant for the distribution of odonates in the roots of E. crassipes, while the volume of the roots of E. crassipes does influence the composition of larvae., El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación de las larvas de odonatos con las raíces de Eichhornia crassipes en la ciénaga La Larga. Para el muestreo de las larvas de odonatos se utilizaron técnicas estandarizadas para macroinvertebrados acuáticos. Se realizaron seis muestreos, y en cada uno se colectaron 100 individuos de E. crassipes, de los cuales se midieron la longitud y el volumen de las raíces. Se colectaron un total de 738 individuos y 10 especies de odonatos. Entre ellos, Miathyria marcella presentó la mayor abundancia, con el 83 % del total muestreado. El porcentaje de ocupación de las raíces de E. crassipes por las larvas de Odonata fue del 58 % (346 de las 600 raíces recolectadas). Las raíces recolectadas presentaron medidas entre 5-58 cm de largo y volúmenes entre 5-450 mL. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la composición y la estructura de las larvas respecto al volumen de las raíces. Las longitudes de las larvas variaron entre 2,4-24,3 mm, y la mayoría de los individuos colectados se encontró en el rango de longitud entre 5,1-10 mm. En conclusión, el tamaño de la raíz no es un determinante para la distribución de los odonatos en las raíces de E. crassipes, mientras que el volumen de las raíces de E. crassipessí influyó en la composición de larvas.

Salinity is detrimental to plants and developmental adjustments limiting salt uptake and transport is therefore important for acclimation to high salt. These parameters may be influenced by xylem morphology, however how plant root xylem development is affected by salt stress remains unclear. Using molecular and genetic techniques and detailed phenotypic analyses, we demonstrate that salt causes distinct effects on Arabidopsis seedling root xylem and reveal underlying molecular mechanisms. Salinity causes intermittent inhibition of protoxylem cell differentiation, generating protoxylem gaps, in Arabidopsis and several other eudicot seedlings. The extent of protoxylem gaps in seedlings positively correlates with salt tolerance. Reduced gibberellin signalling is required for protoxylem gap formation. Mutant analyses reveal that the xylem differentiation regulator VASCULAR RELATED NAC DOMAIN 6 (VND6), along with secondary cell wall producing and cell wall modifying enzymes, including EXPANSIN A1 (EXP1), are involved in protoxylem gap formation, in a DELLA-dependent manner. Salt stress is likely to reduce levels of bioactive gibberellins, stabilising DELLAs, which in turn activates multiple factors modifying protoxylem differentiation. Salt stress impacts seedling survival and formation of protoxylem gaps may be a measure to enhance salt tolerance.

We consider a natural generalization of the concept of order of an element in a group: an element g ¿ G is said to have order k in a subgroup H (resp., in a coset Hu) of a group G if k is the first strictly positive integer such that gk ¿ H (resp., gk ¿ Hu). We study this notion and its algorithmic properties in the realm of free groups and some related families. Both positive and negative (algorithmic) results emerge in this setting. On the positive side, among other results, we prove that the order of elements, the set of orders (called spectrum), and the set of preorders (i.e., the set of elements of a given order) w.r.t. finitely generated subgroups are always computable in free and free times free-abelian groups. On the negative side, we provide examples of groups and subgroups having essentially any subset of natural numbers as relative spectrum; in particular, non-recursive and even non-recursively enumerable sets of natural numbers. Also, we take advantage of Mikhailova’s construction to see that the spectrum membership problem is unsolvable for direct products of nonabelian free groups., The first named author was partially supported by MINECO grant PID2019-107444GA-I00 and the Basque Government grant IT974-16. The second named author acknowledges partial support from the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación, through grant MTM2017-82740-P (AEI/ FEDER, UE), and also from the Graduate School of Mathematics through the María de Maeztu Programme for Units of Excellence in R&D (MDM-2014-0445). The third named author was partially supported by (Polish) Narodowe Centrum Nauki, grant UMO-2018/31/G/ST1/02681., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Predicted increases in the atmospheric CO2 concentration and the earth’s mean surface temperature will be accompanied by a higher incidence of drought events. These environmental changes are likely to adversely affect crop productivity and quality, including wheat, an essential food in the human diet. We investigated the primary C-N metabolism response to drought stress at the whole-plant level and its dependence on plant development in bread wheat grown under combined elevated CO2 and temperature. With this aim, the content of carbohydrates, nitrate, proteins and amino acids, together with the biomass were assessed in flag leaves and roots of wheat grown in controlled environment chambers at both ear emergence and anthesis stages. Multifactorial analysis revealed that the organ was the main factor explaining data variation. The physiological and biochemical traits in the flag leaves were more affected by drought than growth stage, leading to an accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, nitrate and amino acids. By contrast, roots were affected by the developmental stages but not by the treatment. The root content of fructose, glucose, starch and amino acids was higher at ear emergence than anthesis, whereas the accumulation of sucrose, fructans, proteins and nitrate increased at the latest growth stage. This study provides new insights into the reprograming of primary metabolism at whole plant level throughout the development in response to the future climate scenario, which could help to select traits ensuring sustainable food production systems that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change following the Sustainable Development Goals of 2030 Agenda

