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BackgroundFree open-access medical education (FOAM) has become an integral resource for medical school and residency education. However, questions of quality and inconsistent coverage of core topics remain. In this second entry of the SAEM Systematic Online Academic Resource (SOAR) series, we describe the application of a systematic methodology to identify, curate, and describe FOAM topics specific to endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders as defined by the 2016 Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine (MCPEM).MethodsWe developed an automated algorithm to search 264 keywords derived from nine subtopics within the MCPEM category in the FOAM Search (a customized FOAM search tool) and the Social Media index. The top 100 results were extracted for each keyword. Resources underwent a manual iterative screening process, and those relevant to endocrine, metabolic, or nutritional disorders and EM were evaluated with the revised Medical Education Translational Resources: Impact and Quality (rMETRIQ) tool.ResultsThe search yielded 36,346 resources, of which 756 met the criteria for quality assessment. After rMETRIQ tool training, four raters demonstrated an average measured intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.94 (95% confidence interval = 0.88 to 0.97, p < 0.001). A total of 121 posts (16% of posts) covering 25 subtopics were identified as high quality (rMETRIQ ≥16). The most covered subtopic was potassium disorders, representing 15% of all posts. Subtopics that did not have a high-quality resource identified include metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, fluid overload, phosphorus metabolism, hyperglycemia, malabsorption, malnutrition, and thyroiditis. From most to least common, the overall target audience was junior resident (91%), PGY-1 resident (88%), senior resident (81%), clerk (64%), attending (50%), and preclerkship (9%).ConclusionsWe systematically identified, described, and curated FOAM resourc

Nutrition is closely associated with public health, and more and more studies have demonstrated that there are many correlations between the gut microbiota and nutritional disorders. These studies constitute the basic source of medical knowledge. However, discovering knowledge from massive amounts of data is not easy only by manpower. This study aims at discovering the relationships between nutritional disorders and gut microbiota from the biomedical literatures with knowledge graph. In this study, literature content information from massive data is automatically and instantly extracted using SPARQL query and logic reasoning technologies. Then, an annotated corpus is obtained with the categorization and definition of relationships between nutritional disorders and gut microbiota. Thus, a knowledge graph of semantic relationship between nutritional disorders and gut microbiota is constructed, and semantic relationships are discovered, verifying the feasibility and high efficiency of relationships discovery with knowledge graphs. Moreover, the analysis of evidence case shows that it is necessary and valuable to use the importance of evidence to exclude conflicting conclusions.

Adolescence is a transition period between childhood and adulthood characterized by puberty. It is a  growth spurt in which an individual undergoes various physical, physiological, emotional and social  changes. Therefore, nutritional needs are increased as compared to school years. An adolescent girl goes  through a lot of changes which may lead to a number of disorders if unnoticed. For example, menstruation  may lead to anaemia; hormonal changes may lead to obesity, infertility, PCOS, acne vulgaris and desire  to be slim may lead to anorexia nervosa or bulimia & other problems like mood swings etc. In adolescent  girls nutrition is of utmost importance because it will influence not only her own health but also health of  the next generation (foetus) during reproduction period. Many other disorders like diabetes mellitus,  dyslipidaemia, osteoporosis etc. may develop in later years. Such major health related problems can be  prevented by few changes in lifestyle such as modifying dietary habits, intake of balanced diet, physical  activities for digestion, absorption and assimilation of ingested food. These all are better described in  Ayurveda. Details will be provided in paper.&nbsp

Although the mud crab (Scylla serrata) hatchery technology has been developed, issues such as high cost of production due to the need for additional facilities and labor for natural food culture, inconsistent survival rate at megalopa stage due to Molt Death Syndrome (MDS), and disease due to luminescent bacteria (Vibrio spp.), remain to be addressed. Refinements on the existing mud crab larviculture technology were done to address these problems. Poor nutrition, low water temperature and application of prophylaxis during the zoea l stage have been identified as possible causes of MDS. Six shrimp formulated diets (FD) were tested, and 3 of these proved to be suitable for mud crab larvicuture. Larval performance was compared using the 3 diets + natural food (NF, rotifers and Artemia) and NF alone as control. No significant difference was noted in the survival among the 4 treatments, although BP Nippai fed larvae had higher values. Lesser occurrence of MDS was observed in all the larvae fed FD+NF. Three mud crab larval diets with various attractants (squid, annelids, and squid + annelids) were also formulated and fed to the larvae. Results showed no significant difference among the 3 diets. The results of another experiment investigating the effects of the reduction of natural food showed that larvae fed 50% NF + 50% FD and 75%NF + 25% FD had higher survival compared to those fed 75% AD +25% NF and no NF at all. The results indicate that the larvae cannot survive with formulated diet alone. It has been observed that frequency of antibiotic application can be reduced to every 5 days if good quality mud crab larvae are used. Formalin stress test proved to be a reliable method to determine the quality of a batch of newly hatched zoeae. All prophylactic treatments are stopped when megalopae reach the benthic stage. To accelerate the dissemination of science-based mud crab hatchery technology to industry stakeholders, SEAFDEC/AQD entered into an agreement with private hatc

Koeien die kunnen selecteren in een gemengd rantsoen brengen zichzelf in de problemen. Door het krachtvoer ertussenuit te smullen lopen ze het risico op pensverzuring. Volgens Agrifirm speelt dit op zeventig procent van de Nederlandse melkveebedrijven die gemengd voeren. En dat moet anders.

