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[EN] Operations strategy is a mature field and requires novel insights for further research and practitioners in companies. To fill this gap, 280 articles were analyzed, by way of a systematic literature review, considering two approaches: topic perspectives (content, process, and competitive priorities), and research paradigms (analysis perspective, general methodology, research design, research typology, and alternative paradigms). Eight challenges were identified and discussed to make novel contributions to cutting-edge knowledge. Among other things, it was found that people’s perceptions of object reality prevail as the dominant paradigm, regarding the source and type of information used. In this sense, the literature suggests additional investigation through the direct observation of object reality and experimental studies, in which the action research approach could play an important role as an alternative paradigm. Additionally, considering Industry 4.0 advances, new research opportunities have emerged which permit artificial reconstruction of object reality to support decision-making. The main contribution of this study is to discuss eight challenges by which to improve research relevance and make both academic and practical contributions. Moreover, several useful data for researchers are provided, including statistics regarding response rates in survey research (dominant paradigm). Finally, these findings can be used to perform further research with additional functional strategies in the companies., [ES] La estrategia de operaciones es un campo de estudio maduro, pero requiere perspectivas novedosas para la investigación futura y para los profesionales en las empresas. Para llenar este vacío, se analizaron 280 artículos mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura, bajo dos enfoques: tópicos (contenido, proceso, prioridades competitivas) y paradigmas de investigación (perspectivas, metodología, diseños, tipologías y paradigmas alternativos de la investigación). Se identificaron y discutieron ocho retos para hacer contribuciones novedosas en las fronteras del conocimiento. Entre otras cuestiones, respecto a la fuente y tipo de información utilizada, se encontró que el paradigma dominante de investigación se relaciona con las percepciones de la gente sobre la realidad objeto de estudio. En este sentido, la literatura sugiere incrementar la investigación a través de la observación directa de la realidad y los estudios experimentales, en lo cual la investigación acción puede jugar un rol importante como paradigma alternativo. Adicionalmente, considerando los avances de la Industria 4.0, han emergido nuevas oportunidades de investigación que permiten la reconstrucción artificial de la realidad para apoyar la toma de decisiones. La principal contribución de este estudio es la discusión de ocho retos para mejorar la relevancia de la investigación y hacer contribuciones tanto académicas como prácticas. Además, se proporcionan varios datos útiles para los investigadores como la tasa de respuesta en la investigación con encuestas (paradigma dominante), entre otros. Finalmente, los hallazgos pueden ser utilizados para investigar otras estrategias funcionales para las empresas.

[EN] Operations strategy is a mature field and requires novel insights for further research and practitioners in companies. To fill this gap, 280 articles were analyzed, by way of a systematic literature review, considering two approaches: topic perspectives (content, process, and competitive priorities), and research paradigms (analysis perspective, general methodology, research design, research typology, and alternative paradigms). Eight challenges were identified and discussed to make novel contributions to cutting-edge knowledge. Among other things, it was found that people’s perceptions of object reality prevail as the dominant paradigm, regarding the source and type of information used. In this sense, the literature suggests additional investigation through the direct observation of object reality and experimental studies, in which the action research approach could play an important role as an alternative paradigm. Additionally, considering Industry 4.0 advances, new research opportunities have emerged which permit artificial reconstruction of object reality to support decision-making. The main contribution of this study is to discuss eight challenges by which to improve research relevance and make both academic and practical contributions. Moreover, several useful data for researchers are provided, including statistics regarding response rates in survey research (dominant paradigm). Finally, these findings can be used to perform further research with additional functional strategies in the companies., [ES] La estrategia de operaciones es un campo de estudio maduro, pero requiere perspectivas novedosas para la investigación futura y para los profesionales en las empresas. Para llenar este vacío, se analizaron 280 artículos mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura, bajo dos enfoques: tópicos (contenido, proceso, prioridades competitivas) y paradigmas de investigación (perspectivas, metodología, diseños, tipologías y paradigmas alternativos de la investigación). Se identificaron y discutieron ocho retos para hacer contribuciones novedosas en las fronteras del conocimiento. Entre otras cuestiones, respecto a la fuente y tipo de información utilizada, se encontró que el paradigma dominante de investigación se relaciona con las percepciones de la gente sobre la realidad objeto de estudio. En este sentido, la literatura sugiere incrementar la investigación a través de la observación directa de la realidad y los estudios experimentales, en lo cual la investigación acción puede jugar un rol importante como paradigma alternativo. Adicionalmente, considerando los avances de la Industria 4.0, han emergido nuevas oportunidades de investigación que permiten la reconstrucción artificial de la realidad para apoyar la toma de decisiones. La principal contribución de este estudio es la discusión de ocho retos para mejorar la relevancia de la investigación y hacer contribuciones tanto académicas como prácticas. Además, se proporcionan varios datos útiles para los investigadores como la tasa de respuesta en la investigación con encuestas (paradigma dominante), entre otros. Finalmente, los hallazgos pueden ser utilizados para investigar otras estrategias funcionales para las empresas.