In this study, quantitative analyses focusing on the mangrove, Rhizophora sp. (R sp.), have been conducted to understand the 1) effect of the choice of bulk drag coefficient, CD, on the wave attenuation results, 2) sensitivity of the wave attenuation model to the complex root system of Rhizophora sp. at various water levels, and 3) contribution analyses of the root, trunk, and canopy of R sp. tree to wave dampening. The results of these analyses are then used to craft recommendations that can guide future research.

The incidence of the consumption of poisonous plants as a risk factor is a well-established fact in the field of environmental health. The main difficulty in dealing with this toxicological casuistry stems from the enormous diversity of plants, which requires prior systematization thereof to facilitate diagnosis by technical and health personnel. We found that there is no tool in western Andalusia that has been specifically designed for the identification of wild plants that can potentially lead to poisoning, especially when their toxic parts are buried underground. We conducted a review of common wild herbs having underground organs specialized in the accumulation of reserves (bulbs, tubers, rhizomes) of high toxicological potential. We selected twenty-one species as the most notable sources of intoxication: Urginea maritima, Narcissus jonquilla, N. assoanus, N. fernandesii, N. bujei, N. tazetta, N. papyraceus, Ornithogalum arabicum, Mandragora autumnalis, Carlina gummifera, Colchicum lusitanum, Merendera montana, M. filifolia, Aristolochia baetica, A. paucinervis, Ranunculus bulbosus, R. ficaria, Bryonia dioica, Oenanthe crocata, Conium maculatum and Arum italicum. We devised an action plan in the form of a dichotomous questionnaire to enable health and technical personnel to determine whether any of these plants can be behind certain intoxication symptoms. Its ultimate purpose is to facilitate the triage and diagnostic work in health care medicine and toxicological information services, to refine the systematization of toxicological casuistry for future environmental health research and to come up with an educational strategy aimed at avoiding this kind of environmental risk., En salud ambiental, la incidencia del consumo de plantas venenosas como factor de riesgo es un hecho bien establecido. La principal dificultad para afrontar esta casuística toxicológica deriva de la enorme diversidad vegetal, que requiere de una sistematización previa que facilite al personal técnico y sanitario su diagnosis. En el ámbito de Andalucía occidental, percibimos la carencia de una herramienta específicamente adaptada a la identificación de plantas silvestres potencialmente causantes de intoxicación, especialmente cuando sus partes tóxicas son subterráneas. En este trabajo hemos llevado a cabo una revisión de hierbas silvestres comunes, con órganos subterráneos especializados en la acumulación de reservas (bulbos, tubérculos, rizomas) de alta potencialidad toxicológica. Hemos seleccionado como fuentes de intoxicación más notables a veintiún especies: Urginea maritima, Narcissus jonquilla, N. assoanus, N. fernandesii, N. bujei, N. tazetta, N. papyraceus, Ornithogalum arabicum, Mandragora autumnalis, Carlina gummifera, Colchicum lusitanum, Merendera montana, M. filifolia, Aristolochia baetica, A. paucinervis, Ranunculus bulbosus, R. ficaria, Bryonia dioica, Oenanthe crocata, Conium maculatum y Arum italicum. Hemos diseñado una pauta de actuación en clave de cuestionario dicotómico que faculte al personal sanitario y técnico para determinar si alguna de estas plantas puede considerarse origen de un cuadro de intoxicación dado. El propósito último es facilitar las labores de triaje y diagnóstico en medicina asistencial y en los servicios de información toxicológica, depurar la sistematización de la casuística toxicológica de cara a futuras investigaciones en salud ambiental y orientar una estrategia educativa en el marco de la prevención de este tipo de riesgos ambientales., Na saúde ambiental, a incidência do consumo de plantas venenosas como fator de risco é um fato bem estabelecido. A principal dificuldade em lidar com essa casuística toxicológica decorre da enorme diversidade vegetal, que requer sistematização prévia para facilitar o diagnóstico por parte do pessoal técnico e de saúde. Na Andaluzia ocidental, percebemos a falta de uma ferramenta especificamente adaptada para a identificação de plantas selvagens potencialmente causadoras de intoxicação, especialmente quando as suas partes tóxicas são subterrâneas. Neste trabalho realizou-se uma revisão de ervas silvestres comuns, com órgãos subterrâneos especializados na acumulação de reservas (bolbos, tubérculos, rizomas) de alto potencial toxicológico. Selecionamos vinte e uma espécies como as fontes mais notáveis de envenenamento: Urginea maritima, Narcissus jonquilla, N. assoanus, N. fernandesii, N. bujei, N. tazetta, N. papyraceus, Ornithogalum arabicum, Mandragora autumnalis, Carlina gummifera, Colchicum lusitanum, Merendera montana, M. filifolia, Aristolochia baetica, A. paucinervis, Ranunculus bulbosus, R. ficaria, Bryonia dioica, Oenanthe crocata, Conium maculatum y Arum italicum. Projetámos uma diretriz de ação com base num questionário dicotómico que capacita o pessoal técnico e de saúde a determinar se alguma dessas plantas pode ser considerada a origem de um determinado quadro de envenenamento. O objetivo final é facilitar o trabalho de triagem e diagnóstico em medicina assistencial e nos serviços de informação toxicológica, melhorar a sistematização da casuística toxicológica para futuras pesquisas em saúde ambiental e orientar uma estratégia educativa no âmbito da prevenção deste tipo de riscos ambientais.

