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Debatten om bortträngda minnen och hur vi inkodar traumatiska minnen har pågått sedan 80-talet. Forskningen på området är splittrad och ofta hörs bara extrema röster. Studier i andra länder har undersökt hur psykologer och psykologstudenter förhåller sig till ämnet men det saknas forskning i Sverige. Syftet med denna studie var att genom en kvantitativ tvärsnittsdesign med en digital enkät undersöka svenska psykologers och psykologstudenters uppfattning av bortträngda minnen. Ett bekvämlighetsurval användes. 201 personer deltog, varav 38% (n=77) studenter, 6% (n=13) PTP-psykologer och 55% (n=111) legitimerade psykologer. Deltagarna var mellan 20 och 79 år gamla. Könsfördelningen var följande: 79% (n=159) kvinnor, 19% (n=39) män och 1% (n=3) ickebinära/annat. T-tester, en envägs-Anovor, två mixed-ANOVA genomfördes för att analysera skillnader i svar beroende på teoretisk inriktning, mängd erfarenhet av arbete med trauma respektive student eller psykolog. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av psykologer och psykologstudenter ansåg att minnen av traumatiska händelser kan vara otillgängliga under en längre tid. Uppfattningen påverkades inte av teoretisk inriktning eller utbildningsnivå. Däremot påverkades den av mängden erfarenhet av att arbeta med trauma. Vidare visade resultaten att deltagarna uppfattar minnen av traumatiska händelser annorlunda jämfört med andra minnen. Samtidigt är ämnet komplicerat och det kan vara problematiskt att uttala sig om med hjälp av en enkät. Studien visar att delade åsikter finns även inom den svenska psykologkåren och att debatten om bortträngda minnen fortlever. Slutsatser av resultatet diskuteras., The debate regarding repressed memories and how memory of trauma is encoded has been active since the 80’s. The research is divided, and it is often the extreme views that takes up space in the debate. Research regarding psychologist and psychology students opinions on the subject has been conducted but research on Swedish psychologists opinions is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine Swedish psychologists and psychology students opinions using a quantitative cross-sectional design with a digital survey. A convenience selection was used. 201 people participated in the study, 38% (n=77) psychology students, 6% (n=3) psychologists in training and 55% (n=111) psychologists. The participants were between 20 and 79 years of age. The gender distribution was as follows: 79% (n=159) women, 19% (n=39) men and 1% (n=3) non binary/other. T-tests, one-way ANOVA as well as two mixed ANOVA were used to analyze depending on theoretical orientation, amount of experience working with trauma and whether the participant were a student or psychologist. The result showed that a majority of psychologists and psychology students believed that memories of traumatic events can be inaccessible for long periods of time. This opinion was not influenced by theoretical orientation or level of education. It was, however, influenced by the amount of experience the participants had working with trauma. Furthermore, the results showed that participants perceive memories of traumatic events differently compared to other memories. However, the topic is complex and difficult to examine using only a survey. The study shows that there are divided opinions within the Swedish psychology profession and that the debate continues. Conclusions of the results are discussed.

The high cost of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) is the most significant barrier to the lack of treatment in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The literature suggests that reusing CIEDs is safe and could therefore be a cost-effective alternative for patients who do not have access to new devices

Background: Medication errors pose a substantial public health concern, leading to higher rates of death and illness, and adversely affecting the healthcare system through increased expenses. Medication errors can undermine the confidence of healthcare providers in their abilities and the healthcare system as a whole. International endeavors have been undertaken to deal with these concerns. Objective: This study investigates nurses' perspectives on reporting medication errors, including their attitudes toward reporting and the barriers they encounter in reporting. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study that included a cohort of 355 nurses employed in three public hospitals as well as a private hospital within Aldiwaniah City. The nurses were solicited during their work shifts and requested to fill out a self-administered questionnaire comprising five sections, which was formulated based on preexisting literature. Of the 355 nurses who were approached, 352 of them completed the questionnaire. The process of data analysis entailed the utilization of descriptive statistics. Results: The study found that 64% of nurses don't report medication errors due to early intervention. 56.8% document incidents and verbally report errors, a high percentage compared to previous research. 44.6% verbally report personal errors, a concern for nurses. Barriers include a lack of understanding of medication errors' definition and the correct reporting time using incident reports. Many nurses feel shame, discomfort, and worry about patient safety. Conclusion and Recommendations: Most nurses do not report medication errors due to barriers such as inadequate understanding of the error definition, uncertainty about reporting timing, and fear of disciplinary consequences. The study found significant associations between uncertainty regarding medication errors, gender, training courses, ward knowledge, lack of knowledge about reporting timings, hospital type, working hours, and da

Background: Medication errors pose a substantial public health concern, leading to higher rates of death and illness, and adversely affecting the healthcare system through increased expenses. Medication errors can undermine the confidence of healthcare providers in their abilities and the healthcare system as a whole. International endeavors have been undertaken to deal with these concerns. Objective: This study investigates nurses' perspectives on reporting medication errors, including their attitudes toward reporting and the barriers they encounter in reporting. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study that included a cohort of 355 nurses employed in three public hospitals as well as a private hospital within Aldiwaniah City. The nurses were solicited during their work shifts and requested to fill out a self-administered questionnaire comprising five sections, which was formulated based on preexisting literature. Of the 355 nurses who were approached, 352 of them completed the questionnaire. The process of data analysis entailed the utilization of descriptive statistics. Results: The study found that 64% of nurses don't report medication errors due to early intervention. 56.8% document incidents and verbally report errors, a high percentage compared to previous research. 44.6% verbally report personal errors, a concern for nurses. Barriers include a lack of understanding of medication errors' definition and the correct reporting time using incident reports. Many nurses feel shame, discomfort, and worry about patient safety. Conclusion and Recommendations: Most nurses do not report medication errors due to barriers such as inadequate understanding of the error definition, uncertainty about reporting timing, and fear of disciplinary consequences. The study found significant associations between uncertainty regarding medication errors, gender, training courses, ward knowledge, lack of knowledge about reporting timings, hospital type, working hours, and da

När en detaljplan upprättas måste kommunen enligt lag hålla samråd som en del av processen. Kommunen har en skyldighet att samråda med lantmäterimyndigheten, länsstyrelsen och andra berörda kommuner. Kommunen måste även ge tillfälle till samråd med bland annat kända sakägare, bostadsrättshavare, hyresgäster och boende som berörs av planen. Syftet med samrådet är att skapa ett bättre beslutsunderlag, vilket i sin tur ska leda till en bättre plan. Vidare syftar samrådet till att ge medborgare insyn i planprocessen och även möjlighet att påverka den slutliga planen. Syftet med denna studie är att kvalitativt undersöka hur väl medborgarinflytandet fungerar vid samråd till detaljplan. För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna används två metoder; dokumentstudie och intervjustudie. I dokumentstudien undersöks 18 samrådsredogörelser från totalt nio olika kommuner. Syftet är att undersöka vad privatpersoner generellt sett har åsikter om vid samråden samt hur kommunerna hanterar och bemöter dessa yttranden. Vidare undersöks vilka brister samråden har idag. Intervjuerna användes för att konfirmera resultatet från dokumentstudien samt för att besvara funderingar som uppkommit vid dokumentstudien. Resultatet visar att vid samråd har privatpersoner generellt sett har åsikter om natur, infrastruktur, utseende eller utformning, otydlig information om planen samt personlig påverkan. Efter samrådet försöker kommunen att ändra planen efter synpunkterna i de fall de anser att det är möjligt. I de flesta fall har det dock inte ansetts möjligt, vilket visar att lagstiftarens syfte med samråd inte uppfylls. Slutligen visar studien att det finns flera brister med hur kommunerna informerar om samråden; dels är sättet ineffektivt, dels behöver kommunerna göra mer än vad lagen kräver för att skapa förutsättningar för ett lyckat samråd., When a detailed development plan is established, the municipality must conduct consultations as part of the process. The municipality has an obligation to consult with lantmäterimyndigheten, länsstyrelsen and other affected municipalities. The municipality must also provide an opportunity for consultation with, among others, known stakeholders, apartment owners, tenants and residents affected by the plan. The purpose of the consultation is to create a better decision basis, which in turn will lead to a better plan. Moreover, the consultation aims to give citizens insight into and influence on the detailed planning process. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively research how well civic influence functions in consultation for detailed development planning. Two methods have been used to address the purpose: document analysis and interview studies. In the document analysis, 18 consultation reports from nine different municipalities have been studied. The purpose is to analyze what opinions citizens generally have during the consultations and how the municipalities handle and respond to these opinions. Furthermore, the study analyses what flaws the consultations have. The interviews were used to confirm the results from the document analysis and to answer any further questions that had occurred during the document analysis. The results show that citizens generally have opinions about nature, infrastructure, design and shape, unclear information, and personal interests. After the consultation, the municipality try to change the detailed development plan according to received opinions, whenever they find it possible. In most cases, however, it has not been considered possible, which shows that the legislator’s purpose of the consultation is not fulfilled. Finally, the study has shown that there are several flaws with the informing of the plan, such as it is being ineffective and that the municipalities need to do more than what is required by law to create condition

