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© 2024 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the Attribution 4.0 International license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, Much work has been done in recent years comparing TCP variants in many scenarios, including the satellite one. Some of these studies were carried out with the ns-2 and ns-3 simulators, which may give a good idea of the behavior of these TCP variants, although the results cannot be considered completely realistic. Some of the latest studies use virtualization to derive a variety of measures to test the suitability of Congestion Control Algorithms in a more realistic way. Such studies also take into account new variants of TCP, such as Google’s BBR. However, few of these works have evaluated the behavior of these variants in a scenario based on Performance Enhancing Proxies. Furthermore, no emphasis has been placed on those variants of TCP that try to maximize throughput and minimize delay, which is crucial in many services with low latency requirements. Our paper aims to fill this gap, offering a comparative assessment of the performance of these three TCP flavors: BBR, YeAH and CUBIC. We have created four different approaches to mix these TCP flavors with two traffic control techniques, including Active Queue Management (AQM) policies. To perform the testings, we have developed a TCP-Splitting satellite Emulation Framework (TSEF), a platform that allows us to evaluate the performance of TCP flavors on the forward channel of a geosynchronous satellite scenario based on Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs). According to our results, we can conclude that the application of AQM policies and ECN marks on aggressive TCP flavors like CUBIC is mandatory to maximize throughput and minimize delay., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

In July 2031, a new chapter in the exploration of the Jovian system will begin with the arrival of the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) at Jupiter. Launched on April 14 2024 as part of ESA’s Cosmic Vision programme, the mission aims to study Jupiter and its icy Galilean moons Callisto, Europa, and Ganymede. Juice carries a whole suite of instruments for in-situ and remote ground observations, one of which is the Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyser (JDC). As a part of the Particle Environment Package (PEP), the particle detector will measure the energy, mass, charge and arrival direction of ions and electrons in the Jovian magnetosphere. Spacecraft charging caused by interactions between the spacecraft and its surrounding plasma environment poses a significant problem for JDC because the electrostatic potential of the spacecraft accelerates/decelerates charged particles, resulting in distorted measurements, particularly for the lowest energy particles. In this report, we show the results of spacecraft charging and instrument simulations performed in the Spacecraft Plasma Interaction System (SPIS) for the solar wind and Earth’s magnetosheath—two environments that Juice will encounter at the start of the cruise phase. We found that the conductive surfaces that cover the majority of the spacecraft become positively charged as a result of a large photoelectron current in both the solar wind and magnetosheath environments. We show that these surfaces are expected to reach potentials of 9 V in the solar wind and 4 V in the magnetosheath. The four radiators on Juice that are covered with dielectric paint and shaded by the sun shield become negatively charged in both simulated environments. The radiator potentials can be as low as -40 V in the solar wind and -100 V in the magnetosheath. We also conclude that due to blocking by the spacecraft main body, the ion population cannot be sampled in the solar wind unless a spacecraft roll is performed. Furthermore, d

In July 2031, a new chapter in the exploration of the Jovian system will begin with the arrival of the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) at Jupiter. Launched on April 14 2024 as part of ESA’s Cosmic Vision programme, the mission aims to study Jupiter and its icy Galilean moons Callisto, Europa, and Ganymede. Juice carries a whole suite of instruments for in-situ and remote ground observations, one of which is the Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyser (JDC). As a part of the Particle Environment Package (PEP), the particle detector will measure the energy, mass, charge and arrival direction of ions and electrons in the Jovian magnetosphere. Spacecraft charging caused by interactions between the spacecraft and its surrounding plasma environment poses a significant problem for JDC because the electrostatic potential of the spacecraft accelerates/decelerates charged particles, resulting in distorted measurements, particularly for the lowest energy particles. In this report, we show the results of spacecraft charging and instrument simulations performed in the Spacecraft Plasma Interaction System (SPIS) for the solar wind and Earth’s magnetosheath—two environments that Juice will encounter at the start of the cruise phase. We found that the conductive surfaces that cover the majority of the spacecraft become positively charged as a result of a large photoelectron current in both the solar wind and magnetosheath environments. We show that these surfaces are expected to reach potentials of 9 V in the solar wind and 4 V in the magnetosheath. The four radiators on Juice that are covered with dielectric paint and shaded by the sun shield become negatively charged in both simulated environments. The radiator potentials can be as low as -40 V in the solar wind and -100 V in the magnetosheath. We also conclude that due to blocking by the spacecraft main body, the ion population cannot be sampled in the solar wind unless a spacecraft roll is performed. Furthermore, d

IntroductionPerson-centred HIV prevention delivery models that offer structured choices in product, testing and visit location may increase coverage. However, data are lacking on the actual uptake of choices among persons at risk of HIV in southern Africa. In an ongoing randomized study (SEARCH; NCT04810650) in rural East Africa, we evaluated the uptake of choices made when offered in a person-centred, dynamic choice model for HIV prevention.MethodsUsing the PRECEDE framework, we developed a persont-centred, Dynamic Choice HIV Prevention (DCP) intervention for persons at risk of HIV in three settings in rural Kenya and Uganda: antenatal clinic (ANC), outpatient department (OPD) and in the community. Components include: provider training on product choice (predisposing); flexibility and responsiveness to client desires and choices (pre-exposure prophylaxis [PrEP]/post-exposure prophylaxis [PEP], clinic vs. off-site visits and self- or clinician-based HIV testing) (enabling); and client and staff feedback (reinforcing). All clients received a structured assessment of barriers with personalized plans to address them, mobile phone access to clinicians (24 hours/7 days/week) and integrated reproductive health services. In this interim analysis, we describe the uptake of choices of product, location and testing during the first 24 weeks of follow-up (April 2021-March 2022).ResultsA total of 612 (203 ANC, 197 OPD and 212 community) participants were randomized to the person-centred DCP intervention. We delivered the DCP intervention in all three settings with diverse populations: ANC: 39% pregnant; median age: 24 years; OPD: 39% male, median age 27 years; and community: 42% male, median age: 29 years. Baseline choice of PrEP was highest in ANC (98%) vs. OPD (84%) and community (40%); whereas the proportion of adults selecting PEP was higher in the community (46%) vs. OPD (8%) and ANC (1%). Personal preference for off-site visits increased over time (65% at week 24 vs. 35%

This dissertation covers the development and calibration of the Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC). JDC is together with five other sensors a part of the Particle Environment Package (PEP), one of the payloads of the European Space Agency's JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission. The JUICE mission is designed to broaden our understanding of the Jovian system including Jupiter, the four Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) and Jupiter's vast magnetosphere. JUICE is planned to launch in 2023. The PEP payload will study the plasma environment around Jupiter and its moons in great detail. As one of the sensors of PEP, JDC will measure the energy distribution of positive and negative ions as well as electrons in an energy range from a few eV/q up to 35keV/q. The field of view covered by JDC spans over a full hemisphere. JDC also determines the mass of particles using the time-of-flight principle. Alternatively, there is the possibility to determine the distribution of particle arrival times to study their distribution in the time domain. In this thesis, ion-optical, mechanical, electrical, thermal, radiation shielding and instrument operation related design solutions are presented and discussed. Special attention was paid to the performance of the channel electron multipliers used as time-of-flight start detectors. To verify their performance throughout the whole mission, a full lifetime test for these detectors was successfully performed. As a result of this test a qualitative performance model for channel electron multipliers was developed. Another experiment included in this work is the determination of the residual gas pressure evolution inside of JDC. A sufficiently low residual gas pressure is required for safe operation of JDC's high voltage systems. Finally, the performance of the JDC linear electric field reflectron was verified using a dedicated prototype. The last part of this work describes the methods used for instrument, Den här avhandlingen behandlar utvecklingen och kalibreringen av instrumentetJovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC). JDC utgör tillsammans med fem andra sensorer Particle Environment Package (PEP), som är ett av experimenten på European Space Agency:s rymdsond Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE). JUICE uppdrag är att bredda och fördjupa vår kunskap om Jupiter-systemet. Rymdsonden ska skjutas upp 2023 och studera Jupiter, Jupiters magnetosfär och de fyra Galileiska månarna (Io, Europa, Ganymedes och Callisto). Instrumentpaketet PEP är konstruerat för att undersöka plasmamiljön kring Jupiter och dess månar i detalj. Sensorn JDC har som sin specifika uppgift att observera energifördelningen hos positiva och negativa joner samt elektroner i ett energiområde från några få eV/q (elektronvolt per laddningsenhet) upp till 35 keV/q. JDC:s synfält är en hel hemisfär och instrumentet använder flygtidsprincipen för att bestämma massorna hos de partiklar som observeras. Det finns också en möjlighet att istället registrera partiklarnas ankomsttider för att titta på fördelningen i tidsdomänen. I avhandlingen presenteras jonoptiska, mekaniska, elektriska och termiska konstruktionslösningar för JDC. Aspekter relaterade till strålningsskärmning och drift av instrumentet diskuteras också. Vi tittar särskilt på prestandan hos de kanalelektronmultiplikatorer som används som startdetektorer i flygtidssystemet. För att undersöka hur de kommer att fungera under den långa expeditionen har ett livstidstest utförts. Utgående från resultaten har en kvalitativ prestandamodell tagits fram. Ett annat experiment som avhandlingen behandlar är undersökningen av hur residualgastrycket utvecklas inuti JDC. För att de högspänningssystem som finns inuti instrumentet ska fungera utan risk för överslag måste trycket vara tillräckligt lågt. Slutligen diskuteras användningen av en särskild prototyp för att verfiera funktionaliteten hos den så kallade ’reflektronen’, en av JDC:s centrala delar., Various Pagination.