[EN] Operations strategy is a mature field and requires novel insights for further research and practitioners in companies. To fill this gap, 280 articles were analyzed, by way of a systematic literature review, considering two approaches: topic perspectives (content, process, and competitive priorities), and research paradigms (analysis perspective, general methodology, research design, research typology, and alternative paradigms). Eight challenges were identified and discussed to make novel contributions to cutting-edge knowledge. Among other things, it was found that people’s perceptions of object reality prevail as the dominant paradigm, regarding the source and type of information used. In this sense, the literature suggests additional investigation through the direct observation of object reality and experimental studies, in which the action research approach could play an important role as an alternative paradigm. Additionally, considering Industry 4.0 advances, new research opportunities have emerged which permit artificial reconstruction of object reality to support decision-making. The main contribution of this study is to discuss eight challenges by which to improve research relevance and make both academic and practical contributions. Moreover, several useful data for researchers are provided, including statistics regarding response rates in survey research (dominant paradigm). Finally, these findings can be used to perform further research with additional functional strategies in the companies., [ES] La estrategia de operaciones es un campo de estudio maduro, pero requiere perspectivas novedosas para la investigación futura y para los profesionales en las empresas. Para llenar este vacío, se analizaron 280 artículos mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura, bajo dos enfoques: tópicos (contenido, proceso, prioridades competitivas) y paradigmas de investigación (perspectivas, metodología, diseños, tipologías y paradigmas alternativos de la investigación). Se identificaron y discutieron ocho retos para hacer contribuciones novedosas en las fronteras del conocimiento. Entre otras cuestiones, respecto a la fuente y tipo de información utilizada, se encontró que el paradigma dominante de investigación se relaciona con las percepciones de la gente sobre la realidad objeto de estudio. En este sentido, la literatura sugiere incrementar la investigación a través de la observación directa de la realidad y los estudios experimentales, en lo cual la investigación acción puede jugar un rol importante como paradigma alternativo. Adicionalmente, considerando los avances de la Industria 4.0, han emergido nuevas oportunidades de investigación que permiten la reconstrucción artificial de la realidad para apoyar la toma de decisiones. La principal contribución de este estudio es la discusión de ocho retos para mejorar la relevancia de la investigación y hacer contribuciones tanto académicas como prácticas. Además, se proporcionan varios datos útiles para los investigadores como la tasa de respuesta en la investigación con encuestas (paradigma dominante), entre otros. Finalmente, los hallazgos pueden ser utilizados para investigar otras estrategias funcionales para las empresas.

[EN] Operations strategy is a mature field and requires novel insights for further research and practitioners in companies. To fill this gap, 280 articles were analyzed, by way of a systematic literature review, considering two approaches: topic perspectives (content, process, and competitive priorities), and research paradigms (analysis perspective, general methodology, research design, research typology, and alternative paradigms). Eight challenges were identified and discussed to make novel contributions to cutting-edge knowledge. Among other things, it was found that people’s perceptions of object reality prevail as the dominant paradigm, regarding the source and type of information used. In this sense, the literature suggests additional investigation through the direct observation of object reality and experimental studies, in which the action research approach could play an important role as an alternative paradigm. Additionally, considering Industry 4.0 advances, new research opportunities have emerged which permit artificial reconstruction of object reality to support decision-making. The main contribution of this study is to discuss eight challenges by which to improve research relevance and make both academic and practical contributions. Moreover, several useful data for researchers are provided, including statistics regarding response rates in survey research (dominant paradigm). Finally, these findings can be used to perform further research with additional functional strategies in the companies., [ES] La estrategia de operaciones es un campo de estudio maduro, pero requiere perspectivas novedosas para la investigación futura y para los profesionales en las empresas. Para llenar este vacío, se analizaron 280 artículos mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura, bajo dos enfoques: tópicos (contenido, proceso, prioridades competitivas) y paradigmas de investigación (perspectivas, metodología, diseños, tipologías y paradigmas alternativos de la investigación). Se identificaron y discutieron ocho retos para hacer contribuciones novedosas en las fronteras del conocimiento. Entre otras cuestiones, respecto a la fuente y tipo de información utilizada, se encontró que el paradigma dominante de investigación se relaciona con las percepciones de la gente sobre la realidad objeto de estudio. En este sentido, la literatura sugiere incrementar la investigación a través de la observación directa de la realidad y los estudios experimentales, en lo cual la investigación acción puede jugar un rol importante como paradigma alternativo. Adicionalmente, considerando los avances de la Industria 4.0, han emergido nuevas oportunidades de investigación que permiten la reconstrucción artificial de la realidad para apoyar la toma de decisiones. La principal contribución de este estudio es la discusión de ocho retos para mejorar la relevancia de la investigación y hacer contribuciones tanto académicas como prácticas. Además, se proporcionan varios datos útiles para los investigadores como la tasa de respuesta en la investigación con encuestas (paradigma dominante), entre otros. Finalmente, los hallazgos pueden ser utilizados para investigar otras estrategias funcionales para las empresas.

