Search

In recent decades, there has been increasing research interest in individuals’ support of and resistance to climate and environmental policy instruments. However, there is an empirical bias in the literature, as few studies have been conducted in low-income countries. Based on a survey with 4,766 respondents we identify the level of public acceptability for climate policy instruments and their determinants in East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda). While our sample is not fully representative of the East-African population, we capture highly educated individuals in urban areas, who are likely to have a large influence on policy processes. In line with previous studies in other contexts, we find that higher education and climate change concern are linked to the acceptability of policies aimed at reducing fossil fuel consumption. Specifying how the revenue from a climate tax or subsidy removal would be used, almost doubled the support for these policy instruments. In contrast to earlier studies, we find that investments in social programmes, not environmental programmes, was the revenue specification that increased the acceptability the most. One possible explanation would be that in a context where poverty is more prevalent, social issues are more salient to people. We also find weak associations between trust in government and the acceptability of climate policy instruments in East Africa and large heterogeneity across the five focal East African countries. Besides establishing an empirical foundation for future research on climate policy support in East Africa, the study provides essential policy insights: Investing in education and improved information, contributing to increased awareness and understanding of climate concerns, can potentially increase support for climate policy proposals also in the East African context. Earmarking revenues from climate policy instruments for social programmes may also significantly boost support. However, as o

Renewable energy sources (RES) play a crucial role in the decarbonisation of the electricity system. Their share in electricity production has grown significantly since 2005 and it is expected to grow further to reach over 70% of gross electricity generation in 2030. This development will change electricity market dynamics and increase the need for flexible power. The introduction of RES has so far been policy driven. Technology development has progressed thanks to massive public support to deployment. Different modes of support have been used, with various impacts on the market. We need to continue to move towards more market-based instruments in order to reduce both overall support costs and the distortive impact on the market, and in particular towards self-standing instruments such as power purchase agreements (PPAs). The key question is whether and when renewable technologies can become competitive in the electricity market. A complication is their cost structure, with close to zero marginal costs. Our analysis shows that their profitability depends on both the price level of energy commodities and the carbon price, and the flexibility of the electricity system to reduce the cannibalisation effect that renewables have on their own revenues. As renewables move to open merchant markets, we need to ensure adequate investments by introducing different forms of long-term contracts. Such contracts would contribute to stabilise market revenues of these investments, thereby benefiting both consumers and producers while ensuring market-based solutions.

Background: COVID-19 mitigation measures intend to protect public health, but their adverse psychological, social, and economic effects weaken public support. Less favorable trade-offs may especially weaken support for more restrictive measures. Support for mitigation measures may also differ between population subgroups who experience different benefits and costs, and decrease over time, a phenomenon termed “pandemic fatigue.” Methods: We examined self-reported support for COVID-19 mitigation measures in the Netherlands over 12 consecutives waves of data collection between April 2020 and May 2021 in an open population cohort study. Participants were recruited through community panels of the 25 regional public health services, and through links to the online surveys advertised on social media. The 54,010 unique participants in the cohort study on average participated in 4 waves of data collection. Most participants were female (65%), middle-aged [57% (40–69 years)], highly educated (57%), not living alone (84%), residing in an urban area (60%), and born in the Netherlands (95%). Results: COVID-19 mitigation measures implemented in the Netherlands remained generally well-supported over time [all scores >3 on 5-point scale ranging 1 (low)−5 (high)]. During the whole period studied, support was highest for personal hygiene measures, quarantine and wearing face masks, high but somewhat lower for not shaking hands, testing and self-isolation, and restricting social contacts, and lowest for limiting visitors at home, and not traveling abroad. Women and higher educated people were more supportive of some mitigation measures than men and lower educated people. Older people were more supportive of more restrictive measures than younger people, and support for more socially restrictive measures decreased most over time in higher educated people or in younger people. Conclusions: This study found no support for pandemic fatigue in terms of a gradual decline in support fo

The public may sometimes resist orders to cull wildlife, even when these pose a biosecurity threat. Managers and researchers desire to know why this is so. Research overwhelmingly focuses on the role of the species in conditioning resistance but our approach also shows the circumstances, settings, people responsible and methods used that undermine the legitimacy of the cull. We bring these together and use a social licence to operate (SLO) framework to demonstrate how support for wildlife culling in the context of biosecurity may be revoked. In the absence of SLO, resistance to wildlife culling can range from personal unease at seeing a cherished species or a neighbourhood fox being culled, to openly confronting the municipal hunter. By interviewing (n = 32) and following (n = 4) municipal hunter in Swedish cities who cull wildlife individuals or populations deemed to pose a threat to public health, safety or other societal interests, we uncover parameters by which culling wildlife are deemed to be problematic: who performs the culling, when the culling is done, how it is done and where it is done. This leads us to the concept of necroaesthetics: taboo ways of taking animal lives. In a unique perspective, we apprehend two forms of resistance: one that hunters attribute to the public and that of hunters' own unease at performing certain culling interventions. While the public and municipal hunters disagree, they also have similar criteria for opposing culls. We conclude by considering the future of the SLO of culling wildlife for biosecurity, including the subjective nature of its Revocation. This goes toward identifying parameters that make culls likely to produce controversy, hence granting some predictive value for managers in their planning.

Urban green infrastructure can help cities tackle biodiversity loss and support well-being, but also contribute to climate change mitigation. This can be enhanced with green infrastructure policies that favor biodiversity, residential well-being, or climate benefits such as carbon sequestration. However, assessing public support for policies favoring specific green infrastructure outcomes, or potential trade-offs between them, is vital to understanding the social implications that such policies may have upon implementation. This paper presents the results of a public participation GIS (PPGIS) survey (n = 3 237) in Helsinki, Finland, concerning public support for policies favoring diverse climate, biodiversity, and well-being outcomes in green infrastructure. The results of the survey, derived with spatial and aspatial analyses, indicate that urban residents strongly support green infrastructure policies that favor climate benefits such as carbon sequestration, and are more willing to compromise the well-being benefits, rather than the biodiversity, of green infrastructure in favor of climate benefits. The results also reveal how support for policies favoring different green infrastructure outcomes varies spatially across the city, manifesting into priority areas of support for climate, biodiversity, and well-being outcomes. Finally, different ways of valuing and utilizing green infrastructure, and the socio-economic background of the respondents, predict support for policies favoring different green infrastructure outcomes. Our methods and results help take global political targets of mitigating climate change and reversing biodiversity loss into practice in cities in a manner that acknowledges the plurality of understandings on how green infrastructure should be managed, for whom, and most importantly, where.

