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I en fördelarstation i Ellevios elnät i Stockholm har en viktig konfigurationsfil försvunnit. Filen används för att beskriva styr- och kommunikationssystemet för övervakning och fjärrmanövrering av stationen från en driftcentral. Dessutom behöver operativsystemet på en enhet i kommunikationssystemet uppdateras. Det misstänks att konfigurationsfilen som har försvunnit behövs för att genomföra uppdateringen. Det visar sig att konfigurationsfilen inte behövs för att genomföra uppdateringen av operativsystemet. Två metoder utvecklas därför, en för att genomföra uppdateringen av kommunikationsenheten, och en för att återskapa konfigurationsfilen. Den första metoden beskriver hur operativsystemet på en Remote Terminal Unit i ABB:s RTU500-serie kan uppdateras från firmwareversion 11 till version 12. Den andra metoden beskriver hur en fullständig konfigurationsfil, i form av en Substation Configuration Description (SCD) kan återskapas för stationen. Den senare metoden utvecklas specifikt för den enskilda stationen, men skulle kunna vidareutvecklas för att återskapa SCD-filen i fler stationer där samma problem idag finns. Metoden för att genomföra uppdatering av operativsystemet används framgångsrikt för att genomföra själva uppdateringen. Metoden för att återskapa konfigurationsfilen testas genom att en konfiguration för en ny kommunikationsenhet genereras baserat på den återskapade konfigurationen. Genom att tillämpa dessa metoder kan tillförlitligheten för styr- och kommunikationssystem med IEC 61850-teknologi förbättras. Detta kan leda till ökad tillförlitlighet vid elleverans, eftersom kommunikationssystemet används för att övervaka elnätet och hantera fel genom fjärrstyrning. Detta minskar behovet av fysiska besök till stationen. Rapporten är ett examensarbete för programmet Högskoleingenjör i elektroteknik. Examensarbetet utfördes under våren 2023 på företaget Omexom Sweden., In a distribution substation in Ellevio's power grid in Stockholm, an important configuration file has gone missing. The file is used to describe the control and communication system for monitoring and remote operation of the substation from a control centre. Additionally, the operating system on a device within the communication system needs to be updated. It is suspected that the missing configuration file is required to perform the update. It turns out that the configuration file is not needed to carry out the operating system update. As a result, two methods are developed: one for performing the update of the communication unit and another for recreating the configuration file. The first method describes how the operating system on a Remote Terminal Unit in ABB’s RTU500 series can be updated from firmware version 11 to version 12. The second method explains how a complete configuration file, in the form of a Substation Configuration Description (SCD) can be recreated for the substation. Although the latter method is specifically tailored for the individual substation, it could be further refined to recreate the SCD file in several other stations with the same issue. The method for performing the operating system update is successfully utilized to carry out the update itself. The method for recreating the configuration file is tested by generating a configuration for a new communication unit based on the reconstructed configuration. By implementing these methods, the reliability of the IEC 61850-based control and communication system can be enhanced. This can lead to improved reliability of power delivery since the communication system is used to monitor the power grid and manage faults through remote control. Thereby, the need for physical visits to the substation is reduced. The report is a thesis for the Bachelor program in Electrical Engineering. The thesis was carried out during the spring of 2023 at the company Omexom Sweden.