The purpose of this editorial note is to address the classifications of the paradigms in research, as reflected in various pieces of scientific research, such as: “qualitative Research: guidelines and procedures”, “The paradigms of scientific research”, “The paradigms of research in the social sciences”, “Anthology of qualitative methods in social research” and “The paradigms of scientific research. Advances in Psychology". The writing focuses on only three currents: positivism, interpretative and socio-critical, in such a way that it serves for comparison and scientific knowledge, along with its ontological, epistemic and methodological referents, published in the book “Anthology of qualitative methods in social research”., El propósito de la presente nota editorial es abordar las clasificaciones de los paradigmas en investigación plasmadas en diferentes obras de la investigación científica, tales como: “Investigación cualitativa: orientaciones procedimentales”, “Los paradigmas de la investigación científica”, “Los paradigmas de investigación en las ciencias sociales”, “Antología de métodos cualitativos en la investigación social” y “Los paradigmas de investigación científica. Avances en Psicología”. El escrito se centra en sólo tres corrientes: positivismo, interpretativo y el socio crítico, de manera tal que sirva para la comparación y el conocimiento científico, junto con sus referentes ontológico, epistémico y metodológico, publicados en el libro “Antología de métodos cualitativos en la investigación social”.

Elaborado desde el paradigma crítico de investigación, el presente artículo se trazó como objetivo: reflexionar acerca de la necesidad del replanteo de los paradigmas de investigación, ante las nuevas realidades que impone la pandemia de la Covid 19. Se abordaron los postulados teóricos acerca de la utilidad de los paradigmas de investigación, los dilemas que supone enfrentar investigaciones científicas sobre el SARS-CoV-2 y la Covid 19 en tan breve tiempo, los aportes teórico- metodológicos de la epidemiología crítica y la aplicación de algunos presupuestos metodológicos de la epidemiología crítica a la situación de Cuba en el enfrentamiento a la Covid 19. Se exponen además una diversidad de puntos de vistas con la toma de partido de la autora., The present article has been written from the critical research paradigm with the following objective: to reflect about the necessity of reconsidering current research paradigms due to the new reality imposed by Covid-19 pandemic. It includes the theoretical postulates about the usefulness of research paradigms, the dilemma of carrying out scientific research on SARS-CoV-2 and Covid-19 in such short periods of time, the theoretical and methodological contributions of critical epidemiology, and the implementation of some methodological assumptions of critical epidemiology in the current fight against Covid-19 in Cuba. Several points of view which the author endorses are also presented.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of Philosophical System of Education in the developing regions. This study emphasized on significance of learning of Scientific Research philosophies and paradigms to generate new ideas in business, education & research to meet the challenges faced by developing and growing economies. Methodology: This paper reviews the various theories, philosophies and, paradigm briefly to explore that how, effect of paradigms on the methodologies of research from selection of research topic to data analysis. Findings: The study has found that a theoretical direction of a researcher is very important in producing a creative knowledge. To improve the learning process, education, business and technical schooling and research process there is need to explore this area further. Implications: To improve education system extensive research in this area required. This system will work as an intellectual tool that provide us meaningful path towards financial and social life. Therefore, researchers should learn from previous studies to conduct further research on  Educational philosophical system.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of Philosophical System of Education in the developing regions. This study emphasized on significance of learning of Scientific Research philosophies and paradigms to generate new ideas in business, education & research to meet the challenges faced by developing and growing economies. Methodology: This paper reviews the various theories, philosophies and, paradigm briefly to explore that how, effect of paradigms on the methodologies of research from selection of research topic to data analysis. Findings: The study has found that a theoretical direction of a researcher is very important in producing a creative knowledge. To improve the learning process, education, business and technical schooling and research process there is need to explore this area further. Implications: To improve education system extensive research in this area required. This system will work as an intellectual tool that provide us meaningful path towards financial and social life. Therefore, researchers should learn from previous studies to conduct further research on  Educational philosophical system.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of Philosophical System of Education in the developing regions. This study emphasized on significance of learning of Scientific Research philosophies and paradigms to generate new ideas in business, education & research to meet the challenges faced by developing and growing economies. Methodology: This paper reviews the various theories, philosophies and, paradigm briefly to explore that how, effect of paradigms on the methodologies of research from selection of research topic to data analysis. Findings: The study has found that a theoretical direction of a researcher is very important in producing a creative knowledge. To improve the learning process, education, business and technical schooling and research process there is need to explore this area further. Implications: To improve education system extensive research in this area required. This system will work as an intellectual tool that provide us meaningful path towards financial and social life. Therefore, researchers should learn from previous studies to conduct further research on  Educational philosophical system.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of Philosophical System of Education in the developing regions. This study emphasized on significance of learning of Scientific Research philosophies and paradigms to generate new ideas in business, education & research to meet the challenges faced by developing and growing economies. Methodology: This paper reviews the various theories, philosophies and, paradigm briefly to explore that how, effect of paradigms on the methodologies of research from selection of research topic to data analysis. Findings: The study has found that a theoretical direction of a researcher is very important in producing a creative knowledge. To improve the learning process, education, business and technical schooling and research process there is need to explore this area further. Implications: To improve education system extensive research in this area required. This system will work as an intellectual tool that provide us meaningful path towards financial and social life. Therefore, researchers should learn from previous studies to conduct further research on  Educational philosophical system.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of Philosophical System of Education in the developing regions. This study emphasized on significance of learning of Scientific Research philosophies and paradigms to generate new ideas in business, education & research to meet the challenges faced by developing and growing economies. Methodology: This paper reviews the various theories, philosophies and, paradigm briefly to explore that how, effect of paradigms on the methodologies of research from selection of research topic to data analysis. Findings: The study has found that a theoretical direction of a researcher is very important in producing a creative knowledge. To improve the learning process, education, business and technical schooling and research process there is need to explore this area further. Implications: To improve education system extensive research in this area required. This system will work as an intellectual tool that provide us meaningful path towards financial and social life. Therefore, researchers should learn from previous studies to conduct further research on  Educational philosophical system.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of Philosophical System of Education in the developing regions. This study emphasized on significance of learning of Scientific Research philosophies and paradigms to generate new ideas in business, education & research to meet the challenges faced by developing and growing economies. Methodology: This paper reviews the various theories, philosophies and, paradigm briefly to explore that how, effect of paradigms on the methodologies of research from selection of research topic to data analysis. Findings: The study has found that a theoretical direction of a researcher is very important in producing a creative knowledge. To improve the learning process, education, business and technical schooling and research process there is need to explore this area further. Implications: To improve education system extensive research in this area required. This system will work as an intellectual tool that provide us meaningful path towards financial and social life. Therefore, researchers should learn from previous studies to conduct further research on  Educational philosophical system.