Background: In 2022, NHS England announced plans to ensure that all adult primary care patients in England would have full online access to new data added to their general practitioner (GP) record. However, this plan has not yet been fully implemented. Since April 2020, the GP contract in England has already committed to offering patients full online record access on a prospective basis and on request. However, there has been limited research into UK GPs’ experiences and opinions about this practice innovation. Objective: This study aimed to explore the experiences and opinions of GPs in England about patients’ access to their full web-based health record, including clinicians’ free-text summaries of the consultation (so-called “open notes”). Methods: In March 2022, using a convenience sample, we administered a web-based mixed methods survey of 400 GPs in the United Kingdom to explore their experiences and opinions about the impact on patients and GPs’ practices to offer patients full online access to their health records. Participants were recruited using the clinician marketing service Doctors.net.uk from registered GPs currently working in England. We conducted a qualitative descriptive analysis of written responses (“comments”) to 4 open-ended questions embedded in a web-based questionnaire. Results: Of 400 GPs, 224 (56%) left comments that were classified into 4 major themes: increased strain on GP practices, the potential to harm patients, changes to documentation, and legal concerns. GPs believed that patient access would lead to extra work for them, reduced efficiency, and increased burnout. The participants also believed that access would increase patient anxiety and incur risks to patient safety. Experienced and perceived documentation changes included reduced candor and changes to record functionality. Anticipated legal concerns encompassed fears about increased litigation risks and lack of legal guidance to GPs about how to manage documentation that woul, De två sista författarna delar sistaförfattarskapet

När en detaljplan upprättas måste kommunen enligt lag hålla samråd som en del av processen. Kommunen har en skyldighet att samråda med lantmäterimyndigheten, länsstyrelsen och andra berörda kommuner. Kommunen måste även ge tillfälle till samråd med bland annat kända sakägare, bostadsrättshavare, hyresgäster och boende som berörs av planen. Syftet med samrådet är att skapa ett bättre beslutsunderlag, vilket i sin tur ska leda till en bättre plan. Vidare syftar samrådet till att ge medborgare insyn i planprocessen och även möjlighet att påverka den slutliga planen. Syftet med denna studie är att kvalitativt undersöka hur väl medborgarinflytandet fungerar vid samråd till detaljplan. För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna används två metoder; dokumentstudie och intervjustudie. I dokumentstudien undersöks 18 samrådsredogörelser från totalt nio olika kommuner. Syftet är att undersöka vad privatpersoner generellt sett har åsikter om vid samråden samt hur kommunerna hanterar och bemöter dessa yttranden. Vidare undersöks vilka brister samråden har idag. Intervjuerna användes för att konfirmera resultatet från dokumentstudien samt för att besvara funderingar som uppkommit vid dokumentstudien. Resultatet visar att vid samråd har privatpersoner generellt sett har åsikter om natur, infrastruktur, utseende eller utformning, otydlig information om planen samt personlig påverkan. Efter samrådet försöker kommunen att ändra planen efter synpunkterna i de fall de anser att det är möjligt. I de flesta fall har det dock inte ansetts möjligt, vilket visar att lagstiftarens syfte med samråd inte uppfylls. Slutligen visar studien att det finns flera brister med hur kommunerna informerar om samråden; dels är sättet ineffektivt, dels behöver kommunerna göra mer än vad lagen kräver för att skapa förutsättningar för ett lyckat samråd., When a detailed development plan is established, the municipality must conduct consultations as part of the process. The municipality has an obligation to consult with lantmäterimyndigheten, länsstyrelsen and other affected municipalities. The municipality must also provide an opportunity for consultation with, among others, known stakeholders, apartment owners, tenants and residents affected by the plan. The purpose of the consultation is to create a better decision basis, which in turn will lead to a better plan. Moreover, the consultation aims to give citizens insight into and influence on the detailed planning process. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively research how well civic influence functions in consultation for detailed development planning. Two methods have been used to address the purpose: document analysis and interview studies. In the document analysis, 18 consultation reports from nine different municipalities have been studied. The purpose is to analyze what opinions citizens generally have during the consultations and how the municipalities handle and respond to these opinions. Furthermore, the study analyses what flaws the consultations have. The interviews were used to confirm the results from the document analysis and to answer any further questions that had occurred during the document analysis. The results show that citizens generally have opinions about nature, infrastructure, design and shape, unclear information, and personal interests. After the consultation, the municipality try to change the detailed development plan according to received opinions, whenever they find it possible. In most cases, however, it has not been considered possible, which shows that the legislator’s purpose of the consultation is not fulfilled. Finally, the study has shown that there are several flaws with the informing of the plan, such as it is being ineffective and that the municipalities need to do more than what is required by law to create condition

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka socialarbetares uppfattningar om Sveriges narkotikapolitik och dess inverkan på det sociala arbetets praktik. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för studien var stämplingsteorin samt socialkonstruktionismen utifrån den hermeneutiska forskningsansatsen. Metoden utgår från datainsamling genom enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio respondenter som arbetar nära personer med beroendeproblematik. Datainsamlingen bearbetades utifrån den kvalitativa metoden genom en tolkande tematisk analys. Resultatet utmynnade i fem olika teman vilka är följande: Ambivalens, Moral & etik, Morot istället för piska, Vem kan göra vad? och Vägen framåt. Dessa belyser upplevelserna av brister i den svenska narkotikapolitiken som det just nu inte finns en lösning på. Enligt socialarbetare saknas det en sammanhållen vårdkedja men även de enskilda delarna i vårdkedjan behöver förbättring: tidigare och mer omfattande prevention, fler skadereducerande insatser samt bättre eftervård.

In Costa Rica's formal education system, the teaching and learning process has always been face-to-face; however, in the face of the health emergency caused by COVID-19, in the years of highest incidence, 2020 and 2021, measures were taken to safeguard the health of the participants; therefore, in order to guarantee the educational process of the student body, distance and blended learning educational modalities were implemented. In this context, it was considered important to develop the research project to analyze the opinions of the teaching staff and students in six Costa Rican public schools in relation to the return to face-to-face attendance in 2022, after the implementation of the distance and combined educational process for two years. Eleventh grade students participated, in which they lived the experience in all modalities: face-to-face, distance, combined and again face-to-face. Teachers of different subjects who gave lessons to the same students also participated. In both cases it was expected to have opinions in relation to methodological processes, evaluation, relations with peers, attitudes towards the educational process and comparative visions in the return to full face-to-face attendance. The study was conducted under a quantitative approach and a questionnaire was used to collect information; the analysis was performed statistically by means of SPSS®. The most important conclusion is the vision found by students and teachers in the aspects valued, where students tend to have a more positive view of their teachers and that evaluation is one of the most important points in common between both populations., No sistema de educação formal da Costa Rica, o processo de ensino e aprendizagem sempre foi presencial; no entanto, diante da emergência sanitária causada pela COVID-19, nos anos de maior incidência, 2020 e 2021, foram tomadas medidas para salvaguardar a saúde dos participantes e, portanto, para garantir o processo educacional do corpo discente, foram implementadas modalidades educacionais à distância e blended learning. Neste contexto, considerou-se importante desenvolver o projeto de investigação para analisar as opiniões do pessoal docente e dos alunos em seis escolas públicas da Costa Rica em relação ao regresso à educação presencial em 2022, após a implementação de dois anos do processo educativo à distância e de aprendizagem mista. Participaram no estudo alunos do 11.º ano, que viveram a experiência em todas as modalidades: presencial, à distância, combinada e novamente presencial. Participaram também professores de diferentes disciplinas que leccionavam aos mesmos alunos. Em ambos os casos, esperava-se obter opiniões em relação aos processos metodológicos, à avaliação, às relações entre pares, às atitudes face ao processo educativo e às visões comparativas sobre o regresso ao ensino presencial integral. O estudo foi realizado sob uma abordagem quantitativa, tendo sido utilizado um questionário para a recolha de informação e a análise foi efectuada estatisticamente através do SPSS®. A conclusão mais importante é a visão encontrada por alunos e professores nos aspectos valorizados, onde os alunos tendem a ter uma visão mais positiva dos seus professores e que a avaliação é um dos pontos mais importantes em comum entre as duas populações., En el sistema educativo formal de Costa Rica el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje siempre ha sido presencial, sin embargo, ante la emergencia sanitaria producida por el COVID-19, en los años de mayor incidencia, el 2020 y 2021 se tomaron medidas para resguardar la salud de las personas, por ello, para garantizar el proceso educativo del estudiantado, se implementaron las modalidades educativas a distancia y combinada. En este contexto, se consideró importante desarrollar el proyecto de investigación para analizar las opiniones del personal docente y del estudiantado en seis colegios públicos costarricenses en relación con el retorno a la presencialidad en el 2022, después de la implementación durante dos años, del proceso educativo a distancia y combinado. Participaron estudiantes de undécimo nivel, en el tanto vivieron la experiencia en todas las modalidades: presencial, a distancia, combinada y de nuevo presencial. También participaron docentes de diferentes asignaturas que le impartían lecciones al mismo estudiantado. En ambos casos se esperaba tener las opiniones en relación con los procesos metodológicos, la evaluación, las relaciones con los pares, las actitudes hacia el proceso educativo y las visiones comparadas en el regreso a la presencialidad completa. El estudio se realizó bajo un enfoque cuantitativo y se utilizó un cuestionario para recopilar información, el análisis se realizó estadísticamente por medio del SPSS®. Como conclusión más importante está la visión encontrada de estudiantes y docentes en los aspectos valorados donde, el estudiantado tiende a presentar una visión más positiva respecto a sus docentes y que la evaluación es uno de los puntos álgidos en común entre ambas poblaciones.