I en fördelarstation i Ellevios elnät i Stockholm har en viktig konfigurationsfil försvunnit. Filen används för att beskriva styr- och kommunikationssystemet för övervakning och fjärrmanövrering av stationen från en driftcentral. Dessutom behöver operativsystemet på en enhet i kommunikationssystemet uppdateras. Det misstänks att konfigurationsfilen som har försvunnit behövs för att genomföra uppdateringen. Det visar sig att konfigurationsfilen inte behövs för att genomföra uppdateringen av operativsystemet. Två metoder utvecklas därför, en för att genomföra uppdateringen av kommunikationsenheten, och en för att återskapa konfigurationsfilen. Den första metoden beskriver hur operativsystemet på en Remote Terminal Unit i ABB:s RTU500-serie kan uppdateras från firmwareversion 11 till version 12. Den andra metoden beskriver hur en fullständig konfigurationsfil, i form av en Substation Configuration Description (SCD) kan återskapas för stationen. Den senare metoden utvecklas specifikt för den enskilda stationen, men skulle kunna vidareutvecklas för att återskapa SCD-filen i fler stationer där samma problem idag finns. Metoden för att genomföra uppdatering av operativsystemet används framgångsrikt för att genomföra själva uppdateringen. Metoden för att återskapa konfigurationsfilen testas genom att en konfiguration för en ny kommunikationsenhet genereras baserat på den återskapade konfigurationen. Genom att tillämpa dessa metoder kan tillförlitligheten för styr- och kommunikationssystem med IEC 61850-teknologi förbättras. Detta kan leda till ökad tillförlitlighet vid elleverans, eftersom kommunikationssystemet används för att övervaka elnätet och hantera fel genom fjärrstyrning. Detta minskar behovet av fysiska besök till stationen. Rapporten är ett examensarbete för programmet Högskoleingenjör i elektroteknik. Examensarbetet utfördes under våren 2023 på företaget Omexom Sweden., In a distribution substation in Ellevio's power grid in Stockholm, an important configuration file has gone missing. The file is used to describe the control and communication system for monitoring and remote operation of the substation from a control centre. Additionally, the operating system on a device within the communication system needs to be updated. It is suspected that the missing configuration file is required to perform the update. It turns out that the configuration file is not needed to carry out the operating system update. As a result, two methods are developed: one for performing the update of the communication unit and another for recreating the configuration file. The first method describes how the operating system on a Remote Terminal Unit in ABB’s RTU500 series can be updated from firmware version 11 to version 12. The second method explains how a complete configuration file, in the form of a Substation Configuration Description (SCD) can be recreated for the substation. Although the latter method is specifically tailored for the individual substation, it could be further refined to recreate the SCD file in several other stations with the same issue. The method for performing the operating system update is successfully utilized to carry out the update itself. The method for recreating the configuration file is tested by generating a configuration for a new communication unit based on the reconstructed configuration. By implementing these methods, the reliability of the IEC 61850-based control and communication system can be enhanced. This can lead to improved reliability of power delivery since the communication system is used to monitor the power grid and manage faults through remote control. Thereby, the need for physical visits to the substation is reduced. The report is a thesis for the Bachelor program in Electrical Engineering. The thesis was carried out during the spring of 2023 at the company Omexom Sweden.

12th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) -- AUG 29-SEP 01, 2023 -- Oshawa, CANADA, This paper presents an innovative digital twin approach to improve current protection relays in hydroelectric power plants, focusing on Balkaya Hydroelectric Power Plant (HEPP) as a practical case study. The proposed system utilizes real-time data to create a digital replica of the physical relay, adhering to industry standards like IEC, IEEE, and UK for protection. The development process details seamless data integration from Balkaya HEPP, with continuous real-time current monitoring by the digital twin. Advanced data analytics coupled with real-time monitoring enhance accuracy, speed, and flexibility in current protection. The paper explores diverse protection scenarios, testing the digital twin model under different conditions by simulating potential threats, evaluating its performance, compliance with international standards, and highlighting key advantages. The study showcases the digital twin's potential to transform energy sector protection systems, optimize measures, and expedite responses to abnormalities, thereby significantly enhancing the safety and stability of hydroelectric power plants., IEEE,IEEE Ind Applicat Soc,IES,IjSmartGrid,Int Journal Renewable Energy Res,IEEJ,IEEJ IAS,IEICE Commun Soc,TMEIC,Istanbul Nisantasi Univ,NXTEC,JR E Grp