The discussion begins by reviewing the different paradigms or research traditions. Subsequently, the authors draw from theoretical-methodological approaches — such as hermeneutics, self-ethnography, narrative research, action research, postmodern thought, and decolonial theory — to place the researcher as a producer of knowledge whose position influences the research itself. The conclusions emphasize the role played by reflexivity and commitment in the relationship researcher-researched., El ensayo aborda las relaciones entre investigador e investigado. Recupera planteamientos de diversos autores que asumen posiciones no positivistas proponiendo el término coinvestigador para referirse a las personas que acompañan a quien investiga durante el proceso de indagación, compartiendo y reflexionando acerca de sus experiencias de vida. Se revisan distintos paradigmas o tradiciones de investigación y se recuperan planteamientos teórico-metodológicos de la hermenéutica, autoetnografía, investigación narrativa, investigación-acción, pensamiento posmoderno y decolonialidad para colocar al investigado como productor de conocimiento que influye la investigación. Se concluye enfatizando en la reflexividad y los compromisos que entraña la relación investigador-investigado.

Background: Workplace health interventions incorporating qualitative and quantitative components (mixed methods) within a Participatory Action Research approach can increase understanding of contextual issues ensuring realistic interventions which influence health behaviour. Mixed methods research teams, however, face a variety of challenges at the methodological and expertise levels when designing actions and interventions. Addressing these challenges can improve the team’s functionality and lead to higher quality health outcomes. In this paper we reflect on the data collection, implementation and data analysis phases of a mixed methods workplace health promotion project and discuss the challenges which arose within our multidisciplinary team. Methods: This project used mixed methods within a Participatory Action Research approach to address workers’ sun safety behaviours in 14 outdoor workplaces in Queensland, Australia, and elucidate why certain measures succeeded (or failed) at the worker and management level. The project integrated qualitative methods such as policy analysis and interviews, with a range of quantitative methods – including worker surveys, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure measurement, and implementation cost analyses. Results: The research team found the integration of qualitative and quantitative analyses within the Participatory Action Research process to be challenging and a cause of tensions. This had a negative impact on the data analysis process and reporting of results, and the complexity of qualitative analysis was not truly understood by the quantitative team. Once all researchers recognised qualitative and quantitative data would be equally beneficial to the Participatory Action Research process, methodological bias was overcome to a degree to which the team could work cooperatively. Conclusions: Mixed methods within a Participatory Action Research approach may allow a research team to discuss,reflect and