Our objective is to estimate the effect of public low-interest loans for R&D projects on the probability of performing R&D by Spanish firms. The estimations provide evidence of the effectiveness of public low-interest loans, being the stimulus effect larger for SMEs than for large firms and also higher for manufacturing than for services. Supported firms are approxi-mately 25 percentage points more likely to self-finance their R&D investments than non-supported firms. The effect is quite relevant if we consider that the probability of self-financing R&D activities is 53.2 percentage points higher when the firm has invested in R&D activities in the previous year. This result suggests that firms can be induced persistently to perform R&D activities by means of loans., Depto. de Análisis Económico y Economía Cuantitativa, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, inpress

Urban green infrastructure can help cities tackle biodiversity loss and support well-being, but also contribute to climate change mitigation. This can be enhanced with green infrastructure policies that favor biodiversity, residential well-being, or climate benefits such as carbon sequestration. However, assessing public support for policies favoring specific green infrastructure outcomes, or potential trade-offs between them, is vital to understanding the social implications that such policies may have upon implementation. This paper presents the results of a public participation GIS (PPGIS) survey (n = 3 237) in Helsinki, Finland, concerning public support for policies favoring diverse climate, biodiversity, and well-being outcomes in green infrastructure. The results of the survey, derived with spatial and aspatial analyses, indicate that urban residents strongly support green infrastructure policies that favor climate benefits such as carbon sequestration, and are more willing to compromise the well-being benefits, rather than the biodiversity, of green infrastructure in favor of climate benefits. The results also reveal how support for policies favoring different green infrastructure outcomes varies spatially across the city, manifesting into priority areas of support for climate, biodiversity, and well-being outcomes. Finally, different ways of valuing and utilizing green infrastructure, and the socio-economic background of the respondents, predict support for policies favoring different green infrastructure outcomes. Our methods and results help take global political targets of mitigating climate change and reversing biodiversity loss into practice in cities in a manner that acknowledges the plurality of understandings on how green infrastructure should be managed, for whom, and most importantly, where., Urban green infrastructure can help cities tackle biodiversity loss and support well-being, but also contribute to climate change mitigation. This can be enhanced with green infrastructure policies that favor biodiversity, residential well-being, or climate benefits such as carbon sequestration. However, assessing public support for policies favoring specific green infrastructure outcomes, or potential trade-offs between them, is vital to understanding the social implications that such policies may have upon implementation. This paper presents the results of a public participation GIS (PPGIS) survey (n = 3 237) in Helsinki, Finland, concerning public support for policies favoring diverse climate, biodiversity, and well-being outcomes in green infrastructure. The results of the survey, derived with spatial and aspatial analyses, indicate that urban residents strongly support green infrastructure policies that favor climate benefits such as carbon sequestration, and are more willing to compromise the well-being benefits, rather than the biodiversity, of green infrastructure in favor of climate benefits. The results also reveal how support for policies favoring different green infrastructure outcomes varies spatially across the city, manifesting into priority areas of support for climate, biodiversity, and well-being outcomes. Finally, different ways of valuing and utilizing green infrastructure, and the socio-economic background of the respondents, predict support for policies favoring different green infrastructure outcomes. Our methods and results help take global political targets of mitigating climate change and reversing biodiversity loss into practice in cities in a manner that acknowledges the plurality of understandings on how green infrastructure should be managed, for whom, and most importantly, where.

The public may sometimes resist orders to cull wildlife, even when these pose a biosecurity threat. Managers and researchers desire to know why this is so. Research overwhelmingly focuses on the role of the species in conditioning resistance but our approach also shows the circumstances, settings, people responsible and methods used that undermine the legitimacy of the cull. We bring these together and use a social licence to operate (SLO) framework to demonstrate how support for wildlife culling in the context of biosecurity may be revoked. In the absence of SLO, resistance to wildlife culling can range from personal unease at seeing a cherished species or a neighbourhood fox being culled, to openly confronting the municipal hunter. By interviewing (n = 32) and following (n = 4) municipal hunter in Swedish cities who cull wildlife individuals or populations deemed to pose a threat to public health, safety or other societal interests, we uncover parameters by which culling wildlife are deemed to be problematic: who performs the culling, when the culling is done, how it is done and where it is done. This leads us to the concept of necroaesthetics: taboo ways of taking animal lives. In a unique perspective, we apprehend two forms of resistance: one that hunters attribute to the public and that of hunters' own unease at performing certain culling interventions. While the public and municipal hunters disagree, they also have similar criteria for opposing culls. We conclude by considering the future of the SLO of culling wildlife for biosecurity, including the subjective nature of its Revocation. This goes toward identifying parameters that make culls likely to produce controversy, hence granting some predictive value for managers in their planning. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

There are large variations between and within countries’ performance in coping with the Covid-19 pandemic. This study assesses the efficiency of different provinces in Sweden in managing the pandemic. Its objective to estimate the relative efficiency of provinces during the pandemic and identify the key determinants of the level and variations in their performance. Performance is measured as efficiency in keeping the number of negative outcomes low and the number of positive outcomes high for given resources. It uses a parametric distance function approach with multi-input, multi-output, and a flexible functional form for estimating the provinces’ efficiency and the variations in this efficiency over time. Variations in their performance are attributed to the observable characteristics of their socioeconomic, locational, demographic, and healthcare resources. The empirical part is based on a panel data of the population in 21 provinces observed on a weekly basis from January 2020 to September 2021. In particular, the paper estimates the effects of public support and vaccinations on a reduction in the number of deaths and the spread of new cases. The level and variations in outcomes are explained by various provinces and local and national policies. The results show large variations in provinces’ performance and their persistence/transitory nature attributed to their observable characteristics. The paper suggests some policy recommendations to help cope with the threat of the pandemic post the removal of restrictions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables.

Unless just and inclusive, transitions to low carbon-energy systems are unlikely to receive sufficient legitimacy and broad public support. While research on inequalities and injustices in energy transitions is growing, these issues remain less explored in the case of the digitalisation of the energy systems through smart grids and smart homes. This paper aims to synthetise our understandings of inequality, exclusion and vulnerability in energy transitions by systemically analysing different dimensions of marginalisation in the transition to a digitalised electricity infrastructure in Sweden. To synthetise understandings of marginalisation and exclusion, conceptualisations of these processes in different social science approaches to energy studies are reviewed. Moreover, an empirical analysis of interviews with a range of Swedish actors such as energy utilities, social housing developers or pensioner organisations is carried out and enriched by previous research on smart grid users. The empirical analysis demonstrates what specific forms that diverse categories of marginalisation, as already identified generally in different social science approaches to energy studies, may take in smart grids. We argue that marginalisation of household users in smart grids may take place along multiple dimensions, relating to matters of literacy, participation, infrastructure, and the economy. The analysis suggests that bundles of marginalisation aspects concerning household users in sustainable energy transitions should be recognised and addressed simultaneously.