12th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) -- AUG 29-SEP 01, 2023 -- Oshawa, CANADA, This paper presents an innovative digital twin approach to improve current protection relays in hydroelectric power plants, focusing on Balkaya Hydroelectric Power Plant (HEPP) as a practical case study. The proposed system utilizes real-time data to create a digital replica of the physical relay, adhering to industry standards like IEC, IEEE, and UK for protection. The development process details seamless data integration from Balkaya HEPP, with continuous real-time current monitoring by the digital twin. Advanced data analytics coupled with real-time monitoring enhance accuracy, speed, and flexibility in current protection. The paper explores diverse protection scenarios, testing the digital twin model under different conditions by simulating potential threats, evaluating its performance, compliance with international standards, and highlighting key advantages. The study showcases the digital twin's potential to transform energy sector protection systems, optimize measures, and expedite responses to abnormalities, thereby significantly enhancing the safety and stability of hydroelectric power plants., IEEE,IEEE Ind Applicat Soc,IES,IjSmartGrid,Int Journal Renewable Energy Res,IEEJ,IEEJ IAS,IEICE Commun Soc,TMEIC,Istanbul Nisantasi Univ,NXTEC,JR E Grp

Resumen del proyecto: La generación basada en energía renovable, como parques eólicos o solares presentan una respuesta ante cortocircuito diferente a los generadores síncronos convencionales debido a su acoplamiento a la red mediante inversores basados en electrónica de potencia. Estas llamadas fuentes de generación basados en inversores (IBR) se comportan como fuentes de intensidad, no como fuentes de tensión y su intensidad de cortocircuito está determinada en gran medida por su sistema de control. Esta intensidad está generalmente limitada alrededor de 1.2 p.u. y está caracterizada por una falta de componente de secuencia inversa (I2) debido a que la mayoría de filosofías de control actuales toman en cuenta solo la secuencia positiva aún en presencia de faltas desbalanceadas. Debido a esto se prevé que funciones de protección que están basadas en I2 para reconocer faltas como Sobre-Intensidad Direccional de Secuencia o Selectores de Fase en Falta (FID) sufran la falta de este componente que se esperaría de generadores convencionales. Los códigos de red modernos requieren una capacidad para soportar huecos de tensión que incluyen control de I2. Además de utilizar componentes de secuencia, los selectores de fase en falta hacen uso del concepto de cantidades incrementales para operar. La teoría de cantidades incrementales está basada en el principio de superposición, que también se espera que sea impactado en presencia de IBRs. El objetivo del presente trabajo es proveer una descripción del impacto de las IBRs en la ingeniería de protecciones y poner a prueba diferentes funciones de protección en presencia de IBRs., Renewable energy-based generation like wind and solar farms present a different response to short circuit than conventional synchronous generators due to their coupling trough power electronics based inverters. Those so called Inverted Based Resources (IBR) behave like current sources as opposed to voltage sources and their short circuit current is highly determined by their control system. This fault current is generally limited to around 1.2 p.u. and is characterized by the lack of an expected negative sequence current (I2) due to most current control philosophies only taking in account positive sequence even in the presence of unbalanced faults. Protection Units that are based on I2 for fault recognition like Directional Sequence Overcurrent or Faulted Phase Selectors (FID) are foreseen to particularly suffer the lack of I2 expected from traditional Synchronous Generation. Modern Grid Codes specify advanced Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) requirements, including I2 control. Besides sequence components, Faulted Phase Selector algorithms makes use of incremental quantities concept to successfully identify faulted phase. Incremental quantities theory is based on the superposition principle, which is also expected to suffer in presence of IBRs. Present work goal is to provide a good understanding of the IBR phenomena that impacts protection engineering and to put to test different protection functions under IBR presence.