At present it is almost impossible to imagine formal and non-formal education without the use of computers and information and communication technology (ICT), and we can rightly say that modern education is increasingly taking place in a multimedia environment and relying on multimedia teaching and learning. In fact, multimedia with its existence and progress continually poses new challenges to educational technology, but also to the teaching process itself. As a result, classical traditional learning and teaching leaves classrooms, while parallel to that, multimedia becomes an unavoidable segment in the process of acquiring knowledge. The multimedia display provides a better understanding and understanding of teaching content that can be presented in many ways, and which gives a higher educational value. The focus of work is the importance and contribution of the theory of multimedia learning with a focus on activating cognition among students, as well as an analysis of the effectiveness of the use of media in teaching. Also, a special emphasis in the work is focused on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative research methods and techniques for examining the role, significance and efficiency of multimedia teaching and learning in the educational process.

At present it is almost impossible to imagine formal and non-formal education without the use of computers and information and communication technology (ICT), and we can rightly say that modern education is increasingly taking place in a multimedia environment and relying on multimedia teaching and learning. In fact, multimedia with its existence and progress continually poses new challenges to educational technology, but also to the teaching process itself. As a result, classical traditional learning and teaching leaves classrooms, while parallel to that, multimedia becomes an unavoidable segment in the process of acquiring knowledge. The multimedia display provides a better understanding and understanding of teaching content that can be presented in many ways, and which gives a higher educational value. The focus of work is the importance and contribution of the theory of multimedia learning with a focus on activating cognition among students, as well as an analysis of the effectiveness of the use of media in teaching. Also, a special emphasis in the work is focused on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative research methods and techniques for examining the role, significance and efficiency of multimedia teaching and learning in the educational process.

At present it is almost impossible to imagine formal and non-formal education without the use of computers and information and communication technology (ICT), and we can rightly say that modern education is increasingly taking place in a multimedia environment and relying on multimedia teaching and learning. In fact, multimedia with its existence and progress continually poses new challenges to educational technology, but also to the teaching process itself. As a result, classical traditional learning and teaching leaves classrooms, while parallel to that, multimedia becomes an unavoidable segment in the process of acquiring knowledge. The multimedia display provides a better understanding and understanding of teaching content that can be presented in many ways, and which gives a higher educational value. The focus of work is the importance and contribution of the theory of multimedia learning with a focus on activating cognition among students, as well as an analysis of the effectiveness of the use of media in teaching. Also, a special emphasis in the work is focused on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative research methods and techniques for examining the role, significance and efficiency of multimedia teaching and learning in the educational process.

Recent reforms of the Italian university system introduced a centralized national qualification competition (called ASN), necessary for accessing all academic positions in the country. Following a well-known international trend, the new mechanism is founded on rigid standardized indexes of “scientific productivity” based on bibliometric indicators. In economics, women’s lower success rate (35%) compared to men’s (44%) is often connected to lower productivity. We provide evidence matching all candidates’ CVs with their record of publications on EconLit, showing that women’s typical career profiles, e.g. in terms of type of publications, topics and methods of inquiry, were penalized regardless of scientific productivity. Our work aims not only at documenting, through a large scale natural experiment, the causes of the underrepresentation of women in academia (especially in top positions) and within economics, but also at raising the issue of new incentives and constrains that increasingly push women to uniform their careers and their research interests to those of their men colleagues., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

As our identity both enables and constrains our relations with others it is a central feature in any kind of participatory research. Therefore the researchers’ identities can be seen as participatory methods that enable certain types of data gathering. To support a research that contains a plurality of perspectives and methods a diversity of identity positions are needed. In this position paper I therefore sketch a map for researchers’ and participants’ positions in relation to different ontologies and epistemologies. This map can be a useful tool for navigating identities, understanding uncomfortable differences and developing strong research collaborations. The various positions on the map illustrate the diversity of perspectives that are required to describe a complexand flexible social reality. To move across the entire surface of overlapping research paradigms can be away to formulate conflictual, uncomfortable, dynamic and creative research collaborations.

There are many descriptions of interdisciplinarity and how to rate its success, but less research is done on why interdisciplinarity in joint research efforts fails. Explanations are often focused on the conceptual distance between research fields as the cause for communication problems. However, a more pragmatic explanation might be the interaction of participants’ different economic systems in the interdisciplinary setting. In this position paper I take a joint research project at the Department of Computer and Systems Sciences at Stockholm University and the Departmentof Architecture and the Built Environment at KTH, in collaboration with the Royal Institute of Art in Stockholm, as a case to discuss how to support interdisciplinarity by clarifying differences in gameplay between research fields.