Invasive species can shift the composition of key soil microbial groups, thus creating novel soil microbial communities. To better understand the biological drivers of invasion, we studied plant-microbial interactions in species of the Brachypodium distachyon complex, a model system for functional genomic studies of temperate grasses and bioenergy crops. While Brachypodium hybridum invasion in California is in an incipient stage, threatening natural and agricultural systems, its diploid progenitor species B. distachyon is not invasive in California. We investigated the root, soil, and rhizosphere bacterial composition of Brachypodium hybridum in both its native and invaded range, and of B. distachyon in the native range. We used high-throughput, amplicon sequencing to evaluate if the bacteria associated with these plants differ, and whether biotic controls may be driving B. hybridum invasion. Bacterial community composition of B. hybridum differed based on provenance (native or invaded range) for root, rhizosphere, and bulk soils, as did the abundance of dominant bacterial taxa. Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and Bacillus spp. (species) were significantly more abundant in B. hybridum roots from the invaded range, whereas Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Erwinia and Pseudomonas were more abundant in the native range roots. Brachypodium hybridum forms novel biotic interactions with a diverse suite of rhizosphere microbes from the invaded range, which may not exert a similar influence within its native range, ostensibly contributing to B. hybridum’s invasiveness. These associated plant microbiomes could inform future management approaches for B. hybridum in its invaded range and could be key to understanding, predicting, and preventing future plant invasions.

In animals and plants, stem-cell niches are local microenvironments that are tightly regulated to preserve their unique identity while communicating with adjacent cells that will give rise to specialized cell types. In the primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana, two transcription factors, BRAVO and WOX5, among others, are expressed in the stem-cell niche. Intriguingly, BRAVO, a repressor of quiescent center divisions, confines its own gene expression to the stem-cell niche, as evidenced in a bravo mutant background. Here, we propose through mathematical modeling that BRAVO confines its own expression domain to the stem-cell niche by attenuating a WOX5-dependent diffusible activator of BRAVO. This negative feedback drives WOX5 activity to be spatially restricted as well. The results show that WOX5 diffusion and sequestration by binding to BRAVO are sufficient to drive the experimentally observed confined BRAVO expression at the stem-cell niche. We propose that the attenuation of a diffusible activator can be a general mechanism acting at other stem-cell niches to spatially confine genetic activity to a small region while maintaining signaling within them and with the surrounding cells.

Salinity is detrimental to plants and developmental adjustments limiting salt uptake and transport is therefore important for acclimation to high salt. These parameters may be influenced by xylem morphology, however how plant root xylem development is affected by salt stress remains unclear. Using molecular and genetic techniques and detailed phenotypic analyses, we demonstrate that salt causes distinct effects on Arabidopsis seedling root xylem and reveal underlying molecular mechanisms. Salinity causes intermittent inhibition of protoxylem cell differentiation, generating protoxylem gaps, in Arabidopsis and several other eudicot seedlings. The extent of protoxylem gaps in seedlings positively correlates with salt tolerance. Reduced gibberellin signalling is required for protoxylem gap formation. Mutant analyses reveal that the xylem differentiation regulator VASCULAR RELATED NAC DOMAIN 6 (VND6), along with secondary cell wall producing and cell wall modifying enzymes, including EXPANSIN A1 (EXP1), are involved in protoxylem gap formation, in a DELLA-dependent manner. Salt stress is likely to reduce levels of bioactive gibberellins, stabilising DELLAs, which in turn activates multiple factors modifying protoxylem differentiation. Salt stress impacts seedling survival and formation of protoxylem gaps may be a measure to enhance salt tolerance.