Energimarknadsinspektionen ställer krav på elnätsbolagen vad gäller elkvalitet. Varje år ska såväl aviserade som oaviserade avbrott rapporteras. Dessa avbrott anges med hjälp av avbrottsindikatorerna SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) och SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index), vilka skildrar medelavbrottstid per kund och medelavbrottsfrekvens per kund för ett aktuellt nätområde. Detta examensarbete genomfördes med Vattenfall Eldistribution AB som uppdragsgivare. Studiens syfte är för att undersöka hur oselektiva felbortkopplingar bidrar till att påverka det årliga SAIDI-resultatet. Då företaget strävar efter att uppnå sitt SAIDI-mål krävs en klarläggning över vilka faktorer som ger upphov till ett förhöjt SAIDI och undersöka om dessa kan reduceras. De felbortkopplingar som analyserats är sådana som orsakats av felaktig utlösning av brytorgan samt felbortkopplingar i samband med provningar, för avbrott som varat längre än tre minuter. De komponenter i elnätet som ansvarar för feldetektering och felbortkoppling är reläskydd, dessvärre känner de inte alltid av alla fel, ibland är de felkonfigurerade och felet kopplas inte bort av det avsedda reläskyddet, alltså felet kopplas bort oselektivt. Oselektiva felbortkopplingar kan också bero på att reläskyddet upptäckt felet och skickat en utlösningsimpuls, men någon annan komponent i kontrollanläggningen är trasig och felet kan därför inte kan kopplas bort med hjälp av det avsedda skyddet. Det resultat som framkommit är att oselektiva felbortkopplingar har en betydelsefull påverkan på det årliga totala SAIDI-resultatet som rapporteras in till Energimarknadsinspektionen. Felorsakerna som ligger till grund för de felbortkopplingar som kunnat analyseras är bland annat begränsningar i reläskydden. Utifrån studiens resultat kan slutsatserna dras att det kan vara lönsamt för Vattenfall Eldistribution AB att undersöka eventuella investeringar, för att minska SAIDI för oselektiva felbortkopplingar. Till, Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate has requirements on the electrical distribution companies regarding power quality. Both power failure and planned interruptions in the distribution of electricity is to be reported annually. These interruptions are measured by SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) and SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index). These indexes narrate the average interruption duration or interruption frequency per electrical costumer per year, in a certain area. This thesis was made on the behalf of Vattenfall Eldistribution AB (VEAB). The purpose of this study was to analyze the annual effect on SAIDI by selectivity issues in power systems. If VEAB wants to reach the SAIDI-goal it is necessary for a study to be carried out. The study should investigate what factors that contributes to an increased SAIDI because of selectivity issues. The analyze involved interruptions that had been caused by an incorrect operation of the protection systems and interruptions due to testing of these systems. Only interruptions that lasted longer than three minutes was considered. There are components in power systems which are supposed to disconnect the faulty part, they are called protection relays. Unfortunately, they do not detect all faults that occur in the power system. For example, the protection systems can be wrongly configurated and the faulty part will not be disconnected in a properly way. The result of the study is that selectivity issues have a significant effect on the annual SAIDI that is reported to Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate. One of the main reasons to selectivity issues are for example limitations in the protection relays. In conclusion, Vattenfall Eldistribution AB can profit from an investment to decrease SAIDI that is affected by selectivity issues. Older components that lacks the calibration feature could be replaced, and already existing ones that have such a calibration feature could be re-calibrated.