This dissertation covers the development and calibration of the Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC). JDC is together with five other sensors a part of the Particle Environment Package (PEP), one of the payloads of the European Space Agency's JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission. The JUICE mission is designed to broaden our understanding of the Jovian system including Jupiter, the four Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) and Jupiter's vast magnetosphere. JUICE is planned to launch in 2023. The PEP payload will study the plasma environment around Jupiter and its moons in great detail. As one of the sensors of PEP, JDC will measure the energy distribution of positive and negative ions as well as electrons in an energy range from a few eV/q up to 35keV/q. The field of view covered by JDC spans over a full hemisphere. JDC also determines the mass of particles using the time-of-flight principle. Alternatively, there is the possibility to determine the distribution of particle arrival times to study their distribution in the time domain. In this thesis, ion-optical, mechanical, electrical, thermal, radiation shielding and instrument operation related design solutions are presented and discussed. Special attention was paid to the performance of the channel electron multipliers used as time-of-flight start detectors. To verify their performance throughout the whole mission, a full lifetime test for these detectors was successfully performed. As a result of this test a qualitative performance model for channel electron multipliers was developed. Another experiment included in this work is the determination of the residual gas pressure evolution inside of JDC. A sufficiently low residual gas pressure is required for safe operation of JDC's high voltage systems. Finally, the performance of the JDC linear electric field reflectron was verified using a dedicated prototype. The last part of this work describes the methods used for instrument, Den här avhandlingen behandlar utvecklingen och kalibreringen av instrumentetJovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC). JDC utgör tillsammans med fem andra sensorer Particle Environment Package (PEP), som är ett av experimenten på European Space Agency:s rymdsond Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE). JUICE uppdrag är att bredda och fördjupa vår kunskap om Jupiter-systemet. Rymdsonden ska skjutas upp 2023 och studera Jupiter, Jupiters magnetosfär och de fyra Galileiska månarna (Io, Europa, Ganymedes och Callisto). Instrumentpaketet PEP är konstruerat för att undersöka plasmamiljön kring Jupiter och dess månar i detalj. Sensorn JDC har som sin specifika uppgift att observera energifördelningen hos positiva och negativa joner samt elektroner i ett energiområde från några få eV/q (elektronvolt per laddningsenhet) upp till 35 keV/q. JDC:s synfält är en hel hemisfär och instrumentet använder flygtidsprincipen för att bestämma massorna hos de partiklar som observeras. Det finns också en möjlighet att istället registrera partiklarnas ankomsttider för att titta på fördelningen i tidsdomänen. I avhandlingen presenteras jonoptiska, mekaniska, elektriska och termiska konstruktionslösningar för JDC. Aspekter relaterade till strålningsskärmning och drift av instrumentet diskuteras också. Vi tittar särskilt på prestandan hos de kanalelektronmultiplikatorer som används som startdetektorer i flygtidssystemet. För att undersöka hur de kommer att fungera under den långa expeditionen har ett livstidstest utförts. Utgående från resultaten har en kvalitativ prestandamodell tagits fram. Ett annat experiment som avhandlingen behandlar är undersökningen av hur residualgastrycket utvecklas inuti JDC. För att de högspänningssystem som finns inuti instrumentet ska fungera utan risk för överslag måste trycket vara tillräckligt lågt. Slutligen diskuteras användningen av en särskild prototyp för att verfiera funktionaliteten hos den så kallade ’reflektronen’, en av JDC:s centrala delar., Various Pagination.

Two randomized controlled trials demonstrated no clinical benefit of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for either postexposure prophylaxis or early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using data from these studies, we calculated the time-weighted average change from baseline SARS-CoV-2 viral load and demonstrated that HCQ did not affect viral clearance.

Bronchiectasis is a chronic and progressive lung disease associated with cough, sputum, and respiratory infection. The increasing burden on healthcare systems has led to renewed interest in clinical trials and developing therapies for this patient population. Airway clearance techniques (ACTs) are recommended as an integral part of management to facilitate secretion removal, improve symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Guidelines recommend that ACTs should be personalised to improve outcomes. Our understanding about ACTs in bronchiectasis however remains limited. Currently there are no definitive guidelines on the optimal prescription of ACTs. Personalised prescription appears to be dependent upon clinical expertise, local training, and workplace culture. Significant knowledge gaps exist in literature regarding optimisation of ACTs for individuals with bronchiectasis. The overarching aim of this thesis was to enhance the personalised prescription of ACTs in bronchiectasis. Four studies were completed. The first study commenced at the airway clearance device itself and the properties of different commonly prescribed devices. The second study summarised outcome measures used in ACT studies and the final two studies examined separately the patient and physiotherapist perspectives of ACTs. Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) devices are a type of ACT device widely used in clinical settings. The comparative performance characteristics of these devices remain unknown. Study One (Chapter Three) was an experimental bench study which compared the performance characteristics (mean PEP, peak PEP, amplitude PEP and oscillation frequency) of six different PEP devices by varying resistance and flow. Results showed the performance characteristics of the devices differed across flows and resistance settings. Some commonly used devices (e.g. Acapella Choice, Acapella DH, Aerobika and Pari PEP S) were flow-dependent, whilst the performance characteristics of other devi, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Health Sci & Soc Wrk, Griffith Health, Full Text

This dissertation covers the development and calibration of the Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC). JDC is together with five other sensors a part of the Particle Environment Package (PEP), one of the payloads of the European Space Agency's JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission. The JUICE mission is designed to broaden our understanding of the Jovian system including Jupiter, the four Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) and Jupiter's vast magnetosphere. JUICE is planned to launch in 2023. The PEP payload will study the plasma environment around Jupiter and its moons in great detail. As one of the sensors of PEP, JDC will measure the energy distribution of positive and negative ions as well as electrons in an energy range from a few eV/q up to 35keV/q. The field of view covered by JDC spans over a full hemisphere. JDC also determines the mass of particles using the time-of-flight principle. Alternatively, there is the possibility to determine the distribution of particle arrival times to study their distribution in the time domain. In this thesis, ion-optical, mechanical, electrical, thermal, radiation shielding and instrument operation related design solutions are presented and discussed. Special attention was paid to the performance of the channel electron multipliers used as time-of-flight start detectors. To verify their performance throughout the whole mission, a full lifetime test for these detectors was successfully performed. As a result of this test a qualitative performance model for channel electron multipliers was developed. Another experiment included in this work is the determination of the residual gas pressure evolution inside of JDC. A sufficiently low residual gas pressure is required for safe operation of JDC's high voltage systems. Finally, the performance of the JDC linear electric field reflectron was verified using a dedicated prototype. The last part of this work describes the methods used for instrument, Den här avhandlingen behandlar utvecklingen och kalibreringen av instrumentetJovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC). JDC utgör tillsammans med fem andra sensorer Particle Environment Package (PEP), som är ett av experimenten på European Space Agency:s rymdsond Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE). JUICE uppdrag är att bredda och fördjupa vår kunskap om Jupiter-systemet. Rymdsonden ska skjutas upp 2023 och studera Jupiter, Jupiters magnetosfär och de fyra Galileiska månarna (Io, Europa, Ganymedes och Callisto). Instrumentpaketet PEP är konstruerat för att undersöka plasmamiljön kring Jupiter och dess månar i detalj. Sensorn JDC har som sin specifika uppgift att observera energifördelningen hos positiva och negativa joner samt elektroner i ett energiområde från några få eV/q (elektronvolt per laddningsenhet) upp till 35 keV/q. JDC:s synfält är en hel hemisfär och instrumentet använder flygtidsprincipen för att bestämma massorna hos de partiklar som observeras. Det finns också en möjlighet att istället registrera partiklarnas ankomsttider för att titta på fördelningen i tidsdomänen. I avhandlingen presenteras jonoptiska, mekaniska, elektriska och termiska konstruktionslösningar för JDC. Aspekter relaterade till strålningsskärmning och drift av instrumentet diskuteras också. Vi tittar särskilt på prestandan hos de kanalelektronmultiplikatorer som används som startdetektorer i flygtidssystemet. För att undersöka hur de kommer att fungera under den långa expeditionen har ett livstidstest utförts. Utgående från resultaten har en kvalitativ prestandamodell tagits fram. Ett annat experiment som avhandlingen behandlar är undersökningen av hur residualgastrycket utvecklas inuti JDC. För att de högspänningssystem som finns inuti instrumentet ska fungera utan risk för överslag måste trycket vara tillräckligt lågt. Slutligen diskuteras användningen av en särskild prototyp för att verfiera funktionaliteten hos den så kallade ’reflektronen’, en av JDC:s centrala delar., Various Pagination.

This dissertation covers the development and calibration of the Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC). JDC is together with five other sensors a part of the Particle Environment Package (PEP), one of the payloads of the European Space Agency's JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission. The JUICE mission is designed to broaden our understanding of the Jovian system including Jupiter, the four Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) and Jupiter's vast magnetosphere. JUICE is planned to launch in 2023. The PEP payload will study the plasma environment around Jupiter and its moons in great detail. As one of the sensors of PEP, JDC will measure the energy distribution of positive and negative ions as well as electrons in an energy range from a few eV/q up to 35keV/q. The field of view covered by JDC spans over a full hemisphere. JDC also determines the mass of particles using the time-of-flight principle. Alternatively, there is the possibility to determine the distribution of particle arrival times to study their distribution in the time domain. In this thesis, ion-optical, mechanical, electrical, thermal, radiation shielding and instrument operation related design solutions are presented and discussed. Special attention was paid to the performance of the channel electron multipliers used as time-of-flight start detectors. To verify their performance throughout the whole mission, a full lifetime test for these detectors was successfully performed. As a result of this test a qualitative performance model for channel electron multipliers was developed. Another experiment included in this work is the determination of the residual gas pressure evolution inside of JDC. A sufficiently low residual gas pressure is required for safe operation of JDC's high voltage systems. Finally, the performance of the JDC linear electric field reflectron was verified using a dedicated prototype. The last part of this work describes the methods used for instrument, Den här avhandlingen behandlar utvecklingen och kalibreringen av instrumentetJovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC). JDC utgör tillsammans med fem andra sensorer Particle Environment Package (PEP), som är ett av experimenten på European Space Agency:s rymdsond Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE). JUICE uppdrag är att bredda och fördjupa vår kunskap om Jupiter-systemet. Rymdsonden ska skjutas upp 2023 och studera Jupiter, Jupiters magnetosfär och de fyra Galileiska månarna (Io, Europa, Ganymedes och Callisto). Instrumentpaketet PEP är konstruerat för att undersöka plasmamiljön kring Jupiter och dess månar i detalj. Sensorn JDC har som sin specifika uppgift att observera energifördelningen hos positiva och negativa joner samt elektroner i ett energiområde från några få eV/q (elektronvolt per laddningsenhet) upp till 35 keV/q. JDC:s synfält är en hel hemisfär och instrumentet använder flygtidsprincipen för att bestämma massorna hos de partiklar som observeras. Det finns också en möjlighet att istället registrera partiklarnas ankomsttider för att titta på fördelningen i tidsdomänen. I avhandlingen presenteras jonoptiska, mekaniska, elektriska och termiska konstruktionslösningar för JDC. Aspekter relaterade till strålningsskärmning och drift av instrumentet diskuteras också. Vi tittar särskilt på prestandan hos de kanalelektronmultiplikatorer som används som startdetektorer i flygtidssystemet. För att undersöka hur de kommer att fungera under den långa expeditionen har ett livstidstest utförts. Utgående från resultaten har en kvalitativ prestandamodell tagits fram. Ett annat experiment som avhandlingen behandlar är undersökningen av hur residualgastrycket utvecklas inuti JDC. För att de högspänningssystem som finns inuti instrumentet ska fungera utan risk för överslag måste trycket vara tillräckligt lågt. Slutligen diskuteras användningen av en särskild prototyp för att verfiera funktionaliteten hos den så kallade ’reflektronen’, en av JDC:s centrala delar., Various Pagination.