The goal of this project was to develop a lightweight Monte-Carlo (MC) event generator for hyperon pair production in antiproton-proton collisions, and demonstrate it in one of the hyperon decay reaction channels, which is collisions of proton and antiproton to lambda hyperon and anti-lambda hyperon, and they decay to antiproton-positive pion pair, and proton-negative pion pair. The prototype of this external MC event generator we presented here is based on the software framework of ROOT. Compared to the corresponding framework of embedded MC event generators that is currently used in the PANDA experiment at FAIR, PandaRoot, it allows for easier and quicker testing of new models or formalisms on synthetic data, for example for studying spin observables like polarisation. The event generator was benchmarked by studying angular distributions in final states, which are constructed by kinematic relations of 4-momentum vectors in different reference frames for all mother and daughter particles.

Salinity is detrimental to plants and developmental adjustments limiting salt uptake and transport is therefore important for acclimation to high salt. These parameters may be influenced by xylem morphology, however how plant root xylem development is affected by salt stress remains unclear. Using molecular and genetic techniques and detailed phenotypic analyses, we demonstrate that salt causes distinct effects on Arabidopsis seedling root xylem and reveal underlying molecular mechanisms. Salinity causes intermittent inhibition of protoxylem cell differentiation, generating protoxylem gaps, in Arabidopsis and several other eudicot seedlings. The extent of protoxylem gaps in seedlings positively correlates with salt tolerance. Reduced gibberellin signalling is required for protoxylem gap formation. Mutant analyses reveal that the xylem differentiation regulator VASCULAR RELATED NAC DOMAIN 6 (VND6), along with secondary cell wall producing and cell wall modifying enzymes, including EXPANSIN A1 (EXP1), are involved in protoxylem gap formation, in a DELLA-dependent manner. Salt stress is likely to reduce levels of bioactive gibberellins, stabilising DELLAs, which in turn activates multiple factors modifying protoxylem differentiation. Salt stress impacts seedling survival and formation of protoxylem gaps may be a measure to enhance salt tolerance.

Salinity is detrimental to plants and developmental adjustments limiting salt uptake and transport is therefore important for acclimation to high salt. These parameters may be influenced by xylem morphology, however how plant root xylem development is affected by salt stress remains unclear. Using molecular and genetic techniques and detailed phenotypic analyses, we demonstrate that salt causes distinct effects on Arabidopsis seedling root xylem and reveal underlying molecular mechanisms. Salinity causes intermittent inhibition of protoxylem cell differentiation, generating protoxylem gaps, in Arabidopsis and several other eudicot seedlings. The extent of protoxylem gaps in seedlings positively correlates with salt tolerance. Reduced gibberellin signalling is required for protoxylem gap formation. Mutant analyses reveal that the xylem differentiation regulator VASCULAR RELATED NAC DOMAIN 6 (VND6), along with secondary cell wall producing and cell wall modifying enzymes, including EXPANSIN A1 (EXP1), are involved in protoxylem gap formation, in a DELLA-dependent manner. Salt stress is likely to reduce levels of bioactive gibberellins, stabilising DELLAs, which in turn activates multiple factors modifying protoxylem differentiation. Salt stress impacts seedling survival and formation of protoxylem gaps may be a measure to enhance salt tolerance.

Salinity is detrimental to plants and developmental adjustments limiting salt uptake and transport is therefore important for acclimation to high salt. These parameters may be influenced by xylem morphology, however how plant root xylem development is affected by salt stress remains unclear. Using molecular and genetic techniques and detailed phenotypic analyses, we demonstrate that salt causes distinct effects on Arabidopsis seedling root xylem and reveal underlying molecular mechanisms. Salinity causes intermittent inhibition of protoxylem cell differentiation, generating protoxylem gaps, in Arabidopsis and several other eudicot seedlings. The extent of protoxylem gaps in seedlings positively correlates with salt tolerance. Reduced gibberellin signalling is required for protoxylem gap formation. Mutant analyses reveal that the xylem differentiation regulator VASCULAR RELATED NAC DOMAIN 6 (VND6), along with secondary cell wall producing and cell wall modifying enzymes, including EXPANSIN A1 (EXP1), are involved in protoxylem gap formation, in a DELLA-dependent manner. Salt stress is likely to reduce levels of bioactive gibberellins, stabilising DELLAs, which in turn activates multiple factors modifying protoxylem differentiation. Salt stress impacts seedling survival and formation of protoxylem gaps may be a measure to enhance salt tolerance.