Resumen del proyecto: La generación basada en energía renovable, como parques eólicos o solares presentan una respuesta ante cortocircuito diferente a los generadores síncronos convencionales debido a su acoplamiento a la red mediante inversores basados en electrónica de potencia. Estas llamadas fuentes de generación basados en inversores (IBR) se comportan como fuentes de intensidad, no como fuentes de tensión y su intensidad de cortocircuito está determinada en gran medida por su sistema de control. Esta intensidad está generalmente limitada alrededor de 1.2 p.u. y está caracterizada por una falta de componente de secuencia inversa (I2) debido a que la mayoría de filosofías de control actuales toman en cuenta solo la secuencia positiva aún en presencia de faltas desbalanceadas. Debido a esto se prevé que funciones de protección que están basadas en I2 para reconocer faltas como Sobre-Intensidad Direccional de Secuencia o Selectores de Fase en Falta (FID) sufran la falta de este componente que se esperaría de generadores convencionales. Los códigos de red modernos requieren una capacidad para soportar huecos de tensión que incluyen control de I2. Además de utilizar componentes de secuencia, los selectores de fase en falta hacen uso del concepto de cantidades incrementales para operar. La teoría de cantidades incrementales está basada en el principio de superposición, que también se espera que sea impactado en presencia de IBRs. El objetivo del presente trabajo es proveer una descripción del impacto de las IBRs en la ingeniería de protecciones y poner a prueba diferentes funciones de protección en presencia de IBRs., Renewable energy-based generation like wind and solar farms present a different response to short circuit than conventional synchronous generators due to their coupling trough power electronics based inverters. Those so called Inverted Based Resources (IBR) behave like current sources as opposed to voltage sources and their short circuit current is highly determined by their control system. This fault current is generally limited to around 1.2 p.u. and is characterized by the lack of an expected negative sequence current (I2) due to most current control philosophies only taking in account positive sequence even in the presence of unbalanced faults. Protection Units that are based on I2 for fault recognition like Directional Sequence Overcurrent or Faulted Phase Selectors (FID) are foreseen to particularly suffer the lack of I2 expected from traditional Synchronous Generation. Modern Grid Codes specify advanced Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) requirements, including I2 control. Besides sequence components, Faulted Phase Selector algorithms makes use of incremental quantities concept to successfully identify faulted phase. Incremental quantities theory is based on the superposition principle, which is also expected to suffer in presence of IBRs. Present work goal is to provide a good understanding of the IBR phenomena that impacts protection engineering and to put to test different protection functions under IBR presence.

Energimarknadsinspektionen ställer krav på elnätsbolagen vad gäller elkvalitet. Varje år ska såväl aviserade som oaviserade avbrott rapporteras. Dessa avbrott anges med hjälp av avbrottsindikatorerna SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) och SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index), vilka skildrar medelavbrottstid per kund och medelavbrottsfrekvens per kund för ett aktuellt nätområde. Detta examensarbete genomfördes med Vattenfall Eldistribution AB som uppdragsgivare. Studiens syfte är för att undersöka hur oselektiva felbortkopplingar bidrar till att påverka det årliga SAIDI-resultatet. Då företaget strävar efter att uppnå sitt SAIDI-mål krävs en klarläggning över vilka faktorer som ger upphov till ett förhöjt SAIDI och undersöka om dessa kan reduceras. De felbortkopplingar som analyserats är sådana som orsakats av felaktig utlösning av brytorgan samt felbortkopplingar i samband med provningar, för avbrott som varat längre än tre minuter. De komponenter i elnätet som ansvarar för feldetektering och felbortkoppling är reläskydd, dessvärre känner de inte alltid av alla fel, ibland är de felkonfigurerade och felet kopplas inte bort av det avsedda reläskyddet, alltså felet kopplas bort oselektivt. Oselektiva felbortkopplingar kan också bero på att reläskyddet upptäckt felet och skickat en utlösningsimpuls, men någon annan komponent i kontrollanläggningen är trasig och felet kan därför inte kan kopplas bort med hjälp av det avsedda skyddet. Det resultat som framkommit är att oselektiva felbortkopplingar har en betydelsefull påverkan på det årliga totala SAIDI-resultatet som rapporteras in till Energimarknadsinspektionen. Felorsakerna som ligger till grund för de felbortkopplingar som kunnat analyseras är bland annat begränsningar i reläskydden. Utifrån studiens resultat kan slutsatserna dras att det kan vara lönsamt för Vattenfall Eldistribution AB att undersöka eventuella investeringar, för att minska SAIDI för oselektiva felbortkopplingar. Till, Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate has requirements on the electrical distribution companies regarding power quality. Both power failure and planned interruptions in the distribution of electricity is to be reported annually. These interruptions are measured by SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) and SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index). These indexes narrate the average interruption duration or interruption frequency per electrical costumer per year, in a certain area. This thesis was made on the behalf of Vattenfall Eldistribution AB (VEAB). The purpose of this study was to analyze the annual effect on SAIDI by selectivity issues in power systems. If VEAB wants to reach the SAIDI-goal it is necessary for a study to be carried out. The study should investigate what factors that contributes to an increased SAIDI because of selectivity issues. The analyze involved interruptions that had been caused by an incorrect operation of the protection systems and interruptions due to testing of these systems. Only interruptions that lasted longer than three minutes was considered. There are components in power systems which are supposed to disconnect the faulty part, they are called protection relays. Unfortunately, they do not detect all faults that occur in the power system. For example, the protection systems can be wrongly configurated and the faulty part will not be disconnected in a properly way. The result of the study is that selectivity issues have a significant effect on the annual SAIDI that is reported to Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate. One of the main reasons to selectivity issues are for example limitations in the protection relays. In conclusion, Vattenfall Eldistribution AB can profit from an investment to decrease SAIDI that is affected by selectivity issues. Older components that lacks the calibration feature could be replaced, and already existing ones that have such a calibration feature could be re-calibrated.