This dissertation covers the development and calibration of the Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC). JDC is together with five other sensors a part of the Particle Environment Package (PEP), one of the payloads of the European Space Agency's JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission. The JUICE mission is designed to broaden our understanding of the Jovian system including Jupiter, the four Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) and Jupiter's vast magnetosphere. JUICE is planned to launch in 2023. The PEP payload will study the plasma environment around Jupiter and its moons in great detail. As one of the sensors of PEP, JDC will measure the energy distribution of positive and negative ions as well as electrons in an energy range from a few eV/q up to 35keV/q. The field of view covered by JDC spans over a full hemisphere. JDC also determines the mass of particles using the time-of-flight principle. Alternatively, there is the possibility to determine the distribution of particle arrival times to study their distribution in the time domain. In this thesis, ion-optical, mechanical, electrical, thermal, radiation shielding and instrument operation related design solutions are presented and discussed. Special attention was paid to the performance of the channel electron multipliers used as time-of-flight start detectors. To verify their performance throughout the whole mission, a full lifetime test for these detectors was successfully performed. As a result of this test a qualitative performance model for channel electron multipliers was developed. Another experiment included in this work is the determination of the residual gas pressure evolution inside of JDC. A sufficiently low residual gas pressure is required for safe operation of JDC's high voltage systems. Finally, the performance of the JDC linear electric field reflectron was verified using a dedicated prototype. The last part of this work describes the methods used for instrument, Den här avhandlingen behandlar utvecklingen och kalibreringen av instrumentetJovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC). JDC utgör tillsammans med fem andra sensorer Particle Environment Package (PEP), som är ett av experimenten på European Space Agency:s rymdsond Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE). JUICE uppdrag är att bredda och fördjupa vår kunskap om Jupiter-systemet. Rymdsonden ska skjutas upp 2023 och studera Jupiter, Jupiters magnetosfär och de fyra Galileiska månarna (Io, Europa, Ganymedes och Callisto). Instrumentpaketet PEP är konstruerat för att undersöka plasmamiljön kring Jupiter och dess månar i detalj. Sensorn JDC har som sin specifika uppgift att observera energifördelningen hos positiva och negativa joner samt elektroner i ett energiområde från några få eV/q (elektronvolt per laddningsenhet) upp till 35 keV/q. JDC:s synfält är en hel hemisfär och instrumentet använder flygtidsprincipen för att bestämma massorna hos de partiklar som observeras. Det finns också en möjlighet att istället registrera partiklarnas ankomsttider för att titta på fördelningen i tidsdomänen. I avhandlingen presenteras jonoptiska, mekaniska, elektriska och termiska konstruktionslösningar för JDC. Aspekter relaterade till strålningsskärmning och drift av instrumentet diskuteras också. Vi tittar särskilt på prestandan hos de kanalelektronmultiplikatorer som används som startdetektorer i flygtidssystemet. För att undersöka hur de kommer att fungera under den långa expeditionen har ett livstidstest utförts. Utgående från resultaten har en kvalitativ prestandamodell tagits fram. Ett annat experiment som avhandlingen behandlar är undersökningen av hur residualgastrycket utvecklas inuti JDC. För att de högspänningssystem som finns inuti instrumentet ska fungera utan risk för överslag måste trycket vara tillräckligt lågt. Slutligen diskuteras användningen av en särskild prototyp för att verfiera funktionaliteten hos den så kallade ’reflektronen’, en av JDC:s centrala delar., Various Pagination.

Positioning information for drones, machines, or other equipment has always been valuable. With fifth generation (5G) and long-term evolution (LTE) there are new possibilities to provide positioning information using the cellular network. When positioning information is available through the cellular network, having a standardized way of exposing positioning information would benefit a various number of applications. Thus, determining what requirements such an application programming interface (API) should have is important for future work. This thesis investigates and analyzes requirements that every API for exposing positioning information must have. It provides a theoretical reference API, the positioning exposure protocol (PEP), that fulfill all requirements. Additionally, the thesis analyzes available APIs on the market, and compares each and every one of them against the PEP, constructing a list of changes and extensions to make them compliant. The most compliant and suitable API is the gateway mobile location center (GMLC) API, which only requires a few changes and extensions to be functionally equivalent and fulfill allrequirements.

Positioning information for drones, machines, or other equipment has always been valuable. With fifth generation (5G) and long-term evolution (LTE) there are new possibilities to provide positioning information using the cellular network. When positioning information is available through the cellular network, having a standardized way of exposing positioning information would benefit a various number of applications. Thus, determining what requirements such an application programming interface (API) should have is important for future work. This thesis investigates and analyzes requirements that every API for exposing positioning information must have. It provides a theoretical reference API, the positioning exposure protocol (PEP), that fulfill all requirements. Additionally, the thesis analyzes available APIs on the market, and compares each and every one of them against the PEP, constructing a list of changes and extensions to make them compliant. The most compliant and suitable API is the gateway mobile location center (GMLC) API, which only requires a few changes and extensions to be functionally equivalent and fulfill allrequirements.

There is increasing interest in gluten degrading enzymes for use during food and drink processing. The industrially available enzymes usually work best at low to ambient temperatures. However, food manufacturing is often conducted at higher temperatures. Therefore, thermostable gluten degrading enzymes are of great interest. We have identified a new thermostable gluten degrading proline specific prolyl endoprotease from the archaea Thermococcus kodakarensis. We then cloned and expressed it in Escherichia coli. The prolyl endoprotease was found to have a size of 70.1 kDa. The synthetic dipeptide Z-Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide was used to characterise the prolyl endoprotease and it had maximum activity at pH 7 and 77°C. The VmaxKm and kcat values of the purified prolyl endoprotease were calculated to be 3.14 mM/s, 1.10 mM and 54 s-1 respectively. When the immunogenic gluten peptides PQPQLPYPQPQLPY (alpha-gliadin) and SQQQFPQPQQPFPQQP (gamma-hordein) were used as substrates, the prolyl endoprotease was able to degrade these. Furthermore, gluten in wort was reduced when the prolyl endoprotease was used during mashing of barley malt. The discoveries open up for new food processing possibilities and further the understanding of proline specific protease diversity.

Non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) is a public health instrument in HIV prevention. Treatment efficacy depends on round the clock availability, adequate prescription, drug efficacy and treatment adherence. Efforts should be made to achieve the most adequate treatment prescription and highest treatment retention for patients exposed to HIV. This thesis investigated treatment prescription, determinants of treatment completion and a strategy to improve treatment completion in a mixed population from a tertiary HIV reference. We showed that adherence to nPEP guidelines is 98.8% in emergency physicians prescribing nPEP round the clock in the emergency department. A low treatment adherence of 60% was identified by this study and strategies to improve it were searched. A second study identified independent determinants of adherence such as men who have sex with men (MSM) sexual orientation (OR, 1.40; 95%CI,1.04–1.90), being a native Belgian (OR, 1.50; 95%CI, 1.18–1.90), older age (OR, 1.02; 95%CI, 1.01–1.04), being a sexual assault survivor (OR, 0.59; 95%CI, 0.38–0.91), having had a previous nPEP treatment (OR, 1.44; 95%CI, 1.02–2.02), consultation during daytime (OR, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.07–1.70) and coverage from a health insurance (OR, 2.11; 95%CI, 1.58–2.89). A third study evaluated how a single tablet regimen of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir (OR 1.62; 95%CI, 1.08-2.42; p=0.019), as well as psychological support (OR: 3.13, 95%CI: 2.00–4.17, p<0.001), increase treatment completion rates in nPEP in sexual assault victims when compared to older regimens or absence of psychological support. We conclude that a system relying on emergency physicians to prescribe PEP is accurate, that determinants of low completion rates should be addressed during consultation and follow-up, that psychological support should be offered to all sexual assault victims and that a modern single tablet regimen should be preferred for nPEP, Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine), info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In this paper we present the design and prototype implementation of a multi-domain congestion control framework based on a non-ossifying Lightweight Performance Enhancing Proxy. We demonstrate that our solution can be both used for evolved protocols such as end-to-end encrypted QUIC and for evolved cellular access networks like 5G. We also show the performance of our Multi-Domain Congestion Control algorithm by a simulation study. Moreover, we expose its behavior in realistic use cases like sudden capacity changes in 5G mmWave cellular networks. Our results highlight that significant performance improvements can be achieved by cooperative traffic management frameworks in protocols and networks of the future.

La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es la cuarta causa de muerte en el mundo. Gran parte de estos enfermos no están diagnosticados y a medida que avanza la enfermedad empiezan a aparecer dificultades en la respiración y cambios en la fisiología pulmonar. Entre estos cambios está la hiperinsuflación, los pacientes hiperinsuflados retienen aire en los pulmones. Por lo tanto, estos pacientes requieren de un seguimiento y necesitan hacer ejercicios específicos con dispositivos PEP (Presión Espiratoria Postiva) para expulsar este aire. En este proyecto se implementa un sistema que comprenda la función de espirometría y la función de telerehabilitación. Para esto se desarrolla por un lado una aplicación móvil que será la interfaz gráfica y el motor de cálculo, por otro se diseña un espirómetro de turbina que mediante bluetooth envía la velocidad del aire exhalado a la aplicación, y por último dos boquillas intercambiables, una para las pruebas de espirometría y otra que será la boquilla PEP para ejercicios de rehabilitación. Para la boquilla PEP, la cual integra la misma turbina para poder contar revoluciones, se diseñará un juego que mediante estimulación visual avisará al paciente de cuando espira demasiado fuerte o demasiado lento, ayudando así a que los ejercicios se hagan correctamente. Para la boquilla de espirometría, se calcularán la FVC, la FEV1, el Índice de Tiffenau y la curva flujo volumen y se almacenarán los resultados para verlos gráficamente en función del tiempo. Con este proyecto, se pretende dar facilidades y solución a las personas que padecen esta patología, cuyas necesidades requieren de ayuda externa de centros médicos para realizar el seguimiento de su enfermedad y llevar a cabo la rehabilitación, de este modo, se ofrece la posibilidad de hacerlo desde casa y con un control equitativo al que podría dar el servicio técnico de un centro médico., Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Many of these patients are not diagnosed and as the disease progresses, breathing difficulties and changes in pulmonary physiology begin to appear. Among these changes is hyperinflation, hyperinflation patients retain air in the lungs. Therefore, these patients require follow-up and need to do specific exercises with PEP (Positive Expiratory Pressure) devices to expel this air. In this project we want to implement a system that includes the function of spirometry (calculation of lung function) and telerehabilitation function. For this reason, It is developed on the one hand a mobile application that will be the graphical interface and computer brain, on the other hand is designed a turbine spirometer that by bluetooth sends the velocity of the exhaled air to the application, and finally two replaceable nozzles, one for spirometry tests and another that will be the PEP nozzle for rehabilitation exercises. For the PEP nozzle, which integrates the same turbine to be able to count revolutions, a game will be designed that, through visual stimulation, will alert the patient when exhales too hard or too slow, thus helping the exercises to be performed correctly. For the spirometry nozzle, the FVC, FEV1, Tiffenau Index and volume flow curve will be calculated, and the results stored for graphing as a function of time. With this project, it is intended to provide facilities and solutions to people suffering from this pathology, whose needs require external help from medical centers to follow up their disease and carry out rehabilitation, thereby offering the possibility of do it from home and with equitable control that could give the technical service of a medical center.