Urban green infrastructure can help cities tackle biodiversity loss and support well-being, but also contribute to climate change mitigation. This can be enhanced with green infrastructure policies that favor biodiversity, residential well-being, or climate benefits such as carbon sequestration. However, assessing public support for policies favoring specific green infrastructure outcomes, or potential trade-offs between them, is vital to understanding the social implications that such policies may have upon implementation. This paper presents the results of a public participation GIS (PPGIS) survey (n = 3 237) in Helsinki, Finland, concerning public support for policies favoring diverse climate, biodiversity, and well-being outcomes in green infrastructure. The results of the survey, derived with spatial and aspatial analyses, indicate that urban residents strongly support green infrastructure policies that favor climate benefits such as carbon sequestration, and are more willing to compromise the well-being benefits, rather than the biodiversity, of green infrastructure in favor of climate benefits. The results also reveal how support for policies favoring different green infrastructure outcomes varies spatially across the city, manifesting into priority areas of support for climate, biodiversity, and well-being outcomes. Finally, different ways of valuing and utilizing green infrastructure, and the socio-economic background of the respondents, predict support for policies favoring different green infrastructure outcomes. Our methods and results help take global political targets of mitigating climate change and reversing biodiversity loss into practice in cities in a manner that acknowledges the plurality of understandings on how green infrastructure should be managed, for whom, and most importantly, where., Urban green infrastructure can help cities tackle biodiversity loss and support well-being, but also contribute to climate change mitigation. This can be enhanced with green infrastructure policies that favor biodiversity, residential well-being, or climate benefits such as carbon sequestration. However, assessing public support for policies favoring specific green infrastructure outcomes, or potential trade-offs between them, is vital to understanding the social implications that such policies may have upon implementation. This paper presents the results of a public participation GIS (PPGIS) survey (n = 3 237) in Helsinki, Finland, concerning public support for policies favoring diverse climate, biodiversity, and well-being outcomes in green infrastructure. The results of the survey, derived with spatial and aspatial analyses, indicate that urban residents strongly support green infrastructure policies that favor climate benefits such as carbon sequestration, and are more willing to compromise the well-being benefits, rather than the biodiversity, of green infrastructure in favor of climate benefits. The results also reveal how support for policies favoring different green infrastructure outcomes varies spatially across the city, manifesting into priority areas of support for climate, biodiversity, and well-being outcomes. Finally, different ways of valuing and utilizing green infrastructure, and the socio-economic background of the respondents, predict support for policies favoring different green infrastructure outcomes. Our methods and results help take global political targets of mitigating climate change and reversing biodiversity loss into practice in cities in a manner that acknowledges the plurality of understandings on how green infrastructure should be managed, for whom, and most importantly, where.

Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine hat bewirkt, dass Kiew von den 27 Staaten der EU rasch und, wie Kritiker meinen, übereilt der Kandidatenstatus zugesprochen wurde. Einstweilen können Beitrittsverhandlungen nur auf einer Nebenbühne vorbereitet werden. Im Zentrum steht das Kriegsgeschehen, dessen Ausgang ungewiss ist. Für die EU heißt das, die Ukraine militärisch wie finanziell zu unterstützen und die interna­tionale Hilfe für den Wiederaufbau mit zu organisieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist zu erwarten, dass die EU ihre Beziehungen zur Ukraine nicht allein nach bekanntem Erweiterungsdrehbuch gestalten wird. Sie sollte vielmehr drei Handlungsrahmen auf­einander abstimmen: die künftigen Beitrittsverhandlungen, den laufenden Assozi­ie­rungsprozess und mögliche neue Formate wie eine Europäische Politische Gemeinschaft oder einen Europäischen Politik- und Wirtschaftsraum. (Autorenreferat)

Russia's war against Ukraine has led the EU-27 to grant Kyiv EU-candidate status quickly - even hastily, in the view of critics. For now, however, the preparation of accession negotiations can only be a secondary concern. The war, with its uncertain outcome, takes centre stage. For the EU this means supporting Ukraine militarily as well as financially and helping to organise international aid for reconstruction. Given this context, we should expect the EU not simply to adhere to the usual enlargement script in shaping its relations with Ukraine. Instead, it should coordinate three frame­works for action: the future accession negotiations, the current process of association, and potential new formats, such as a European Political Community or a Euro­pean Political and Economic Area. (author's abstract)

Das vorliegende Gutachten geht zunächst darauf ein, welche Rolle parteinahe Stiftungen innehaben und welche Aufgaben ihnen obliegen. Er zeigt sodann auf, welche Bedeutung den Grund- und Menschenrechten im Bereich der politischen Bildung und damit auch den parteinahen Stiftungen bei der Erfüllung ihrer Aufgaben zukommen. Hierbei wird vor allem verdeutlicht, warum es zur Aufgabe von politischer Bildung gehört, gegenwärtige Erscheinungsformen von Rassismus und Rechtsextremismus und in diesem Zusammenhang auch die AfD kritisch zu thematisieren. Es wird außerdem erörtert, warum den Grund- und Menschenrechten eine ebenso zentrale Bedeutung zukommt, wenn es um die Wahrnehmung weiterer Aufgaben geht, die die politischen Stiftungen neben der politischen Bildung haben. Schließlich legt das Gutachten dar, warum es nicht nur zulässig, sondern rechtlich geboten ist, die der AfD nahestehende Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung von staatlicher Förderung auszuschließen

Livestock farming and the environmentally friendly management of Alpine pastures represent a traditional form of mountain farming. Grazing and the maintenance of pastures and the Alps are publicly subsidised in recognition of the ecological importance of the activities and because the costs are higher than usual due to the mountainous topography. Among the numerous support measures, payments made for agri-environmental measures and compensatory allowances for disadvantaged areas have proved to be the most effective arrangements for the ongoing management of Alpine pastures. This article analyses international and regional differences and similarities in objectives, processes, definitions/specifications and financial resources of these agricultural policy regulations for the preservation of this mountain cultural landscape. Since the payment system is not the only factor influencing the development of Alpine pasture farming, the relationship between the development of farms and tourism and regional economic conditions is analysed by way of an example. Based on the results and on the findings from expert interviews, the authors deduce recommendations for action for sustainable policies in mountain areas.

The addresses of national leaders can affect their public support and spur changes in the country's economy. To date, very few studies exist establishing these relationships, and no research has been done on the addresses from Vladimir Putin. In this paper we fill this knowledge gap by analysing the nationwide phone-ins of Putin, a special annual format where he addresses the public, and using structural topic modelling studying their topics over time. Furthermore, we relate these topics to public approval of the president and the government as well as to some Russian macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and budget expenditures. Based on our data containing 1938 responses and almost 250 thousand words, we identify 16 main topics covering areas from healthcare and education through economics to elections and legislation. We find that the topic of foreign affairs has gained in popularity over time the most (from around 4.5% at the beginning to more than 10% starting from 2014). Another topic, consistently gaining weight in the president's statements, is related to solving particular problems of the general public (from 8% to 12.5%) and is significantly correlated with subsequent decrease in the country's unemployment (Pearson's correlation coefficient -0.502). We also find that when the government's support is decreasing, Putin tends to discuss more socially significant topics (e.g., inflation, healthcare, Pearson's coef. around -0.5), while when the support is rising, he speaks more about foreign affairs (Pearson's coef. 0.773). Our study provides first evidence that Vladimir Putin may adapt the content of his phone-in meetings to gather public support and influence the country's economy. © 2022 The Author(s)