Resumen del proyecto: La generación basada en energía renovable, como parques eólicos o solares presentan una respuesta ante cortocircuito diferente a los generadores síncronos convencionales debido a su acoplamiento a la red mediante inversores basados en electrónica de potencia. Estas llamadas fuentes de generación basados en inversores (IBR) se comportan como fuentes de intensidad, no como fuentes de tensión y su intensidad de cortocircuito está determinada en gran medida por su sistema de control. Esta intensidad está generalmente limitada alrededor de 1.2 p.u. y está caracterizada por una falta de componente de secuencia inversa (I2) debido a que la mayoría de filosofías de control actuales toman en cuenta solo la secuencia positiva aún en presencia de faltas desbalanceadas. Debido a esto se prevé que funciones de protección que están basadas en I2 para reconocer faltas como Sobre-Intensidad Direccional de Secuencia o Selectores de Fase en Falta (FID) sufran la falta de este componente que se esperaría de generadores convencionales. Los códigos de red modernos requieren una capacidad para soportar huecos de tensión que incluyen control de I2. Además de utilizar componentes de secuencia, los selectores de fase en falta hacen uso del concepto de cantidades incrementales para operar. La teoría de cantidades incrementales está basada en el principio de superposición, que también se espera que sea impactado en presencia de IBRs. El objetivo del presente trabajo es proveer una descripción del impacto de las IBRs en la ingeniería de protecciones y poner a prueba diferentes funciones de protección en presencia de IBRs., Renewable energy-based generation like wind and solar farms present a different response to short circuit than conventional synchronous generators due to their coupling trough power electronics based inverters. Those so called Inverted Based Resources (IBR) behave like current sources as opposed to voltage sources and their short circuit current is highly determined by their control system. This fault current is generally limited to around 1.2 p.u. and is characterized by the lack of an expected negative sequence current (I2) due to most current control philosophies only taking in account positive sequence even in the presence of unbalanced faults. Protection Units that are based on I2 for fault recognition like Directional Sequence Overcurrent or Faulted Phase Selectors (FID) are foreseen to particularly suffer the lack of I2 expected from traditional Synchronous Generation. Modern Grid Codes specify advanced Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) requirements, including I2 control. Besides sequence components, Faulted Phase Selector algorithms makes use of incremental quantities concept to successfully identify faulted phase. Incremental quantities theory is based on the superposition principle, which is also expected to suffer in presence of IBRs. Present work goal is to provide a good understanding of the IBR phenomena that impacts protection engineering and to put to test different protection functions under IBR presence.