La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es la cuarta causa de muerte en el mundo. Gran parte de estos enfermos no están diagnosticados y a medida que avanza la enfermedad empiezan a aparecer dificultades en la respiración y cambios en la fisiología pulmonar. Entre estos cambios está la hiperinsuflación, los pacientes hiperinsuflados retienen aire en los pulmones. Por lo tanto, estos pacientes requieren de un seguimiento y necesitan hacer ejercicios específicos con dispositivos PEP (Presión Espiratoria Postiva) para expulsar este aire. En este proyecto se implementa un sistema que comprenda la función de espirometría y la función de telerehabilitación. Para esto se desarrolla por un lado una aplicación móvil que será la interfaz gráfica y el motor de cálculo, por otro se diseña un espirómetro de turbina que mediante bluetooth envía la velocidad del aire exhalado a la aplicación, y por último dos boquillas intercambiables, una para las pruebas de espirometría y otra que será la boquilla PEP para ejercicios de rehabilitación. Para la boquilla PEP, la cual integra la misma turbina para poder contar revoluciones, se diseñará un juego que mediante estimulación visual avisará al paciente de cuando espira demasiado fuerte o demasiado lento, ayudando así a que los ejercicios se hagan correctamente. Para la boquilla de espirometría, se calcularán la FVC, la FEV1, el Índice de Tiffenau y la curva flujo volumen y se almacenarán los resultados para verlos gráficamente en función del tiempo. Con este proyecto, se pretende dar facilidades y solución a las personas que padecen esta patología, cuyas necesidades requieren de ayuda externa de centros médicos para realizar el seguimiento de su enfermedad y llevar a cabo la rehabilitación, de este modo, se ofrece la posibilidad de hacerlo desde casa y con un control equitativo al que podría dar el servicio técnico de un centro médico., Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Many of these patients are not diagnosed and as the disease progresses, breathing difficulties and changes in pulmonary physiology begin to appear. Among these changes is hyperinflation, hyperinflation patients retain air in the lungs. Therefore, these patients require follow-up and need to do specific exercises with PEP (Positive Expiratory Pressure) devices to expel this air. In this project we want to implement a system that includes the function of spirometry (calculation of lung function) and telerehabilitation function. For this reason, It is developed on the one hand a mobile application that will be the graphical interface and computer brain, on the other hand is designed a turbine spirometer that by bluetooth sends the velocity of the exhaled air to the application, and finally two replaceable nozzles, one for spirometry tests and another that will be the PEP nozzle for rehabilitation exercises. For the PEP nozzle, which integrates the same turbine to be able to count revolutions, a game will be designed that, through visual stimulation, will alert the patient when exhales too hard or too slow, thus helping the exercises to be performed correctly. For the spirometry nozzle, the FVC, FEV1, Tiffenau Index and volume flow curve will be calculated, and the results stored for graphing as a function of time. With this project, it is intended to provide facilities and solutions to people suffering from this pathology, whose needs require external help from medical centers to follow up their disease and carry out rehabilitation, thereby offering the possibility of do it from home and with equitable control that could give the technical service of a medical center.

La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es la cuarta causa de muerte en el mundo. Gran parte de estos enfermos no están diagnosticados y a medida que avanza la enfermedad empiezan a aparecer dificultades en la respiración y cambios en la fisiología pulmonar. Entre estos cambios está la hiperinsuflación, los pacientes hiperinsuflados retienen aire en los pulmones. Por lo tanto, estos pacientes requieren de un seguimiento y necesitan hacer ejercicios específicos con dispositivos PEP (Presión Espiratoria Postiva) para expulsar este aire. En este proyecto se implementa un sistema que comprenda la función de espirometría y la función de telerehabilitación. Para esto se desarrolla por un lado una aplicación móvil que será la interfaz gráfica y el motor de cálculo, por otro se diseña un espirómetro de turbina que mediante bluetooth envía la velocidad del aire exhalado a la aplicación, y por último dos boquillas intercambiables, una para las pruebas de espirometría y otra que será la boquilla PEP para ejercicios de rehabilitación. Para la boquilla PEP, la cual integra la misma turbina para poder contar revoluciones, se diseñará un juego que mediante estimulación visual avisará al paciente de cuando espira demasiado fuerte o demasiado lento, ayudando así a que los ejercicios se hagan correctamente. Para la boquilla de espirometría, se calcularán la FVC, la FEV1, el Índice de Tiffenau y la curva flujo volumen y se almacenarán los resultados para verlos gráficamente en función del tiempo. Con este proyecto, se pretende dar facilidades y solución a las personas que padecen esta patología, cuyas necesidades requieren de ayuda externa de centros médicos para realizar el seguimiento de su enfermedad y llevar a cabo la rehabilitación, de este modo, se ofrece la posibilidad de hacerlo desde casa y con un control equitativo al que podría dar el servicio técnico de un centro médico., Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Many of these patients are not diagnosed and as the disease progresses, breathing difficulties and changes in pulmonary physiology begin to appear. Among these changes is hyperinflation, hyperinflation patients retain air in the lungs. Therefore, these patients require follow-up and need to do specific exercises with PEP (Positive Expiratory Pressure) devices to expel this air. In this project we want to implement a system that includes the function of spirometry (calculation of lung function) and telerehabilitation function. For this reason, It is developed on the one hand a mobile application that will be the graphical interface and computer brain, on the other hand is designed a turbine spirometer that by bluetooth sends the velocity of the exhaled air to the application, and finally two replaceable nozzles, one for spirometry tests and another that will be the PEP nozzle for rehabilitation exercises. For the PEP nozzle, which integrates the same turbine to be able to count revolutions, a game will be designed that, through visual stimulation, will alert the patient when exhales too hard or too slow, thus helping the exercises to be performed correctly. For the spirometry nozzle, the FVC, FEV1, Tiffenau Index and volume flow curve will be calculated, and the results stored for graphing as a function of time. With this project, it is intended to provide facilities and solutions to people suffering from this pathology, whose needs require external help from medical centers to follow up their disease and carry out rehabilitation, thereby offering the possibility of do it from home and with equitable control that could give the technical service of a medical center.

La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es la cuarta causa de muerte en el mundo. Gran parte de estos enfermos no están diagnosticados y a medida que avanza la enfermedad empiezan a aparecer dificultades en la respiración y cambios en la fisiología pulmonar. Entre estos cambios está la hiperinsuflación, los pacientes hiperinsuflados retienen aire en los pulmones. Por lo tanto, estos pacientes requieren de un seguimiento y necesitan hacer ejercicios específicos con dispositivos PEP (Presión Espiratoria Postiva) para expulsar este aire. En este proyecto se implementa un sistema que comprenda la función de espirometría y la función de telerehabilitación. Para esto se desarrolla por un lado una aplicación móvil que será la interfaz gráfica y el motor de cálculo, por otro se diseña un espirómetro de turbina que mediante bluetooth envía la velocidad del aire exhalado a la aplicación, y por último dos boquillas intercambiables, una para las pruebas de espirometría y otra que será la boquilla PEP para ejercicios de rehabilitación. Para la boquilla PEP, la cual integra la misma turbina para poder contar revoluciones, se diseñará un juego que mediante estimulación visual avisará al paciente de cuando espira demasiado fuerte o demasiado lento, ayudando así a que los ejercicios se hagan correctamente. Para la boquilla de espirometría, se calcularán la FVC, la FEV1, el Índice de Tiffenau y la curva flujo volumen y se almacenarán los resultados para verlos gráficamente en función del tiempo. Con este proyecto, se pretende dar facilidades y solución a las personas que padecen esta patología, cuyas necesidades requieren de ayuda externa de centros médicos para realizar el seguimiento de su enfermedad y llevar a cabo la rehabilitación, de este modo, se ofrece la posibilidad de hacerlo desde casa y con un control equitativo al que podría dar el servicio técnico de un centro médico., Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Many of these patients are not diagnosed and as the disease progresses, breathing difficulties and changes in pulmonary physiology begin to appear. Among these changes is hyperinflation, hyperinflation patients retain air in the lungs. Therefore, these patients require follow-up and need to do specific exercises with PEP (Positive Expiratory Pressure) devices to expel this air. In this project we want to implement a system that includes the function of spirometry (calculation of lung function) and telerehabilitation function. For this reason, It is developed on the one hand a mobile application that will be the graphical interface and computer brain, on the other hand is designed a turbine spirometer that by bluetooth sends the velocity of the exhaled air to the application, and finally two replaceable nozzles, one for spirometry tests and another that will be the PEP nozzle for rehabilitation exercises. For the PEP nozzle, which integrates the same turbine to be able to count revolutions, a game will be designed that, through visual stimulation, will alert the patient when exhales too hard or too slow, thus helping the exercises to be performed correctly. For the spirometry nozzle, the FVC, FEV1, Tiffenau Index and volume flow curve will be calculated, and the results stored for graphing as a function of time. With this project, it is intended to provide facilities and solutions to people suffering from this pathology, whose needs require external help from medical centers to follow up their disease and carry out rehabilitation, thereby offering the possibility of do it from home and with equitable control that could give the technical service of a medical center.