The goal of this project was to develop a lightweight Monte-Carlo (MC) event generator for hyperon pair production in antiproton-proton collisions, and demonstrate it in one of the hyperon decay reaction channels, which is collisions of proton and antiproton to lambda hyperon and anti-lambda hyperon, and they decay to antiproton-positive pion pair, and proton-negative pion pair. The prototype of this external MC event generator we presented here is based on the software framework of ROOT. Compared to the corresponding framework of embedded MC event generators that is currently used in the PANDA experiment at FAIR, PandaRoot, it allows for easier and quicker testing of new models or formalisms on synthetic data, for example for studying spin observables like polarisation. The event generator was benchmarked by studying angular distributions in final states, which are constructed by kinematic relations of 4-momentum vectors in different reference frames for all mother and daughter particles.

In this work we aim to implement a software package to detect and categorize dark data, data not accessible or not known by the user, generated in the simulations of the Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX). This will involve studying current existing solutions for such problems, attempting to implement them for the Lightweight Distributed Computing System (LDCS), and developing our own Dark Data Search (DDS) toolkit to perform the detection and categorization of the dark data. The result provided by these tools will be examined further for clues as to why and how dark data was created. Physics simulations of the LDMX detector were executed to create dark data, allowing us to study the conditions for their creation, and to get a deeper understanding of the physics for a missing momentum dark matter experiment. Based on the research done in this paper a multitude of systematic problems was found that would require addressing for the LDCS., Dark data from dark matter Piotr Yartsev. One of the great unsolved mysteries of how our world works is dark matter. Everything we see, everything we touch, real matter, only account for one-sixth of the matter in the universe. The rest we call dark matter. Although some theories exist, so far we don't have any idea what dark matter is. Studying it could give us a deeper fundamental understanding of how our universe works. An experiment designed to study dark matter is LDMX, which is planned to be constructed in San Francisco. Before the experiment is actually turned on, digital infrastructure has to be designed to be able to handle an estimated 10 Petabytes, that is 10 000 Terabytes, of data generated by the experiment. To put that number in perspective, that is enough storage to hold 5 000 000 hours of HD video, enough to keep you occupied 24 hours a day for almost 600 years. Everyone knows how tedious it is to spend time looking for that one document you can't remember where you saved, so you can imagine how difficult it is to keep track of thatmuch data that is stored at multiple locations all over the world. To solve this problem, the LDMX experiment chose to use Rucio as a data catalog, a software that was developed at the particle physics research center CERN in Switzerland, to keep track of what file is located where. Currently, the software does not work perfectly at the LDMX because sometimes the location of datafiles registered in Ruico does not match the file's actual location. This type of data is called dark data and is taking up valuable storage space. My bachelor’s project aims to solve this issue by creating a program that would be able to compare the data files in storage with the Rucio catalog and find all the inconsistencies. These data files not registered correctly in Rucio would be reported to the data storage center, which would then have to make a decision: do we update the Ruico catalog with the actual location of the data file or do we sim

Allium mongolicum Regel is a desert plant that shows great resistance to wind erosion, drought, and low temperatures and is widely distributed in the desert lands of China. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying its drought resistance is essential for uncovering drought resistance genes and improving its beneficial traits. Here, a de novo RNA-Seq assembly analysis was conducted using the roots of 1-month-old seedlings under drought stress. Using pairwise comparisons of untreated plants (CK), 48-hour drought plants (G48h), and 96- hour drought plants (G96h), in total, 2,211 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were obtained. Furthermore, using functional annotation, these DEGs were mainly involved in the plasma membrane, photosynthesis, and secondary carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, genes involved in the ABA-mediated signaling pathway and secondary metabolism were upregulated in the roots. These results suggest that desert plants may use signaling and secondary metabolic pathways as adaptive responses to drought stress. Collectively, this work could help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of A. mongolicum Regel to respond to drought stress and aid in the selection of novel drought tolerance genes.

The root functionality is affected by numerous factors. One of the main structural parameters, the most important for functionality and adaptability, is xylem organization. Taking into account that sunflower root features have not been directly selected in breeding programs the aim of this research is to determine whether different sunflower genotypes (wild annual species and cultivated genotypes) have influence (i) on the structure of the xylem anatomy and (ii) on the xylem features along the maturity gradient. For the detailed anatomical characterization of root xylem, 14 days old seedlings which were grown in rhizotrons, have been carried out on the primary root. Root cross-sections were cut in positions sampled according to the principle of systematic uniform random sampling method. Along the root maturity, three sections per roots were made using cryotechnic procedure. Observations of the root and measurements of the vessels were carried out using the light microscope with Image Analyzing System. The obtained results of the comparative root xylem anatomy revealed significant phenotypic variability among tested genotypes. The ratio of cross-section xylem area, vessel diameter and theoretical hydraulic conductance (kh), increase along the maturity gradient for all genotypes. Significant differences in vessel size and frequency were recorded between wild species and cultivated genotypes.

