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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects that the COVID-19 lockdown had in the PM10 levels and sources in a city adjacent port where the transport of bulk materials is one of the main activities. For this, the 2020 PM10 chemistry and sources will be compared to an annual baseline period of 2017-18 in the same area. A total of 337 samples were chemically analyzed (30 chemical species) and a positive matrix factorization model was used to identify major PM10 sources. A Mann-Whitney test was used to find statistically relevant differences between periods. The model identified 8 factors two of them directly related to port activities (Shipping emissions and bulk materials), one associated to road traffic, three linked secondary sources (aged sea salt, secondary nitrate, ammonium sulphate) and two natural sources including fresh sea salt and long-range transport from Saharan intrusions. Road traffic and Shipping sources show a significant reduction in the lockdown period. However, after this period, the road traffic source quickly recovered showing no differences on a yearly basis with the reference year. Only the Shipping emissions source were greatly reduced in 2020 compared to 2017-18. On the other hand, the influence of natural sources kept PM10 from reducing drastically during the lockdown year (2020).

Background: Time-location information (time spent on commuting, indoors and outdoors around residential and work places and physical activity) and infiltrated outdoor pollution was less considered estimating individual exposure to ambient air pollution. Studies investigating the association between individual exposure to particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter < 10 um (PM10) and < 2.5 um (PM2.5) and carotid atherosclerosis presented inconsistent results. Moreover, combined effect of pollutants on carotid atherosclerosis was not fully explored. We aimed to investigate the association between long-term individual time-weighted average exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis, and further explore the overall effect of co-exposure to pollutants on carotid atherosclerosis. Methods: The study population included 3069 participants derived from the Beijing Health Management Cohort (BHMC) study. Daily concentration of ambient air pollutants was estimated by land-use regression model at both residential and work addresses, and one- and two-year time-weighted average individual exposure was calculated by further considering personal activity pattern and infiltration of ambient air pollution indoors. We explored the association of PM2.5 and PM10 with carotid atherosclerosis and pooled the overall effect of co-exposure to ambient air pollutants by quantile g-computation. Results: A significant association between time-weighted average exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 and carotid atherosclerosis was observed. Per interquartile range increase in two-year exposure to PM2.5 (Hazard ratio (HR): 1.322, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.219–1.434) and PM10 (HR:1.213, 95% CI: 1.116–1.319) showed the strongest association with carotid atherosclerosis, respectively. Individuals in higher quartiles of pollutants were at higher risk for carotid atherosclerosis compared with those in the lowest quartile group. Concentration response functions documented the nearly

Pendlares luftkvalitet kan variera, beroende på om man reser med tex. tunnelbana, buss, båt, eller om man som alternativ cyklar eller promenerar. Denna rapport presenterar luftkvalitetsmätningar för pendlare i Stockholm. PM10, PM2.5 och sot (BC) har mätts i passagerarutrymmen i tunnelbanevagnar, bussar och båtar, samt vid cykling och vid promenader. Dessa mätresultat jämfördes med halterna som uppmättes när man väntade på hållplatser, och också med den urbana bakgrundsnivån i Stockholm. Mätresultaten från denna studie visar att pendlare som reser med båt eller buss har en luftkvalitet (timmedelvärde) som understiger WHO:s rekommenderade dygnsmedelvärden för PM2.5- och PM10-halter. Vid resa i tunnelbanevagn, så överskreds WHO:s medelvärden när tågen trafikerade spårtunnlar. För äldre otäta tunnelbanevagnar uppmättes de högsta PM2.5 och PM10-halterna i denna studie. Även de uppmätta sot-halterna var de högsta vid resa i de äldre otäta tunnelbanevagnarna. Vid promenad och cykling uppmättes PM2.5-, PM10- och sot-halter som var i paritet de som uppmättes för bussresenärer. Resultaten visade också på små skillnader i luftkvalitet på var i passagerarutrymmena man placerade sig vid resan., QC 20230811

Particulate matter emitted by heated cooking oil is hazardous to human health. To develop effective mitigation strategies, it is critical to know the amount of the emitted particles. The purpose of this research is to estimate the temperature-dependent particle mass emission rates of edible oils and to develop models for source strength based on the multiple linear regression method. First, this study examined seven commonly used oils by heating experiments. The emission rates of PM2.5 and PM10 were measured, and the effects of parameters such as oil volume and surface area on the emission rates were also analysed. Following that, the starting smoke points (Ts') and aggravating smoke points (Tss') of tested oils were determined. The results showed that oils with lower smoke points had greater emission rates. Notably, the experiments performed observed that peanut, rice, rapeseed and olive oil generated PM2.5 much faster at 240 degrees C (2.22, 1.50, 0.82 and 0.80 mg/s, respectively, at the highest emission conditions) than that of sunflower, soybean, and corn oil (0.15, 0.12 and 0.11 mg/s, respectively). The temperature, volume, and surface area of oils all had a significant impact on the particle mass emission rate, with oil temperature being the most influential. The regression models obtained were statistically significant (P < 0.001), with the majority of R2 values greater than 0.85. Using sunflower, soybean and corn oils, which have higher smoke points and lower emission rates, and smaller pans for cooking is therefore recom-mended based on our research findings., QC 20230411

Air pollution is an important anthropogenic hazard due to its effect on human health and the environment. Understanding how the population perceives the risk associated with air pollution is a crucial aspect to inform future policies and communication strategies. The aim of this study is to examine the association between air pollution concentrations and public risk perception of air pollution, also exploring socio-demographic patterns in the general population of Italy and Sweden. To this end, we derived 3-year PM10 average concentrations from ground monitoring stations and integrated with a population-based survey carried out in August 2021 in both countries. Relative perceived likelihood and impact on the individual were considered as domains of risk perception. In addition this, information on direct experience and socio-demographic factors were included as possible determinants of risk perception. Linear regression models were performed to examine the association of PM10 average concentrations at regional level and individual level factors with risk perception domains. In both countries, respondents who live in the most densely populated regions report a higher perceived likelihood of air pollution. Direct experience is the main driver of risk perception in both countries. Being male and smokers in Italy, older age and having left/centre-left political orientation in both countries are associated with a higher perceived likelihood and impact of air pollution. These findings will inform future health and environmental studies regarding the public risk perception of air pollution highlighting individual's awareness and the sociodemographic patterns.

Pendlares luftkvalitet kan variera, beroende på om man reser med tex. tunnelbana, buss, båt, eller om man som alternativ cyklar eller promenerar. Denna rapport presenterar luftkvalitetsmätningar för pendlare i Stockholm. PM10, PM2.5 och sot (BC) har mätts i passagerarutrymmen i tunnelbanevagnar, bussar och båtar, samt vid cykling och vid promenader. Dessa mätresultat jämfördes med halterna som uppmättes när man väntade på hållplatser, och också med den urbana bakgrundsnivån i Stockholm. Mätresultaten från denna studie visar att pendlare som reser med båt eller buss har en luftkvalitet (timmedelvärde) som understiger WHO:s rekommenderade dygnsmedelvärden för PM2.5- och PM10-halter. Vid resa i tunnelbanevagn, så överskreds WHO:s medelvärden när tågen trafikerade spårtunnlar. För äldre otäta tunnelbanevagnar uppmättes de högsta PM2.5 och PM10-halterna i denna studie. Även de uppmätta sot-halterna var de högsta vid resa i de äldre otäta tunnelbanevagnarna. Vid promenad och cykling uppmättes PM2.5-, PM10- och sot-halter som var i paritet de som uppmättes för bussresenärer. Resultaten visade också på små skillnader i luftkvalitet på var i passagerarutrymmena man placerade sig vid resan., QC 20230811

Air pollution is an important anthropogenic hazard due to its effect on human health and the environment. Understanding how the population perceives the risk associated with air pollution is a crucial aspect to inform future policies and communication strategies. The aim of this study is to examine the association between air pollution concentrations and public risk perception of air pollution, also exploring socio-demographic patterns in the general population of Italy and Sweden. To this end, we derived 3-year PM10 average concentrations from ground monitoring stations and integrated with a population-based survey carried out in August 2021 in both countries. Relative perceived likelihood and impact on the individual were considered as domains of risk perception. In addition this, information on direct experience and socio-demographic factors were included as possible determinants of risk perception. Linear regression models were performed to examine the association of PM10 average concentrations at regional level and individual level factors with risk perception domains. In both countries, respondents who live in the most densely populated regions report a higher perceived likelihood of air pollution. Direct experience is the main driver of risk perception in both countries. Being male and smokers in Italy, older age and having left/centre-left political orientation in both countries are associated with a higher perceived likelihood and impact of air pollution. These findings will inform future health and environmental studies regarding the public risk perception of air pollution highlighting individual's awareness and the sociodemographic patterns.