This book is an introductory text on design science, intended to support both graduate students and researchers in structuring, undertaking and presenting design science work. It builds on established design science methods as well as recent work on presenting design science studies and ethical principles for design science, and also offers novel instruments for visualizing the results, both in the form of process diagrams and through a canvas format. While the book does not presume any prior knowledge of design science, it provides readers with a thorough understanding of the subject and enables them to delve into much deeper detail, thanks to extensive sections on further reading. Design science in information systems and technology aims to create novel artifacts in the form of models, methods, and systems that support people in developing, using and maintaining IT solutions. This work focuses on design science as applied to information systems and technology, but it also includes examples from, and perspectives of, other fields of human practice. Chapter 1 provides an overview of design science and outlines its ties with empirical research. Chapter 2 discusses the various types and forms of knowledge that can be used and produced by design science research, while Chapter 3 presents a brief overview of common empirical research strategies and methods. Chapter 4 introduces a methodological framework for supporting researchers in doing design science research as well as in presenting their results. This framework includes five core activities, which are described in detail in Chapters 5 to 9. Chapter 10 discusses how to communicate design science results, while Chapter 11 compares the proposed methodological framework with methods for systems development and shows how they can be combined. Chapter 12 discusses how design science relates to research paradigms, in particular to positivism and interpretivism. Lastly, Chapter 13 discusses ethical issues and principles f

Since projects have become vectors of organisational strategy, a governance approach is required in which project activities are managed at all levels of the organisation. Project governance however is a relatively new concept and is best understood through the lenses of different paradigms. Three research paradigms were applied because of their relevance to different facets of project governance. Design science ensured rigour and problem-relevance in developing an artifact of project governance in the form of guiding principles. It was found that their main objectives were strategic alignment and value management. To evaluate the contextual influences on the artifact, the constructivist paradigm was used. These moderating variables were identified as human and organisational factors. At the project level, a pragmatic approach was deemed necessary because of its emphasis on the practical and action. Senior management are advised to give project governance greater attention and make it part of their corporate governance responsibilities.

Educational research has been affected by the crisis in the foundations of the science, which has led to the use of different methodologies and an ongoing process of discussion, reflection and epistemological revision that makes the situation more complex and misleading because it does not limit to the collection of data, but to the relationship between theory and practice. The objective of this research was to uncover trends of the investigative paradigms assumed in the productions made in education doctorates in three Venezuelan universities. The study is constructivist, based on phenomenology. The procedure was performed in three phases: preliminary reading material, analysis and interpretation. From the analysis we can deduce a discrepancy among the model onto-epistemological and methodological assumed for the purpose of study and justify the emphasis on the procedural to the philosophical. From this it emerged that the research trends are directed toward the constructivist paradigm or interpretive naturalist., La crise des fondements de la science a touché la recherche éducative. L’emploi de plusieurs méthodologies et un processus permanent de discussion, de réflexion et de révision épistémologique donnent lieu à une situation plus complexe et qui déconcerte, parce qu’il s’agit non seulement de l’obtention de données, mais aussi du rapport entre la théorie et la pratique. L’objectif de cette recherche était celui de dévoiler les tendances des paradigmes de recherche lors des travaux faits pour obtenir le titre de docteur dans trois universités vénézuéliennes. L’étude est constructiviste et fondée sur la phénoménologie. Celle-ci a été menée dans trois étapes: lecture préliminaire du matériel, analyse et interprétation. Pour ce qui est de l’analyse, il faut remarquer une incongruité entre le modèle onto-épistéméthodologique choisi avec l’objet d’étude et l’emphase pour justifier le procédé au philosophique. Les tendances de recherche sont alors dirigées vers le paradigme constructiviste ou naturaliste-interprétatif., A investigação educacional foi afetada pela crise de fundamentação da ciência, causando a utilização de diversas metodologias, bem como um processo constante de discussão, reflexão e de revisão epistemológica que torna a situação mais complexa e desorientadora, já que não se limita à obtenção dos dados, mas também à relação entre a teoria e a prática. O objetivo do presente estudo foi mostrar as tendências dos paradigmas de pesquisa utilizados nas pesquisas dos doutorados em educação de três universidades venezuelanas. Este estudo é construtivista e se baseia na fenomenologia. O procedimento foi realizado em três fases: leitura preliminar do material, análise e interpretação. Na análise se achou uma incongruência entre o modelo onto-episte-metodológico utilizado como objetivo do estudo e se insistiu consideravelmente em justificar o procedimental em lugar do filosófico. Do estudo pode se concluir que as pesquisas têm tendências ao paradigma construtivista ou naturalista-interpretativo., La investigación educativa ha sido afectada por la crisis de la fundamentación de la ciencia, lo que ha traído consigo la utilización de diversas metodologías y un proceso constante de discusión, reflexión y de revisión epistemológica que hace la situación más compleja y desorientadora, ya que no se limita a la obtención de los datos, sino a la relación entre la teoría y la práctica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue develar las tendencias de los paradigmas investigativos asumidos en las producciones de los doctorados de educación tres universidades venezolanas. El estudio es constructivista, basado en la fenomenología. El procedimiento se realizó en tres fases: lectura preliminar del material, análisis e interpretación. Del análisis se desprende una incongruencia entre el modelo onto-episte-metodológico asumido con el objeto de estudio y el énfasis en justificar lo procedimental en lo filosófico.