Diplomová práce se zabývá analýzou role veřejného sektoru v rámci podpory inovačních aktivit firem ve vybraných zemích střední a východní Evropy. Teoretická část je věnována znalostem, které jsou elementární pro tvorbu inovací, včetně popisu dvou protichůdných přístupů k inovacím. Na teoretickou část navazuje část praktická, v níž byly pomocí statistických modelů identifikovány signifikantní determinanty inovačních aktivit podniků ve vybraných evropských zemích., The diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the role of the public sector in supporting the innovative activities of companies in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The theoretical part is devoted to knowledge that is essential for the creation of innovations, including a description of two opposing approaches to innovation. The theoretical part is followed by a practical part, in which significant determinants of innovative activities of companies in selected European countries were identified using statistical models., Fakulta ekonomicko-správní, Student představil komisi svou diplomovou práci s názvem Analýza role veřejného sektoru v rámci podpory inovačních aktivit firem. Cílem práce bylo analyzovat roli veřejného sektoru v rámci podpory inovačních aktivit firem, představit různé formy podpory inovačních aktivit firem ze strany veřejného sektoru, za využití standardních statistických metod zanalyzovat vliv vybrané formy veřejné podpory na inovace firem ve vybraných evropských státech, komparovat zvolené země a navrhnout vlastní doporučení. V rámci prezentace student popsal cíl, postup a výsledky zpracované analýzy. Po prezentaci seznámila předsedkyně komise ostatní členy s posudky vedoucího a oponenta práce a vyzvala studenta k zodpovězení otázek z posudků. Následovala rozprava, během které byly studentovi položeny následující dotazy: Otázka 1. Výsledky ukazují, že podpora inovačních aktivit v Německu klesá, ve kterých státech roste? Otázka 2. Proč jste použil data z roku 2012-2014 a ne novější? Proč je Německo stéle lídrem v podpoře inovačních aktivit? Student uvedené otázky zodpověděl., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The need to curb global warming is evident, and efficient climate policies are essential. But within the democratic context, public support for climate politics is needed to implement mitigation efforts. Sweden has long been known as a forerunner for climate change mitigation, however, there are indications that the voters’ interest in climate politics is waning. This study aims to visualize the evolution of spatial patterns of support for climate politics on a regional level in Sweden between 2006-2018 and explore how selected factors might be related to the trends on a regional level. This is done by constructing the Climate Prioritization Index, which is based on the voter’s perceptions of the political parties’ climate politics since the study is concerned with what steers voters’ behaviour. It is found that, on a national level there was a moderate increase in the propensity to vote for the climate until 2011, when a dramatic decline was initiated. The southern regions pioneered the drastic decrease, where South Sweden had the most extreme decline. Even though this trend is nationwide, the northern regions and Stockholm show persistence in their support for climate politics. Regional level labour income does not appear to have an effect, neither do climate tax, while the effects from access to public transport and price on gasoline are ambiguous and CO2 emissions per capita has a panoptic positive relation. The persistence in the pattern is likely related to interdependence of voters and the neighbourhood effect, and the mechanism in which the voters position themselves according to the political reference point in their region. The overall decline can, partially, be explained by the collective action of political participation, where the voter is discouraged to vote if the party they voted for does not gain power, as the voter loses the sense of political usefulness.

Congestion charging is generally regarded as an effective tool to manage the ongoing growth in road use and to abate congestion. However, public support is typically very low and therefore very few charging schemes have been implemented. The concept of tradable peak credits (TPC), which is based on the cap-and-trade principle, has characteristics that are believed to lead to more public support. First, a TPC system is revenue-neutral since the money circulates within the user group. Also, the expected effectiveness, and thereby support, may be higher because, in a TPC system, the operator has more control over the inflow of cars due to the firm cap. Lastly, the allocation of free credits provides the opportunity to address equity issues. This paper aims to quantify the levels of support for TPC among the public and to explore what the influence of scheme design, personal characteristics and attitudes is on these levels of support. To that end, a stated choice experiment has been conducted in which respondents were asked whether they would vote for the implementation of different TPC schemes. The discrete choice model shows that 32%, and up to a small majority of 52%, would support different TPC schemes. Most people, however, like or dislike TPC regardless of the scheme design. It is attitudes, and to a limited extent also socio-demographics, that relate to someone's level of support, rather than the scheme characteristics. Support is especially higher among people who find TPC fair and effective, who live outside the borders of the municipality and are lower educated. Although the results indicate that a small majority would support a TPC scheme, directions for future research are given to supplement this study., Transport and Logistics

This article begins with a theoretical exploration of the concept of organizational culture, relating elements such as business efficiency, adaptability and sustainability, in order to focus the reader on the concepts of organizational performance and thus determine the organizational aspects that would be affected by government support. The construction of the document focuses on achieving the objective: To determine the effect of governmental and private support on the organizational model of green businesses in the Bogota Region, from a Resource-Based View of the Firm (RBV). For this reason, after the theoretical review phase and the conceptual framework that guides the reader and supports the categories of analysis, a Multiple Correlation Analysis is applied to sixty-six green businesses in the Central Administrative and Special Planning Region (RAPE in Spanish), by which factorial variables are established which show the relationship between institutions that received support and those that did not, along with the differences that are manifested in their organizational models from the perspective of the RBV., Este artigo inicia com uma exploração teórica do conceito de cultura organizacional, relacionando elementos como eficiência empresarial, adaptabilidade e sustentabilidade, a fim de focar o leitor nos conceitos de desempenho organizacional e, assim, determinar os aspectos organizacionais que seriam afetados por um governo. Apoio, suporte. A construção do documento concentra-se em responder ao objetivo: Determinar o efeito do apoio governamental e privado sobre o modelo organizacional de negócios verdes na Região de Bogotá, a partir de uma perspectiva baseada nos recursos da empresa ou The Resource-Based View of the Firm (RBV ) Após a fase de revisão teórica e referencial conceitual que orienta o leitor e subsidia as categorias de análise, é aplicada uma análise de correlação múltipla destinada a sessenta e seis empresas verdes da Região Administrativa Central e do Planejamento Especial (RAPE), com as quais se encontram variáveis fatoriais estabelecidas que evidenciam a relação entre as instituições que tiveram apoio e as que não tiveram, bem como as diferenças que se manifestam em seu modelo organizacional na perspectiva da RBV., Este artículo inicia con una exploración teórica del concepto de cultura organizacional, relacionando elementos como eficiencia empresarial, adaptabilidad y sustentabilidad, con el fin de enfocar al lector en los conceptos de desempeño organizacional y así determinar los aspectos organizacionales que se verían afectados por parte de un apoyo gubernamental. La construcción del documento se centra en responder el objetivo general “Determinar el efecto de los apoyos gubernamentales y privados en el desempeño organizacional, en los negocios verdes en Bogotá Región”. Es por esto que, luego de la fase de revisión teórica y marco conceptual, se procede a la aplicación de un Análisis de Correlación Múltiple dirigido a sesenta y seis negocios verdes de Bogotá Región, con el cual se establecen unas variables factoriales que muestran la relación entre instituciones que hayan contado o no con apoyos.

Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 disease, many countries in the world have been forced to impose non-pharmaceutical policy interventions such as lockdowns to stop community transmission. Although justified by public health reasons, this constitutes a great deprivation of freedom. I investigate public support for the lockdown policy in Spain, one of the countries most affected by the pandemic and with the strictest lockdown in Europe. Based on survey data collected during the first weeks of April and May 2020, Ianalyse how public support for the lockdown relates to the number of confirmed cases in the province of residence, personal institutional trust and concern about the severity of coronavirus. I find that public approval of the lockdown significantly relates to the evolution of COVID cases, institutional trust, political ideology and personal economic situation.