Air pollution is an important anthropogenic hazard due to its effect on human health and the environment. Understanding how the population perceives the risk associated with air pollution is a crucial aspect to inform future policies and communication strategies. The aim of this study is to examine the association between air pollution concentrations and public risk perception of air pollution, also exploring socio-demographic patterns in the general population of Italy and Sweden. To this end, we derived 3-year PM10 average concentrations from ground monitoring stations and integrated with a population-based survey carried out in August 2021 in both countries. Relative perceived likelihood and impact on the individual were considered as domains of risk perception. In addition this, information on direct experience and socio-demographic factors were included as possible determinants of risk perception. Linear regression models were performed to examine the association of PM10 average concentrations at regional level and individual level factors with risk perception domains. In both countries, respondents who live in the most densely populated regions report a higher perceived likelihood of air pollution. Direct experience is the main driver of risk perception in both countries. Being male and smokers in Italy, older age and having left/centre-left political orientation in both countries are associated with a higher perceived likelihood and impact of air pollution. These findings will inform future health and environmental studies regarding the public risk perception of air pollution highlighting individual's awareness and the sociodemographic patterns.

Air pollution is an important anthropogenic hazard due to its effect on human health and the environment. Understanding how the population perceives the risk associated with air pollution is a crucial aspect to inform future policies and communication strategies. The aim of this study is to examine the association between air pollution concentrations and public risk perception of air pollution, also exploring socio-demographic patterns in the general population of Italy and Sweden. To this end, we derived 3-year PM10 average concentrations from ground monitoring stations and integrated with a population-based survey carried out in August 2021 in both countries. Relative perceived likelihood and impact on the individual were considered as domains of risk perception. In addition this, information on direct experience and socio-demographic factors were included as possible determinants of risk perception. Linear regression models were performed to examine the association of PM10 average concentrations at regional level and individual level factors with risk perception domains. In both countries, respondents who live in the most densely populated regions report a higher perceived likelihood of air pollution. Direct experience is the main driver of risk perception in both countries. Being male and smokers in Italy, older age and having left/centre-left political orientation in both countries are associated with a higher perceived likelihood and impact of air pollution. These findings will inform future health and environmental studies regarding the public risk perception of air pollution highlighting individual's awareness and the sociodemographic patterns.

The impact of air pollution on people and the environment is a severe issue that has recently been the subject of extensive research. This study has looked at the factors that contribute to the seasonal and spatial variability of pollutant concentration over Delhi NCR from 2019 to 2021. Additionally, the causes of changes in air quality during the COVID-19’s lockdown period in 2020 have been discussed, along with comparisons to the pre-lockdown year (2019) and the post-lockdown year (2021). Seven pollutant parameters, viz., (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, CO, SO2, NH3, and O3) were retrieved from the air quality monitoring stations spread over Delhi NCR. The results show a significant temporal (seasonal) and spatial variability in the air pollutants’ concentration. The highest pollutant level was observed in winter and the lowest in summer seasons. The results suggest that the concentration of atmospheric pollutants was already lower (20–30%) before the implementation of the lockdown. Meteorology played an important role in emission reduction during the lockdown, in particular, and seasonal, in general. The results also suggest that Bhiwadi is not the most polluted city, as claimed in the World Air Quality Report 2022. The most polluted sites in terms of pollutant concentration were observed over Delhi in all the years considered., Space Systems Egineering

Air pollution is an important anthropogenic hazard due to its effect on human health and the environment. Understanding how the population perceives the risk associated with air pollution is a crucial aspect to inform future policies and communication strategies. The aim of this study is to examine the association between air pollution concentrations and public risk perception of air pollution, also exploring socio-demographic patterns in the general population of Italy and Sweden. To this end, we derived 3-year PM10 average concentrations from ground monitoring stations and integrated with a population-based survey carried out in August 2021 in both countries. Relative perceived likelihood and impact on the individual were considered as domains of risk perception. In addition this, information on direct experience and socio-demographic factors were included as possible determinants of risk perception. Linear regression models were performed to examine the association of PM10 average concentrations at regional level and individual level factors with risk perception domains. In both countries, respondents who live in the most densely populated regions report a higher perceived likelihood of air pollution. Direct experience is the main driver of risk perception in both countries. Being male and smokers in Italy, older age and having left/centre-left political orientation in both countries are associated with a higher perceived likelihood and impact of air pollution. These findings will inform future health and environmental studies regarding the public risk perception of air pollution highlighting individual's awareness and the sociodemographic patterns.

Pendlares luftkvalitet kan variera, beroende på om man reser med tex. tunnelbana, buss, båt, eller om man som alternativ cyklar eller promenerar. Denna rapport presenterar luftkvalitetsmätningar för pendlare i Stockholm. PM10, PM2.5 och sot (BC) har mätts i passagerarutrymmen i tunnelbanevagnar, bussar och båtar, samt vid cykling och vid promenader. Dessa mätresultat jämfördes med halterna som uppmättes när man väntade på hållplatser, och också med den urbana bakgrundsnivån i Stockholm. Mätresultaten från denna studie visar att pendlare som reser med båt eller buss har en luftkvalitet (timmedelvärde) som understiger WHO:s rekommenderade dygnsmedelvärden för PM2.5- och PM10-halter. Vid resa i tunnelbanevagn, så överskreds WHO:s medelvärden när tågen trafikerade spårtunnlar. För äldre otäta tunnelbanevagnar uppmättes de högsta PM2.5 och PM10-halterna i denna studie. Även de uppmätta sot-halterna var de högsta vid resa i de äldre otäta tunnelbanevagnarna. Vid promenad och cykling uppmättes PM2.5-, PM10- och sot-halter som var i paritet de som uppmättes för bussresenärer. Resultaten visade också på små skillnader i luftkvalitet på var i passagerarutrymmena man placerade sig vid resan., QC 20230811

Pendlares luftkvalitet kan variera, beroende på om man reser med tex. tunnelbana, buss, båt, eller om man som alternativ cyklar eller promenerar. Denna rapport presenterar luftkvalitetsmätningar för pendlare i Stockholm. PM10, PM2.5 och sot (BC) har mätts i passagerarutrymmen i tunnelbanevagnar, bussar och båtar, samt vid cykling och vid promenader. Dessa mätresultat jämfördes med halterna som uppmättes när man väntade på hållplatser, och också med den urbana bakgrundsnivån i Stockholm. Mätresultaten från denna studie visar att pendlare som reser med båt eller buss har en luftkvalitet (timmedelvärde) som understiger WHO:s rekommenderade dygnsmedelvärden för PM2.5- och PM10-halter. Vid resa i tunnelbanevagn, så överskreds WHO:s medelvärden när tågen trafikerade spårtunnlar. För äldre otäta tunnelbanevagnar uppmättes de högsta PM2.5 och PM10-halterna i denna studie. Även de uppmätta sot-halterna var de högsta vid resa i de äldre otäta tunnelbanevagnarna. Vid promenad och cykling uppmättes PM2.5-, PM10- och sot-halter som var i paritet de som uppmättes för bussresenärer. Resultaten visade också på små skillnader i luftkvalitet på var i passagerarutrymmena man placerade sig vid resan., QC 20230811

Particulate matter (PM10) pollution has become a problem of significant impact in many countries and cities due to its dangerous effects on public health and environmental balance. The current study aims to monitor the indoor and outdoor PM10 concentrations of the buildings located next to an industrial area that releasing industrial fumes. Three buildings were selected to be investigated. Two factors were considered in the current study, including the outdoor PM10 and wind speed. Response surface methodology (RSM) design was used to identify the relationship between the outdoor and indoor PM10 concentration (I/O) through the ANOVA analysis (P<0.05). The obtained results of PM10 concentrations were showed an acceptable concentration (PM10.In.max= 34 µg.m-3, PM10.Out.max= 77 µg.m-3) compared to the Malaysian standard of Practice (DOSH) and RMAAQG (150 µg.m-3) for the selected areas. The investigation was showed a relationship between PM10.in, PM10.out, and the wind speed with a significant ANOVA factor (P < 0.05). The study findings are considered a knowledge contribution of the PM10 concentrations on the relationship of indoor and outdoor air quality for building surrounded by factories.