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure the views of educational researchers across the dimensions that comprise research paradigms. The development of the instrument, entitled the Research Paradigm Inventory (RPI), was conducted in the hope of providing a mechanism for future research that will enable the examination of prospective links between the ontological, epistemological and methodological orientations of researchers and graduate students who will serve as future inquirers in the field of education. During its development and validation, various aspects of the RPI were examined in accordance with the validity framework outlined by Samuel Messick (1989). According to Messick (1989), the validity of measure interpretation and corresponding action can be examined in terms of content, substantive, structural, generalizability, external and consequential forms of evidence. During this study, the content aspect of validity was addressed through the creation of instrument specifications and the development of items that were mapped to those specifications. In addition, the content aspect of validity was addressed by selecting items that were reviewed by experts, pilot tested, field tested and exhibited high technical quality. The substantive aspect of validity was addressed through an analysis of item rating scale functioning, person fit, item difficulty hierarchies and relationships among instrument scale measures. The structural aspect of validity was addressed through a confirmation of the instrumentâ s dimensionality. The generalizability aspect of validity was addressed through an analysis of person reliability, the precision of item/person parameter estimates and item calibration invariance. The development activities and analyses described above resulted in the creation of six subscales measuring: (1) Realism in Research, (2) Research Objectivism, (3) Quantitative Methodology, (4) Relativism in Research, (5) Research Interpretivism

Drawing on the textual evidence of a number of referees’ reports, this article maps key differences between the humanities and social sciences approaches to the study of pornography, in order to facilitate better understanding and communication between the areas. 1. Social scientists avoid ‘vulgar’ language to describe sex. Humanities scholars need not do so. 2. Social scientists remain committed to the idea of ‘objectivity’ while humanities scholars reject the idea – although this may be a confusion in language, with the term in the social sciences used to mean something more like ‘falsifiability’. 3. Social science assumes that the primary effects of exposure to pornography must be negative. 4. More generally, social science resists paradigm changes, insisting that all new work agrees with research that has gone before. 5. Social science believes that casual sex and sadomasochism are negative; humanities research need not do so.

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure the views of educational researchers across the dimensions that comprise research paradigms. The development of the instrument, entitled the Research Paradigm Inventory (RPI), was conducted in the hope of providing a mechanism for future research that will enable the examination of prospective links between the ontological, epistemological and methodological orientations of researchers and graduate students who will serve as future inquirers in the field of education. During its development and validation, various aspects of the RPI were examined in accordance with the validity framework outlined by Samuel Messick (1989). According to Messick (1989), the validity of measure interpretation and corresponding action can be examined in terms of content, substantive, structural, generalizability, external and consequential forms of evidence. During this study, the content aspect of validity was addressed through the creation of instrument specifications and the development of items that were mapped to those specifications. In addition, the content aspect of validity was addressed by selecting items that were reviewed by experts, pilot tested, field tested and exhibited high technical quality. The substantive aspect of validity was addressed through an analysis of item rating scale functioning, person fit, item difficulty hierarchies and relationships among instrument scale measures. The structural aspect of validity was addressed through a confirmation of the instrument's dimensionality. The generalizability aspect of validity was addressed through an analysis of person reliability, the precision of item/person parameter estimates and item calibration invariance. The development activities and analyses described above resulted in the creation of six subscales measuring: (1) Realism in Research, (2) Research Objectivism, (3) Quantitative Methodology, (4) Relativism in Research, (5) Research Interpretivism a

In the field of Social Sciences, and particularly in the field of education, it is not simple to approach research models or paradigms because there are frequent discussions raised around this topic in dichotomy terms, sometimes antagonistic. It is possible to meet different stances in relation to the generation of scientific knowledge, that is, in relation to the way of ´producing science,ª which implies thinking of models or paradigms that support the different research logics. The objective of this paper is to characterize the main research models or paradigms in education with the purpose of carrying out a methodological analysis of the Research Project: ´Professional Socialization Referents in Universidad Nacional de RÌo Cuarto teachersª (Argentina). In the first part a characterization of the models or paradigms is developed; in the second part, a synthesis of the mentioned Project is presented, and in the third part both an analysis and justification of the project is carried out., En Ciencias Sociales, y particularmente en Educación, no es nada simple abordar los modelos o paradigmas de investigación, ya que son frecuentes las discusiones planteadas en términos dicotómicos, a veces antagónicos, en torno a este tema. Es posible encontrar diversas posturas en relación a la generación de conocimientos científicos, es decir a la manera de “hacer ciencia”, lo cual implica pensar en modelos o paradigmas que sustentan diferentes lógicas de investigación. En este trabajo se caracterizan los principales modelos o paradigmas de investigación en educación, con el propósito de realizar el análisis metodológico del Proyecto de Investigación .Referentes de socialización profesional en profesores de la Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. (Argentina). En la primera parte se desarrolla una caracterización de los modelos o paradigmas, en la segunda se presenta una síntesis del mencionado Proyecto y, en la tercera se realiza un análisis y justificación del mismo.