La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es la cuarta causa de muerte en el mundo. Gran parte de estos enfermos no están diagnosticados y a medida que avanza la enfermedad empiezan a aparecer dificultades en la respiración y cambios en la fisiología pulmonar. Entre estos cambios está la hiperinsuflación, los pacientes hiperinsuflados retienen aire en los pulmones. Por lo tanto, estos pacientes requieren de un seguimiento y necesitan hacer ejercicios específicos con dispositivos PEP (Presión Espiratoria Postiva) para expulsar este aire. En este proyecto se implementa un sistema que comprenda la función de espirometría y la función de telerehabilitación. Para esto se desarrolla por un lado una aplicación móvil que será la interfaz gráfica y el motor de cálculo, por otro se diseña un espirómetro de turbina que mediante bluetooth envía la velocidad del aire exhalado a la aplicación, y por último dos boquillas intercambiables, una para las pruebas de espirometría y otra que será la boquilla PEP para ejercicios de rehabilitación. Para la boquilla PEP, la cual integra la misma turbina para poder contar revoluciones, se diseñará un juego que mediante estimulación visual avisará al paciente de cuando espira demasiado fuerte o demasiado lento, ayudando así a que los ejercicios se hagan correctamente. Para la boquilla de espirometría, se calcularán la FVC, la FEV1, el Índice de Tiffenau y la curva flujo volumen y se almacenarán los resultados para verlos gráficamente en función del tiempo. Con este proyecto, se pretende dar facilidades y solución a las personas que padecen esta patología, cuyas necesidades requieren de ayuda externa de centros médicos para realizar el seguimiento de su enfermedad y llevar a cabo la rehabilitación, de este modo, se ofrece la posibilidad de hacerlo desde casa y con un control equitativo al que podría dar el servicio técnico de un centro médico., Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Many of these patients are not diagnosed and as the disease progresses, breathing difficulties and changes in pulmonary physiology begin to appear. Among these changes is hyperinflation, hyperinflation patients retain air in the lungs. Therefore, these patients require follow-up and need to do specific exercises with PEP (Positive Expiratory Pressure) devices to expel this air. In this project we want to implement a system that includes the function of spirometry (calculation of lung function) and telerehabilitation function. For this reason, It is developed on the one hand a mobile application that will be the graphical interface and computer brain, on the other hand is designed a turbine spirometer that by bluetooth sends the velocity of the exhaled air to the application, and finally two replaceable nozzles, one for spirometry tests and another that will be the PEP nozzle for rehabilitation exercises. For the PEP nozzle, which integrates the same turbine to be able to count revolutions, a game will be designed that, through visual stimulation, will alert the patient when exhales too hard or too slow, thus helping the exercises to be performed correctly. For the spirometry nozzle, the FVC, FEV1, Tiffenau Index and volume flow curve will be calculated, and the results stored for graphing as a function of time. With this project, it is intended to provide facilities and solutions to people suffering from this pathology, whose needs require external help from medical centers to follow up their disease and carry out rehabilitation, thereby offering the possibility of do it from home and with equitable control that could give the technical service of a medical center.

The challenges of sustainable development are multidimensional and involve all actors in society. To match this challenge economics is defined in a new way as ‘multidimensional management of resources in a democratic society’. It is argued that present unsustainable patterns raise issues of possible paradigm failure, ideology failure, and democracy failure. A political economics approach is suggested where individuals and organisations are understood in political terms. ‘Ideology’ and ‘ideological orientation’ are proposed as essential concepts in an alternative theoretical framework for economics and sustainability politics. A method for sustainability assessment compatible with democracy is proposed. It is finally discussed how our chances to deal successfully with climate change may be improved by systematically developing alternatives to the neoclassical paradigm and ideology.

Дана магістерська дисертація складається з 87 сторінок, 21 ілюстрацій, 24 таблиць. В даній магістерській дисертації було розроблено автоматичну УЗ систему контролю труб з використанням технології LRUT. Дана тема є актуальною на сьогодні оскільки в умовах автоматизації та великих обсягу неруйнівного контролю, необхідні системи , які можуть з цим справлятися. Запропонована в даній роботі система складається з сучасних технологій в УЗК. Для забезпечення акутстичного постійного контакту між об’єктом контролю і системою, використано новітні ідеї. Моделювання роботи системи проводилось з використанням сучасного програмного забезпечення. Також проведено розробку потенційного стартап проекту, й розглянуто можливість виходу системи на міжнародний та вітчизняний ринки. Мета магістерської дисертаційної роботи дослідити можливості використання ультразвукового контролю труб великого діаметра та розміру. Розроблена система може бути застосована в неруйнівного контролю в якості основної чи допоміжної. Також завдяки універсальності алгоритмів роботи з мінімальними змінами може бути перебудована під інший спосіб знаходження дефектів в трубопроводах., This master's dissertation consists of 87 pages, 21 illustrations, 24 tables. In this master's thesis an automatic ultrasonic control system for pipes using LRUT technology was developed. This topic is relevant today as automation and large volumes of non-destructive testing require systems that can handle this. The system proposed in this paper consists of modern technologies in UZK. To ensure acoustic constant contact between the object of control and the system, the latest ideas are used. The simulation of the system was carried out using modern software. Also, development of a potential startup of the project was conducted, and the possibility of the system's exit to the international and domestic markets was considered. The purpose of the master's thesis is to explore the possibility of using ultrasonic control of large diameter and size pipes. The developed system can be applied to non-destructive control as a primary or auxiliary. Also, due to the versatility of the algorithms, work with minimal changes can be rebuilt for another way of finding defects in the pipelines.

El presente artículo pretende dar a conocer los resultados y discusiones de un trabajo de investigación que se propone realizar una lectura “no eurocéntrica” de aquellos criterios, principios y conceptos que fundamentan el marco teórico-conceptual, bajo el cual, se busca formar a los futuros licenciados en filosofía e historia de la Universidad la Gran Colombia, a partir del análisis de la documentación legal vigente que rige a la misma y teniendo como marco de referencia el proyecto ético-pedagógico expuesto por Enrique Dussel en su obra Ética de la liberación en la época de la globalización y la exclusión publicada en 1998. Este trabajo giró en torno a la propuesta metodológica de una investigación formativa de tipo cualitativo donde el grado de profundidad desde el que se abordó el fenómeno concreto de estudio, estuvo enmarcado dentro de los límites de un nivel exploratorio de investigación y un análisis documental. El trabajo se dividió en dos partes; primero, el análisis crítico de los criterios, principios y conceptos del proyecto ético-pedagógico propuesto por Dussel y materializado en su ética de 1998 y segundo, el análisis crítico de los criterios, principios y conceptos que fundamentan el marco teórico-conceptual del programa de licenciatura en filosofía e historia de la Universidad la Gran Colombia, para así, finalizar con la develación de las condiciones de posibilidad de una articulación critica entre estos dos proyectos ontológicos.

El presente artículo pretende dar a conocer los resultados y discusiones de un trabajo de investigación que se propone realizar una lectura “no eurocéntrica” de aquellos criterios, principios y conceptos que fundamentan el marco teórico-conceptual, bajo el cual, se busca formar a los futuros licenciados en filosofía e historia de la Universidad la Gran Colombia, a partir del análisis de la documentación legal vigente que rige a la misma y teniendo como marco de referencia el proyecto ético-pedagógico expuesto por Enrique Dussel en su obra Ética de la liberación en la época de la globalización y la exclusión publicada en 1998. Este trabajo giró en torno a la propuesta metodológica de una investigación formativa de tipo cualitativo donde el grado de profundidad desde el que se abordó el fenómeno concreto de estudio, estuvo enmarcado dentro de los límites de un nivel exploratorio de investigación y un análisis documental. El trabajo se dividió en dos partes; primero, el análisis crítico de los criterios, principios y conceptos del proyecto ético-pedagógico propuesto por Dussel y materializado en su ética de 1998 y segundo, el análisis crítico de los criterios, principios y conceptos que fundamentan el marco teórico-conceptual del programa de licenciatura en filosofía e historia de la Universidad la Gran Colombia, para así, finalizar con la develación de las condiciones de posibilidad de una articulación critica entre estos dos proyectos ontológicos.

The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer is a planetary exploration mission that aims to study the moons of Jupiter in the planet’s vast magnetosphere. Among the various instruments on board is the Particle Environment Package (PEP), that is led by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF) in Kiruna. The Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC) is one of six sensors within PEP and focuses on the characterization of positive ions. To be able to measure their three-dimensional distribution and composition, in-situ and in high time resolution, JDC has to cover a large field of view of 2π sr, for the desired energy range, in just a couple of seconds. An electrostatic analyzer within the sensor determines the energy per charge of such particles and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer measures their mass per charge. Constraints on weight and the radiation environment of Jupiter drive the design of the sensor: small and lightweight to allow extra shielding, but still large enough to accomplish measurements in the harsh radiation environment of Jupiter. This work focuses on a new type of compact, electrostatic analyzer using spherical wedges and the start signal generation for the time-of-flight measurement using new venetian blind-type surfaces. Simulations on the electrostatic analyzer showed that the most promising design is a hybrid variant, using an inner shell with spherical wedges and a spheroidal outer shell. A prototype sensor was built and tested with successful results. A reflectron-type time-of-flight cell measures the time it takes for a particle to pass a linear electric field. The time measurement has to be very accurate and requires that all ions enter the reflectron from the same start position. Commonly this is achieved with thin carbon foils of some nanometer thickness to provide a very accurate start position. Upon impact and after leaving a foil, ions generate secondary electrons that act as start signals for the time measurement. Foils require a s, JUICE, PEP

The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer is a planetary exploration mission that aims to study the moons of Jupiter in the planet’s vast magnetosphere. Among the various instruments on board is the Particle Environment Package (PEP), that is led by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF) in Kiruna. The Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC) is one of six sensors within PEP and focuses on the characterization of positive ions. To be able to measure their three-dimensional distribution and composition, in-situ and in high time resolution, JDC has to cover a large field of view of 2π sr, for the desired energy range, in just a couple of seconds. An electrostatic analyzer within the sensor determines the energy per charge of such particles and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer measures their mass per charge. Constraints on weight and the radiation environment of Jupiter drive the design of the sensor: small and lightweight to allow extra shielding, but still large enough to accomplish measurements in the harsh radiation environment of Jupiter. This work focuses on a new type of compact, electrostatic analyzer using spherical wedges and the start signal generation for the time-of-flight measurement using new venetian blind-type surfaces. Simulations on the electrostatic analyzer showed that the most promising design is a hybrid variant, using an inner shell with spherical wedges and a spheroidal outer shell. A prototype sensor was built and tested with successful results. A reflectron-type time-of-flight cell measures the time it takes for a particle to pass a linear electric field. The time measurement has to be very accurate and requires that all ions enter the reflectron from the same start position. Commonly this is achieved with thin carbon foils of some nanometer thickness to provide a very accurate start position. Upon impact and after leaving a foil, ions generate secondary electrons that act as start signals for the time measurement. Foils require a s, JUICE, PEP