The Copenhagen Metro comprises four lines, the M1, M2, M3 and M4, with 25 subterranean stations and an additional 14 stations above ground, serving ca. 80 million passengers annually. In this study we measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in stations and in trains across the entire system. In partially underground lines, high PM2.5 concentrations with an average of 109 mu gm(-3) are found in below-ground stations. The observed correlation between PM2.5 concentration and distance between a station and a tunnel exit is attributed to ventilation via the piston effect. The piston effect via tunnel draught relief shafts was therefore found to be relatively limited. Filter samples of particulate matter are analysed using particle-induced X-ray emission and show an iron content of 88.6 % by mass which is quite different from above-ground particulate matter and consistent with particle production by train wheels, rails and brakes. The average concentration measured at the stations of a recently opened (2019) fully underground M3 closed loop line is 168 mu gm(-3), further demonstrating that while piston effect-driven ventilation is effective in close proximity to tunnel openings, it is relatively limited via tunnel draught relief shafts. Measurements onboard trains show even higher PM2.5 concentrations and the patterns in CO2 concentrations suggest carriage ventilation by tunnel air. Ventilation via doors during platform stops caused a drop in observed PM (and CO2) at stations, but the system is surprisingly polluted despite its recent construction. CO2 mixing ratios ranged from ambient to around 600 ppm. Measures should be taken to control PM levels using a combination of source control and increased clean air supply of the Copenhagen and other similar metro systems.

Particulate matter (PM10) pollution has become a problem of significant impact in many countries and cities due to its dangerous effects on public health and environmental balance. The current study aims to monitor the indoor and outdoor PM10 concentrations of the buildings located next to an industrial area that releasing industrial fumes. Three buildings were selected to be investigated. Two factors were considered in the current study, including the outdoor PM10 and wind speed. Response surface methodology (RSM) design was used to identify the relationship between the outdoor and indoor PM10 concentration (I/O) through the ANOVA analysis (P<0.05). The obtained results of PM10 concentrations were showed an acceptable concentration (PM10.In.max= 34 µg.m-3, PM10.Out.max= 77 µg.m-3) compared to the Malaysian standard of Practice (DOSH) and RMAAQG (150 µg.m-3) for the selected areas. The investigation was showed a relationship between PM10.in, PM10.out, and the wind speed with a significant ANOVA factor (P < 0.05). The study findings are considered a knowledge contribution of the PM10 concentrations on the relationship of indoor and outdoor air quality for building surrounded by factories.

Particulate matter (PM10) pollution has become a problem of significant impact in many countries and cities due to its dangerous effects on public health and environmental balance. The current study aims to monitor the indoor and outdoor PM10 concentrations of the buildings located next to an industrial area that releasing industrial fumes. Three buildings were selected to be investigated. Two factors were considered in the current study, including the outdoor PM10 and wind speed. Response surface methodology (RSM) design was used to identify the relationship between the outdoor and indoor PM10 concentration (I/O) through the ANOVA analysis (P<0.05). The obtained results of PM10 concentrations were showed an acceptable concentration (PM10.In.max= 34 µg.m-3, PM10.Out.max= 77 µg.m-3) compared to the Malaysian standard of Practice (DOSH) and RMAAQG (150 µg.m-3) for the selected areas. The investigation was showed a relationship between PM10.in, PM10.out, and the wind speed with a significant ANOVA factor (P < 0.05). The study findings are considered a knowledge contribution of the PM10 concentrations on the relationship of indoor and outdoor air quality for building surrounded by factories.

This paper aims to study the major pollutants of the four metro cities of India before and after covid 19 first wave. The cities considered for the study are Bangalore, Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata. The major pollutants considered for the study are PM2.5, PM10, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, CO, and Ozone. The basic aim of the study is to find the effect of lockdown and covid restrictions on the level of pollutants across the four major cities of India. We used both parametric and non-parametric tests for the analysis using SPSS. From the study, it is clear that there is a significant decrease in all the major pollutants across India's major cities.

La tesi esplora le correlazioni fra composizione chimica del particolato emesso in frenata e alcuni fattori quali: i) le combinazioni di materiali che compongono l'interfaccia tribologica; ii) le condizioni di guida; iii) le frazioni dimensionali in cui vengono prodotti i particolati, This thesis reports on the correlations between the compositional features of the particulates produced by brakes and several determining or modulating factors, such as: i) The starting material composing the friction couple; ii) the driving conditions; and iii) the dimensional fractions in which the particulates are generated and emitted.

The Copenhagen Metro comprises four lines, the M1, M2, M3 and M4, with 25 subterranean stations and an additional 14 stations above ground, serving ca. 80 million passengers annually. In this study we measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in stations and in trains across the entire system. In partially underground lines, high PM2.5 concentrations with an average of 109 mu gm(-3) are found in below-ground stations. The observed correlation between PM2.5 concentration and distance between a station and a tunnel exit is attributed to ventilation via the piston effect. The piston effect via tunnel draught relief shafts was therefore found to be relatively limited. Filter samples of particulate matter are analysed using particle-induced X-ray emission and show an iron content of 88.6 % by mass which is quite different from above-ground particulate matter and consistent with particle production by train wheels, rails and brakes. The average concentration measured at the stations of a recently opened (2019) fully underground M3 closed loop line is 168 mu gm(-3), further demonstrating that while piston effect-driven ventilation is effective in close proximity to tunnel openings, it is relatively limited via tunnel draught relief shafts. Measurements onboard trains show even higher PM2.5 concentrations and the patterns in CO2 concentrations suggest carriage ventilation by tunnel air. Ventilation via doors during platform stops caused a drop in observed PM (and CO2) at stations, but the system is surprisingly polluted despite its recent construction. CO2 mixing ratios ranged from ambient to around 600 ppm. Measures should be taken to control PM levels using a combination of source control and increased clean air supply of the Copenhagen and other similar metro systems.

This paper aims to study the major pollutants of the four metro cities of India before and after covid 19 first wave. The cities considered for the study are Bangalore, Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata. The major pollutants considered for the study are PM2.5, PM10, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, CO, and Ozone. The basic aim of the study is to find the effect of lockdown and covid restrictions on the level of pollutants across the four major cities of India. We used both parametric and non-parametric tests for the analysis using SPSS. From the study, it is clear that there is a significant decrease in all the major pollutants across India's major cities.

Small data samples are still a critical challenge for spatial predictions. Land use regression (LUR) is a widely used model for spatial predictions with observations at a limited number of locations. Studies have demonstrated that LUR models can overcome the limitation exhibited by other spatial prediction models which usually require greater spatial densities of observations. However, the prediction accuracy and robustness of LUR models still need to be improved due to the linear regression within the LUR model. To improve LUR models, this study develops a land use quantile regression (LUQR) model for more accurate spatial predictions for small data samples. The LUQR is an integration of the LUR and quantile regression, which both have advantages in predictions with a small data set of samples. In this study, the LUQR model is applied in predicting spatial distributions of annual mean PM2.5 concentrations across the Greater Sydney Region, New South Wales, Australia, with observations at 19 valid monitoring stations in 2020. Cross validation shows that the goodness-of-fit can be improved by 25.6–32.1% by LUQR models when compared with LUR, and prediction root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) can be reduced by 10.6–13.4% and 19.4–24.7% by LUQR models, respectively. This study also indicates that LUQR is a more robust model for the spatial prediction with small data samples than LUR. Thus, LUQR has great potentials to be widely applied in spatial issues with a limited number of observations.

Climate change is accelerating the intensity and frequency of wildfires globally. Understanding how wildfire smoke (WS) may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes and alterations in placental function via biological mechanisms is critical to mitigate the harms of exposure. We aim to review the literature surrounding WS, placental biology, biological mechanisms underlying adverse pregnancy outcomes as well as interventions and strategies to avoid WS exposure in pregnancy. This review includes epidemiologic and experimental laboratory-based studies of WS, air pollution, particulate matter (PM), and other chemicals related to combustion in relation to obstetric outcomes and placental biology. We summarized the available clinical, animal, and placental studies with WS and other combustion products such as tobacco, diesel, and wood smoke. Additionally, we reviewed current recommendations for prevention of WS exposure. We found that there is limited data specific to WS; however, studies on air pollution and other combustion sources suggest a link to inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, DNA damage, telomere shortening, epigenetic changes, as well as metabolic, vascular, and endothelial dysregulation in the maternal-fetal unit. These alterations in placental biology contribute to adverse obstetric outcomes that disproportionally affect the most vulnerable. Limiting time outdoors, wearing N95 respirator face masks and using high quality indoor air filters during wildfire events reduces exposure to related environmental exposures and may mitigate morbidities attributable to WS.