In einer Zeit, in der unterschiedliche Meinungen und Standpunkte immer weniger verhandelbar und argumentierbar scheinen, spielen Orte, die Menschen dabei helfen können ihr Gegenüber zu verstehen, eine immer wichtigere Bedeutung. Journalismus ist eines jener Werkzeuge, der - ähnlich wie Architektur - neue Perspektiven näherbringen und vermitteln kann - er kann Schwellen zwischen Menschen schaffen. In dieser Arbeit werden am Donaukanal und am Schwedenplatz in Wien, einem der heterogensten Bereiche der Stadt, Orte zum Kennenlernen neuer Perspektiven geschaffen., In times in which different opinions are less negotiable than ever, places that can help us understanding other people's viewpoints reach more and more significance in our society. Journalism is one of those tools that has the ability to - just like architecture - give an understanding of different perspectives - it can create thresholds between people. This thesis creates places where one can meet and understand different perspectives at the Donaukanal and the Schwedenplatz in Vienna, one of the most hetergeneous areas in the whole city., Thomas Alfons Kasseroler, BSC, Diplomarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

This course covers Lessons 27 through 30 of Japanese: The Spoken Language by Eleanor H. Jordan with Mari Noda. The goal of the course is to continue expanding grammar and vocabulary by further developing four skills: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. The goal is to acquire the ability to use Japanese appropriately with increasing spontaneity emphasized, and to be prepared to become an independent learner to the point where you are capable of handling authentic Japanese by yourself, without fear or hesitation.

This course covers lessons 22 through 27 of Japanese: The Spoken Language by Eleanor H. Jordan with Mari Noda. The goal of the course is to continue to build oral proficiency by expanding your knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. Class hours will be devoted to developing speaking skills in a variety of circumstances; making requests, invitations, apologies, suggestions, dealing with problems, expressing your opinions, etc. Grammatical and social appropriateness on your utterances will be stressed. Keep in mind that daily tape-work is essential.

Das Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit ist 16 Jahre Angela Merkel. Der theoretische Teil der Arbeit befasst sich mit ihrem Leben, ihrer politischen Karriere und ihren 16 Jahren als Bundeskanzlerin. Im letzten Kapitel des theoretischen Teils werden die weltweit gegensätzlichen Meinungen zur Regierung von Merkel herausgearbeitet und anhand von Medientexten analysiert. Im praktischen Teil der Arbeit werden die Meinungen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger der Tschechischen Republik zu Merkel anhand eines Fragebogens analysiert., The subject of the thesis is 16 years of Angela Merkel. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with her life, her political career and her 16 years as Chancellor. In the last charter of the theoretical part, the world's contradictory opinions on Merkel's government are worked out and analyzed using media texts. In the practical part of the thesis, the opinions of citizens of the Czech Republic on Merkel are analyzed using a questionnaire., Tématem této práce je 16 let Angely Merkelové. Teoretická část práce se zabývá jejím životem, její politickou kariérou a 16 lety ve funkci kancléřky Německa. V poslední kapitole teoretické části jsou pomocí mediálních textů zpracovány a analyzovány protichůdné názory světa na vládu Merkelové. V praktické části práce jsou pomocí dotazníku také analyzovány názory občanů ČR na Merkelovou., Fakulta filozofická, představení tématu struktura práce klíčové momenty působení A.Merkelové cíl práce prezentace posudků vysoká úroveň obsah. i jazyk. stránky práce otázky k tématu, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

This course covers Lessons 27 through 30 of Japanese: The Spoken Language by Eleanor H. Jordan with Mari Noda. The goal of the course is to continue expanding grammar and vocabulary by further developing four skills: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. The goal is to acquire the ability to use Japanese appropriately with increasing spontaneity emphasized, and to be prepared to become an independent learner to the point where you are capable of handling authentic Japanese by yourself, without fear or hesitation.

This course covers lessons 22 through 27 of Japanese: The Spoken Language by Eleanor H. Jordan with Mari Noda. The goal of the course is to continue to build oral proficiency by expanding your knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. Class hours will be devoted to developing speaking skills in a variety of circumstances; making requests, invitations, apologies, suggestions, dealing with problems, expressing your opinions, etc. Grammatical and social appropriateness on your utterances will be stressed. Keep in mind that daily tape-work is essential.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka socialarbetares uppfattningar om Sveriges narkotikapolitik och dess inverkan på det sociala arbetets praktik. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för studien var stämplingsteorin samt socialkonstruktionismen utifrån den hermeneutiska forskningsansatsen. Metoden utgår från datainsamling genom enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio respondenter som arbetar nära personer med beroendeproblematik. Datainsamlingen bearbetades utifrån den kvalitativa metoden genom en tolkande tematisk analys. Resultatet utmynnade i fem olika teman vilka är följande: Ambivalens, Moral & etik, Morot istället för piska, Vem kan göra vad? och Vägen framåt. Dessa belyser upplevelserna av brister i den svenska narkotikapolitiken som det just nu inte finns en lösning på. Enligt socialarbetare saknas det en sammanhållen vårdkedja men även de enskilda delarna i vårdkedjan behöver förbättring: tidigare och mer omfattande prevention, fler skadereducerande insatser samt bättre eftervård.

Bakalářská práce se zabývá názory českých občanů na evropskou integraci. Obsah teoretické části pojednává o historii evropské integrace. Převážná část je věnována období od konce 2. světové války, které se pojí se vznikem evropských společenství, evropských smluv a celkovém formování současné Evropské unie. Další část je zaměřena na vstup České republiky do EU, výhody a nevýhody členství České republiky v EU a také na budoucnost evropské integrace. Cílem praktické části bude zjistit, jaký mají Češi aktuální názor na Evropskou unii, jaké jsou pro ně výhody a nevýhody členství a zda by brali v úvahu tzv. Czechexit (vystoupení České republiky z Evropské unie). Kvantitativní výzkum bude proveden formou dotazníkového šetření., This thesis deals with opinions of citizens about European integration. The content of the theoretical part deals with history of European integration. The major part is targeted on the period since the end of World War II, which is associated with the beginning of European communities, European agreements and the overall formation of the current European Union. The next part is focusing on the input of the Czech Republic to the EU, about advantages and disadvantages of the Czech Republic's membership in the EU more over on the future of European integration. The aim of the practical part is to find out what citizens currently thinks about European Union, what are the advantages and disadvantages of membership and if citizens want Czechexit (Czech Republic leaving the European Union). The quantitative research will be done with the help of questionnaire survey., Fakulta filozofická, Student představil svou závěrečnou práci a reagoval na otázky z posudků a otázky členů komise., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Introduction. Research focused on listening and understanding public attitudes towards farm animal welfare is proliferating globally. Objective. To determine how consumers in Colombia perceive the welfare of farm animals and socio-demographic factors associated with such perceptions. Materials and methods. A descriptive and analytical epidemiological study was done through the implementation of a cross-sectional national online survey, conducted from September to October-2021, to obtain information on the knowledge and attitudes of consumers (≥18 years) in Colombia regarding farm animal welfare, as well as socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, education, occupation, location, growing-up environment, level of contact with livestock farms, and diet). Logistic and multinomial logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of demographic factors with the level of importance given to animal welfare (AW), perceptions about needs, behavior, and sentience in farm animals, and perceptions about the state and promotion of AW in Colombia. Results. Responses from 798 participants were included in the analysis, 85.57 % saw AW as a concept that refers to how to treat animals and improve their quality of life. The level of importance given to AW was 9.78±0.85 (scale from 0 to 10) and was associated with words such as health, food, caring, respect, and comfort. Sex, age, education, level of contact with a farm, and growing-up in rural areas significantly influenced the opinions regarding the concept of AW and the promotion of farm animal welfare in Colombia. Conclusion. The participants showed concern about farm animal welfare. The differences found associated with the different socio-demographic factors can be used as a basis for formulating education and empowerment strategies that help modulate changes in the way animals are seen, and what welfare means and what it implies., Introducción. El bienestar animal tiene como objetivo mejorar la calidad de vida de los animales que están bajo cuidado humano, por eso es importante escuchar y entender las actitudes públicas hacia el bienestar en animales de producción. Objetivo. Determinar cómo los consumidores en Colombia perciben el bienestar en animales de producción y factores sociodemográficos asociados a dichas percepciones. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo y analítico mediante la aplicación de una encuesta transversal nacional en línea, realizada de septiembre a octubre de 2021, para obtener información sobre conocimientos y actitudes de consumidores (≥18 años) en Colombia, respecto al bienestar en animales de producción, así como características sociodemográficas (sexo, edad, educación, ocupación, ubicación, entorno de crecimiento, nivel de contacto con fincas y dieta). Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística y logística multinomial para evaluar asociaciones de factores demográficos con el nivel de importancia dado al bienestar animal (BA), percepciones sobre necesidades, comportamiento y sintiencia animal, y percepciones sobre el estado y promoción del BA en Colombia. Resultados. Respuestas de 798 participantes fueron analizadas; 85,57% vio al BA como un concepto que refiere a cómo tratar a los animales y mejorar su calidad de vida. El nivel de importancia dado al BA fue 9,78±0,85 (escala de 0 a 10) y se asoció con palabras como salud, alimentación, cuidado, respeto y comodidad. Sexo, edad, educación, nivel de contacto con una finca y crecer en zonas rurales, influenciaron significativamente las opiniones sobre el concepto de BA y la promoción del bienestar en animales de producción en Colombia. Conclusión. Los participantes mostraron preocupación por el bienestar de animales de producción. Las diferencias encontradas asociadas a factores sociodemográficos pueden servir de base para formular estrategias de educación y empoderamiento que ayuden a