The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer is a planetary exploration mission that aims to study the moons of Jupiter in the planet’s vast magnetosphere. Among the various instruments on board is the Particle Environment Package (PEP), that is led by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF) in Kiruna. The Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC) is one of six sensors within PEP and focuses on the characterization of positive ions. To be able to measure their three-dimensional distribution and composition, in-situ and in high time resolution, JDC has to cover a large field of view of 2π sr, for the desired energy range, in just a couple of seconds. An electrostatic analyzer within the sensor determines the energy per charge of such particles and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer measures their mass per charge. Constraints on weight and the radiation environment of Jupiter drive the design of the sensor: small and lightweight to allow extra shielding, but still large enough to accomplish measurements in the harsh radiation environment of Jupiter. This work focuses on a new type of compact, electrostatic analyzer using spherical wedges and the start signal generation for the time-of-flight measurement using new venetian blind-type surfaces. Simulations on the electrostatic analyzer showed that the most promising design is a hybrid variant, using an inner shell with spherical wedges and a spheroidal outer shell. A prototype sensor was built and tested with successful results. A reflectron-type time-of-flight cell measures the time it takes for a particle to pass a linear electric field. The time measurement has to be very accurate and requires that all ions enter the reflectron from the same start position. Commonly this is achieved with thin carbon foils of some nanometer thickness to provide a very accurate start position. Upon impact and after leaving a foil, ions generate secondary electrons that act as start signals for the time measurement. Foils require a s, JUICE, PEP

BACKGROUND: Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) and CPAP are used to enhance breathing parameters such as functional residual capacity (FRC) in patients. Studies comparing effects of PEP and CPAP on FRC are few and variable. One reason for this may be that sophisticated equipment, not suitable in the clinical setting, is required. Because total lung capacity (TLC) consists of inspiratory capacity (IC) and FRC, a change in IC should result in a corresponding change in FRC given constant TLC. We aimed to evaluate the effects of different PEP and CPAP devices on IC as an indirect measure of induced changes in FRC from these devices in healthy subjects. METHODS: Twenty healthy subjects breathed with 2 PEP devices, a PEP mask (flow resistor) and a PEP bottle (threshold resistor), and 2 CPAP devices, a flow resistor and a threshold resistor, in a randomized order. The measurement sequence consisted of 30 breaths with an IC measurement performed before and immediately after the 30th breath while the subjects were still connected to the breathing device. Perceived exertion of the 30 breaths was measured with the Borg category ratio 10 scale. RESULTS: Three of the 4 breathing devices, the PEP mask and the 2 CPAP devices, significantly decreased IC (P <.001). Median perceived exertion was quite low for all 4 breathing devices, but the difference in perceived exertion among the different breathing devices was large. CONCLUSIONS: Provided that TLC is constant, we found that measurements of changes in IC could be used as an indirect measure of changes in FRC in healthy subjects. All investigated breathing devices except the PEP bottle decreased IC, as an indirect measure of increased FRC.

Statement of the Problem: Men who have sex with men (MSM) make up only 2% of the population in the United States, but represent 60% of all HIV infections each year. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a once daily medication to prevent HIV infection, has emerged as a prevention tool for populations most heavily affected by HIV. However, the criteria for PrEP have only been broadly defined and lead many individuals and their medical providers to question if PrEP use is appropriate, given individual risk profile and potential drug side effects. The primary goal of this dissertation is to use risk assessment and HIV testing data to create an HIV risk score for HIV-negative MSM. The secondary goal is to use this HIV risk score to create more targeted criteria for PrEP use and subsequently inform individualized PrEP candidacy. Methods: Behavioral risk assessment and HIV testing data were collected at the Los Angeles LGBT Center from January 2009 to June 2014. Individuals were included in the analysis if they were MSM, had an HIV-negative test result at baseline, and returned for at least one follow-up HIV testing visit (n = 9,981). Bivariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards Models were used to determine the biological, behavioral, and substance use variables significant in HIV contraction over the 5.5 year follow-up period. Summary of Findings: Self-reported history of gonorrhea (p = 0.03), chlamydia (p < 0.0001), and syphilis (p = 0.01); having receptive anal sex (p < 0.0001), race/ethnicity of partners (p = 0.005), and number of sexual partners in the last three months (p = 0.0003); methamphetamine (p = 0.0008), and nitrate use (p = 0.002) were all significant predictors of HIV infection during follow-up. Age of partners, intimate partner violence, and ecstasy use were not significant. Following risk score creation, approximately 45% of all individuals were above a chosen risk score, which consisted of 76% of all HIV-positives. The use of this targeted stra

Die Transkription der Chloroplasten ist erstaunlich komplex. Ihr relativ kleines Genom kodiert für Komponenten der Photosynthese und der eigenen Genexpressionsmaschine. Es wird mindestens durch zwei RNA Polymerasen transkribiert. Neben der plastidär kodierten RNA Polymerase (PEP), existiert mindestens eine weitere kernkodierte RNA Polymerase (NEP). Die PEP spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Expression der Photosynthesegene und ist essentiell für die Biogenese der Chloroplasten und schließlich für das Überleben der Pflanzen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals die spezifische Interaktion der PEP mit ihren Transkriptionseinheiten unter verschiedenen Lichtbedingungen in vivo auf plastomweiter Ebene gezeigt. Darunter befinden sich hauptsächlich DNA Fragmente, die Photosynthesegene repräsentieren. Außerdem zeigt die PEP eine eindeutige Präferenz zu den rRNA Genen und einigen tRNA Genen. Eine Reduktion dieser Assoziation der PEP in Dunkelperioden lässt einen lichtabhängigen Prozess bei der PEP-DNA Assoziation vermuten. Außerdem wurde die PEP Aktivität an den bestimmten DNA Regionen in vivo ermittelt durch die Analyse naszierender Transkripte. Ein Großteil der plastidären RNA Spezies kopräzipitiert mit der PEP, aber sie scheint präferentiell mit tRNAs zu interagieren. Die Analyse der Verteilung der PEP bewies erstmals, dass sie hauptsächlich mit den Membranen assoziiert. Dort befindet sich auch das transkriptionsaktive Chromosom (TAC). Im TAC wurden vor kurzem neben der PEP auch Mitglieder von RNA Prozessierungsfaktoren identifiziert, was auf eine mögliche Kopplung von Transkription und posttranskriptionellen Prozessen hindeutet. Für einen Einblick in dieses Interaktionsnetzwerk wurden Transkriptanalysen des TACs ausgeführt. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen assoziieren alle plastidären RNA Spezies mit dem TAC. Einige RNAs liegen bereits prozessiert vor, was eine Verbindung zwischen Transkription und posttranskriptionellen Prozessen noch im TAC vermuten lässt., Chloroplast transcription is astonishingly complex. The relative small genome of plastids, which codes for components of the photosynthetic machinery as well as for components of their own gene expression machinery, is transcribed by at least two different RNA polymerases. Beside the plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (PEP) a nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (NEP) exists as well. PEP plays a major role in the expression of photosynthesis genes and is essential for chloroplast biogenesis and thus for plant survival. This work shows the specific in vivo interaction between PEP and its transcription units under different light conditions on a plastome-wide scale. Among them are DNA fragments that represent photosynthetic genes. In addition, PEP shows clear preferences to rRNA and tRNA genes. Furthermore, the association of PEP with photosynthesis-related genes was reduced during the dark period, indicating that PEP-DNA association is a light-dependent process. To survey PEP activity in vivo on plastid DNA regions, the association to nascent transcripts was analyzed. The majority of plastid RNA species could be found in PEP precipitates, but PEP seems to interact more strongly with tRNAs. Analysis of the suborganellar distribution of PEP shows that PEP is preferably associated with chloroplastmembranes. The transcriptionally active chromosome (TAC) was also found to be membrane-attached. Beside PEP different RNA processing factors were identified within the TAC and related purifications, indicating a possible coupling of transcription and posttranscriptional processes. To gain more insights into this interaction network, transcripts of TAC were analyzed. It is shown that nearly all plastid RNA species with only a few exceptions are associated to the TAC and that at least selected transcripts are already processed. This indicates that there is a link between transcription and posttranscriptional processes already within the TAC.

This thesis describes the requirements and the resulting design process of the J³ mission dedicated to flying the RATEX-J experiment. The experiment aims at testing the anti-coincidence system as well as characterizing detectors for the JDC sensor which is part of the PEP to be flown on the ESA mission JUICE. The influence of high energetic, penetrating electrons is the especial concern of RATEX-J.The thesis starts with describing the requirements for the J³ satellite bus which result from the mission definition. Afterwards a feasibility design study is presented which showed the feasibility of flying RATEX-J within a 1U CubeSat envelope. After the feasibility design, the preliminary design processes and outcomes are described which was successfully reviewed externally in a PDR process. The hardware and software as well as integration and handling guidelines are described. In a separate chapter the firmware for the payload is described, which was developed for the ground test version of the payload. The thesis closes with a conclusion about the design process as well as an outlook over the next steps for a possible continuation of the project., Validerat; 20151120 (global_studentproject_submitter)

Europa, the second of Jupiter’s Galilean moons, has attracted strong interest from the scientific community. This is because it could harbour a sub-surface ocean of liquid water beneath its icy surface, which could be habitable. Recent observations indicate the existence of water vapour plumes at Europa’s south pole. The in-situ measurements of the plume particles (both neutral and ionized) may allow the direct sampling of Europa’s (potentially habitable) sub-surface ocean environment, without the need of an expensive landing or surface-ice penetrating mission. The instrument that could be able to perform in-situ sampling of the plumes is PEP (Particle Environment Package). PEP has been selected to fly on-board the European Space Agency's JUICE mission (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) to be launched in 2022. PEP is under development now at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Institutet för rymdfysik or IRF) in Kiruna, Sweden. PEP is an instrument suite with six sensors to characterize the plasma and neutral environment in the Jovian system in-situ and remotely (via fast neutral imaging). The JUICE mission will perform two flybys of Europa. Related to the development of PEP and future observations of Europa’s plumes a Master’s thesis project with the following goal has been proposed: “Determine if PEP can observe Europa's water vapour plume by modelling: (a) the trajectories of neutral and ionized particles from Europa’s water vapour plumes with test-particle simulations and (b) the respective instrument observation.” In the test-particle simulations method the trajectories of particles through background electric and magnetic fields are determined by treating each particle as an isolated test particle. The project focusses on the JDC (Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyser) and NIM (Neutral and Ion Mass Spectrometer) sensors that are part of PEP. We developed a model of the neutral and ionized plume particle environment. We simulated observations of these p, Astrodynamics and space missions, Space flight, Aerospace Engineering