A literature review of environmental effects related to the choice of road pavement is presented here, starting from noise-reduced pavements, and with a focus on non-exhaust particles, as a great deal of research is being performed in the area of road dust. A simple description of pavements based on the Swedish Transport Administration's requirements introduces the description of the relationship between pavements and the three areas of noise, road dust and rolling resistance. The conclusions are that environmental aspects are important to address already when choosing the pavement. There is great potential to limit the negative environmental effects through pavement choices, especially if simpler connections can be made, e.g. using the ideas we present in this report. We recommend further research on functional relationships, especially in the particle domain where the relationships between pavement and emissions of non-exhaust particles is seldom quantified. The relationships between pavement and each of the parameters; noise; non-exhaust particles; and rolling resistance, need to be modelled to be able to understand the processes fully, preferably including friction. Road dust also creates a risk of reducing the acoustic life of porous pavements, i.e. a type of pavement reducing noise emissions. Including the resuspension of road dust in the emissions is of great importance to increase the possibilities of using pavement choices to limit road dust emissions. A first detailed description is published in this report., En litteraturgenomgång av miljöeffekter relaterade till val av vägbeläggning redovisas utgående från bullerreducerade beläggningar, och med fokus på slitagepartiklar, då det inom området pågår stor inhämtning av ny kunskap. En enkel beskrivning av beläggningar med utgångspunkt från Trafikverkets krav och råd har kompletterats med relationen till de tre områdena buller, partiklar och rullmotstånd. Slutsatserna är att miljöaspekter är viktiga att tas omhand redan vid beläggningsvalet. Det finns stor potential att begränsa de negativa miljöeffekterna genom beläggningsval, särskilt om enklare samband kan tas fram t.ex. med hjälp av de tankar vi presenterar i denna rapport. Vi rekommenderar ytterligare forskning om funktionssamband, särskilt inom partikelområdet där kvantifieringen av relationerna är begränsad. Relationerna mellan de variabler som beskriver vägytan behöver i en modell relateras till alla miljövariablerna, gärna inkluderande friktion. Att inkludera uppvirvlingen i emissionerna av vägdamm är av stor vikt för att öka möjligheterna att använda beläggningsval för att begränsa vägdammsemissionerna. En första ingående beskrivning publiceras i denna rapport. Vägdamm riskerar också att minska den akustiska livslängden hos de dränerande beläggningarna.

En aquest treball de final de grau, es busca trobar una solució per a poder mesurar la contaminació de l'aire d'una manera econòmica. Creant una petita estació que sigui capaç de mesurar el gas contaminant NO2. També mirant la mida de les partícules de l'aire: PM10, PM2,5. Per a crear aquesta estació, compararem diferents tipus de microcontroladors amb conn exió WIFI integrada, sensors capaços d'observar NO2, PM10 i PM2,5. Buscarem una plataforma web que ens permeti observar les dades obtingudes amb la nostra estació. Com a punt final, és mirar de fer un pla d'implementació a la ciutat de Terrassa, on s'obser vi de quina manera es podria crear una xarxa per cobrir la ciutat, per a tal de millorar l'obtenció de dades actuals que disposa d'una estació oficial. Juntament amb un manual perquè tothom sigui capaç de muntar la seva estació, sigui capaç de modificar el programa i pugui imprimir una carcassa en 3D

The Swedish population exposure to concentrations of NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 was quantified for 2019, and the health and associated economic consequences were calculated. Most of the population was exposed to levels below the environmental standards. However, compared to the recently updated WHO 2021 Air Quality Guidelines, our calculations indicate that 82% of the population is exposed to unacceptable levels of PM2.5, and 11 % to unacceptable levels of NO2. We estimate a total of 6740 deaths per year. The health impacts can be estimated to cause socio-economic costs of ~168 billion SEK.

The old Swedish city Visby, located on the island Gotland, has, for several years, reported higher PM10 concentrations than any other city in Sweden. In Visby, local limestone is used, both in road paving and as sand used for anti-slip measures, resulting in a clear annual pattern of PM10 with the highest concentrations during winter/spring when studded tires are allowed. This study analyzes the short-term associations between PM10 and daily number of patients with acute respiratory problems (ICD-10 diagnoses: J00-J99) seeking care at the hospital or primary healthcare units in Visby during the period of 2013-2019. The daily mean of PM10 was on average 45 µg m-3 during winter/spring and 18 µg m-3 during summer/autumn. Four outcome categories were analyzed using quasi-Poisson regression models, stratifying for period and adjusting for calendar variables and weather. An increase in respiratory visits was associated with increasing concentrations in PM10 during the summer/autumn period, most prominent among children, where asthma visits increased by 5% (95% CI: 2-9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase in PM10. For the winter/spring period, no significant effects were observed, except for the diagnose group 'upper airways' in adults, where respiratory visits increased by 1% (95% CI: 0.1-1.9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase. According to the results, limestone in particles seem to be relatively harmless at the exposure concentrations observed in Visby, and this is in line with the results from a few experimental and occupational studies., This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Exposure and Health Risk of Atmospheric Pollution.

The old Swedish city Visby, located on the island Gotland, has, for several years, reported higher PM10 concentrations than any other city in Sweden. In Visby, local limestone is used, both in road paving and as sand used for anti-slip measures, resulting in a clear annual pattern of PM10 with the highest concentrations during winter/spring when studded tires are allowed. This study analyzes the short-term associations between PM10 and daily number of patients with acute respiratory problems (ICD-10 diagnoses: J00-J99) seeking care at the hospital or primary healthcare units in Visby during the period of 2013-2019. The daily mean of PM10 was on average 45 µg m-3 during winter/spring and 18 µg m-3 during summer/autumn. Four outcome categories were analyzed using quasi-Poisson regression models, stratifying for period and adjusting for calendar variables and weather. An increase in respiratory visits was associated with increasing concentrations in PM10 during the summer/autumn period, most prominent among children, where asthma visits increased by 5% (95% CI: 2-9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase in PM10. For the winter/spring period, no significant effects were observed, except for the diagnose group 'upper airways' in adults, where respiratory visits increased by 1% (95% CI: 0.1-1.9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase. According to the results, limestone in particles seem to be relatively harmless at the exposure concentrations observed in Visby, and this is in line with the results from a few experimental and occupational studies., This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Exposure and Health Risk of Atmospheric Pollution.

A sampling methodology and a mathematical data treatment were developed that enable to determine not only total suspended particulates (TSP) emitted at channeled sources but also the PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass fractions (w10, w2.5, and w1) and emission factors (E.F.), using a seven-stage cascade impactor. Moreover, a chemical analysis was performed to identify the elements present in these emissions. The proposed methodology was applied to different stages of the ceramic process, including ambient temperature (milling, shaping, glazing) and medium-high-temperature (spray-drying, drying, firing, and frit melting) stages. In total, more than 100 measurements were performed (pilot scale and industrial scale), which leads to a measurement time of 1500 h. Related to the mass fractions, in general, the mean values of w10 after the fabric filters operated at high performance are high and with little dispersion (75-85%), and it is also observed that they are practically independent of the stage considered, i.e., they are not significantly dependent on the initial PSD of the stream to be treated. In the case of the fine fraction w2.5, the behavior is more complex (w2.5: 30-60%), probably because the only variable is not the cleaning system, but also the nature of the processed material. Regarding abatement measures, the use of high-efficiency cleaning systems considerably reduces the emission factors obtained for fractions PM10, PM2.5, and PM1. In reference to chemical analysis, the presence of ZrO2 and Ni in the spray-drying and pressing stages, the significant concentration of ZrO2 in the glazing stage, the presence of Pb, As, and Zn in the firing stage, and the presence of Zn, Pb, Cd, and As compounds in the frits manufacturing should all be highlighted. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the use of some compounds, such as cadmium and lead, has been very limited in the last years and, therefore, presumably, the presence of these elements in the emissions should ha

A powerful methodology, based on the multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) method with quadrilinearity constraints, is proposed to handle complex and incomplete four-way atmospheric data sets, providing concise results that are easy to interpret. Changes in air quality by nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM10) in eight sampling stations located in the Barcelona metropolitan area and other parts of Catalonia during the COVID-19 lockdown period (2020) with respect to previous years (2018 and 2019), are investigated using such methodology. The MCR-ALS simultaneous analysis of the three contaminants among the eight stations and for the 3 years allows the evaluation of potential correlations among the pollutants, even when having missing data blocks. Correlated profiles are shown by NO2 and PM10 due to similar pollution sources (traffic and industry), evidencing a decrease in 2019 and 2020 due to traffic restriction policies and the COVID-19 lockdown period, especially noticeable in the most transited urban areas (i.e., Vall d'Hebron, Granollers and Gràcia). The O3 evidences an opposed interannual trend, showing higher amounts in 2019 and 2020 with respect to 2018 due to the decreased titration effect, more significant in rural areas (Begur) and in the control site (Obserbatori Fabra). Copyright

The Swedish population exposure to concentrations of NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 was quantified for 2019, and the health and associated economic consequences were calculated. Most of the population was exposed to levels below the environmental standards. However, compared to the recently updated WHO 2021 Air Quality Guidelines, our calculations indicate that 82% of the population is exposed to unacceptable levels of PM2.5, and 11 % to unacceptable levels of NO2. We estimate a total of 6740 deaths per year. The health impacts can be estimated to cause socio-economic costs of ~168 billion SEK.