AIMS: The aims of this study were to determine antimicrobial prescription patterns and the factors affecting antimicrobial selection amongst Australian dairy veterinarians.METHODS: A structured questionnaire was administered to Australian dairy cattle veterinarians using the Qualtrics online survey platform. Questions focused on their (1) demographics; (2) opinions surrounding antimicrobial use, resistance, and stewardship; (3) decision-making drivers of both prescription and selection of commonly prescribed antimicrobials; (4) awareness on the guidelines for antimicrobial usage and sources of information concerning antimicrobials.KEY RESULTS: A total of 135 responses (14.1% response rate) from all eight dairying regions in Australia were received. The attitudes, perceptions, and concerns of dairy veterinarians towards antimicrobials indicated a high agreement regarding label indications (96%), consequences of off-label prescription (95%), and the presence of an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) risk (73%), when prescribing antibiotics. A four-dimensional categorical principal components analysis (CATPCA) model indicated most of the variation in opinion was due to AMR risk, trade-offs, prescription concerns and active substance concerns. The first active substance most dairy veterinarians chose for a scenario involving mastitis and dry cow therapy (DCT) treatment was cloxacillin. Decision-making drivers for antimicrobial choice when providing advice regarding the supply of antimicrobials for mastitis and DCT treatment were predominately clinical factors; however, diagnostics were rarely used in determining antimicrobial choice due to cost of implementation, diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity), and benefit issues. Non-clinical decision-making drivers included the perception of practicality for Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) prescription guidelines, opinions surrounding AMR risk and prescription concerns, consideration of Expert Advis

The lack of science on the Spanish TV is explained through the people responsible for content production, scheduling and offer. Two focus groups made up of five decision-makers identified the professionals’ opinions: science on TV is needed, the function of televisual science is educating audiences, public channels are responsible for showing such contents, government should urge scientific programming, science on TV contributes in increasing the cultural level of audiences, and people holding power positions are not interested in improving society´s level of literacy. Later, the generality of those opinions was measured through a questionnaire applied to 450 TV managers. A latent profile statistical analysis showed that individual characteristics of professionals (i.e., gender, age, educational level) do not play a role in shaping their opinions but work related (i.e., area of coverage, TV ownership) do., La falta de ciencia en la televisión española puede ser explicada mediante las personas responsables de la producción, programación y oferta de contenidos televisivos. Dos grupos focales formados cada uno por cinco personas responsables de tomar decisiones sobre dichos aspectos en cadenas televisivas permitieron identificar sus opiniones: la ciencia en la televisión es necesaria, la función de la ciencia televisiva es educar a la audiencia, las cadenas públicas son las responsables de mostrar contenidos científicos, el gobierno debería obligar a programar contenidos científicos, la ciencia en la televisión contribuye a aumentar el nivel cultural de la audiencia, y las personas que ocupan puestos de poder no están interesadas en mejorar el nivel de alfabetización de la sociedad. Posteriormente, la generalidad de esas opiniones se observó mediante un cuestionario aplicado a 450 personas con cargos directivos de televisión. Un análisis estadístico de perfil latente mostró que las características individuales de los profesionales (i.e., el género, la edad, el nivel educativo) no influyen en la formación de esas opiniones, pero sí influyen los aspectos relacionados con el desempeño profesional (i.e., el área de cobertura, la titularidad de la televisión).

Background: Postmortem explanted cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) from developed countries could provide patients unable to afford new devices in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) a treatment they lack. This study describes the preferences of electrophysiologists and device implanting cardiologists from Spain on the management of explanted CIEDs and opinions and concerns regarding reuse in LMIC. Methods: A nationwide self-administered questionnaire was sent to members of the Spanish Rhythm Association (n = 1110), between December 2020 and January 2021. Results: Forty-two physician responses were obtained (response rate 5%). There was a strong preference to donate explanted devices for reuse in humans (61.9%) or animals (31%). The vast majority of the participants thought device reutilization was safe, ethical, and a reasonable alternative if a new device is not accessible. Moreover, they indicated they would be comfortable asking patients to consider post-mortem donation, and willing to implant post-mortem explanted and resterilized devices if they were unable to obtain new ones. 57.1% of respondents considered it would be beneficial for patients to have a document so they could reflect their wishes regarding device handling after their death. The most mentioned concerns regarding device reuse were malfunction (57.1%) and infection (54.8%). Conclusions: The majority of respondents support reusable CIED donation to LMIC. It would be interesting to study the feasibility of a nationwide device reutilization program.

The lack of science on the Spanish TV is explained through the people responsible for content production, scheduling and offer. Two focus groups made up of five decision-makers identified the professionals' opinions: science on TV is needed, the function of televisual science is educating audiences, public channels are responsible for showing such contents, government should urge scientific programming, science on TV contributes in increasing the cultural level of audiences, and people holding power positions are not interested in improving society's level of literacy. Later, the generality of those opinions was measured through a questionnaire applied to 450 TV managers. A latent profile statistical analysis showed that individual characteristics of professionals (i.e., gender, age, educational level) do not play a role in shaping their opinions but work related (i.e., area of coverage, TV ownership) do., La falta de ciencia en la televisión española puede ser explicada mediante las personas responsables de la producción, programación y oferta de contenidos televisivos. Dos grupos focales formados cada uno por cinco personas responsables de tomar decisiones sobre dichos aspectos en cadenas televisivas permitieron identificar sus opiniones: la ciencia en la televisión es necesaria, la función de la ciencia televisiva es educar a la audiencia, las cadenas públicas son las responsables de mostrar contenidos científicos, el gobierno debería obligar a programar contenidos científicos, la ciencia en la televisión contribuye a aumentar el nivel cultural de la audiencia, y las personas que ocupan puestos de poder no están interesadas en mejorar el nivel de alfabetización de la sociedad. Posteriormente, la generalidad de esas opiniones se observó mediante un cuestionario aplicado a 450 personas con cargos directivos de televisión. Un análisis estadístico de perfil latente mostró que las características individuales de los profesionales (i.e., el género, la edad, el nivel educativo) no influyen en la formación de esas opiniones, pero sí influyen los aspectos relacionados con el desempeño profesional (i.e., el área de cobertura, la titularidad de la televisión).

COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of health information for prevention of communicable disease. Knowledge about groups that have high risk is important to prevent disease transmission. In Sweden, immigrants have been identified as one such group. Yet, little is known about where they have sourced information about COVID-19 and their opinions toward it. The aim of this study was to describe the COVID-19 information sources used by immigrants with limited proficiency in Swedish as well as their opinions on how comprehensive the information has been, the importance of the recommendations and their possibility to follow them. A cross-sectional survey was conducted via introductory Swedish language classes in Region Uppsala (n = 855). The results showed the immigrants were using different information sources, with the majority using school, media and social media. The immigrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information differed. Most reported they knew where to find information; however, over two-fifths reported the recommendations from the authorities should be more extensive. The majority reported it is important to follow the recommendations, whereas the possibility to follow the recommendations was more mixed. Age differences in opinions toward COVID-19 information were detected. Although the results were largely positive, there still appears to be a need for improvement in how immigrant groups with limited ability in the host country´s language are reached. Effective health communication that engages the whole nation is an important factor authorities should commit to as we face the current pandemic. This research suggests that an approach tailored by age could be helpful.

COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of health information for prevention of communicable disease. Knowledge about groups that have high risk is important to prevent disease transmission. In Sweden, immigrants have been identified as one such group. Yet, little is known about where they have sourced information about COVID-19 and their opinions toward it. The aim of this study was to describe the COVID-19 information sources used by immigrants with limited proficiency in Swedish as well as their opinions on how comprehensive the information has been, the importance of the recommendations and their possibility to follow them. A cross-sectional survey was conducted via introductory Swedish language classes in Region Uppsala (n = 855). The results showed the immigrants were using different information sources, with the majority using school, media and social media. The immigrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information differed. Most reported they knew where to find information; however, over two-fifths reported the recommendations from the authorities should be more extensive. The majority reported it is important to follow the recommendations, whereas the possibility to follow the recommendations was more mixed. Age differences in opinions toward COVID-19 information were detected. Although the results were largely positive, there still appears to be a need for improvement in how immigrant groups with limited ability in the host country´s language are reached. Effective health communication that engages the whole nation is an important factor authorities should commit to as we face the current pandemic. This research suggests that an approach tailored by age could be helpful.

COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of health information for prevention of communicable disease. Knowledge about groups that have high risk is important to prevent disease transmission. In Sweden, immigrants have been identified as one such group. Yet, little is known about where they have sourced information about COVID-19 and their opinions toward it. The aim of this study was to describe the COVID-19 information sources used by immigrants with limited proficiency in Swedish as well as their opinions on how comprehensive the information has been, the importance of the recommendations and their possibility to follow them. A cross-sectional survey was conducted via introductory Swedish language classes in Region Uppsala (n = 855). The results showed the immigrants were using different information sources, with the majority using school, media and social media. The immigrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information differed. Most reported they knew where to find information; however, over two-fifths reported the recommendations from the authorities should be more extensive. The majority reported it is important to follow the recommendations, whereas the possibility to follow the recommendations was more mixed. Age differences in opinions toward COVID-19 information were detected. Although the results were largely positive, there still appears to be a need for improvement in how immigrant groups with limited ability in the host country´s language are reached. Effective health communication that engages the whole nation is an important factor authorities should commit to as we face the current pandemic. This research suggests that an approach tailored by age could be helpful.

It has not yet been explored whether the communicational power of the Humean principle of sympathy is limited to conveying feelings and emotions or it also allows sharing beliefs. I will show that Hume considers the latter possibility both by means of the universality of human nature and the inherently social character of man, and the interconnection between thoughts and feelings. Contrary to the opinion of several authors, I will also argue that our personal experience is not a necessary condition to start up the principle of sympathy, but we can receive feelings and beliefs from other people even though we do not have previous similar experience., Aún no se ha explorado si el potencial comunicativo del principio humeano de simpatía se limita al intercambio de sentimientos y emociones o si permite también compartir creencias. Mostraremos que Hume considera esta última posibilidad tanto a partir de la universalidad de la naturaleza humana y del carácter inherentemente social del hombre, como de la existencia de una interconexión entre pensamientos y sentimientos. Contrariamente a la opinión de diversos autores, afirmamos además que la experiencia propia no es condición de posibilidad para poner en acto el principio de simpatía, sino que podemos recibir los sentimientos y creencias de los demás aunque no contemos con experiencia similar.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the compliance with the disclosures of property, plant and equipment in the companies listed on the MILA in the years 2018 and 2019 and the relationship they have with the opinions of the external auditors. The methodology applied is qualitative, applying a content analysis instrument, based on the financial statements of the companies, identifying variables that have a significant impact on the level of compliance with disclosures, such as country, sector, size, and audit firm. Among the main findings are high compliance with general disclosures and medium compliance with specific disclosures of property, plant and equipment, however, no caveats were found in the opinions despite the importance of missing disclosures in financial reporting., O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o cumprimento das divulgações de bens, plantas e equipamentos em empresas listadas na Mila nos anos de 2018 e 2019 e a relação que possuem com as opiniões dos auditores externos. A metodologia aplicada é qualitativa, aplicando um instrumento de análise de conteúdo, com base nas demonstrações financeiras das empresas, identificando variáveis que têm impacto significativo no nível de conformidade com as divulgações, como país, setor, tamanho e empresa de auditoria. Entre os principais achados estão o alto cumprimento das divulgações gerais e o cumprimento médio de divulgações específicas de bens, plantas e equipamentos, porém, não foram encontradas ressalvas nas opiniões, apesar da falta de divulgações em relatórios financeiros., El artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar el cumplimiento de las revelaciones de la propiedad, planta y equipo, en las empresas que cotizan en bolsa del Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano (MILA) en los años 2018 y 2019 y la relación que tienen estas con las opiniones de los auditores externos. La metodología aplicada es cualitativa, aplicando un instrumento de análisis de contenido, basados en los estados financieros de las empresas, identificado variables que tienen incidencia significativa en el nivel de cumplimiento de las revelaciones, como el país, sector, tamaño, ORI y firma de auditoría. Entre los principales hallazgos se encuentran un alto cumplimiento de las revelaciones generales y un cumplimiento medio de las revelaciones específicas de propiedad, planta y equipo; sin embargo, no se encontraron salvedades en las opiniones, a pesar de la importancia de las revelaciones faltantes en la información financiera.

Social media and online discussion forums have allowed people to hide behind a veil of anonymity, which has made the platforms feel unsafe for people with a different opinion than the majority. Recent research on robots and bots have found that they are a good option when it comes to inducing cooperation or acting as a conversation partner to encourage critical thinking. These robots and bots are based on an algorithm that is able to identify and classify comments, usually into positive and negative comments, left by users. The problem attended to in this thesis is to explore the possibility of creating an algorithm that can classify and pick out a minority opinion with an accuracy of at least 90%. The purpose is to create one of the vital algorithms for a larger project. The goal of this thesis is to provide a functioning algorithm with an accuracy of at least 90% for future implementations. In this thesis, the research approach is quantitative. The results show that it is possible to create an algorithm with the ability to classify and identify comments that also can pick out a minority opinion. Furthermore, the algorithm also achieved an accuracy of at least 90% when it comes to classification of comments, which makes the search for a minority opinion much easier., Sociala medier och diskussionsforum online har tillåtit människor att gömma sig bakom sin datorskärm och vara anonym. Detta har gjort sociala medier till en osäker plats för människor som inte delar samma åsikt som majoriteten om olika diskussionsämnen. Ny forskning om robotar och sociala botar har funnit att dem är effektiva med att få människor att samarbeta samt att dem är en bra konversationspartner som framkallar mer kritiskt tänkande. Dessa robotar och sociala botar är baserade på en algoritm som kan identifiera och klassificera kommentarer, oftast till positiva eller negativa kommentarer som användare av sociala medier har lämnat. Problemet som avhandlingen försöker lösa är om det är möjligt att skapa en algoritm som kan identifiera och klassificera kommentarer, men även hitta och ta fram en åsikt som inte är en del av majoriteten med en träffsäkerhet på minst 90%. Ändamålet är att skapa en viktig byggsten för ett större forskningsprojekt. Målet med avhandlingen är att skapa en funktionerande algoritm för framtida undersökning som förhoppningsvis kan motarbeta partiskhet i sociala medier. Avhandlingens ståndpunkt är kvantitativ. Resultaten från avhandlingen visar att det är möjligt att skapa en algoritm som kan klassificera samt hitta en åsikt som inte är en del av majoriteten. Dessutom har algoritmen hög noggrannhet när det gäller klassificeringen vilket underlättar sökandet av en åsikt.

Social Representations are the set of knowledge, opinions and images that allow us to evoke a particular event, person or object. These representations are the result of social interaction, which are common to a certain group of individuals. The main representative of the Theory of Social Representations is Serge Moscovici. This article aims to discuss Social Representation from a literature reviewon a) History of Social Psychology and Social Representations; b) Theory of Social Representations as a way of getting to know each other; c) Social representation, history and collective memory of the subject; d) Objectification and anchoring: the socio-cognitive dynamics of social representations; e) The Theory of Social Representations as a research methodology; and f) Theory of Social Representations and overcoming some dichotomies., As Representações Sociais são oconjunto de conhecimentos, opiniões e imagens que nos permitem evocar um determinado acontecimento, pessoa ou objeto. Essas representações são o resultado da interação social, que são comuns aum determinado grupo de indivíduos.O principal representante da Teoria das Representações Sociais é Serge Moscovici. Este artigo tem como objetivo discorrer sobre a Representacao Social a partir de uma revisão da literatura sobre a) História da Psicologia Social e Representações Sociais; b) Teoria das Representações Sociais como forma de se conhecer; c) Representação social, história e memória coletiva do sujeito; d) Objetivaçãoe ancoragem: a dinâmica sociocognitiva das representações sociais; e) A Teoria das Representações Sociais como metodologia de pesquisa; ef) Teoria das Representações Sociais e superação de algumas dicotomias., Las Representaciones Sociales son un conjunto de conocimientos, opiniones e imágenes que nos permiten evocar un evento, persona u objeto en particular. Estas representaciones son el resultado de la interacción social, que son comunes a un determinado grupo de individuos.El representante principalde la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales esSerge Moscovici.Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la Representación Social a partir de una revisión de la literaturasobre laa) Historia de la Psicología Social y de las Representaciones Sociales; b) Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales como una forma de conocerse a sí mismo;c) Representación social, historiay memoria colectiva del sujeto; d) Objetivacióny anclaje: la dinámica sociocognitiva de las representaciones sociales; e) La Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales como metodología de investigación; y f) Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales y la superación de algunas dicotomías.