Allium mongolicum Regel is a desert plant that shows great resistance to wind erosion, drought, and low temperatures and is widely distributed in the desert lands of China. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying its drought resistance is essential for uncovering drought resistance genes and improving its beneficial traits. Here, a de novo RNA-Seq assembly analysis was conducted using the roots of 1-month-old seedlings under drought stress. Using pairwise comparisons of untreated plants (CK), 48-hour drought plants (G48h), and 96- hour drought plants (G96h), in total, 2,211 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were obtained. Furthermore, using functional annotation, these DEGs were mainly involved in the plasma membrane, photosynthesis, and secondary carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, genes involved in the ABA-mediated signaling pathway and secondary metabolism were upregulated in the roots. These results suggest that desert plants may use signaling and secondary metabolic pathways as adaptive responses to drought stress. Collectively, this work could help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of A. mongolicum Regel to respond to drought stress and aid in the selection of novel drought tolerance genes.

The frequency and severity of drought are increasing due to anthropogenic climate change and are already limiting cropping system productivity in many regions around the world. Few microbial groups within plant microbiomes can potentially contribute towards the fitness and productivity of their hosts under abiotic stress events including water deficits. However, microbial communities are complex and integrative work considering the multiple co-existing groups of organisms is needed to better understand how the entire microbiome responds to environmental stresses. We hypothesize that water deficit stress will differentially shape bacterial, fungal, and protistan microbiome composition and influence inter-kingdom microbial interactions in the rhizospheres of corn and sugar beet. We used amplicon sequencing to profile bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities in corn and sugar beet rhizospheres grown under irrigated and water deficit conditions. The water deficit treatment had a stronger influence than host species on bacterial composition, whereas the opposite was true for protists. These results indicate that different microbial kingdoms have variable responses to environmental stress and host factors. Water deficit also influenced intra- and inter-kingdom microbial associations, wherein the protist taxa formed a separate cluster under water deficit conditions. Our findings help elucidate the influence of environmental and host drivers of bacterial, fungal, and protistan community assembly and co-occurrence in agricultural rhizosphere environments.

Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are two essential elements for plants that compete for the same uptake transporters and show conflicting interactions at the regulatory level. In order to understand the differential response to both metal deficiencies in plants, two proteomic techniques (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and label-free shotgun) were used to study the proteome profiles of roots from tomato plants grown under Fe or Mn deficiency. A total of 119 proteins changing in relative abundance were confidently quantified and identified, including 35 and 91 in the cases of Fe deficiency and Mn deficiency, respectively, with 7 of them changing in both deficiencies. The identified proteins were categorized according to function, and GO-enrichment analysis was performed. Data showed that both deficiencies provoked a common and intense cell wall remodelling. However, the response observed for Fe and Mn deficiencies differed greatly in relation to oxidative stress, coumarin production, protein, nitrogen, and energy metabolism.

Most plant species develop stress symptoms when exposed to high ammonium (NH4+) concentrations. The root is the first organ in contact with high NH4+ and therefore the first barrier to cope with ammonium stress. In this work, we focused on root adaptation to ammonium nutrition in the model plant Brachypodium distachyon. Proteome analysis revealed changes associated with primary metabolism, cell wall remodelling, and redox homeostasis. In addition, it showed a strong induction of proteins related to methionine (Met) metabolism and phytosiderophore (PS) synthesis in ammonium-fed plants. In agreement with this, we show how ammonium nutrition impacts Met/S-adenosyl-Met and PS metabolic pathways together with increasing root iron content. Nevertheless, ammonium-fed plants displayed higher sensitivity to iron deficiency, suggesting that ammonium nutrition triggers impaired iron utilization and root to shoot transport, which entailed an induction in iron-related responses. Overall, this work demonstrates the importance of iron homeostasis during ammonium nutrition and paves a new way to better understand and improve ammonium use efficiency and tolerance.

Mechanical impedance constrains root growth in most soils. Crop cultivation changed the impedance characteristics of native soils, through topsoil erosion, loss of organic matter, disruption of soil structure and loss of biopores. Increasing adoption of Conservation Agriculture in high-input agroecosystems is returning cultivated soils to the soil impedance characteristics of native soils, but in the low-input agroecosystems characteristic of developing nations, ongoing soil degradation is generating more challenging environments for root growth. We propose that root phenotypes have evolved to adapt to the altered impedance characteristics of cultivated soil during crop domestication. The diverging trajectories of soils under Conservation Agriculture and low-input agroecosystems have implications for strategies to develop crops to meet global needs under climate change. We present several root ideotypes as breeding targets under the impedance regimes of both high-input and low-input agroecosystems, as well as a set of root phenotypes that should be useful in both scenarios. We argue that a ‘whole plant in whole soil’ perspective will be useful in guiding the development of future crops for future soils.

