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The aim of this work is to determine the thermal conductivity of different earthen constructive elements produced with materials typical of the central-eastern part of the Province of Santa Fe (Argentina), and to evaluate their suitability to be used in the construction of envelopes that comply with the thermal insulation requirements of the corresponding National Regulations. For this purpose, test specimens were made following the different earth construction techniques used in the region (compressed earth block, adobe, rammed earth (tapia), wattle and daub (quincha), and plaster), and their thermal conductivity coefficient was measured, with which the thermal transmittance of different earth construction packages was calculated. The results obtained indicate that the earth construction techniques evaluated show, in all cases, a better thermal performance than traditional solid ceramic brick or concrete block walls, with wattle and daub being the technique with the highest thermal insulation capacity., O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar a condutividade térmica de diferentes elementos construtivos de terra produzidos com materiais característicos do centro-leste da província de Santa Fé (Argentina) e avaliar sua adequação para uso na construção de envelopes de edifícios que atendam aos requisitos de isolamento térmico dos regulamentos nacionais correspondentes. Para isso, foram feitos corpos de prova de acordo com as diferentes técnicas de construção com terra utilizadas na região (bloco de terra comprimida, adobe, tapia, quincha e gesso) e foi medido seu coeficiente de condutividade térmica, com o qual foi calculada a transmitância térmica de diferentes pacotes construtivos de terra. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as técnicas de construção com terra avaliadas apresentam, em todos os casos, melhor desempenho térmico do que as tradicionais paredes sólidas de tijolos cerâmicos ou blocos de concreto, sendo a quincha a técnica com maior capacidade de isolamento térmico., En este trabajo se pretende determinar la conductividad térmica de diferentes elementos constructivos de tierra producidos con materiales característicos del centro este de la provincia de Santa Fe (Argentina) y evaluar su aptitud para ser empleados en la construcción de envolventes que cumplan con los requerimientos de aislación térmica solicitados por la normativa nacional correspondiente. Para ello se confeccionaron probetas siguiendo las diferentes técnicas de construcción con tierra empleadas en la región (bloque de tierra comprimida, adobe, tapia, quincha y revoques) y se midió su coeficiente de conductividad térmica, con el cual se calculó la transmitancia térmica de diferentes paquetes constructivos de tierra. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las técnicas de construcción con tierra evaluadas presentan, en todos los casos, un mejor desempeño térmico que los tradicionales muros de ladrillo cerámico macizo o bloques de hormigón, siendo la quincha la técnica con mayor capacidad de aislamiento térmico.

The aim of this work is to determine the thermal conductivity of different earthen constructive elements produced with materials typical of the central-eastern part of the Province of Santa Fe (Argentina), and to evaluate their suitability to be used in the construction of envelopes that comply with the thermal insulation requirements of the corresponding National Regulations. For this purpose, test specimens were made following the different earth construction techniques used in the region (compressed earth block, adobe, rammed earth (tapia), wattle and daub (quincha), and plaster), and their thermal conductivity coefficient was measured, with which the thermal transmittance of different earth construction packages was calculated. The results obtained indicate that the earth construction techniques evaluated show, in all cases, a better thermal performance than traditional solid ceramic brick or concrete block walls, with wattle and daub being the technique with the highest thermal insulation capacity., O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar a condutividade térmica de diferentes elementos construtivos de terra produzidos com materiais característicos do centro-leste da província de Santa Fé (Argentina) e avaliar sua adequação para uso na construção de envelopes de edifícios que atendam aos requisitos de isolamento térmico dos regulamentos nacionais correspondentes. Para isso, foram feitos corpos de prova de acordo com as diferentes técnicas de construção com terra utilizadas na região (bloco de terra comprimida, adobe, tapia, quincha e gesso) e foi medido seu coeficiente de condutividade térmica, com o qual foi calculada a transmitância térmica de diferentes pacotes construtivos de terra. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as técnicas de construção com terra avaliadas apresentam, em todos os casos, melhor desempenho térmico do que as tradicionais paredes sólidas de tijolos cerâmicos ou blocos de concreto, sendo a quincha a técnica com maior capacidade de isolamento térmico., En este trabajo se pretende determinar la conductividad térmica de diferentes elementos constructivos de tierra producidos con materiales característicos del centro este de la provincia de Santa Fe (Argentina) y evaluar su aptitud para ser empleados en la construcción de envolventes que cumplan con los requerimientos de aislación térmica solicitados por la normativa nacional correspondiente. Para ello se confeccionaron probetas siguiendo las diferentes técnicas de construcción con tierra empleadas en la región (bloque de tierra comprimida, adobe, tapia, quincha y revoques) y se midió su coeficiente de conductividad térmica, con el cual se calculó la transmitancia térmica de diferentes paquetes constructivos de tierra. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las técnicas de construcción con tierra evaluadas presentan, en todos los casos, un mejor desempeño térmico que los tradicionales muros de ladrillo cerámico macizo o bloques de hormigón, siendo la quincha la técnica con mayor capacidad de aislamiento térmico.