The third improvement of Higher Education in Cuba, started in the academic year 2016-2017, brought about deep transformations, characterized by uncertainty and the dynamics of change and such situation demands to propitiate a general knowledge of the educational processes and actions. This work aimed to know the opinions of Physical Education teachers of the University "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca" of Pinar del Rio (UPR in Spanish) about the purpose of this discipline and the knowledge they have about its different models. From a qualitative approach, the knowledge of 18 teachers was explored, based on the dialectical-materialistic method. The interview was used as an instrument to collect information. The results allowed to know those variables that determine the purpose of Physical Education, from the model assumed, as well as to glimpse some of the limitations that hinder the integral education of the graduate. It is concluded with some proposals to advance towards a Physical Education that integrates the different models and trends and with future lines of research on the subject., O terceiro aperfeiçoamento do Ensino Superior em Cuba, iniciado no ano acadêmico 2016-2017, trouxe consigo mudanças profundas, caracterizadas pela insegurança e pela dinâmica das transformações, e tal situação requer a promover um conhecimento geral dos processos e ações educacionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as opiniões dos professores de Educação Física da Universidade "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca" de Pinar del Río (UPR) sobre o propósito desta disciplina e o conhecimento que eles têm sobre seus diferentes modelos. Utilizando uma abordagem qualitativa, o conhecimento de 18 professores foi explorado, com base no método dialético-materialista. Uma entrevista foi usada como um instrumento para a coleta de informações. Os resultados possibilitaram identificar as variáveis que determinam a finalidade da Educação Física, de acordo com o modelo assumido, bem como entrever algumas das limitações que dificultam a formação integral do licenciado. Conclui com algumas propostas para avançar em direção a uma Educação Física que integra os diferentes modelos e tendências e com diretrizes futuras de pesquisa sobre o assunto., El tercer perfeccionamiento de la Educación Superior en Cuba, iniciado en el curso 2016-2017, trajo aparejado profundas transformaciones, caracterizado por la incertidumbre y la dinámica del cambio y tal coyuntura demanda propiciar un saber general de los procesos y acciones educativas. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo conocer las opiniones de los profesores de Educación Física de la Universidad "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca" de Pinar del Rio (UPR) sobre la finalidad de esta disciplina y el conocimiento que poseen sobre sus diferentes modelos. A partir de un enfoque cualitativo, se exploraron los conocimientos de 18 profesores, que se sustentan en el método dialéctico-materialista. Se utilizó como instrumento de recogida de información la entrevista. Los resultados permitieron conocer aquellas variables que determinan la finalidad de la Educación Física, desde el modelo que se asuma, así como vislumbrar algunos de las limitaciones que frenan la educación integral del egresado. Se concluye con algunas propuestas para avanzar hacia una Educación Física que integre los diferentes modelos y tendencias y con líneas de investigación futuras sobre la temática.

COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of health information for prevention of communicable disease. Knowledge about groups that have high risk is important to prevent disease transmission. In Sweden, immigrants have been identified as one such group. Yet, little is known about where they have sourced information about COVID-19 and their opinions toward it. The aim of this study was to describe the COVID-19 information sources used by immigrants with limited proficiency in Swedish as well as their opinions on how comprehensive the information has been, the importance of the recommendations and their possibility to follow them. A cross-sectional survey was conducted via introductory Swedish language classes in Region Uppsala (n = 855). The results showed the immigrants were using different information sources, with the majority using school, media and social media. The immigrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information differed. Most reported they knew where to find information; however, over two-fifths reported the recommendations from the authorities should be more extensive. The majority reported it is important to follow the recommendations, whereas the possibility to follow the recommendations was more mixed. Age differences in opinions toward COVID-19 information were detected. Although the results were largely positive, there still appears to be a need for improvement in how immigrant groups with limited ability in the host country´s language are reached. Effective health communication that engages the whole nation is an important factor authorities should commit to as we face the current pandemic. This research suggests that an approach tailored by age could be helpful.

The article is devoted to opinions and algorithms in the digital age, with a focus on how the manipulation of the former while using the latter affects trust and legitimacy. In addition, some attention is paid to the issue of neutrality, both in relation to unbiased opinions and in relation to unbiased technologies. The article raises questions about whether we can be self-determining and self-governing agents, especially in terms of how we make decisions and what opinions we trust, if we are skillfully led to this by algorithms or those behind them. Considering that not only corporations, but also governments today use technologies to influence our preferences and opinions, issues of autonomy and personal interests are touched upon, as well as the problem of nudging for certain behaviors that are defined as the best for people, including in a paternalistic sense. The article argues that the merging of everyday life with digital spaces and algorithmization form our experience as a fundamentally new one and does not contribute to the ability to separate imposed interests from really our own. The questions of how power and legitimacy are redistributed in a digital society dependent on algorithms are discussed in this study. It has been suggested that the impact on our preferences and management of them, when someone try to sell us certain opinions, may be more dangerous than selling us goods and services, since it destroys institutional and interpersonal trust and contributes to the erosion of public institutions. The study shows how some technologies, primarily algorithmic ones, which are not neutral either in their essence or in the way they are used by their creators and owners, contribute to growing addiction and impoverish human interaction and the ability to form meanings.

It has not yet been explored whether the communicational power of the Humean principle of sympathy is limited to conveying feelings and emotions or it also allows sharing beliefs. I will show that Hume considers the latter possibility both by means of the universality of human nature and the inherently social character of man, and the interconnection between thoughts and feelings. Contrary to the opinion of several authors, I will also argue that our personal experience is not a necessary condition to start up the principle of sympathy, but we can receive feelings and beliefs from other people even though we do not have previous similar experience., Aún no se ha explorado si el potencial comunicativo del principio humeano de simpatía se limita al intercambio de sentimientos y emociones o si permite también compartir creencias. Mostraremos que Hume considera esta última posibilidad tanto a partir de la universalidad de la naturaleza humana y del carácter inherentemente social del hombre, como de la existencia de una interconexión entre pensamientos y sentimientos. Contrariamente a la opinión de diversos autores, afirmamos además que la experiencia propia no es condición de posibilidad para poner en acto el principio de simpatía, sino que podemos recibir los sentimientos y creencias de los demás aunque no contemos con experiencia similar.

The article is devoted to opinions and algorithms in the digital age, with a focus on how the manipulation of the former while using the latter affects trust and legitimacy. In addition, some attention is paid to the issue of neutrality, both in relation to unbiased opinions and in relation to unbiased technologies. The article raises questions about whether we can be self-determining and self-governing agents, especially in terms of how we make decisions and what opinions we trust, if we are skillfully led to this by algorithms or those behind them. Considering that not only corporations, but also governments today use technologies to influence our preferences and opinions, issues of autonomy and personal interests are touched upon, as well as the problem of nudging for certain behaviors that are defined as the best for people, including in a paternalistic sense. The article argues that the merging of everyday life with digital spaces and algorithmization form our experience as a fundamentally new one and does not contribute to the ability to separate imposed interests from really our own. The questions of how power and legitimacy are redistributed in a digital society dependent on algorithms are discussed in this study. It has been suggested that the impact on our preferences and management of them, when someone try to sell us certain opinions, may be more dangerous than selling us goods and services, since it destroys institutional and interpersonal trust and contributes to the erosion of public institutions. The study shows how some technologies, primarily algorithmic ones, which are not neutral either in their essence or in the way they are used by their creators and owners, contribute to growing addiction and impoverish human interaction and the ability to form meanings.