Disturbance recordings are used together with sequence of events (SOE) data to document and understand a power system fault; to manually verify the behaviour of digital protection relay; and nowadays, to perform automatic fault analysis (AFA) for the sake of fast and accurate fault location and to assist fault analysis engineers in their task. This paper focuses on two additional uses of the disturbance recordings. The general purpose is to gain insight into the condition of the monitorable assets using information from recorded signals. The authors suggest that each significant power system event provides an opportunity to verify that key processes behave within their design limits.The first field of application is circuit breaker monitoring. If sampled currents are recorded, it is shown that a system can monitor virtually all switching events, provide some alerts in near real-time if some critical conditions are found, and produce history data that are usable for long-term statistics in asset management systems.The second area of interest is automatic monitoring of protection schemes. The paper presents a literature survey about this topic, then it describes a methodology to verify major protection scheme automatically, on the occasion of every recorded short-circuit fault occurring in the grid, provided that enough event-related data are collected. The verifications consider essential design targets like maximum fault clearance time, phase-segregated tripping, maximum allowable time delay of teleprotection signals, pick-up for back-up protection of distant lines, etc.This process may issue some alerts or warnings for immediate consideration by fault analysts, drawing their attention on potential weaknesses of the protection system that may have severe consequences on security. But the main use of the presented technology is to generate statistical inputs for off-line verification of the protection behaviour on a large scale, since utilities routinely manage thous, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

An algorithm based on the concept of Kalman filtering is proposed in this paper for the estimation of power system signal attributes, like amplitude, frequency and phase angle. This technique can be used in protection relays, digital AVRs, DSTATCOMs, FACTS and other power electronics applications. Furthermore this algorithm is particularly suitable for the integration of distributed generation sources to power grids when fast and accurate detection of small variations of signal attributes are needed. Practical considerations such as the effect of noise, higher order harmonics, and computational issues of the algorithm are considered and tested in the paper. Several computer simulations are presented to highlight the usefulness of the proposed approach. Simulation results show that the proposed technique can simultaneously estimate the signal attributes, even if it is highly distorted due to the presence of non-linear loads and noise.

Cílem bakalářské práce je vytvoření laboratorní úlohy na problematiku primárního testování elektrických ochran. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části : teoretickou a praktickou. V teoretické části jsou informace týkající se problematiky chránění. Mezi ně patří význam a funkce ochrany v systému chránění, požadavky které jsou na ochrany kladeny, poruchové stavy, které mohou na zařízení vzniknout, popis přístrojových transformátorů a způsoby testování ochran. V praktické části je navržena laboratorní úloha na primární testování nadproudové ochrany, u které je názorně předveden vliv velikosti zátěže přístrojového transformátoru proudu na její funkci. V úloze je použita kombinovaná ochrana REJ 525A a měřící přístroj Omicron CPC 100, The main subject of this bachelor’s thesis is the creation of laboratory task on the issue of primary injection testing of the protection relays. The thesis is made up of two parts: theoretical and practical. In theoretical part there are information concerning the issue of protecting. One of them the meaning and relay function, requirements applicable on them, failure states, which may arise on the device operation, description of instrument transformers and methods of testing relays. In practical part is created laboratory task on the issue of primary injection testing of overcurrent relay, of which will demonstrate the influence of load current transformer to its function. In task are used Overcurrent and Earth-fault protection REJ 525A and measuring instrument Omicron CPC 100.

Cílem bakalářské práce je vytvoření laboratorní úlohy na problematiku primárního testování elektrických ochran. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části : teoretickou a praktickou. V teoretické části jsou informace týkající se problematiky chránění. Mezi ně patří význam a funkce ochrany v systému chránění, požadavky které jsou na ochrany kladeny, poruchové stavy, které mohou na zařízení vzniknout, popis přístrojových transformátorů a způsoby testování ochran. V praktické části je navržena laboratorní úloha na primární testování nadproudové ochrany, u které je názorně předveden vliv velikosti zátěže přístrojového transformátoru proudu na její funkci. V úloze je použita kombinovaná ochrana REJ 525A a měřící přístroj Omicron CPC 100, The main subject of this bachelor’s thesis is the creation of laboratory task on the issue of primary injection testing of the protection relays. The thesis is made up of two parts: theoretical and practical. In theoretical part there are information concerning the issue of protecting. One of them the meaning and relay function, requirements applicable on them, failure states, which may arise on the device operation, description of instrument transformers and methods of testing relays. In practical part is created laboratory task on the issue of primary injection testing of overcurrent relay, of which will demonstrate the influence of load current transformer to its function. In task are used Overcurrent and Earth-fault protection REJ 525A and measuring instrument Omicron CPC 100.