En una sociedad en que la palabra transparencia ha perdido su inocente significado, y se ha vuelto en sí misma un signo de opacidad, la arquitectura no ha podido sustraerse a este radical cambio de signo. Si las relaciones entre transparencia y arquitectura tuvieron estudiosos optimistas o, al menos, sus estetas, hoy la transparencia no es ni una amenaza ni una promesa, sino que ha alcanzado su paroxismo, puesto que ha hecho realidad la pérdida de intimidad y la imposibilidad de dejar huellas personales. Por eso, ¿es posible la construcción de filtros que protejan esa intimidad? Este escrito trata de redescubrir el sentido de tamiz que poseen las paredes y las cortinas. Porque, en una época donde los filtros han perdido su poder de separación, aún podemos descubrir experiencias como las llevadas a cabo por Matta-Clark, Anne Holtrop, Luis Callejas o Petra Blaisse, entre otros, que emplean estos elementos para indicar el valor cultural, simbólico y físico del espacio en que se injertan.

En una sociedad en que la palabra transparencia ha perdido su inocente significado, y se ha vuelto en sí misma un signo de opacidad, la arquitectura no ha podido sustraerse a este radical cambio de signo. Si las relaciones entre transparencia y arquitectura tuvieron estudiosos optimistas o, al menos, sus estetas, hoy la transparencia no es ni una amenaza ni una promesa, sino que ha alcanzado su paroxismo, puesto que ha hecho realidad la pérdida de intimidad y la imposibilidad de dejar huellas personales. Por eso, ¿es posible la construcción de filtros que protejan esa intimidad? Este escrito trata de redescubrir el sentido de tamiz que poseen las paredes y las cortinas. Porque, en una época donde los filtros han perdido su poder de separación, aún podemos descubrir experiencias como las llevadas a cabo por Matta-Clark, Anne Holtrop, Luis Callejas o Petra Blaisse, entre otros, que emplean estos elementos para indicar el valor cultural, simbólico y físico del espacio en que se injertan.

A common premise of the buildings seismic assessment is the occurrence of a global failure mode governed by in-plane failure mechanisms of walls. In the case of the traditional unconfined buildings of adobe or brick, this statement is not realistic, studies of post-seismic damage observation reveal that in these buildings the common failure mode is governed rather by out-of-plane failures mechanisms in walls. Due mainly to low connection degree between walls and between walls and floor. Thus, this work carries out of the out-of-plane failures in walls, assuming as object of study typical dwellings of the urban and rural sector in Cuenca. In the first instance, from a typological studies of adobe dwellings in Cuenca, a set of walls was stablished as study. In the second instance, based on the failure catalog revision proposed by D’Ayala y Speranza (2003), defines the most probable failure modes in function of geometric characteristics of walls. In terms to the seismic assessment of walls followed an analogous methodology (Cattari et al., 2015) to the Capacity Spectrum Method (Global in-plane failure), which consists on obtaining the performance point since the crossing between the capacity curve (represented by an effective secant period) and the demand curve (design spectrum). The obtained capacity curve is based on a tri-linear model (Doherty et al., 2002) which considered boundary conditions, connection degree, geometric parameters and collapse multipliers to represent out-of-plane failures. The seismic demand is obtained according to recommendations of the NEC-15 (2015a) for different levels of acceleration and verifying a reduction by overdamping due to incursion in the inelastic range. The final results, were presented through flow diagrams based on determinate the dominant failure mechanism in function of different geometric parameters and boundary condition of walls. This project took place within the framework of seismic vulnerability study of built heritage

A common premise of the buildings seismic assessment is the occurrence of a global failure mode governed by in-plane failure mechanisms of walls. In the case of the traditional unconfined buildings of adobe or brick, this statement is not realistic, studies of post-seismic damage observation reveal that in these buildings the common failure mode is governed rather by out-of-plane failures mechanisms in walls. Due mainly to low connection degree between walls and between walls and floor. Thus, this work carries out of the out-of-plane failures in walls, assuming as object of study typical dwellings of the urban and rural sector in Cuenca. In the first instance, from a typological studies of adobe dwellings in Cuenca, a set of walls was stablished as study. In the second instance, based on the failure catalog revision proposed by D’Ayala y Speranza (2003), defines the most probable failure modes in function of geometric characteristics of walls. In terms to the seismic assessment of walls followed an analogous methodology (Cattari et al., 2015) to the Capacity Spectrum Method (Global in-plane failure), which consists on obtaining the performance point since the crossing between the capacity curve (represented by an effective secant period) and the demand curve (design spectrum). The obtained capacity curve is based on a tri-linear model (Doherty et al., 2002) which considered boundary conditions, connection degree, geometric parameters and collapse multipliers to represent out-of-plane failures. The seismic demand is obtained according to recommendations of the NEC-15 (2015a) for different levels of acceleration and verifying a reduction by overdamping due to incursion in the inelastic range. The final results, were presented through flow diagrams based on determinate the dominant failure mechanism in function of different geometric parameters and boundary condition of walls. This project took place within the framework of seismic vulnerability study of built heritage