This article begins with a theoretical exploration of the concept of organizational culture, relating elements such as business efficiency, adaptability and sustainability, in order to focus the reader on the concepts of organizational performance and thus determine the organizational aspects that would be affected by government support. The construction of the document focuses on achieving the objective: To determine the effect of governmental and private support on the organizational model of green businesses in the Bogota Region, from a Resource-Based View of the Firm (RBV). For this reason, after the theoretical review phase and the conceptual framework that guides the reader and supports the categories of analysis, a Multiple Correlation Analysis is applied to sixty-six green businesses in the Central Administrative and Special Planning Region (RAPE in Spanish), by which factorial variables are established which show the relationship between institutions that received support and those that did not, along with the differences that are manifested in their organizational models from the perspective of the RBV., Este artigo inicia com uma exploração teórica do conceito de cultura organizacional, relacionando elementos como eficiência empresarial, adaptabilidade e sustentabilidade, a fim de focar o leitor nos conceitos de desempenho organizacional e, assim, determinar os aspectos organizacionais que seriam afetados por um governo. Apoio, suporte. A construção do documento concentra-se em responder ao objetivo: Determinar o efeito do apoio governamental e privado sobre o modelo organizacional de negócios verdes na Região de Bogotá, a partir de uma perspectiva baseada nos recursos da empresa ou The Resource-Based View of the Firm (RBV ) Após a fase de revisão teórica e referencial conceitual que orienta o leitor e subsidia as categorias de análise, é aplicada uma análise de correlação múltipla destinada a sessenta e seis empresas verdes da Região Administrativa Central e do Planejamento Especial (RAPE), com as quais se encontram variáveis fatoriais estabelecidas que evidenciam a relação entre as instituições que tiveram apoio e as que não tiveram, bem como as diferenças que se manifestam em seu modelo organizacional na perspectiva da RBV., Este artículo inicia con una exploración teórica del concepto de cultura organizacional, relacionando elementos como eficiencia empresarial, adaptabilidad y sustentabilidad, con el fin de enfocar al lector en los conceptos de desempeño organizacional y así determinar los aspectos organizacionales que se verían afectados por parte de un apoyo gubernamental. La construcción del documento se centra en responder el objetivo general “Determinar el efecto de los apoyos gubernamentales y privados en el desempeño organizacional, en los negocios verdes en Bogotá Región”. Es por esto que, luego de la fase de revisión teórica y marco conceptual, se procede a la aplicación de un Análisis de Correlación Múltiple dirigido a sesenta y seis negocios verdes de Bogotá Región, con el cual se establecen unas variables factoriales que muestran la relación entre instituciones que hayan contado o no con apoyos.

Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 disease, many countries in the world have been forced to impose non-pharmaceutical policy interventions such as lockdowns to stop community transmission. Although justified by public health reasons, this constitutes a great deprivation of freedom. I investigate public support for the lockdown policy in Spain, one of the countries most affected by the pandemic and with the strictest lockdown in Europe. Based on survey data collected during the first weeks of April and May 2020, Ianalyse how public support for the lockdown relates to the number of confirmed cases in the province of residence, personal institutional trust and concern about the severity of coronavirus. I find that public approval of the lockdown significantly relates to the evolution of COVID cases, institutional trust, political ideology and personal economic situation.

Insufficient funding is a major impediment to conservation efforts around the world. In the United States, a decline in hunting participation threatens sustainability of the “user-pay, public benefit” model that has supported wildlife conservation for nearly 100 years, forcing wildlife management agencies to contemplate alternative funding strategies. We investigated support for potential funding options among diverse college students, a rapidly expanding and politically active voting bloc with a potentially powerful influence on the future of conservation. From 2018 to 2020, we surveyed 17,203 undergraduate students at public universities across 22 states. Students preferred innovative approaches to conservation funding, with 72% supporting funding derived from industry sources (e.g., natural resource extraction companies), 63% supporting state sources (e.g., general sales tax), and 43% supporting conventional user-based sources such as license fees and excise taxes associated with outdoor recreation activities (e.g., hunting). Findings emphasize the need to broaden the base of support for conservation funding and highlight the importance of considering the preferences and perspectives of young adults and other diverse beneficiaries of wildlife conservation.

In this study, crisis management has been studied primarily from the perspective of small business owners and lifestyle entrepreneurs. Over time, a need was also discovered to interview and study the relationship of public support organizationswith small businesses in crisis contexts. This is because in the theoretical research framework we experienced a lack of how private small businesses can act in a crisis. This is how our subject has been developed, and curiosity about practical crisis management versus theoretical crisis management has played a central role. Following the work, the niche of small entrepreneurs became in nature tourism, partly due to the fact that Värmland as a county has many entrepreneurs in this category. It is also inevitable that Värmland and the entrepreneurs here have had a strong international market before COVID-19 and therefore the interest has also been to study and analyze how they have acted and proceeded during the crisis. The question of adjustment is therefore very essential to study for future possible crises. To discern these similarities and differences, the private has been set against the regional and public, but also against each other. It has been conducted thanks to semi-structured interviews that highlight the same themes. The themes then follow a consistent structure for both method, empirical data and analysis, where it relates to the study's purpose and issues. Overall, the study has generated striking similarities and differences, but also a dimension in the exclusion of small business owners. The lastpart of the conclusion shows why it is still important to study the subject, as COVID-19 has affected the tourism industry in a very unique and global way, which has not previously been discernible. It highlights the importance of contributing to and continuing research in the future, where both public actors together with regional and private actors can find a way to deal with future crises together., I denna studie har krishantering studerats utifrån framförallt småföretagares- och livsstilsföretagares perspektiv. Under tidens gång upptäcktes även ett behov av att intervjua och studera offentliga stödorganisationers förhållande till småföretagare i krissammanhang. Det på grund av att det i de teoretiska forskningsramarna upplevdes en brist för hur privata småföretagare kan agera vid kris. Det är genom den vägen ämnet har arbetats fram, och nyfikenheten kring praktisk krishantering versus teoretisk krishantering har spelat en central roll. Utefter arbetets gång kom nischen av småföretagare att bli inom naturturism, bland annat på grund av att Värmland som län innehar många företagare inom den kategorin. Det går heller inte att undkomma att Värmland och företagarna här har haft en stark internationell marknad innan COVID-19 och därför har intresset likaså varit att studera och analysera hur företagarna har agerat och gått tillväga under krisens gång för att ställa om. Omställningsfrågan är därför essentiell att studera för framtida eventuella kriser. För att skönja dessa likheter och skillnader har det privata ställts emot de regionala och offentliga, men även mot varandra. Det har utförts tack vare semistrukturerade intervjuer som lyft samma teman. Temana följer sedan en genomgående struktur för både metod, empiri och analys, där de förhåller sig till studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Studien har totalt sett genererat påvisande likheter och skillnader, men även en dimension i exkludering av småföretagare. I slutsatsens sista del framkommer det varför det är fortsatt viktigt att studera ämnet, eftersom COVID-19 har påverkat besöksnäringen på ett väldigt unikt och globalt sätt, som tidigare inte har kunnat skönjas. Det belyser vikten av att bidra med samt fortsätta forskning framöver där både offentliga aktörer tillsammans med regionala- och privata aktörer kan hitta ett sätt att tillsammans hantera kommande kriser, C-uppsats

This paper investigates how exposure to extreme weather affects public support for climate policies. I use temperature data from the extreme heatwaves during the summers of 2018 and 2019 and examine whether temperature anomalies affected the results of five German state elections held in the autumn of these years. Using the vote share change of the Green Party as a measure of public support for climate policies, I do not find a general baseline effect of extreme temperatures. When considering possible heterogeneities however, I find that there is a positive effect of temperatures in electoral districts with more employed in the agricultural sector and in electoral districts with more informed voters. The estimated interaction effects are large compared to the mean vote share of the Green Party and the estimates obtained for other parties.