Preservation of the phytostimulatory functions of plant growth-promoting bacteria relies on the adaptation of their community to the rhizosphere environment. Here, an amplicon sequencing approach was implemented to specifically target microorganisms with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity, carrying the acdS gene. We stated the hypothesis that the relative phylogenetic distribution of acdS carrying microorganisms is affected by the presence or absence of root hairs, soil type and depth. To this end, a standardized soil column experiment was conducted with maize wild type and root hair defective rth3 mutant in the substrates loam and sand, and harvest was implemented from three depths. Most acdS sequences (99%) were affiliated to Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, and the strongest influence on the relative abundances of sequences were exerted by the substrate. Variovorax, Acidovorax and Ralstonia sequences dominated in loam, whereas Streptomyces and Agromyces were more abundant in sand. Soil depth caused strong variations in acdS sequence distribution, with differential levels in the relative abundances of acdS sequences affiliated to Tetrasphaera, Amycolatopsis and Streptomyces in loam, but Burkholderia, Paraburkholderia and Variovorax in sand. Maize genotype influenced the distribution of acdS sequences mainly in loam and only in the uppermost depth. Variovorax acdS sequences were more abundant in WT, but Streptomyces, Microbacterium and Modestobacter in rth3 rhizosphere.Substrate and soil depth were strong and plant genotype a further significant single and interacting drivers of acdS carrying microbial community composition in the rhizosphere of maize. This suggests that maize rhizosphere acdS carrying bacterial community establishes according to the environmental constraints, and that root hairs possess a minor but significant impact on acdS carrying bacterial populations.

This macro gives the status of the muon (g-2) just after the FERMILAB seminar on April 7, 2021. The theoretical values use the different contributions as given in the [White Paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.04822.pdf) of the [Theory Initiative](https://muon-gm2-theory.illinois.edu/). Since the leading order hadronic contribution is dominating the uncertainty of the theoretical values, several values for a$_\mu$ are plotted which use the different evaluations for the leading order hadronic contribution given in Table 4 of the White Paper as well as the White Paper average.

Plant roots adapt to the mechanical constraints of the soil to grow and absorb water and nutrients. As in animal species, mechanosensitive ion channels in plants are proposed to transduce external mechanical forces into biological signals. However, the identity of these plant root ion channels remains unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana PIEZO1 (PZO1) has preserved the function of its animal relatives and acts as an ion channel. We present evidence that plant PIEZO1 is expressed in the columella and lateral root cap cells of the root tip, which are known to experience robust mechanical strain during root growth. Deleting PZO1 from the whole plant significantly reduced the ability of its roots to penetrate denser barriers compared to wild-type plants. pzo1 mutant root tips exhibited diminished calcium transients in response to mechanical stimulation, supporting a role of PZO1 in root mechanotransduction. Finally, a chimeric PZO1 channel that includes the C-terminal half of PZO1 containing the putative pore region was functional and mechanosensitive when expressed in naive mammalian cells. Collectively, our data suggest that Arabidopsis PIEZO1 plays an important role in root mechanotransduction and establish PIEZOs as physiologically relevant mechanosensitive ion channels across animal and plant kingdoms.

Histological stains are useful tools for characterizing cell shape, arrangement and the material they are made from. Stains can be used individually or simultaneously to mark different cell structures or polymers within the same cells, and to visualize them in different colors. Histological stains can be combined with genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins, which are useful for understanding of plant development. To visualize suberin lamellae by fluorescent microscopy, we improved a histological staining procedure with the dyes Fluorol Yellow 088 and aniline blue. In the complex plant organs such as roots, suberin lamellae are deposited deep within the root on the endodermal cell wall. Our procedure yields reliable and detailed images that can be used to determine the suberin pattern in root cells. The main advantage of this protocol is its efficiency, the detailed visualization of suberin localization it generates in the root, and the possibility of returning to the confocal images to analyze and re-evaluate data if necessary.

For over the past decades plants have been a vital source of drug substance which has been a resurgence of interest to researchers for natural materials as potential alternative for the treatment and management of several diseases. Datura metel be longs to the family Solanaceae, a shrub-like annual herb commonly known as devil's trumpet. Because of the high cost of some synthetic drugs, some especially the youth have turn to consuming of plants materials to reach their desire. The roots of Datura metel have been used as pain resistant during traditional customs, as such, it toxic effect needs to be investigated for its safety. The root of Datura metel was extracted by cool maceration using methanol. (25) Rats were used for the sub-chronic toxicity study and were divided into five (5) groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 served as the control and received distilled water only while groups 2 to 5 were administered with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of the extract respectively. Alkaline Phosphatase and Total Bilirubin in all the treated groups showed no significant difference (P>0.05) when compared to the normal control. Albumin, Aspartate Amino Transferase, Alanine Amino Transferase and Direct Bilirubin concentrations significantly decreased across all the treated groups when compared to the normal control. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in packed cell volume and Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration in the groups administered with the extract when compared to the normal control group. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that methanol root extract of Datura metel is potentially safe.