Statement of the Problem: Men who have sex with men (MSM) make up only 2% of the population in the United States, but represent 60% of all HIV infections each year. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a once daily medication to prevent HIV infection, has emerged as a prevention tool for populations most heavily affected by HIV. However, the criteria for PrEP have only been broadly defined and lead many individuals and their medical providers to question if PrEP use is appropriate, given individual risk profile and potential drug side effects. The primary goal of this dissertation is to use risk assessment and HIV testing data to create an HIV risk score for HIV-negative MSM. The secondary goal is to use this HIV risk score to create more targeted criteria for PrEP use and subsequently inform individualized PrEP candidacy. Methods: Behavioral risk assessment and HIV testing data were collected at the Los Angeles LGBT Center from January 2009 to June 2014. Individuals were included in the analysis if they were MSM, had an HIV-negative test result at baseline, and returned for at least one follow-up HIV testing visit (n = 9,981). Bivariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards Models were used to determine the biological, behavioral, and substance use variables significant in HIV contraction over the 5.5 year follow-up period. Summary of Findings: Self-reported history of gonorrhea (p = 0.03), chlamydia (p < 0.0001), and syphilis (p = 0.01); having receptive anal sex (p < 0.0001), race/ethnicity of partners (p = 0.005), and number of sexual partners in the last three months (p = 0.0003); methamphetamine (p = 0.0008), and nitrate use (p = 0.002) were all significant predictors of HIV infection during follow-up. Age of partners, intimate partner violence, and ecstasy use were not significant. Following risk score creation, approximately 45% of all individuals were above a chosen risk score, which consisted of 76% of all HIV-positives. The use of this targeted stra

Policy-based systems rely on the separation of concerns, by implementing independently a software system and its associated security policy. XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language) proposes a conceptual architecture and a policy language to reflect this ideal design of policy-based systems.However, while rights are well-captured by authorizations, duties, also called obligations, are not well managed by XACML architecture. The current version of XACML lacks (1) well-defined syntax to express obligations and (2) an unified model to handle decision making w.r.t. obligation states and the history of obligations fulfillment/ violation. In this work, we propose an extension of XACML reference model that integrates obligation states in the decision making process.We have extended XACML language and architecture for a better obligations support and have shown how obligations are managed in our proposed extended XACML architecture: OB-XACML. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.

Policy-based systems rely on the separation of concerns, by implementing independently a software system and its associated security policy. XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language) proposes a conceptual architecture and a policy language to reflect this ideal design of policy-based systems.However, while rights are well-captured by authorizations, duties, also called obligations, are not well managed by XACML architecture. The current version of XACML lacks (1) well-defined syntax to express obligations and (2) an unified model to handle decision making w.r.t. obligation states and the history of obligations fulfillment/ violation. In this work, we propose an extension of XACML reference model that integrates obligation states in the decision making process.We have extended XACML language and architecture for a better obligations support and have shown how obligations are managed in our proposed extended XACML architecture: OB-XACML. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.

The aim of this project is to improve the performance model of the QPAC (QualityPark AviationCenter) A320 in X-Plane flight simulator. In order to achieve it, tables generated with Airbus PEP (Performance Engineering Program tool) have been used. The process followed consists in using PEP tables as look-up tables for the simulator, so that via a plugin it is possible to move this data from PEP to X-Plane. It is of great interest to have a correct performance model in the simulator, as it will lead to more accurate results when testing new aeronautical concepts with flight simulations. In this project it will be shown as an example how the improvement of the model allows to obtain better results in a CDO (Continuous Descent Operations) simulation with X-Plane. The performance model in X-Plane is based in blade element theory, which is one of the big differences with the other flight simulators available nowadays. Although the results are quite good in most of the aspects of the simulation, there are great inaccuracies when it comes to model transonic and supersonic effects. In addition, thrust values are not very good neither. The performance corrections have been applied on drag and idle thrust. PEP tables have been moved to header files in C++ so that an X-Plane plugin can read them easily. In the drag case, drag coefficients are read given Mach number and lift coefficient as input values while in the idle trust case, idle thrust values are read given Mach number and altitude as input values. After applying the corrections, it has been observed a big improvement in both drag and idle thrust values, with low errors when comparing with PEP data. However, there are still some inaccuracies in the model, so some future work will be needed.

Thanks to the development of antiretroviral agents to control HIV replication, HIV infection has turned from a fatal disease into a treatable chronic infection. The present work collects the opinions of several experts on the efficacy and safety of recently approved second generation of integrase inhibitors and, in particular, on the role of this new class of drugs in antiretroviral therapy. The availability of new therapeutic options represents an opportunity to ameliorate the efficacy of cART in controlling HIV replication also within viral reservoirs. The personalization of the treatment driven mainly by the management of comorbidities, HIV-HCV co-infections and aging, will be easier with antiretroviral drugs without drug-drug interactions and with a better toxicity and tolerability profile. Future assessment of economic impact for the introduction of new innovative drugs in the field of antiretroviral therapy will likely need some degree of adjustment of the evaluation criteria of costs and benefit which are currently based almost exclusively on morbidity and mortality.

Die Transkription der Chloroplasten ist erstaunlich komplex. Ihr relativ kleines Genom kodiert für Komponenten der Photosynthese und der eigenen Genexpressionsmaschine. Es wird mindestens durch zwei RNA Polymerasen transkribiert. Neben der plastidär kodierten RNA Polymerase (PEP), existiert mindestens eine weitere kernkodierte RNA Polymerase (NEP). Die PEP spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Expression der Photosynthesegene und ist essentiell für die Biogenese der Chloroplasten und schließlich für das Überleben der Pflanzen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals die spezifische Interaktion der PEP mit ihren Transkriptionseinheiten unter verschiedenen Lichtbedingungen in vivo auf plastomweiter Ebene gezeigt. Darunter befinden sich hauptsächlich DNA Fragmente, die Photosynthesegene repräsentieren. Außerdem zeigt die PEP eine eindeutige Präferenz zu den rRNA Genen und einigen tRNA Genen. Eine Reduktion dieser Assoziation der PEP in Dunkelperioden lässt einen lichtabhängigen Prozess bei der PEP-DNA Assoziation vermuten. Außerdem wurde die PEP Aktivität an den bestimmten DNA Regionen in vivo ermittelt durch die Analyse naszierender Transkripte. Ein Großteil der plastidären RNA Spezies kopräzipitiert mit der PEP, aber sie scheint präferentiell mit tRNAs zu interagieren. Die Analyse der Verteilung der PEP bewies erstmals, dass sie hauptsächlich mit den Membranen assoziiert. Dort befindet sich auch das transkriptionsaktive Chromosom (TAC). Im TAC wurden vor kurzem neben der PEP auch Mitglieder von RNA Prozessierungsfaktoren identifiziert, was auf eine mögliche Kopplung von Transkription und posttranskriptionellen Prozessen hindeutet. Für einen Einblick in dieses Interaktionsnetzwerk wurden Transkriptanalysen des TACs ausgeführt. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen assoziieren alle plastidären RNA Spezies mit dem TAC. Einige RNAs liegen bereits prozessiert vor, was eine Verbindung zwischen Transkription und posttranskriptionellen Prozessen noch im TAC vermuten lässt., Chloroplast transcription is astonishingly complex. The relative small genome of plastids, which codes for components of the photosynthetic machinery as well as for components of their own gene expression machinery, is transcribed by at least two different RNA polymerases. Beside the plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (PEP) a nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (NEP) exists as well. PEP plays a major role in the expression of photosynthesis genes and is essential for chloroplast biogenesis and thus for plant survival. This work shows the specific in vivo interaction between PEP and its transcription units under different light conditions on a plastome-wide scale. Among them are DNA fragments that represent photosynthetic genes. In addition, PEP shows clear preferences to rRNA and tRNA genes. Furthermore, the association of PEP with photosynthesis-related genes was reduced during the dark period, indicating that PEP-DNA association is a light-dependent process. To survey PEP activity in vivo on plastid DNA regions, the association to nascent transcripts was analyzed. The majority of plastid RNA species could be found in PEP precipitates, but PEP seems to interact more strongly with tRNAs. Analysis of the suborganellar distribution of PEP shows that PEP is preferably associated with chloroplastmembranes. The transcriptionally active chromosome (TAC) was also found to be membrane-attached. Beside PEP different RNA processing factors were identified within the TAC and related purifications, indicating a possible coupling of transcription and posttranscriptional processes. To gain more insights into this interaction network, transcripts of TAC were analyzed. It is shown that nearly all plastid RNA species with only a few exceptions are associated to the TAC and that at least selected transcripts are already processed. This indicates that there is a link between transcription and posttranscriptional processes already within the TAC.

Europa, the second of Jupiter’s Galilean moons, has attracted strong interest from the scientific community. This is because it could harbour a sub-surface ocean of liquid water beneath its icy surface, which could be habitable. Recent observations indicate the existence of water vapour plumes at Europa’s south pole. The in-situ measurements of the plume particles (both neutral and ionized) may allow the direct sampling of Europa’s (potentially habitable) sub-surface ocean environment, without the need of an expensive landing or surface-ice penetrating mission. The instrument that could be able to perform in-situ sampling of the plumes is PEP (Particle Environment Package). PEP has been selected to fly on-board the European Space Agency's JUICE mission (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) to be launched in 2022. PEP is under development now at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Institutet för rymdfysik or IRF) in Kiruna, Sweden. PEP is an instrument suite with six sensors to characterize the plasma and neutral environment in the Jovian system in-situ and remotely (via fast neutral imaging). The JUICE mission will perform two flybys of Europa. Related to the development of PEP and future observations of Europa’s plumes a Master’s thesis project with the following goal has been proposed: “Determine if PEP can observe Europa's water vapour plume by modelling: (a) the trajectories of neutral and ionized particles from Europa’s water vapour plumes with test-particle simulations and (b) the respective instrument observation.” In the test-particle simulations method the trajectories of particles through background electric and magnetic fields are determined by treating each particle as an isolated test particle. The project focusses on the JDC (Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyser) and NIM (Neutral and Ion Mass Spectrometer) sensors that are part of PEP. We developed a model of the neutral and ionized plume particle environment. We simulated observations of these p, Astrodynamics and space missions, Space flight, Aerospace Engineering

Thanks to the development of antiretroviral agents to control HIV replication, HIV infection has turned from a fatal disease into a treatable chronic infection. The present work collects the opinions of several experts on the efficacy and safety of recently approved second generation of integrase inhibitors and, in particular, on the role of this new class of drugs in antiretroviral therapy. The availability of new therapeutic options represents an opportunity to ameliorate the efficacy of cART in controlling HIV replication also within viral reservoirs. The personalization of the treatment driven mainly by the management of comorbidities, HIV-HCV co-infections and aging, will be easier with antiretroviral drugs without drug-drug interactions and with a better toxicity and tolerability profile. Future assessment of economic impact for the introduction of new innovative drugs in the field of antiretroviral therapy will likely need some degree of adjustment of the evaluation criteria of costs and benefit which are currently based almost exclusively on morbidity and mortality.