Cílem bakalářské práce je vytvoření laboratorní úlohy na problematiku primárního testování elektrických ochran. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části : teoretickou a praktickou. V teoretické části jsou informace týkající se problematiky chránění. Mezi ně patří význam a funkce ochrany v systému chránění, požadavky které jsou na ochrany kladeny, poruchové stavy, které mohou na zařízení vzniknout, popis přístrojových transformátorů a způsoby testování ochran. V praktické části je navržena laboratorní úloha na primární testování nadproudové ochrany, u které je názorně předveden vliv velikosti zátěže přístrojového transformátoru proudu na její funkci. V úloze je použita kombinovaná ochrana REJ 525A a měřící přístroj Omicron CPC 100, The main subject of this bachelor’s thesis is the creation of laboratory task on the issue of primary injection testing of the protection relays. The thesis is made up of two parts: theoretical and practical. In theoretical part there are information concerning the issue of protecting. One of them the meaning and relay function, requirements applicable on them, failure states, which may arise on the device operation, description of instrument transformers and methods of testing relays. In practical part is created laboratory task on the issue of primary injection testing of overcurrent relay, of which will demonstrate the influence of load current transformer to its function. In task are used Overcurrent and Earth-fault protection REJ 525A and measuring instrument Omicron CPC 100.

Cílem bakalářské práce je vytvoření laboratorní úlohy na problematiku primárního testování elektrických ochran. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části : teoretickou a praktickou. V teoretické části jsou informace týkající se problematiky chránění. Mezi ně patří význam a funkce ochrany v systému chránění, požadavky které jsou na ochrany kladeny, poruchové stavy, které mohou na zařízení vzniknout, popis přístrojových transformátorů a způsoby testování ochran. V praktické části je navržena laboratorní úloha na primární testování nadproudové ochrany, u které je názorně předveden vliv velikosti zátěže přístrojového transformátoru proudu na její funkci. V úloze je použita kombinovaná ochrana REJ 525A a měřící přístroj Omicron CPC 100, The main subject of this bachelor’s thesis is the creation of laboratory task on the issue of primary injection testing of the protection relays. The thesis is made up of two parts: theoretical and practical. In theoretical part there are information concerning the issue of protecting. One of them the meaning and relay function, requirements applicable on them, failure states, which may arise on the device operation, description of instrument transformers and methods of testing relays. In practical part is created laboratory task on the issue of primary injection testing of overcurrent relay, of which will demonstrate the influence of load current transformer to its function. In task are used Overcurrent and Earth-fault protection REJ 525A and measuring instrument Omicron CPC 100.

Diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem univerzálního simulátoru, který nahradí vypínač rozváděče vysokého napětí pro testování ochranných terminálů. Simulátor obsahuje v sobě hardwarovou a softwarovou část. Práce udává požadavky na univerzálnost. Na základě těchto požadavků je vyvíjena softwarová část a vytvořené zapojeni s konektorem pro komunikace s ochranným terminálu. Ovládání je zrealizováno sadou přepínačů a softwarem., The thesis deals with the design of a universal simulator to replace the middle voltage circuit breaker for testing of protection relays. The simulator includes hardware and software parts. The thesis provides the requirements for universality. Based on these requirements, the software part is developed, and a wiring connection is created to communicate with the protection relay. The control is realized by a set of switches and software.