Denna rapport består av två delrapporter: 1. Underlag för hälsovinster med att uppnå miljömål Frisk Luft 2. Hälsovinster med att uppnå miljömål Frisk Luft I den första rapporten, som grundar sig på arbete som utfördes 2020, ges en sammanfattning av evidensen för hälsoeffekter för olika typer av luftföroreningar, med särskilt fokus på lägre halter. Evidensen sammanfattas i tabeller i slutet av rapporten. Dessa tabeller är på engelska eftersom centrala formuleringar om evidensgrad med mera kommer från källor med engelskt text. Den andra rapporten grundar sig på arbete som utfördes 2021, och i den beräknas hälsokonsekvenser av olika luftföroreningar, dels för en generell minskning på 1 µgm-3, dels på en minskning mellan miljökvalitetsnormen och miljömålets precisering, dels för en minskning från miljömålet till Världshälsoorganisationens (WHO:s) riktlinjer för luftkvalitet, som presenterades i september 2021. Resultaten visar att även en liten minskning av halten skulle innebära betydande hälsovinster. Exempelvis så skulle en minskning av PM2.5 på 1 µgm-3 innebära en minskning i dödlighet med 1-2 % (beroende på val av dos-responsfunktion), antalet personer som drabbas av hjärtinfarkter skulle minska med 2 %, antalet fall av stroke skulle minska med 4 %, antalet fall av KOL skulle minska med 2 %, antalet fall av lungcancer skulle minska med 1 %, och antalet fall av diabetes typ 2 skulle minska med 1% varje år. Dessutom skulle antalet fall av barnastma varje år minska med 3 %, antalet prematura födslar skulle minska med 2 % och antalet fall av havandeskapsförgiftning skulle minska med 3 % varje år., Rapporten består av två delrapporter., NATIONELL MILJÖÖVERVAKNING PÅ UPPDRAG AV NATURVÅRDSVERKET

The old Swedish city Visby, located on the island Gotland, has, for several years, reported higher PM10 concentrations than any other city in Sweden. In Visby, local limestone is used, both in road paving and as sand used for anti-slip measures, resulting in a clear annual pattern of PM10 with the highest concentrations during winter/spring when studded tires are allowed. This study analyzes the short-term associations between PM10 and daily number of patients with acute respiratory problems (ICD-10 diagnoses: J00-J99) seeking care at the hospital or primary healthcare units in Visby during the period of 2013-2019. The daily mean of PM10 was on average 45 µg m-3 during winter/spring and 18 µg m-3 during summer/autumn. Four outcome categories were analyzed using quasi-Poisson regression models, stratifying for period and adjusting for calendar variables and weather. An increase in respiratory visits was associated with increasing concentrations in PM10 during the summer/autumn period, most prominent among children, where asthma visits increased by 5% (95% CI: 2-9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase in PM10. For the winter/spring period, no significant effects were observed, except for the diagnose group 'upper airways' in adults, where respiratory visits increased by 1% (95% CI: 0.1-1.9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase. According to the results, limestone in particles seem to be relatively harmless at the exposure concentrations observed in Visby, and this is in line with the results from a few experimental and occupational studies., This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Exposure and Health Risk of Atmospheric Pollution.

Denna rapport består av två delrapporter: 1. Underlag för hälsovinster med att uppnå miljömål Frisk Luft 2. Hälsovinster med att uppnå miljömål Frisk Luft I den första rapporten, som grundar sig på arbete som utfördes 2020, ges en sammanfattning av evidensen för hälsoeffekter för olika typer av luftföroreningar, med särskilt fokus på lägre halter. Evidensen sammanfattas i tabeller i slutet av rapporten. Dessa tabeller är på engelska eftersom centrala formuleringar om evidensgrad med mera kommer från källor med engelskt text. Den andra rapporten grundar sig på arbete som utfördes 2021, och i den beräknas hälsokonsekvenser av olika luftföroreningar, dels för en generell minskning på 1 µgm-3, dels på en minskning mellan miljökvalitetsnormen och miljömålets precisering, dels för en minskning från miljömålet till Världshälsoorganisationens (WHO:s) riktlinjer för luftkvalitet, som presenterades i september 2021. Resultaten visar att även en liten minskning av halten skulle innebära betydande hälsovinster. Exempelvis så skulle en minskning av PM2.5 på 1 µgm-3 innebära en minskning i dödlighet med 1-2 % (beroende på val av dos-responsfunktion), antalet personer som drabbas av hjärtinfarkter skulle minska med 2 %, antalet fall av stroke skulle minska med 4 %, antalet fall av KOL skulle minska med 2 %, antalet fall av lungcancer skulle minska med 1 %, och antalet fall av diabetes typ 2 skulle minska med 1% varje år. Dessutom skulle antalet fall av barnastma varje år minska med 3 %, antalet prematura födslar skulle minska med 2 % och antalet fall av havandeskapsförgiftning skulle minska med 3 % varje år., Rapporten består av två delrapporter., NATIONELL MILJÖÖVERVAKNING PÅ UPPDRAG AV NATURVÅRDSVERKET

In den Städten leben zunehmend mehr Menschen. Daher ist eine wesentliche Aufgabe der Kommunen für eine gute Lebensqualität der in den Städten lebenden Menschen zu sorgen. Neben vielen anderen Faktoren spielt dabei auch die Luftqualität eine entscheidende Rolle, denn Luft benötigen wir alle zum Leben und konsumieren Tag für Tag viele Liter davon. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit der Frage, ob urbane Vegetation, insbesondere begrünte Dachflächen, zu einer Verbesserung der Luftqualität beitragen kann. Um diese Frage beantworten zu können wurden zum einen auf mehreren Dachflächen Parameter, welche die Luftqualität widerspiegeln, erfasst. Bei den untersuchten Parametern handelte es sich in erster Linie um Partikel der Größenordnung 2,5 bis 80 Mikrometer und um Stickstoffdioxid (NO2). Luftgetragene Partikel wurden mittels Sigma-2-Sammlern und NO2 mittels Palmes-Röhrchen erfasst. Zum anderen wurden morphologische Blatteigenschaften verschiedener Pflanzenarten mikroskopisch untersucht und eine Aussage über die „Filterleistungen“ der Arten getroffen. Unterstützend wurden Schwermetallgehalte im Substrat und Durchflusswasser untersucht. Die Untersuchungen auf den Dachflächen haben gezeigt, dass, bedingt durch die Höhendifferenz, auf den Dachflächen deutlich geringere Schadstoffmengen erfasst wurden, als auf Straßenniveau. Für NO2 wurde etwa 50 % geringere Werte erfasst. Der Vergleich zwischen begrünter und unbegrünter Dachfläche zeigte sowohl für Feinstaub, als auch für NO2 leicht signifikant geringere Werte auf den begrünten Dächern. Die Untersuchungen an den verschiedenen Pflanzenarten haben ergeben, dass Pflanzen mit strukturreicher Blattoberfläche, dichtem und hohem Wuchs, mehr Partikel aus der Umgebungsluft „filtern“ als niedrig wachsende Arten oder Arten mit glatter Blattoberfläche. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass begrünte Dachflächen zu einer leichten Verbesserung der Luftqualität, hinsichtlich Feinstaub und NO2, führen können. Entscheidend dabei sind di, More and more people are living in cities. Therefore, one of the main tasks of municipalities is to ensure a good quality of life for people living in cities. Among many other factors, air quality plays a decisive role, because we all need air to live and consume many litres of it every day. This study therefore deals with the question of whether urban vegetation, especially green roofs, can contribute to an improvement in air quality. In order to answer this question, parameters reflecting air quality were recorded on several roof surfaces. The parameters investigated were primarily particles in the range of 2.5 to 80 micrometres and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Airborne particles were recorded using Sigma-2-samplers and NO2 using Palmes tubes. On the other hand, morphological leaf characteristics of different plant species were examined microscopically and a statement was made about the "filtering capacities" of the species. In support of this, heavy metal contents in the substrate and wash-out were investigated. Investigations on roof surfaces showed that, due to the height difference, significantly lower pollutant levels were recorded on roof surfaces than at street level. For NO2, about 50 % lower values were recorded. The comparison between greened and ungreened roof surfaces showed slightly significantly lower values for both particulate matter and NO2 on greened roofs. Investigations on the different plant species showed that plants with a structurally rich leaf surface, dense and tall growth, "filter" more particles from the ambient air than low-growing species or species with a smooth leaf surface. In summary, it can be stated that green roofs can lead to a slight improvement in air quality with regard to particulate matter and NO2. The decisive factors here are the choice of plants used in greening systems and ultimately also the distance to the emitters.