Congestion charging is generally regarded as an effective tool to manage the ongoing growth in road use and to abate congestion. However, public support is typically very low and therefore very few charging schemes have been implemented. The concept of tradable peak credits (TPC), which is based on the cap-and-trade principle, has characteristics that are believed to lead to more public support. First, a TPC system is revenue-neutral since the money circulates within the user group. Also, the expected effectiveness, and thereby support, may be higher because, in a TPC system, the operator has more control over the inflow of cars due to the firm cap. Lastly, the allocation of free credits provides the opportunity to address equity issues. This paper aims to quantify the levels of support for TPC among the public and to explore what the influence of scheme design, personal characteristics and attitudes is on these levels of support. To that end, a stated choice experiment has been conducted in which respondents were asked whether they would vote for the implementation of different TPC schemes. The discrete choice model shows that 32%, and up to a small majority of 52%, would support different TPC schemes. Most people, however, like or dislike TPC regardless of the scheme design. It is attitudes, and to a limited extent also socio-demographics, that relate to someone's level of support, rather than the scheme characteristics. Support is especially higher among people who find TPC fair and effective, who live outside the borders of the municipality and are lower educated. Although the results indicate that a small majority would support a TPC scheme, directions for future research are given to supplement this study., Transport and Logistics

In this study, crisis management has been studied primarily from the perspective of small business owners and lifestyle entrepreneurs. Over time, a need was also discovered to interview and study the relationship of public support organizationswith small businesses in crisis contexts. This is because in the theoretical research framework we experienced a lack of how private small businesses can act in a crisis. This is how our subject has been developed, and curiosity about practical crisis management versus theoretical crisis management has played a central role. Following the work, the niche of small entrepreneurs became in nature tourism, partly due to the fact that Värmland as a county has many entrepreneurs in this category. It is also inevitable that Värmland and the entrepreneurs here have had a strong international market before COVID-19 and therefore the interest has also been to study and analyze how they have acted and proceeded during the crisis. The question of adjustment is therefore very essential to study for future possible crises. To discern these similarities and differences, the private has been set against the regional and public, but also against each other. It has been conducted thanks to semi-structured interviews that highlight the same themes. The themes then follow a consistent structure for both method, empirical data and analysis, where it relates to the study's purpose and issues. Overall, the study has generated striking similarities and differences, but also a dimension in the exclusion of small business owners. The lastpart of the conclusion shows why it is still important to study the subject, as COVID-19 has affected the tourism industry in a very unique and global way, which has not previously been discernible. It highlights the importance of contributing to and continuing research in the future, where both public actors together with regional and private actors can find a way to deal with future crises together., I denna studie har krishantering studerats utifrån framförallt småföretagares- och livsstilsföretagares perspektiv. Under tidens gång upptäcktes även ett behov av att intervjua och studera offentliga stödorganisationers förhållande till småföretagare i krissammanhang. Det på grund av att det i de teoretiska forskningsramarna upplevdes en brist för hur privata småföretagare kan agera vid kris. Det är genom den vägen ämnet har arbetats fram, och nyfikenheten kring praktisk krishantering versus teoretisk krishantering har spelat en central roll. Utefter arbetets gång kom nischen av småföretagare att bli inom naturturism, bland annat på grund av att Värmland som län innehar många företagare inom den kategorin. Det går heller inte att undkomma att Värmland och företagarna här har haft en stark internationell marknad innan COVID-19 och därför har intresset likaså varit att studera och analysera hur företagarna har agerat och gått tillväga under krisens gång för att ställa om. Omställningsfrågan är därför essentiell att studera för framtida eventuella kriser. För att skönja dessa likheter och skillnader har det privata ställts emot de regionala och offentliga, men även mot varandra. Det har utförts tack vare semistrukturerade intervjuer som lyft samma teman. Temana följer sedan en genomgående struktur för både metod, empiri och analys, där de förhåller sig till studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Studien har totalt sett genererat påvisande likheter och skillnader, men även en dimension i exkludering av småföretagare. I slutsatsens sista del framkommer det varför det är fortsatt viktigt att studera ämnet, eftersom COVID-19 har påverkat besöksnäringen på ett väldigt unikt och globalt sätt, som tidigare inte har kunnat skönjas. Det belyser vikten av att bidra med samt fortsätta forskning framöver där både offentliga aktörer tillsammans med regionala- och privata aktörer kan hitta ett sätt att tillsammans hantera kommande kriser, C-uppsats

This paper investigates how exposure to extreme weather affects public support for climate policies. I use temperature data from the extreme heatwaves during the summers of 2018 and 2019 and examine whether temperature anomalies affected the results of five German state elections held in the autumn of these years. Using the vote share change of the Green Party as a measure of public support for climate policies, I do not find a general baseline effect of extreme temperatures. When considering possible heterogeneities however, I find that there is a positive effect of temperatures in electoral districts with more employed in the agricultural sector and in electoral districts with more informed voters. The estimated interaction effects are large compared to the mean vote share of the Green Party and the estimates obtained for other parties.

Public opinion is critical to the future of United States (US) space ventures as it can affect factors such as funding and legislation. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence the American public’s willingness to support both private and government space ventures. A set of 15 possible predictors were identified via a review of similar articles and surveys, including demographic information, social media and news consumption behaviors, offline activity, and opinions about space ventures. A total of 638 adults from the US participated in this study via Amazon ® Mechanical Turk ®. A multiple regression analysis of these data yields regression equations for each Willingness to Support Private and Government Space Ventures. The regression equations suggest Willingness to Support Private Space Ventures was influenced by gender, political affiliation, familiarity with space ventures, and perceived value of space ventures, while Willingness to Support Government Space Ventures was influenced by education and perceived value; the two statistical models explain 42% and 46% of the variance, respectively. These results and future study recommendations may be of interest to private and governmental organizations interested in growing support for their space ventures among the American public.