Social media and online discussion forums have allowed people to hide behind a veil of anonymity, which has made the platforms feel unsafe for people with a different opinion than the majority. Recent research on robots and bots have found that they are a good option when it comes to inducing cooperation or acting as a conversation partner to encourage critical thinking. These robots and bots are based on an algorithm that is able to identify and classify comments, usually into positive and negative comments, left by users. The problem attended to in this thesis is to explore the possibility of creating an algorithm that can classify and pick out a minority opinion with an accuracy of at least 90%. The purpose is to create one of the vital algorithms for a larger project. The goal of this thesis is to provide a functioning algorithm with an accuracy of at least 90% for future implementations. In this thesis, the research approach is quantitative. The results show that it is possible to create an algorithm with the ability to classify and identify comments that also can pick out a minority opinion. Furthermore, the algorithm also achieved an accuracy of at least 90% when it comes to classification of comments, which makes the search for a minority opinion much easier., Sociala medier och diskussionsforum online har tillåtit människor att gömma sig bakom sin datorskärm och vara anonym. Detta har gjort sociala medier till en osäker plats för människor som inte delar samma åsikt som majoriteten om olika diskussionsämnen. Ny forskning om robotar och sociala botar har funnit att dem är effektiva med att få människor att samarbeta samt att dem är en bra konversationspartner som framkallar mer kritiskt tänkande. Dessa robotar och sociala botar är baserade på en algoritm som kan identifiera och klassificera kommentarer, oftast till positiva eller negativa kommentarer som användare av sociala medier har lämnat. Problemet som avhandlingen försöker lösa är om det är möjligt att skapa en algoritm som kan identifiera och klassificera kommentarer, men även hitta och ta fram en åsikt som inte är en del av majoriteten med en träffsäkerhet på minst 90%. Ändamålet är att skapa en viktig byggsten för ett större forskningsprojekt. Målet med avhandlingen är att skapa en funktionerande algoritm för framtida undersökning som förhoppningsvis kan motarbeta partiskhet i sociala medier. Avhandlingens ståndpunkt är kvantitativ. Resultaten från avhandlingen visar att det är möjligt att skapa en algoritm som kan klassificera samt hitta en åsikt som inte är en del av majoriteten. Dessutom har algoritmen hög noggrannhet när det gäller klassificeringen vilket underlättar sökandet av en åsikt.

Bakalářská práce se se věnuje problematice sexuální výchovy na základní škole a zabývá se názory a postoji žáků 8. a 9. tříd základní školy k sexualitě. Je rozdělena na dvě části, a to část teoretickou a část praktickou. Teoretická část obsahuje kapitoly zaměřené na sexualitu a sexuální výchovu. V praktické části jsou vyhodnoceny výsledky kvantitativního šetření pomocí dotazníku vlastní tvorby, jehož cílem bylo zjistit, jaké jsou zkušenosti žáků se sexuální výchovou v rámci výuky, zda je pro ně důležitá a zda ovlivňuje jejich chování., The bachelor's thesis deals with the issue of sexual education in primary school and deals with the views and attitudes of 8th and 9th grade primary school students to sexuality. It is divided into two parts, the theoretical part and the practical part. The theoretical part contains chapters focused on sexuality and sexual education. In the practical part, the results of a quantitative survey are evaluated using a questionnaire of author's own creation, the aim of which was to find out what is the experience of students with sex education in school, whether it is important for them and whether it affects their behavior., Fakulta zdravotnických studií, Student/ka úspěšně obhájil/a bakalářskou práci, odpověděl/a na doplňující otázky oponenta., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Background: Postmortem explanted cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) from developed countries could provide patients unable to afford new devices in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) a treatment they lack. This study describes the preferences of electrophysiologists and device implanting cardiologists from Spain on the management of explanted CIEDs and opinions and concerns regarding reuse in LMIC. Methods: A nationwide self-administered questionnaire was sent to members of the Spanish Rhythm Association (n = 1110), between December 2020 and January 2021. Results: Forty-two physician responses were obtained (response rate 5%). There was a strong preference to donate explanted devices for reuse in humans (61.9%) or animals (31%). The vast majority of the participants thought device reutilization was safe, ethical, and a reasonable alternative if a new device is not accessible. Moreover, they indicated they would be comfortable asking patients to consider post-mortem donation, and willing to implant post-mortem explanted and resterilized devices if they were unable to obtain new ones. 57.1% of respondents considered it would be beneficial for patients to have a document so they could reflect their wishes regarding device handling after their death. The most mentioned concerns regarding device reuse were malfunction (57.1%) and infection (54.8%). Conclusions: The majority of respondents support reusable CIED donation to LMIC. It would be interesting to study the feasibility of a nationwide device reutilization program.

The lack of science on the Spanish TV is explained through the people responsible for content production, scheduling and offer. Two focus groups made up of five decision-makers identified the professionals’ opinions: science on TV is needed, the function of televisual science is educating audiences, public channels are responsible for showing such contents, government should urge scientific programming, science on TV contributes in increasing the cultural level of audiences, and people holding power positions are not interested in improving society´s level of literacy. Later, the generality of those opinions was measured through a questionnaire applied to 450 TV managers. A latent profile statistical analysis showed that individual characteristics of professionals (i.e., gender, age, educational level) do not play a role in shaping their opinions but work related (i.e., area of coverage, TV ownership) do., La falta de ciencia en la televisión española puede ser explicada mediante las personas responsables de la producción, programación y oferta de contenidos televisivos. Dos grupos focales formados cada uno por cinco personas responsables de tomar decisiones sobre dichos aspectos en cadenas televisivas permitieron identificar sus opiniones: la ciencia en la televisión es necesaria, la función de la ciencia televisiva es educar a la audiencia, las cadenas públicas son las responsables de mostrar contenidos científicos, el gobierno debería obligar a programar contenidos científicos, la ciencia en la televisión contribuye a aumentar el nivel cultural de la audiencia, y las personas que ocupan puestos de poder no están interesadas en mejorar el nivel de alfabetización de la sociedad. Posteriormente, la generalidad de esas opiniones se observó mediante un cuestionario aplicado a 450 personas con cargos directivos de televisión. Un análisis estadístico de perfil latente mostró que las características individuales de los profesionales (i.e., el género, la edad, el nivel educativo) no influyen en la formación de esas opiniones, pero sí influyen los aspectos relacionados con el desempeño profesional (i.e., el área de cobertura, la titularidad de la televisión).

[ES] La encuesta CARE se realizó en Andalucía en febrero de 2018 en el marco de un proyecto de investigación más amplio sobre la toma de decisiones en el cuidado de las personas mayores del Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IESA-CSIC). La encuesta (N=744) aporta información sobre las múltiples percepciones y disposiciones de la población autóctona respecto a la toma de decisiones en el cuidado de las personas mayores, así como una amplia gama de factores explicativos. La recogida de datos se realizó principalmente mediante cuestionarios web autoadministrados, que se complementaron con entrevistas telefónicas para cubrir perfiles sociodemográficos menos proclives al uso de Internet., [EN] The CARE survey was conducted in Andalusia in February of 2018 in the framework of a broader research project on decision making in the care of the older people run by the Spanish Research Council’s Institute for Advanced Social Studies (IESA-CSIC). The survey (N=744) provides information on the multiple perceptions and dispositions of the native population regarding decision-making in the care of the older people, as well as a wide range of explanatory factors. Data were collected mainly by means of self-administered web questionnaires, which were complemented by telephone interviews to cover sociodemographic profiles less inclined to use the Internet.

COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of health information for prevention of communicable disease. Knowledge about groups that have high risk is important to prevent disease transmission. In Sweden, immigrants have been identified as one such group. Yet, little is known about where they have sourced information about COVID-19 and their opinions toward it. The aim of this study was to describe the COVID-19 information sources used by immigrants with limited proficiency in Swedish as well as their opinions on how comprehensive the information has been, the importance of the recommendations and their possibility to follow them. A cross-sectional survey was conducted via introductory Swedish language classes in Region Uppsala (n = 855). The results showed the immigrants were using different information sources, with the majority using school, media and social media. The immigrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information differed. Most reported they knew where to find information; however, over two-fifths reported the recommendations from the authorities should be more extensive. The majority reported it is important to follow the recommendations, whereas the possibility to follow the recommendations was more mixed. Age differences in opinions toward COVID-19 information were detected. Although the results were largely positive, there still appears to be a need for improvement in how immigrant groups with limited ability in the host country´s language are reached. Effective health communication that engages the whole nation is an important factor authorities should commit to as we face the current pandemic. This research suggests that an approach tailored by age could be helpful.

This article sheds new light on the role of national courts in the preliminary ruling procedure and European integration by examining: (1) whether national courts allow the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) to decide politically sensitive cases and (2) whether national courts frame the cases by expressing support for an integration-friendly interpretation of EU law or by voicing an opinion in defence of the challenged national law. This study shows that the single most common court behaviour is to support legal integration by referring politically sensitive cases and expressing support for EU law. However, by examining the two choices together, this article also uncovers previously untheorised patterns of behaviour. These findings show that the national courts’ behaviour is not limited to either supporting or resisting integration. Instead, it is suggested that national courts may regularly contribute to striking a balance between EU integration and member state autonomy.