A common premise of the buildings seismic assessment is the occurrence of a global failure mode governed by in-plane failure mechanisms of walls. In the case of the traditional unconfined buildings of adobe or brick, this statement is not realistic, studies of post-seismic damage observation reveal that in these buildings the common failure mode is governed rather by out-of-plane failures mechanisms in walls. Due mainly to low connection degree between walls and between walls and floor. Thus, this work carries out of the out-of-plane failures in walls, assuming as object of study typical dwellings of the urban and rural sector in Cuenca. In the first instance, from a typological studies of adobe dwellings in Cuenca, a set of walls was stablished as study. In the second instance, based on the failure catalog revision proposed by D’Ayala y Speranza (2003), defines the most probable failure modes in function of geometric characteristics of walls. In terms to the seismic assessment of walls followed an analogous methodology (Cattari et al., 2015) to the Capacity Spectrum Method (Global in-plane failure), which consists on obtaining the performance point since the crossing between the capacity curve (represented by an effective secant period) and the demand curve (design spectrum). The obtained capacity curve is based on a tri-linear model (Doherty et al., 2002) which considered boundary conditions, connection degree, geometric parameters and collapse multipliers to represent out-of-plane failures. The seismic demand is obtained according to recommendations of the NEC-15 (2015a) for different levels of acceleration and verifying a reduction by overdamping due to incursion in the inelastic range. The final results, were presented through flow diagrams based on determinate the dominant failure mechanism in function of different geometric parameters and boundary condition of walls. This project took place within the framework of seismic vulnerability study of built heritage

Durante la última década se han desarrollado cuantiosos trabajos de investigación en torno a las estructuras de obra de fábrica, en su mayoría enfocadas al análisis del comportamiento y al desarrollo de técnicas y procesos de intervención para la restitución o incremento de las propiedades resistentes de las mismas. En el ámbito específico de la optimización e innovación de tratamientos para la reparación de paredes, se ha incidido en la implementación de resinas epoxi y cementos mejorados. Los estudios dirigidos a incrementar las propiedades resistentes de las paredes se han volcado hacia la utilización de materiales compuestos FRP. Esta investigación está especialmente motivada por la vulnerabilidad de los elementos estructurales de obra de fábrica ante las acciones horizontales y las tensiones de tracción y cortante que éstas provocan. Las estructuras se ven afectadas por la alteración de las condiciones de tensión a las que están sujetas, ya sea por los esfuerzos de flexión y cortante ocasionados por actividad sísmica o viento, o por incidencias de vibración. También es un factor de riesgo el decremento de las propiedades resistentes ocasionado por contaminantes atmosféricos o agentes biológicos. Este es un estudio de tipo experimental, enfocado al análisis de la respuesta mecánica y resistente de las paredes de obra de fábrica sujetas a tensiones de cortante bajo condiciones de carga uniaxial o biaxial. Se investiga la eficiencia de la reparación por medio de inyección de resina líquida epoxi y por rejuntado con morteros epoxico o cementicio, o refuerzos utilizando compuestos CFRP, GFRP y AFRP y aplicaciones de placas de madera micro laminada o embaldosado cerámico. El trabajo se fundamenta en cuatro campañas experimentales en las que se han llevado a cabo ensayos utilizando paneles y probetas de obra de fábrica de ladrillo macizo. Se establecen modelos de comportamiento a partir del análisis de los resultados obtenidos en las campañas experimenta, During the last decade, a significant effort research has been addressed to the study of the mechanical response and strength techniques for masonry estructures. Most of these studies are focused on the development of techniques for the mechanical behaviour of improvement. Particularly, the use of epoxi resin and special cements has been explored. The uses of fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) have also been widely studied with the objective of improving the mechanical properties and the strength of the wall. There are many factors that impulse all this developments. The high vulnerability of masonry structural members in tension and shear generates an increment of the risk of structural problems and unestability. The improvement response of masonry subjected to stresses due to changes in use, earthquakes, wind, induced vibration or reduction of the resistance due to biological or atmospheric aggression, are some of the needs that new materials and reinforcements must fulfil. This experimental study is focused on the analysis of the mechanical response of masonry walls, under simultaneous shear forces and in plane uniaxial and biaxial load conditions. The specimens are retrofitted with liquid epoxy resin injection or special mortars, and reinforcing with CFRP, GFRP and AFRP overlays, or wood plates and thin bricks external applications. Four experimental programs were carried out on small walls and solid brick masonry specimens. After the analysis of the experimental results, behaviour models are established. A qualitative evaluation of the effectiveness of different reinforcing and retrofitting procedures is also carried out. Additionally, an experimental failure criteria for these studies are carried out for both monothonic and cyclic loading. In order to measure the effectiveness, a comparative analysis referring to the different treatments studied is finally carried out., Postprint (published version)

El proyecto se desarrolla a partir del encontrar mecanismos de acción que logren modificar el espacio en el que vivimos, entendiendo que así es que podemos poner en juego nuestra agencia, velando por una comunidad más responsable consigo misma.