Dit rapport is tot stand gekomen door onafhankelijk onderzoek van EY Belastingadviseurs LLP, in opdracht van het Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit. Onderzocht is de handhaafbaarheid, uitvoerbaarheid en fraudebestendigheid van een verbruiksbelasting op vlees(producten). Van dit onderzoek zijn specifiek uitgesloten onderzoek naar politiek draagvlak dan wel wenselijkheid van een dergelijke belasting, alsmede de mogelijke grenseffecten, voor zover daaronder wordt verstaan: het doen van boodschappen over de grens met een belastingoogmerk.

verfügbar unter: https://digitalcollection.zhaw.ch/handle/11475/12313, Public support is a key enabling factor for the transition from fossil-fuel based energy carriers to renewables. Accordingly, many empirical studies focus on public support for energy policies or energy infrastructure. These studies identify a range of contextual (e.g., risks, benefits fairness, and spatial proximity) and psychological factors (e.g., place-attachment, trust, and individual values) that shape public support. One aspect that is usually not considered in these studies are individuals’ expectation, which have shown to play a key role in explaining decisionmaking processes of experts in the energy system. Even though the broader population might not have a comprehensive understanding of the constraints and interdependencies of the energy system, this does not equal an absence of personal meaning of or beliefs towards energy technologies or systems. In fact, also lay people have strong and differentiated opinions about the energy future, which can in turn shape their perception of energy technologies and policies. Consequently, as the decisions related to energy system and infrastructure planning are no longer purely technocratic in most countries, expectations of lay people may indeed be relevant for understanding public support for energy transitions.

Bürgerschaftliches Engagement findet in unterschiedlichen Formen statt. Aus entwicklungspolitischer Sicht kommt der Stärkung bürgerschaftlichen Engagements im Politikfeld eine besondere Bedeutung zu, weil durch staatliche Förderung gemeinschaftliches Engagement sinnvoll unterstützt und im Sinne der entwicklungspolitischen Zielerreichung verstärkt werden kann. Um die staatlichen Angebote zur Unterstützung bürgerschaftlichen Engagements in der Entwicklungspolitik unter einem gemeinsamen organisatorischen Dach zu bündeln, gründete das Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung 2012 Engagement Global als gemeinnützige GmbH. Der Anlass für die vorliegende institutionelle Evaluierung war die zunehmende, in den letzten Jahren auch in einem starken Mittelaufwuchs zum Ausdruck kommende politische Relevanz von bürgerschaftlichem, zivilgesellschaftlichem und kommunalem entwicklungspolitischem Engagement. Gegenstand der Evaluierung war Engagement Global als Organisation mit ihren Strukturen, Prozessen und dem Portfolio unterschiedlicher Programme sowie deren Ergebnissen. Die Evaluierung leistet damit einen Beitrag zur institutionellen Weiterentwicklung von Engagement Global. Die Empfehlungen sollen zur Stärkung ihrer Handlungsfähigkeit und zur Verbesserung ihrer Unterstützungsangebote dienen.

Die Entsendung von Künstlern in diverse Metropolen ist ein zentrales Instrument zeitgenössischer Kulturförderung geworden. Was hat zum großen Aufschwung dieses Förderinstruments seit den 1990er Jahren geführt? Welche Vorstellungen von künstlerischer Bildung liegen ihm zugrunde? Wie formen Artist-in-Residence-Programme die Praxis der Kunst? Das Buch untersucht die Logik dieser Praxis an der Schnittstelle von Soziologie und Kunstgeschichte - eine erhellende Analyse zum Wechselverhältnis von Kulturpolitik und Subjektivität sowie zur Verflechtung von Nationalisierung und Globalisierung im Kunstfeld der Gegenwart.

We have studied if there is a link between identity and support for integration within the European Union. We have used three hypotheses in order to investigate the issue. First if there is a positive relationship between european identity and european integration, secondly if individuals who experience less of a threat of the national cultural identity and state by the European Union is more supportive of european integration than those who experience a threat, and thirdly if socioeconomic factors such as years of education and household income is linked with self-experienced european identity and support for european integration.We have used statical data from European Social Survey 2018 round 9 as well as previous research for the hypothesisOur conclusion is that socioeconomic factors have a low impact on identity and perception of threat, that there is a strong link between european identity and support for european integration and that perceived threat on national cultural identity and state has a negative impact on views on european integration.

verfügbar unter: https://digitalcollection.zhaw.ch/handle/11475/12313, Public support is a key enabling factor for the transition from fossil-fuel based energy carriers to renewables. Accordingly, many empirical studies focus on public support for energy policies or energy infrastructure. These studies identify a range of contextual (e.g., risks, benefits fairness, and spatial proximity) and psychological factors (e.g., place-attachment, trust, and individual values) that shape public support. One aspect that is usually not considered in these studies are individuals’ expectation, which have shown to play a key role in explaining decisionmaking processes of experts in the energy system. Even though the broader population might not have a comprehensive understanding of the constraints and interdependencies of the energy system, this does not equal an absence of personal meaning of or beliefs towards energy technologies or systems. In fact, also lay people have strong and differentiated opinions about the energy future, which can in turn shape their perception of energy technologies and policies. Consequently, as the decisions related to energy system and infrastructure planning are no longer purely technocratic in most countries, expectations of lay people may indeed be relevant for understanding public support for energy transitions.

We have studied if there is a link between identity and support for integration within the European Union. We have used three hypotheses in order to investigate the issue. First if there is a positive relationship between european identity and european integration, secondly if individuals who experience less of a threat of the national cultural identity and state by the European Union is more supportive of european integration than those who experience a threat, and thirdly if socioeconomic factors such as years of education and household income is linked with self-experienced european identity and support for european integration.We have used statical data from European Social Survey 2018 round 9 as well as previous research for the hypothesisOur conclusion is that socioeconomic factors have a low impact on identity and perception of threat, that there is a strong link between european identity and support for european integration and that perceived threat on national cultural identity and state has a negative impact on views on european integration.

Het pensioenakkoord biedt mogelijkheden om afspraken te maken over lagere pensioenleeftijden voor mensen in zware beroepen. Onderzoek wijst uit dat burgers vinden dat voor fysiek zware beroepen lagere pensioenleeftijden moeten gelden dan de officiële AOW-leeftijd. Voor sommige zware beroepen kan dit oplopen tot anderhalf jaar. Voor een aantal lichte beroepen zou een beperkt hogere AOW- leeftijd moeten gelden (van een half jaar). Chronische gezondheidsklachten vormen de belangrijkste reden om mensen vervroegd (een jaar eerder) te laten uittreden.