The old Swedish city Visby, located on the island Gotland, has, for several years, reported higher PM10 concentrations than any other city in Sweden. In Visby, local limestone is used, both in road paving and as sand used for anti-slip measures, resulting in a clear annual pattern of PM10 with the highest concentrations during winter/spring when studded tires are allowed. This study analyzes the short-term associations between PM10 and daily number of patients with acute respiratory problems (ICD-10 diagnoses: J00-J99) seeking care at the hospital or primary healthcare units in Visby during the period of 2013-2019. The daily mean of PM10 was on average 45 µg m-3 during winter/spring and 18 µg m-3 during summer/autumn. Four outcome categories were analyzed using quasi-Poisson regression models, stratifying for period and adjusting for calendar variables and weather. An increase in respiratory visits was associated with increasing concentrations in PM10 during the summer/autumn period, most prominent among children, where asthma visits increased by 5% (95% CI: 2-9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase in PM10. For the winter/spring period, no significant effects were observed, except for the diagnose group 'upper airways' in adults, where respiratory visits increased by 1% (95% CI: 0.1-1.9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase. According to the results, limestone in particles seem to be relatively harmless at the exposure concentrations observed in Visby, and this is in line with the results from a few experimental and occupational studies., This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Exposure and Health Risk of Atmospheric Pollution.

Pavement choice - effects on noise, road dust and rolling resistance. A literature review of environmental effects related to the choice of road pavement is presented here, starting from noise-reduced pavements, and with a focus on non-exhaust particles, as a great deal of research is being performed in the area of road dust. A simple description of pavements based on the Swedish Transport Administration's requirements introduces the description of the relationship between pavements and the three areas of noise, road dust and rolling resistance. The conclusions are that environmental aspects are important to address already when choosing the pavement. There is great potential to limit the negative environmental effects through pavement choices, especially if simpler connections can be made, e.g. using the ideas we present in this report. We recommend further research on functional relationships, especially in the particle domain where the relationships between pavement and emissions of non-exhaust particles is seldom quantified. The relationships between pavement and each of the parameters; noise; non-exhaust particles; and rolling resistance, need to be modelled to be able to understand the processes fully, preferably including friction. Road dust also creates a risk of reducing the acoustic life of porous pavements, i.e. a type of pavement reducing noise emissions. Including the resuspension of road dust in the emissions is of great importance to increase the possibilities of using pavement choices to limit road dust emissions. A first detailed description is published in this report., En litteraturgenomgång av miljöeffekter relaterade till val av vägbeläggning redovisas utgående från bullerreducerade beläggningar, och med fokus på slitagepartiklar, då det inom området pågår stor inhämtning av ny kunskap. En enkel beskrivning av beläggningar med utgångspunkt från Trafikverkets krav och råd har kompletterats med relationen till de tre områdena buller, partiklar och rullmotstånd. Slutsatserna är att miljöaspekter är viktiga att tas omhand redan vid beläggningsvalet. Det finns stor potential att begränsa de negativa miljöeffekterna genom beläggningsval, särskilt om enklare samband kan tas fram t.ex. med hjälp av de tankar vi presenterar i denna rapport. Vi rekommenderar ytterligare forskning om funktionssamband, särskilt inom partikelområdet där kvantifieringen av relationerna är begränsad. Relationerna mellan de variabler som beskriver vägytan behöver i en modell relateras till alla miljövariablerna, gärna inkluderande friktion. Att inkludera uppvirvlingen i emissionerna av vägdamm är av stor vikt för att öka möjligheterna att använda beläggningsval för att begränsa vägdammsemissionerna. En första ingående beskrivning publiceras i denna rapport. Vägdamm riskerar också att minska den akustiska livslängden hos de dränerande beläggningarna.

Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga variationen i oxidativ potential, PAH, oxy-PAH och nitro-PAH förknippade med partiklar (PM10). En viktig fråga är om det finns någon relation mellan toxicitet och halterna av de ämnen som analyseras (PAH, oxy-PAH, nitro-PAH och metaller). Bakgrunden är den bristande kunskapen om vilka kemiska komponenter i partiklarna som har störst inverkan på toxiciteten och hälsoeffekterna. Partiklar insamlades på 3 platser: regional och urban bakgrund och vid en trafiknära plats intill en motorväg. De toxiska analyserna innefattade oxidativ potential med både acellulära och intracellulära metoder.Resultaten visade generellt en högre oxidativ potential för prover insamlade under vinterperioden. Kemisk analys av insamlade partiklar visade att de högsta halterna av PAH (45 föreningar) och oxy-PAH (10 föreningar) uppmättes under vintermånaderna november och december. Högst halter under samtliga månader av total PAH uppmättes i trafikmiljö följt av urban och regional bakgrund. Periodvis kunde koncentrationerna av oxy-PAH i urban bakgrund överstiga koncentrationerna i trafikmiljö, men de var lägst i regional bakgrund under samtliga mättillfällen. Generellt observerades en positiv korrelation mellan totala PAH-halter (summan av PAH, oxy-PAH och nitro-PAH) och oxidativ potential, dvs. att de prover under provtagningsperioden som hade högre totala PAH-halter hade också högre cellulär oxidativ potential. Proverna från urban bakgrund och trafiknära plats visade också en högre oxidativ potential än regional bakgrund. Större mängd partiklar per prov skulle behövts för att kunna göra mer detaljerade analyser av kemisksammansättning och för att kunna dra mer säkra slutsatser om de toxiska effekterna av partiklarna och vilka ämnen som är mest betydelsefulla för de toxiska effekterna

Pavement choice - effects on noise, road dust and rolling resistance. A literature review of environmental effects related to the choice of road pavement is presented here, starting from noise-reduced pavements, and with a focus on non-exhaust particles, as a great deal of research is being performed in the area of road dust. A simple description of pavements based on the Swedish Transport Administration's requirements introduces the description of the relationship between pavements and the three areas of noise, road dust and rolling resistance. The conclusions are that environmental aspects are important to address already when choosing the pavement. There is great potential to limit the negative environmental effects through pavement choices, especially if simpler connections can be made, e.g. using the ideas we present in this report. We recommend further research on functional relationships, especially in the particle domain where the relationships between pavement and emissions of non-exhaust particles is seldom quantified. The relationships between pavement and each of the parameters; noise; non-exhaust particles; and rolling resistance, need to be modelled to be able to understand the processes fully, preferably including friction. Road dust also creates a risk of reducing the acoustic life of porous pavements, i.e. a type of pavement reducing noise emissions. Including the resuspension of road dust in the emissions is of great importance to increase the possibilities of using pavement choices to limit road dust emissions. A first detailed description is published in this report., En litteraturgenomgång av miljöeffekter relaterade till val av vägbeläggning redovisas utgående från bullerreducerade beläggningar, och med fokus på slitagepartiklar, då det inom området pågår stor inhämtning av ny kunskap. En enkel beskrivning av beläggningar med utgångspunkt från Trafikverkets krav och råd har kompletterats med relationen till de tre områdena buller, partiklar och rullmotstånd. Slutsatserna är att miljöaspekter är viktiga att tas omhand redan vid beläggningsvalet. Det finns stor potential att begränsa de negativa miljöeffekterna genom beläggningsval, särskilt om enklare samband kan tas fram t.ex. med hjälp av de tankar vi presenterar i denna rapport. Vi rekommenderar ytterligare forskning om funktionssamband, särskilt inom partikelområdet där kvantifieringen av relationerna är begränsad. Relationerna mellan de variabler som beskriver vägytan behöver i en modell relateras till alla miljövariablerna, gärna inkluderande friktion. Att inkludera uppvirvlingen i emissionerna av vägdamm är av stor vikt för att öka möjligheterna att använda beläggningsval för att begränsa vägdammsemissionerna. En första ingående beskrivning publiceras i denna rapport. Vägdamm riskerar också att minska den akustiska livslängden hos de dränerande beläggningarna.

Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga variationen i oxidativ potential, PAH, oxy-PAH och nitro-PAH förknippade med partiklar (PM10). En viktig fråga är om det finns någon relation mellan toxicitet och halterna av de ämnen som analyseras (PAH, oxy-PAH, nitro-PAH och metaller). Bakgrunden är den bristande kunskapen om vilka kemiska komponenter i partiklarna som har störst inverkan på toxiciteten och hälsoeffekterna. Partiklar insamlades på 3 platser: regional och urban bakgrund och vid en trafiknära plats intill en motorväg. De toxiska analyserna innefattade oxidativ potential med både acellulära och intracellulära metoder.Resultaten visade generellt en högre oxidativ potential för prover insamlade under vinterperioden. Kemisk analys av insamlade partiklar visade att de högsta halterna av PAH (45 föreningar) och oxy-PAH (10 föreningar) uppmättes under vintermånaderna november och december. Högst halter under samtliga månader av total PAH uppmättes i trafikmiljö följt av urban och regional bakgrund. Periodvis kunde koncentrationerna av oxy-PAH i urban bakgrund överstiga koncentrationerna i trafikmiljö, men de var lägst i regional bakgrund under samtliga mättillfällen. Generellt observerades en positiv korrelation mellan totala PAH-halter (summan av PAH, oxy-PAH och nitro-PAH) och oxidativ potential, dvs. att de prover under provtagningsperioden som hade högre totala PAH-halter hade också högre cellulär oxidativ potential. Proverna från urban bakgrund och trafiknära plats visade också en högre oxidativ potential än regional bakgrund. Större mängd partiklar per prov skulle behövts för att kunna göra mer detaljerade analyser av kemisksammansättning och för att kunna dra mer säkra slutsatser om de toxiska effekterna av partiklarna och vilka ämnen som är mest betydelsefulla för de toxiska effekterna