Abstract Background Socio-cultural perceptions surrounding death have profoundly changed since the 1950s with development of modern intensive care and progress in solid organ transplantation. Despite broad support for organ transplantation, many fundamental concepts and practices including brain death, organ donation after circulatory death, and some antemortem interventions to prepare for transplantation continue to be challenged. Attitudes toward the ethical issues surrounding death and organ donation may influence support for and participation in organ donation but differences between and among diverse populations have not been studied. Objectives In order to clarify attitudes toward brain death, organ donation after circulatory death and antemortem interventions in the context of organ donation, we conducted a scoping review of international English-language quantitative surveys in various populations. Study appraisal A search of literature up to October 2020 was performed, using multiple databases. After screening, 45 studies were found to meet pre-specified inclusion criteria. Results 32 studies examined attitudes to brain death, predominantly in healthcare professionals. In most, around 75% of respondents accepted brain death as equivalent to death of the person. Less common perspectives included equating death with irreversible coma and willingness to undertake organ donation even if it caused death. 14 studies examined attitudes to organ donation following circulatory death. Around half of respondents in most studies accepted that death could be confidently diagnosed after only 5 min of cardiorespiratory arrest. The predominant reason was lack of confidence in doctors or

Abstract Background Healthcare practitioners (HCPs) play a crucial role in recognising, responding to, and supporting female patients experiencing intimate partner abuse (IPA). However, research consistently identifies barriers they perceive prevent them from doing this work effectively. These barriers can be system-based (e.g. lack of time or training) or personal/individual. This review of qualitative evidence aims to synthesise the personal barriers that impact HCPs’ responses to IPA. Methods Five databases were searched in March 2020. Studies needed to utilise qualitative methods for both data collection and analysis and be published between 2010 and 2020 in order to qualify for inclusion; however, we considered any type of healthcare setting in any country. Article screening, data extraction and methodological appraisal using a modified version of the Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklist for qualitative studies were undertaken by at least two independent reviewers. Data analysis drew on Thomas and Harden’s thematic synthesis approach. Results Twenty-nine studies conducted in 20 countries informed the final review. A variety of HCPs and settings were represented. Three themes were developed that describe the personal barriers experienced by HCPs: I can’t interfere (which describes the belief that IPA is a “private matter” and HCPs’ fears of causing harm by intervening); I don’t have control (highlighting HCPs’ frustration when women do not follow their advice); and I won’t take responsibility (which illuminates beliefs that addressing IPA should be someone else’s job). Conclusion This review hi

Background: Migration adds particular dimensions to social determinants of health, as being a migrant can make a person more vulnerable to negative health effects. Like in other crises, migrants are vulnerable to both direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19. Aim: To examine migrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information in Region Uppsala, with regard to comprehensiveness, importance and possibility to follow. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on secondary data obtained from Uppsala County Council. The sample consisted of n=855 participants aged between 15 and 70 years. Data were retrieved between September and October 2020. Descriptive analysis was used to explore migrants’ opinions, and non-parametric analysis was used to investigate the association between age and migrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information. Results: Migrants were using different sources for COVID-19 information, with the majority seeking information via school, TV and social media. The migrants’ opinions about the COVID-19 information with regard to comprehensiveness, importance and possibility to follow differed. Most of the migrants knew where to find information regarding COVID-19; however, nearly half of the migrants reported that the recommendations from the authorities should be more extensive. Age differences were detected when it came to wanting the information to be less extensive, and having the necessary information about the authorities work so far and the situation globally. Differences were found between the age groups when it came to the importance of the COVID-19 recommendations, with the younger group indicating a lower level of importance. There were also age differences when it came to the possibility of following the recommendations of staying at home if you are sick and keeping distance, with the younger group indicating a lower possibility to follow the recommendations. Conclusions: Migrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information in Region Up

This article sheds new light on the role of national courts in the preliminary ruling procedure and European integration by examining: (1) whether national courts allow the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) to decide politically sensitive cases and (2) whether national courts frame the cases by expressing support for an integration-friendly interpretation of EU law or by voicing an opinion in defence of the challenged national law. This study shows that the single most common court behaviour is to support legal integration by referring politically sensitive cases and expressing support for EU law. However, by examining the two choices together, this article also uncovers previously untheorised patterns of behaviour. These findings show that the national courts’ behaviour is not limited to either supporting or resisting integration. Instead, it is suggested that national courts may regularly contribute to striking a balance between EU integration and member state autonomy.

Background: Migration adds particular dimensions to social determinants of health, as being a migrant can make a person more vulnerable to negative health effects. Like in other crises, migrants are vulnerable to both direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19. Aim: To examine migrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information in Region Uppsala, with regard to comprehensiveness, importance and possibility to follow. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on secondary data obtained from Uppsala County Council. The sample consisted of n=855 participants aged between 15 and 70 years. Data were retrieved between September and October 2020. Descriptive analysis was used to explore migrants’ opinions, and non-parametric analysis was used to investigate the association between age and migrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information. Results: Migrants were using different sources for COVID-19 information, with the majority seeking information via school, TV and social media. The migrants’ opinions about the COVID-19 information with regard to comprehensiveness, importance and possibility to follow differed. Most of the migrants knew where to find information regarding COVID-19; however, nearly half of the migrants reported that the recommendations from the authorities should be more extensive. Age differences were detected when it came to wanting the information to be less extensive, and having the necessary information about the authorities work so far and the situation globally. Differences were found between the age groups when it came to the importance of the COVID-19 recommendations, with the younger group indicating a lower level of importance. There were also age differences when it came to the possibility of following the recommendations of staying at home if you are sick and keeping distance, with the younger group indicating a lower possibility to follow the recommendations. Conclusions: Migrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information in Region Up

The purpose of this study is to examine users ́ opinions regarding the Swedish management of the covid-19 pandemic in two echo chambers, consisting of the comment fields in two ideologically different news pages on Facebook, Aftonbladet and Samtiden. Using a quantitative content analysis in different steps, the study will attempt to answer the following questions: - What opinions are expressed in two eco-chambers regarding the pandemic management in Sweden? -To what extent are these common or not between the echo chambers? The empirical material consists a total of 696 comments which will be analysed and compiled into a result. The result will then be set against two opposing theories, the theory of the Public Sphere and the theory of echo chambers, where these disagree upon whether the two different news pages lead to polarization. Depending on the outcome, the result can be said to be in agreement with one or both of the theories. The result of the study shows that the opinions of the users in the echo chambers are mainly the same which supports the theory of the Public Sphere and the idea of a need for a common consensus in order to maintain a functioning democracy. The opinions concern the subjects Sweden, the Swedish government, the Swedish state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell, the Restrictions and statistic rapports about the death toll in Sweden. The results provide information about the effects of echo chambers in an ongoing pandemic and the overall complexity around the definition of the term.

This article sheds new light on the role of national courts in the preliminary ruling procedure and European integration by examining: (1) whether national courts allow the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) to decide politically sensitive cases and (2) whether national courts frame the cases by expressing support for an integration-friendly interpretation of EU law or by voicing an opinion in defence of the challenged national law. This study shows that the single most common court behaviour is to support legal integration by referring politically sensitive cases and expressing support for EU law. However, by examining the two choices together, this article also uncovers previously untheorised patterns of behaviour. These findings show that the national courts’ behaviour is not limited to either supporting or resisting integration. Instead, it is suggested that national courts may regularly contribute to striking a balance between EU integration and member state autonomy.

The hypothesis that we will try to defend in this work is that in On Philosophy Aristotle makes a dialectical defense of his conception of principles, taking as a starting point some of the existing opinions on the subject. In this sense, the Aristotelian way of proceeding in this work is consistent with that implemented for the same purposes in the canonical works and contributes to understanding the epistemic use of dialectics in this thinker. To demonstrate this, we will focus on the analysis of fragment 17. For this purpose, we will divide the work into two parts: in the first, we will analyze the use of the opinions cited in relation to the topic to be discussed; in the second, we will examine the methodological resources through which Aristotle gives an account of his own conceptions., La hipótesis que intentaremos defender en este trabajo es que en Sobre la filosofía Aristóteles hace una defensa dialéctica de su concepción de los principios, tomando como punto de partida algunas de las opiniones existentes al respecto. En ese sentido, el modo de proceder aristotélico en esta obra es consistente con el implementado con idénticos fines en las obras canónicas y contribuye a comprender el uso epistémico de la dialéctica en este pensador. Para demostrar esto, nos centraremos en el análisis del fragmento 17. A tales efectos, dividiremos el trabajo en dos partes: en la primera, analizaremos el uso de las opiniones citadas en relación con el tema a discutir; en la segunda, examinaremos los recursos metodológicos por medio de los cuales Aristóteles da cuenta de sus propias concepciones.

This article sheds new light on the role of national courts in the preliminary ruling procedure and European integration by examining: (1) whether national courts allow the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) to decide politically sensitive cases and (2) whether national courts frame the cases by expressing support for an integration-friendly interpretation of EU law or by voicing an opinion in defence of the challenged national law. This study shows that the single most common court behaviour is to support legal integration by referring politically sensitive cases and expressing support for EU law. However, by examining the two choices together, this article also uncovers previously untheorised patterns of behaviour. These findings show that the national courts’ behaviour is not limited to either supporting or resisting integration. Instead, it is suggested that national courts may regularly contribute to striking a balance between EU integration and member state autonomy.