The current study presents the way in which ions are distributed in an adult maize plant after flowering, and as the pressure of permanent ion stress throughout approximately six months; including all the phenological periods. The research was conducted under field conditions with the climatic characteristics of an arid or hyper-arid zone. Maize is a sensitive crop regarding the salinity of soil and water, but “lluteño” maize has a higher degree of tolerance to salinity, excess of boron (B) and other ions, this suggests that the distribution plays an important role in the tolerance mechanisms of this ecotype. The variety accumulates twice as much sodium (Na+) in the root than in the leaf, and 25 times of B more in the leaf than in the root; calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and potassium (K+) were also significantly accumulated in the leaf. High concentrations of B, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were found in the thick root and K+ in the fine roots. Sodium accumulated similarly in thick and fine roots, suggesting a very active mechanism of Na+ accumulation in roots, independent of their thickness or age., El presente estudio muestra cómo se distribuyen los iones en una planta de maíz adulta después de la floración, y como la presión del estrés iónico es permanente durante un largo período, aproximadamente seis meses; incluye la totalidad de los períodos fenológicos. La investigación se realizó en condiciones de campo con las características climáticas de una zona árida o hiperárida. El maíz es un cultivo sensible a la salinidad del suelo y el agua, pero el maíz “lluteño” presenta un alto grado de tolerancia a la salinidad, el exceso de boro (B) y otros iones, lo que sugiere que la distribución de estos juega un papel importante en sus mecanismos de tolerancias en este ecotipo. Acumula el doble de sodio (Na+) en la raíz que en la hoja, 25 veces más que el B en la hoja, también el calcio (Ca2+), el magnesio (Mg2+) y el potasio (K+) se acumularon significativamente en la hoja. Con respecto al tipo de raíz, en las gruesas se observó una alta concentración de B, Ca2+, Mg+2 y en las raíces finas se encontró el K+. El sodio se acumula de manera similar en las raíces gruesas y finas, lo que sugiere un mecanismo muy activo de acumulación de Na+ en la raíz, independientemente del grosor o la edad de las mismas.

For over the past decades plants have been a vital source of drug substance which has been a resurgence of interest to researchers for natural materials as potential alternative for the treatment and management of several diseases. Datura metel be longs to the family Solanaceae, a shrub-like annual herb commonly known as devil's trumpet. Because of the high cost of some synthetic drugs, some especially the youth have turn to consuming of plants materials to reach their desire. The roots of Datura metel have been used as pain resistant during traditional customs, as such, it toxic effect needs to be investigated for its safety. The root of Datura metel was extracted by cool maceration using methanol. (25) Rats were used for the sub-chronic toxicity study and were divided into five (5) groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 served as the control and received distilled water only while groups 2 to 5 were administered with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of the extract respectively. Alkaline Phosphatase and Total Bilirubin in all the treated groups showed no significant difference (P>0.05) when compared to the normal control. Albumin, Aspartate Amino Transferase, Alanine Amino Transferase and Direct Bilirubin concentrations significantly decreased across all the treated groups when compared to the normal control. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in packed cell volume and Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration in the groups administered with the extract when compared to the normal control group. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that methanol root extract of Datura metel is potentially safe.

For over the past decades plants have been a vital source of drug substance which has been a resurgence of interest to researchers for natural materials as potential alternative for the treatment and management of several diseases. Datura metel be longs to the family Solanaceae, a shrub-like annual herb commonly known as devil's trumpet. Because of the high cost of some synthetic drugs, some especially the youth have turn to consuming of plants materials to reach their desire. The roots of Datura metel have been used as pain resistant during traditional customs, as such, it toxic effect needs to be investigated for its safety. The root of Datura metel was extracted by cool maceration using methanol. (25) Rats were used for the sub-chronic toxicity study and were divided into five (5) groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 served as the control and received distilled water only while groups 2 to 5 were administered with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of the extract respectively. Alkaline Phosphatase and Total Bilirubin in all the treated groups showed no significant difference (P>0.05) when compared to the normal control. Albumin, Aspartate Amino Transferase, Alanine Amino Transferase and Direct Bilirubin concentrations significantly decreased across all the treated groups when compared to the normal control. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in packed cell volume and Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration in the groups administered with the extract when compared to the normal control group. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that methanol root extract of Datura metel is potentially safe.