Suspendovane čestice imaju negativan uticaj na ljudsko zdravlje, pa je u ovom radu posvećuje pažnja ispitivanju rizika suspendovanih čestica na čovekovo zdravlje u zavisnosti od koncentracije elemenata koje su prisutne u njima. Računat je rizik po zdravlje populacije koja živi u suburbanoj sredini. Na dnevnom nivou su merene suspendovane čestice PM10 u vazduhu. Rizik je računat za kancerogene i nekancerogene elemente. Predstavljeni su rizici za različite scenarije: stanovništvo, kompozitne radnike, radnike na otvorenom, radnike u zatvorenom, građevinske radnike i radnike na kopovima. Razmatrano je šta su mogući izvori zagađenja životne sredine i u kojim mesecima je zagađenje bilo najveće. Uzorkovanje je obavljeno u Beogradu u periodu od maja do oktobra 2019. godine na Institutu za fiziku u Beogradu, kada su očekivane epizode Saharskog peska. Uzorci su sakupljeni pomoću filtera kroz koje je propušten vazduh i merene su koncentracije hemijskih elemenata, pa su te vrednosti preračunate na rizik za različite scenarije. Izračunate vrednosti rizika su poređene sa vrednostima rizika za čestice PM2,5 koje su paralelno merene. Obradom rezultata utvrđeno je da kancerogeni elementi u analiziranim filterima imaju zanemarljiv kancerogeni rizik po ljudsko zdravlje, dok su najveće koncentracije elemenata izmerene za makro elemente (kalcijum, sumpor i natrijum) za koje nije računat ni kancerogeni, ni nekacerogeni rizik.

Electronic Engineer from the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Specialist in Teleinformatics from the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Master in Administration from the Universidad de los Andes. Full-time Associate Professor, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Faculty of Engineering., La mala calidad del aire en las grandes ciudades como Bogotá, debido a fuentes de emisión fijas y móviles de material particulado, afectan negativamente a los sistemas sociales, económicos y ecológicos de la ciudad. El crecimiento de la población es una de las principales causas que influye en la contaminación atmosférica. Por lo que se considera necesario analizar las relaciones causa-efecto de la contaminación, sus fuentes y los efectos en la población. Por tal motivo, desarrollar un modelo usando herramientas informáticas como dinámica de sistemas, las cuales pueden evaluar diferentes escenarios de políticas ambiéntelas, ayudaran a reducir los niveles de contaminación y mejorar la calidad de vida de la población. La metodología utilizada fue de tipo cuasiexperimental con enfoque cuantitativo, dividido en cuatro etapas, recolección de información, planteamiento del diagrama causal, desarrollo del modelo de simulación y evaluación de escenarios, se uso como herramienta de simulación el software Vensim®. Como resultado se encontró que las fuentes fijas y móviles altamente contaminantes ocasionan un incremento descontrolado del PM10. También se encontró que las tasas de conversión anual a tecnologías limpias deben ser del 10% anual o superiores para lograr una reducción del 50% en los niveles de PM10, al mediano y largo plazo. Las principales conclusiones fue determinar que el uso de tecnologías de simulación como dinámica de sistemas, son muy útiles para formular políticas ambientales más eficaces. La simulación presentó la necesidad de que las políticas ambientales deben ser políticas estructurales de largo plazo que no varíen en función del cambio de gobierno.

In den Städten leben zunehmend mehr Menschen. Daher ist eine wesentliche Aufgabe der Kommunen für eine gute Lebensqualität der in den Städten lebenden Menschen zu sorgen. Neben vielen anderen Faktoren spielt dabei auch die Luftqualität eine entscheidende Rolle, denn Luft benötigen wir alle zum Leben und konsumieren Tag für Tag viele Liter davon. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit der Frage, ob urbane Vegetation, insbesondere begrünte Dachflächen, zu einer Verbesserung der Luftqualität beitragen kann. Um diese Frage beantworten zu können wurden zum einen auf mehreren Dachflächen Parameter, welche die Luftqualität widerspiegeln, erfasst. Bei den untersuchten Parametern handelte es sich in erster Linie um Partikel der Größenordnung 2,5 bis 80 Mikrometer und um Stickstoffdioxid (NO2). Luftgetragene Partikel wurden mittels Sigma-2-Sammlern und NO2 mittels Palmes-Röhrchen erfasst. Zum anderen wurden morphologische Blatteigenschaften verschiedener Pflanzenarten mikroskopisch untersucht und eine Aussage über die „Filterleistungen“ der Arten getroffen. Unterstützend wurden Schwermetallgehalte im Substrat und Durchflusswasser untersucht. Die Untersuchungen auf den Dachflächen haben gezeigt, dass, bedingt durch die Höhendifferenz, auf den Dachflächen deutlich geringere Schadstoffmengen erfasst wurden, als auf Straßenniveau. Für NO2 wurde etwa 50 % geringere Werte erfasst. Der Vergleich zwischen begrünter und unbegrünter Dachfläche zeigte sowohl für Feinstaub, als auch für NO2 leicht signifikant geringere Werte auf den begrünten Dächern. Die Untersuchungen an den verschiedenen Pflanzenarten haben ergeben, dass Pflanzen mit strukturreicher Blattoberfläche, dichtem und hohem Wuchs, mehr Partikel aus der Umgebungsluft „filtern“ als niedrig wachsende Arten oder Arten mit glatter Blattoberfläche. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass begrünte Dachflächen zu einer leichten Verbesserung der Luftqualität, hinsichtlich Feinstaub und NO2, führen können. Entscheidend dabei sind di, More and more people are living in cities. Therefore, one of the main tasks of municipalities is to ensure a good quality of life for people living in cities. Among many other factors, air quality plays a decisive role, because we all need air to live and consume many litres of it every day. This study therefore deals with the question of whether urban vegetation, especially green roofs, can contribute to an improvement in air quality. In order to answer this question, parameters reflecting air quality were recorded on several roof surfaces. The parameters investigated were primarily particles in the range of 2.5 to 80 micrometres and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Airborne particles were recorded using Sigma-2-samplers and NO2 using Palmes tubes. On the other hand, morphological leaf characteristics of different plant species were examined microscopically and a statement was made about the "filtering capacities" of the species. In support of this, heavy metal contents in the substrate and wash-out were investigated. Investigations on roof surfaces showed that, due to the height difference, significantly lower pollutant levels were recorded on roof surfaces than at street level. For NO2, about 50 % lower values were recorded. The comparison between greened and ungreened roof surfaces showed slightly significantly lower values for both particulate matter and NO2 on greened roofs. Investigations on the different plant species showed that plants with a structurally rich leaf surface, dense and tall growth, "filter" more particles from the ambient air than low-growing species or species with a smooth leaf surface. In summary, it can be stated that green roofs can lead to a slight improvement in air quality with regard to particulate matter and NO2. The decisive factors here are the choice of plants used in greening systems and ultimately also the distance to the emitters.

AbstractThis study aims to assess the urban air quality, and map NO2, SO2, and PM10 profiles using two widely spatial interpolation methods, ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) by estimating their concentrations at distinct non-monitored locations. Assessment and mapping of air pollutants in this study help with policy formulation and decision-making. Kota, the industrial and educational hub of Rajasthan (India), has been selected to study air quality. Results showed that PM10 is continuously emerging as a foremost contributor to air quality index (AQI) each season. The concentrations of NO2 and SO2 in all seasons were well below the permissible level prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Interpolation techniques (OK and IDW) estimated the concentrations of NO2, SO2, and PM10 at three sites using air quality data from the year 2019. The interpolated air pollutant results for the specified region were compared with monitored air quality data in the same region. An excellent agreement has been observed by comparing monitored values, and the values predicted from IDW and OK.

The old Swedish city Visby, located on the island Gotland, has, for several years, reported higher PM10 concentrations than any other city in Sweden. In Visby, local limestone is used, both in road paving and as sand used for anti-slip measures, resulting in a clear annual pattern of PM10 with the highest concentrations during winter/spring when studded tires are allowed. This study analyzes the short-term associations between PM10 and daily number of patients with acute respiratory problems (ICD-10 diagnoses: J00-J99) seeking care at the hospital or primary healthcare units in Visby during the period of 2013-2019. The daily mean of PM10 was on average 45 µg m-3 during winter/spring and 18 µg m-3 during summer/autumn. Four outcome categories were analyzed using quasi-Poisson regression models, stratifying for period and adjusting for calendar variables and weather. An increase in respiratory visits was associated with increasing concentrations in PM10 during the summer/autumn period, most prominent among children, where asthma visits increased by 5% (95% CI: 2-9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase in PM10. For the winter/spring period, no significant effects were observed, except for the diagnose group 'upper airways' in adults, where respiratory visits increased by 1% (95% CI: 0.1-1.9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase. According to the results, limestone in particles seem to be relatively harmless at the exposure concentrations observed in Visby, and this is in line with the results from a few experimental and occupational studies., This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Exposure and Health Risk of Atmospheric Pollution.