This thesis aims to contribute to the restructuring of the research field of ICT in education by trying to reduce the complexity of the research with an analysis of the research from the perspective of research of science. The analysis provides a second order observation of research especially from a paradigm point of view. The concept of paradigm has been re-defined by applying Niklas Luhmann’s (1995) theory of social systems. The main research task of this thesis is to describe the paradigms structuring scientific communication in research on ICT integration in education. The research questions here are based on the understanding that paradigms are structures of the social communicative systems of science, creating expectations for the researcher about the scientific nature of the research. The definition of the paradigm as a selective structure in a social communicative system of science implicitly defines that the communication within the system is language by nature. In this research, to separate it from linguistics, the focus is in the use of language in research context, not in language itself. In practice, the paradigms of research on ICT integration in education are analyzed through qualitative analysis of metaphors containing ontological assumptions of research and rhetoric convincing the scientific community of the scientific nature and the interest of research. The sample articles have been selected according to such a criteria that they can be seen representing the core of the scientific communication in the field. From the education point of view, the mainstream of research on ICT integration in education has led to an immersion of the learning theoretical foundation of the research into techno-economic paradigms — and in a sense led to fading of broader educational and social perspectives. The mainstream of the research is shadowing the research that has social and cultural approaches and critical research interests related to a changing educ, Tiivistelmä Tämä tutkimus liittyy tieto- ja viestintätekniikan opetuskäytön poikkitieteellisen tutkimusalueen jäsentämiseen ja selkiinnyttämiseen. Tutkimuksen lähestymistapa on tutkimuksen tutkimus, jossa tutkimusaluetta tarkastellaan reflektiivisesti ns. toisen tason havainnointina. Tutkimuksessa lähestytään tieto- ja viestintätekniikan opetuskäytön tutkimusaluetta paradigma -käsitteen avulla, joka määritellään Niklas Luhmann’in (1995) sosiaalisen järjestelmän teoriaa hyödyntäen tieteellisen kommunikaatiojärjestelmän valikoiviksi rakenteeksi. Tutkimusongelmat keskittyvät näiden rakenteiden kuvailemiseen olettaen, että nämä valikoivat rakenteet luovat tutkijoille odotuksia tutkimuksen perusolettamuksista. Paradigmat tieteellisen kommunikatiivisen järjestelmän rakenteina perustuvat kieleen, jota käytetään tutkimusten raportoinnissa sekä muussa tieteellisessä kommunikaatiossa. Tässä tutkimuksessa näitä rakenteita tutkitaan kansainvälisissä tutkimusartikkeleissa esiintyvien tieto- ja viestintätekniikan opetuskäyttöön liittyvien metaforisten ilmauksien sekä tutkimuksen lähtökohtiin ja intresseihin liittyvän retoriikan kautta. Tulkinnassa käytetään kielen käytön tutkimuksen menetelmiä, pitäytyen metaforisten ilmausten sekä retoriikan yhdenmukaisuuksien ja erojen analysoimisessa. Analyysin tarkoituksena on jäsentää tieteellisen kommunikaation paradigmaattisia rakenteita. Tutkimuksen tuloksena voidaan lyhyesti todeta, että tieto- ja viestintätekniikan opetuskäytön tutkimusta luonnehtii voimakas instrumentaalinen sekä teknis-taloudellinen suuntaus. Suurin osa tutkimusta hallitsevista metaforista sekä paradigmoista voidaan nähdä tämän laajemman suuntauksen osina. Orastava sosio-kulttuurinen tutkimus-suuntaus on selvästi edellä mainitun pääsuuntauksen varjossa. Oppimisteoreettisesti orientoitunut opetusteknologinen tutkimus korostaa yhteistoiminnallisuutta ja sosiaalista kontekstia oppimisen edellytyksenä. Tutkimusparadigmojen näkökulmasta myös tämä tutkimusorientaatio noudat

During the last decades horticultural science started a transition from an empirical, trial and error based science into a scientific discipline which is based on understanding and process knowledge. In the same period, society began to re-assess the role of horticulture using a much wider range of criteria than the traditional achievements of amount of physical product or production value. For horticultural science to contribute to these issues old paradigms need to be replaced by new concepts. In this paper the new challenges and perspectives are described and it is shown how renewal of agricultural and horticultural sciences will enable them to contribute to a new mission in a dynamic society.