Background: Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are two forms of resistance breathing used in spontaneously breathing patients. With a threshold resistor or a flow resistor, both PEP and CPAP provide a positive (elevated) pressure level during the expiratory phase. With PEP, inspiratory pressure is negative, i.e. lower than ambient air pressure, as during a normal inspiration, but with CPAP, the inspiratory pressure is positive, i.e. higher than ambient air pressure. Methods: This thesis is based on four separate studies in which four different breathing devices, a PEP-bottle (threshold resistor device), a PEP-mask (flow resistor device), a threshold resistor CPAP and a flow resistor device were investigated. Paper I, II and III are based on studies in healthy volunteers. Paper IV is a bench study performed in a hypobaric chamber. Paper I examined differences between two PEP devices, the PEP-bottle and the PEP-mask. Paper II evaluated the performance of a flow resistor CPAP device, (Boussignac CPAP). Paper III investigated the effect of two PEP-devices, a PEP-bottle and a PEP-mask and two CPAP devices, a threshold resistor CPAP and a flow resistor CPAP, on inspiratory capacity (IC). In paper IV, the effect of changes in ambient pressure on preset CPAP levels in two different CPAP devices was compared. Results: With the PEP bottle, both expiration and inspiration began with a zero-flow period during which airway pressure changed rapidly. With the PEP-mask, the zero-flow period was very short and the change in airway pressure almost non-existent (paper I). During normal breathing with the Boussignac CPAP, changes in airway pressure were never large enough to reduce airway pressure below zero. During forced breathing, as airflow increased, both the drop in inspiratory airway pressure and the increase in expiratory airway pressure were potentiated (paper II). IC decreased significantly with three of the breathing devices, th

Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. Expression of plastid encoded genes is dependent on two different transcription machineries; a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. However, the division of labor between PEP and NEP during plastid development and in mature chloroplasts is unclear. We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. Using Co-IP assays and native PAGE we have shown a direct physical interaction between PRIN2 and CSP41b. Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. The respective csp41b-2prin2.2 homo/heterozygote double mutants produced abnormal white colored ovules and shrunken seeds. Thus, the csp41b-2prin2.2 double mutant is embryo lethal. In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. Taken together, our results suggest that PEP activity and consequently the switch from NEP to PEP activity, is essential during embryo development and that the PRIN2-CSP41b DNA binding protein complex possibly is important for full PEP activity during this process.

Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. Expression of plastid encoded genes is dependent on two different transcription machineries; a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. However, the division of labor between PEP and NEP during plastid development and in mature chloroplasts is unclear. We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. Using Co-IP assays and native PAGE we have shown a direct physical interaction between PRIN2 and CSP41b. Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. The respective csp41b-2prin2.2 homo/heterozygote double mutants produced abnormal white colored ovules and shrunken seeds. Thus, the csp41b-2prin2.2 double mutant is embryo lethal. In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. Taken together, our results suggest that PEP activity and consequently the switch from NEP to PEP activity, is essential during embryo development and that the PRIN2-CSP41b DNA binding protein complex possibly is important for full PEP activity during this process.

Background: Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are two forms of resistance breathing used in spontaneously breathing patients. With a threshold resistor or a flow resistor, both PEP and CPAP provide a positive (elevated) pressure level during the expiratory phase. With PEP, inspiratory pressure is negative, i.e. lower than ambient air pressure, as during a normal inspiration, but with CPAP, the inspiratory pressure is positive, i.e. higher than ambient air pressure. Methods: This thesis is based on four separate studies in which four different breathing devices, a PEP-bottle (threshold resistor device), a PEP-mask (flow resistor device), a threshold resistor CPAP and a flow resistor device were investigated. Paper I, II and III are based on studies in healthy volunteers. Paper IV is a bench study performed in a hypobaric chamber. Paper I examined differences between two PEP devices, the PEP-bottle and the PEP-mask. Paper II evaluated the performance of a flow resistor CPAP device, (Boussignac CPAP). Paper III investigated the effect of two PEP-devices, a PEP-bottle and a PEP-mask and two CPAP devices, a threshold resistor CPAP and a flow resistor CPAP, on inspiratory capacity (IC). In paper IV, the effect of changes in ambient pressure on preset CPAP levels in two different CPAP devices was compared. Results: With the PEP bottle, both expiration and inspiration began with a zero-flow period during which airway pressure changed rapidly. With the PEP-mask, the zero-flow period was very short and the change in airway pressure almost non-existent (paper I). During normal breathing with the Boussignac CPAP, changes in airway pressure were never large enough to reduce airway pressure below zero. During forced breathing, as airflow increased, both the drop in inspiratory airway pressure and the increase in expiratory airway pressure were potentiated (paper II). IC decreased significantly with three of the breathing devices, th

Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. Expression of plastid encoded genes is dependent on two different transcription machineries; a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. However, the division of labor between PEP and NEP during plastid development and in mature chloroplasts is unclear. We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. Using Co-IP assays and native PAGE we have shown a direct physical interaction between PRIN2 and CSP41b. Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. The respective csp41b-2prin2.2 homo/heterozygote double mutants produced abnormal white colored ovules and shrunken seeds. Thus, the csp41b-2prin2.2 double mutant is embryo lethal. In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. Taken together, our results suggest that PEP activity and consequently the switch from NEP to PEP activity, is essential during embryo development and that the PRIN2-CSP41b DNA binding protein complex possibly is important for full PEP activity during this process.

Background: Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are two forms of resistance breathing used in spontaneously breathing patients. With a threshold resistor or a flow resistor, both PEP and CPAP provide a positive (elevated) pressure level during the expiratory phase. With PEP, inspiratory pressure is negative, i.e. lower than ambient air pressure, as during a normal inspiration, but with CPAP, the inspiratory pressure is positive, i.e. higher than ambient air pressure. Methods: This thesis is based on four separate studies in which four different breathing devices, a PEP-bottle (threshold resistor device), a PEP-mask (flow resistor device), a threshold resistor CPAP and a flow resistor device were investigated. Paper I, II and III are based on studies in healthy volunteers. Paper IV is a bench study performed in a hypobaric chamber. Paper I examined differences between two PEP devices, the PEP-bottle and the PEP-mask. Paper II evaluated the performance of a flow resistor CPAP device, (Boussignac CPAP). Paper III investigated the effect of two PEP-devices, a PEP-bottle and a PEP-mask and two CPAP devices, a threshold resistor CPAP and a flow resistor CPAP, on inspiratory capacity (IC). In paper IV, the effect of changes in ambient pressure on preset CPAP levels in two different CPAP devices was compared. Results: With the PEP bottle, both expiration and inspiration began with a zero-flow period during which airway pressure changed rapidly. With the PEP-mask, the zero-flow period was very short and the change in airway pressure almost non-existent (paper I). During normal breathing with the Boussignac CPAP, changes in airway pressure were never large enough to reduce airway pressure below zero. During forced breathing, as airflow increased, both the drop in inspiratory airway pressure and the increase in expiratory airway pressure were potentiated (paper II). IC decreased significantly with three of the breathing devices, th

Background: Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are two forms of resistance breathing used in spontaneously breathing patients. With a threshold resistor or a flow resistor, both PEP and CPAP provide a positive (elevated) pressure level during the expiratory phase. With PEP, inspiratory pressure is negative, i.e. lower than ambient air pressure, as during a normal inspiration, but with CPAP, the inspiratory pressure is positive, i.e. higher than ambient air pressure. Methods: This thesis is based on four separate studies in which four different breathing devices, a PEP-bottle (threshold resistor device), a PEP-mask (flow resistor device), a threshold resistor CPAP and a flow resistor device were investigated. Paper I, II and III are based on studies in healthy volunteers. Paper IV is a bench study performed in a hypobaric chamber. Paper I examined differences between two PEP devices, the PEP-bottle and the PEP-mask. Paper II evaluated the performance of a flow resistor CPAP device, (Boussignac CPAP). Paper III investigated the effect of two PEP-devices, a PEP-bottle and a PEP-mask and two CPAP devices, a threshold resistor CPAP and a flow resistor CPAP, on inspiratory capacity (IC). In paper IV, the effect of changes in ambient pressure on preset CPAP levels in two different CPAP devices was compared. Results: With the PEP bottle, both expiration and inspiration began with a zero-flow period during which airway pressure changed rapidly. With the PEP-mask, the zero-flow period was very short and the change in airway pressure almost non-existent (paper I). During normal breathing with the Boussignac CPAP, changes in airway pressure were never large enough to reduce airway pressure below zero. During forced breathing, as airflow increased, both the drop in inspiratory airway pressure and the increase in expiratory airway pressure were potentiated (paper II). IC decreased significantly with three of the breathing devices, th

Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. Expression of plastid encoded genes is dependent on two different transcription machineries; a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. However, the division of labor between PEP and NEP during plastid development and in mature chloroplasts is unclear. We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. Using Co-IP assays and native PAGE we have shown a direct physical interaction between PRIN2 and CSP41b. Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. The respective csp41b-2prin2.2 homo/heterozygote double mutants produced abnormal white colored ovules and shrunken seeds. Thus, the csp41b-2prin2.2 double mutant is embryo lethal. In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. Taken together, our results suggest that PEP activity and consequently the switch from NEP to PEP activity, is essential during embryo development and that the PRIN2-CSP41b DNA binding protein complex possibly is important for full PEP activity during this process.