The depletion of air quality is a major problem that is faced around the globe. In Australia, the pollutants emitted by bushfires play an important role in making the air polluted. These pollutants in the air result in many adverse impacts on the environment. This paper analysed the air pollution from the bushfires from November 2019 to July 2020 and identified how it affects the human respiratory system. The bush fires burnt over 13 million hectares, destroying over 2400 buildings. While these immediate effects were devastating, the long-term effects were just as devastating, with air pollution causing thousands of people to be admitted to hospitals and emergency departments because of respiratory complications. The pollutant that caused most of the health effects throughout Australia was Particulate Matter (PM) PM2.5 and PM10. Data collection and analysis were covered in this paper to illustrate where and when PM2.5 and PM10, and other pollutants were at their most concerning levels. Susceptible areas were identified by analysing environmental factors such as temperature and wind speed. The study identified how these pollutants in the air vary from region to region in the same time interval. This study also focused on how these pollutant distributions vary according to the temperature, which helps to determine the relationship between the heatwave and air quality. A computational model for PM2.5 aerosol transport to the realistic airways was also developed to understand the bushfire exhaust aerosol transport and deposition in airways. This study would improve the knowledge of the heat wave and bushfire meteorology and corresponding respiratory health impacts.

Non-exhaust emissions from road transport include particles from brake and tyre wear, road surface abrasion and dust resuspension. Road dust loads and their chemical properties are heterogeneous and their knowledge is still scarce. This study aimed to characterise, for the first time in Lisbon, the thoracic fraction of road dust (PM10) by collecting samples directly from road pavements by an in situ resuspension chamber. The highest PM10 load (15.6 ± 8.75 mg m−2) was obtained on a cobblestone pavement, while for asphalt roads the mean PM10 load was 4.40 ± 0.16 mg m−2. Emission factors for asphalt pavements ranged from 83.5 to 274 mg veh−1 km−1. On average, 65.7% of the PM10 mass was reconstructed, taking into account the carbonaceous content and the sum of the elements in their oxidized form. Cu and Zn, associated with brake and tyre wear, were the most enriched elements in relation to the soil composition (EnF = 440 and 184, respectively). The highest potential ecological risk factor of individual metals (Eri) was also observed for Cu (EriCu = 393). In 90% of the sampled streets, the total carcinogenic risk was higher than 1E-4 for As, suggesting that exposure to this hazardous element may contribute to the development of cancer over a lifetime. The results showed the high contribution of certain dangerous chemical compounds associated with resuspension particles and their potential effects on human health.

Aquest treball consisteix a crear una aplicació on es recullin dades per poder fer una anàlisi sobre l'exposoma ambiental i el seu afecte en el càncer de pulmó. Servirà per poder fer recomanacions de prevenció del càncer de pulmó i ajudarà a, donat un pacient, definir possibles factors sinèrgics poden produir el seu càncer de pulmó. Per les diferents dades que obtinguem, estudiarem possibles representacions per poder visualitzar la màxima informació d'una manera clara en un gràfic. També estudiarem maneres d'augmentar la usabilitat d'una aplicació web., This work involves creating an application where data is collected so that an analysis can be made about the environmental exposure and its effect on lung cancer. It will serve to make recommendations for the prevention of lung cancer and will help, given a patient, to define possible synergistic factors that can cause their lung cancer. Due to the different data we obtain, we will study possible representations in order to be able to visualize the maximum information in a clear way in a graph. We will also look at ways to increase the usability of a web application.

Luftföroreningar är ett hälsoproblem i dagens urbana miljöer och har varit ett problem i många årtionden. Många insatser görs för att minska mängden föroreningar i luften och framsteg har gjorts. Trots det dör omkring 7600 personer per år i Sverige en för tidig död på grund av skadorna partiklar och gaser i luften orsakar. Ett sätt att förbättra luftkvalitén är med hjälp av träd. Träd bidrar med flera ekosystemtjänster, varav en är en reglerande tjänst där träd renar luften från föroreningar genom att filtrera luften. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att genom en litteraturstudie undersöka hur träd kan påverka luftkvalitén i urbana miljöer och hur man kan tänka kring projektering i staden. Litteraturstudien visade att genom torrdeposition kan föroreningar fastna på träd. Bladen kan även uppta föroreningar genom bladen. Mängden bladarea hos träd är därför en viktig faktor för filtrering och upptag av luftföroreningar. Trädets uppbyggnad, kronans porositet och hur nära träd står till andra träd eller föremål har en stor betydelse för hur vindflödet kommer att påverkas. Således kan träd användas för att minska koncentrationen av föroreningar i luften i trädets närområde, med störst inverkan inom 30 meter men det kan mätas en differens upp till 300 meter. Vid projekterande med träd i staden i syftet att minska mängden luftföroreningar är det flera faktorer som måste has i åtanke; valet av träd, hur man placerar dem och stadens bebyggelsestruktur är alla viktiga faktorer som kommer påverka hur vinden rör sig i rummet. Men användningen av träd för att minska luftföroreningar är snarare ett hjälpmedel än en lösning för att förbättra luftkvalitén i den urbana miljön., Air pollution is a health problem in today's urban environments and has been a problem for many decades. Many efforts are being made to reduce the amount of pollutants in the air and progress has been made. Despite this, about 7,600 people per year in Sweden die a premature death due to the damage caused by particles and gases in the air. One way to improve air quality is with the help of trees. Trees contribute with several ecosystem services, one of which is a regulatory service where trees purify the air from pollutants by filtering the air. The purpose of this essay is to investigate through a literature study how trees can affect air quality in urban environments and how to think about design in the city. The literature study showed that due to dry deposition, pollutants can get stuck on trees. The leaves can also absorb contaminants through the leaves. The amount of leaf area in trees is therefore an important factor for filtering and absorbing air pollutants. The structure of the tree, the porosity of the crown and how close trees are to other trees or objects are of great importance for how the wind flow will be affected. Thus, trees can be used to reduce the concentration of pollutants in the air in the vicinity of the tree, with the greatest impact within 30 meters, but a difference of up to 300 meters can be measured. When designing with trees in the city in order to reduce the amount of air pollution, there are several factors that must be kept in mind; the choice of trees, how to place them and the city's building structure are all important factors that will affect how the wind moves in the room. But the use of trees to reduce air pollution is a tool rather than a solution to improve air quality in the urban environment.

Denna rapport består av två delrapporter: 1. Underlag för hälsovinster med att uppnå miljömål Frisk Luft 2. Hälsovinster med att uppnå miljömål Frisk Luft I den första rapporten, som grundar sig på arbete som utfördes 2020, ges en sammanfattning av evidensen för hälsoeffekter för olika typer av luftföroreningar, med särskilt fokus på lägre halter. Evidensen sammanfattas i tabeller i slutet av rapporten. Dessa tabeller är på engelska eftersom centrala formuleringar om evidensgrad med mera kommer från källor med engelskt text. Den andra rapporten grundar sig på arbete som utfördes 2021, och i den beräknas hälsokonsekvenser av olika luftföroreningar, dels för en generell minskning på 1 µgm-3, dels på en minskning mellan miljökvalitetsnormen och miljömålets precisering, dels för en minskning från miljömålet till Världshälsoorganisationens (WHO:s) riktlinjer för luftkvalitet, som presenterades i september 2021. Resultaten visar att även en liten minskning av halten skulle innebära betydande hälsovinster. Exempelvis så skulle en minskning av PM2.5 på 1 µgm-3 innebära en minskning i dödlighet med 1-2 % (beroende på val av dos-responsfunktion), antalet personer som drabbas av hjärtinfarkter skulle minska med 2 %, antalet fall av stroke skulle minska med 4 %, antalet fall av KOL skulle minska med 2 %, antalet fall av lungcancer skulle minska med 1 %, och antalet fall av diabetes typ 2 skulle minska med 1% varje år. Dessutom skulle antalet fall av barnastma varje år minska med 3 %, antalet prematura födslar skulle minska med 2 % och antalet fall av havandeskapsförgiftning skulle minska med 3 % varje år., Rapporten består av två delrapporter., NATIONELL MILJÖÖVERVAKNING PÅ UPPDRAG AV NATURVÅRDSVERKET