The article is devoted to the study of the concept, content and internal structure of legitimacy. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that without gaining public support for the decisions made by the political power, which is the essence of legitimacy, the decisions will not be executed and the political elite will come close to losing power. As a result, it is necessary to identify in what ways the political elite will be able to maintain its position, especially in the context of active external interference and initiation of procedures for overthrowing the current political power in the interests of external actors. It was also determined that the loss of legitimacy of the current government can lead not only to a coup d'état, but even to the destruction of statehood, which clearly demonstrates the experience of color revolutions in states. The author studies the ways to achieve legitimacy and criteria for delegitimacy. In carrying out the study, the author relies on the method of content analysis in order to establish the features of approaches to legitimacy in Russian and foreign science, the method of system-structural analysis in the framework of identifying the structural elements of legitimacy and their characteristics. It has been established that the concept of legitimacy is not static, unequivocally defined, and scientists complement this concept with some new features. The author concludes that the legitimacy of state power is achieved not only within the framework of a democratic regime; the political power in states with non-democratic regimes may also have legitimacy. Moreover, the recognition of the regime as undemocratic, the refusal of recognition of state power in the world arena does not strictly lead to the loss of public support by the government; accordingly, in order to maintain the positions of power, it is necessary first of all to achieve the approval of society compared to recognition on the world stage., Статья посвящена исследованию понятия, содержания и внутреннего строения легитимности. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что без обретения поддержки обществом принимаемых властью решений, что и составляет сущность легитимности, они не будут исполняться и политическая элита приблизится к тому, чтобы утратить власть. Вследствие этого необходимо выявить, каким путями политическая элита сможет сохранять свои позиции, особенно в условиях активного вмешательства извне и инициирования процедур по свержению действующей власти в интересах внешних акторов. При этом определено, что утрата легитимности действующей власти может привести не только к государственному перевороту, но даже и уничтожению государственности, что наглядно демонстрирует опыт проведения в государствах цветных революций. Изучаются способы достижения легитимности и критерии делегитимации. При осуществлении исследования автор опирается на метод контент-анализа с тем, чтобы установить особенности подходов к легитимности в российской и зарубежной науке, метод системно-структурного анализа в рамках выявления структурных элементов легитимности и их характеристики. Установлено, что понятие легитимности не является статичным, однозначно определенным, и ученые дополняют данное понятие все новыми признаками. Автор пришел к выводу, что легитимность государственной власти достигается не только в рамках демократического режима; государственная власть в государствах с недемократическими режимами также может обладать легитимностью. Более того, признание режима недемократическим, отказ признания государственной власти на мировой арене не приводит безусловно к утрате властью поддержки общества; соответственно, для сохранения позиций власти необходимо в первую очередь достичь одобрения социума по сравнению с признанием на мировой арене.

This article investigates whether the perceived threat of terrorism explains the support for right-wing Eurosceptic parties and Euroscepticism above and beyond other relevant variables, including perceived economic and immigration threats. We first examined the entire Eurobarometer samples of 2014 and 2015, and then conducted survey experiments in four European Union (EU) countries, that is, United Kingdom (N = 197), France (N = 164), Italy (N = 312), and Romania (N = 144). Our findings suggest that the perceived threat of terrorism has a small effect on the negative attitudes toward the EU above and beyond the effect of immigration and economic threats and other basic control variables. The relationship between these variables varies across countries and it is less linear than we might expect.

The shaping of public support is a matter of high importance for governments engaging in war. But what determines whether the public support for war is strong or weak? And how has different Danish governments succeeded in creating public support for warfare in modern times? This scientific research is a case study of the creation of public support for Danish warfare in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Based on an analysis of a new report that accounts for the decision process behind the Danish engagement in the three wars, this study analyses how changing governments have tried to shape public support. This study concludes that changing Danish governments have been highly aware of the dynamics of shaping public support, and the study illuminates how this has led to morally questionable decisions taken by the governments. Furthermore the study confirms key aspects of previous studies regarding strategic narratives in warfare by showing high correlation between the theoretic premises for creating public support and how it has unfolded in reality.

Staatlich geförderte Privatschulen sind zur Erfüllung sozialer und pädagogischer Standards verpflichtet. Eine staatliche Finanzierung privater Schulen ist in anderen europäischen Ländern an klare und nachprüfbare Vorgaben gebunden. Eine faire Regulierung von Privatschulen muss sowohl die pädagogisch-weltanschaulichen Freiräume als auch die Interessen des Gemeinwohls sichern.

This article takes a comparative political behaviour approach to examine the multifaceted nature of Turkey's European Union (EU) membership bid from the perspective of the EU citizens. We propose a multidimensional explanation for EU citizens' attitude towards Turkey's membership by referring to the political psychology literature on attitudinal ambivalence. We examine whether EU citizens simultaneously hold multiple and conflicting considerations on Turkey's EU accession bid, and whether this ambivalence has attitudinal consequences. To that end, we use the Eurobarometer 66.1 data set to analyze the EU public attitudes on various aspects of possible Turkish EU membership. The findings show that the EU citizens maintain ambivalent views about Turkish membership across three domain pairs: economy-security, immigration-security and population-culture. The significant impact of these ambivalence domains on increasing support for Turkey's membership to the EU is further discussed in the article.

This article takes a comparative political behaviour approach to examine the multifaceted nature of Turkey's European Union (EU) membership bid from the perspective of the EU citizens. We propose a multidimensional explanation for EU citizens' attitude towards Turkey's membership by referring to the political psychology literature on attitudinal ambivalence. We examine whether EU citizens simultaneously hold multiple and conflicting considerations on Turkey's EU accession bid, and whether this ambivalence has attitudinal consequences. To that end, we use the Eurobarometer 66.1 data set to analyze the EU public attitudes on various aspects of possible Turkish EU membership. The findings show that the EU citizens maintain ambivalent views about Turkish membership across three domain pairs: economy-security, immigration-security and population-culture. The significant impact of these ambivalence domains on increasing support for Turkey's membership to the EU is further discussed in the article.

This paper discusses the Brazilian’s audiovisual policy trajectory since the fundation of the Brazilian Film Agency (Ancine), in 2001, and its institutional migration to the culture field in 2003. The main policy rules under management of Ancine are contextualized. They were responsible for a virtuous audiovisual cycle as parto of a industry project until changes that were deepened in 2019 by political decisions. The goal is to reflect about how State decisions indicates a rupture with a development cycle, characterized by significant advances to deconcentration and cultural and regional diversity, even within the neoliberal model that shapes Brazilian audiovisual policy. The analysis relies on official data published by Ancine, Este artigo discute a trajetória da política audiovisual no Brasil a partir da criação da Agência Nacional do Cinema (Ancine), em 2001, e sua migração institucional para a área da cultura, em 2003. São contextualizadas as principais regras da política gerida pela Agência, responsáveis por um ciclo virtuoso do audiovisual dentro de um projeto industrial, até uma mudança de curso aprofundada em 2019 por decisões na esfera política. O intuito é refletir como medidas do Estado indicam a ruptura de um ciclo de desenvolvimento marcado por avanços significativos para a desconcentração e diversidade regional e cultural, mesmo dentro do modelo neoliberal que molda a política audiovisual brasileira. A análise se apoia em dados oficiais publicados pela Ancine., Este artículo analiza la trayectoria de la política audiovisual en Brasil desde la creación de la Agencia Nacional del Cine (Ancine), in 2001, y su migración institucional para la Cultura, in 2003. Las principales reglas de la política gestionada por la Agencia se contextualizan. Ellas fueron responsables por un ciclo virtuoso del audiovisual, dentro de un proyecto de industria, hasta un cambio de curso profundizado en 2019 por decisiones políticas. El propósito es reflexionar como las decisiones del Estado rompen un ciclo de desarollo marcado por avances significativos para la desconcentración y diversidad regional e cultural, mismo en el modelo neoliberal que da forma a la política audiovisual brasileña. El análisis se base en datos oficiales del Ancine