[Resumen] Introducción: Con el aumento de la esperanza de vida, la proporción de personas mayores está aumentando en los últimos años. La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es un trastorno neurodegenerativo, que contribuye al aumento de la discapacidad y la dependencia. Se asocia frecuentemente a trastornos nutricionales. Objetivos: Los objetivos de este estudio son analizar: la incidencia de los trastornos nutricionales en las personas mayores con EA, sus mecanismos patogénicos, sus manifestaciones principales, la importancia de la valoración nutricional rutinaria y las estrategias de prevención. Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en varias bases de datos bibliográficas (Scopus, ISI web of Knowledge y Pub Med) para referencias en español y en inglés, limitando la búsqueda al resumen o palabras clave y utilizando como límites temporales el período 2003-2013. Resultados: La EA es un factor de riesgo de malnutrición para las personas que lo padecen. Entre los múltiples factores que pueden provocar malnutrición, cabe destacar el deterioro de la función cognitiva, cambios de apetito y la función sensorial, alteraciones neuropsicológicos y enfermedades crónicas. El mal estado nutricional tiene como consecuencia un aumento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Entre las estrategias de evaluación se puede diferenciar un abordaje nutricional, abordaje ambiental y postural y un abordaje farmacológico. Conclusiones: El estado nutricional de las personas es un factor determinante de la calidad de vida, la morbilidad y la mortalidad, por lo que es importante realizar la valoración de este estado, para detectar y tratar de forma precoz situaciones de riesgo de malnutrición., [Abstract] Introduction: With increasing life expectancy, the proportion of older people is increasing in recent years. Alzheimer 's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that contributes to increased disability and dependency. It is frequently associated with nutritional disorders. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to analyze: the incidence of nutritional disorders in older people with AD, their pathogenic mechanisms, their main manifestations, the importance of routine nutritional assessment and prevention strategies. Methods: A search was conducted in several bibliographic databases (PubMed, ISI web of Knowledge and Scopus) for references in Spanish and English, limiting the search to the abstract or keywords and using as temporary limits the period 2003-2013 . Results: Alzheimer 's disease is a risk factor for malnutrition for people who suffer from it. Among the many factors that can cause malnutrition in these patients we can highlight impaired cognitive function, appetite changes and sensory function, neuropsychological disorders and chronic diseases. Poor nutritional status and weight loss, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Strategies for assessment include a nutritional, environmental, postural and pharmacological approach. Conclusions: The nutritional status of the people is an important determinant of quality of life, morbidity and mortality, so it is important to measure this state to detect and treat early forms of malnutrition risk situations.

Plasma amino acid levels were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in fourteen autistic children, all below 10 years of age. Mean glutamic and aspartic acid values were elevated (169 Ó 142 uM and 22.1 Ó 13 uM respectively) together with taurine (90.1 Ó 78.7 uM) (p > 0.1). All affected children had low levels of glutamine (241 Ó 166 uM; p < 0.01) and asparagine (22.9 Ó 12.9 uM; p < 0.01) as compared to normal values (585 Ó 25 and 59.2 Ó4.2 uM respectively); eleven children had increased aspartlc acid and eJght children had high levels of glutamate; seven of these children had a concomitant increment of taurine. The increment of the three above mentioned compounds was observed at the same time only in five children. These findings demonstrate that abnormal plasmatic levels of neurotransmitter amino acids may be found in some autistic children. Increased glutamatemia may be dietary in origen or may arise endogenously for several reasons, among others, metabolic derrangements in glutamate metabolism perhaps involving vitamin B6, defects or blockage of the glutamate receptor at the neuronal compartment, or alterations in the function of the neurotransmitters transporters. Increments of taurine, an inhibitor, is likeIy compensatory and calcium dependent.

Bij veel probleemrantsoenen is een tekort aan buffering de oorzaak, zo blijkt uit onderzoek van Agrifirm. Met nieuwe kengetallen die de pens-pH beter voorspellen en met extra aandacht voor het gevoerde rantsoen is subklinische pensverzuring te voorkomen.

Wanneer eet een kind normaal en wanneer is sprake van afwijkende voeding of afwijkend eetgedrag? De JGZ-richtlijn Voeding en Eetgedrag richt zich op wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van adviezen over gezonde voeding en zorgt voor eenduidige voorlichting, signalering en doorverwijzing bij voedings- en eetproblemen in de jeugdgezondheidszorg.

Voor een gemiddeld bedrijf met zeventig koeien kost pensverzuring jaarlijks bijna 3000 euro. De indirecte kosten zijn de grootste kostenpost. Dat vertelde Willem van Laarhoven tijdens de studiemiddag van Speerstra Feed Ingredients BV met als thema ‘Pensverzuring bij herkauwers’.

Tachtig procent van de Holsteins heeft een aangeboren verschil tussen de binnen- en de buitenklauw. Hoewel klauwverzorgers inmiddels zes aandoeningen registreren, blijft de klauwverdeling in de fokkerij vooralsnog een ondergeschoven kindje. Gezien de structurele overwaardering van hoge en smalle dieren, belooft het huidige stierenaanbod ook weinig goeds.

Eet- en gewichtsproblemen zijn spijtig genoeg geen onbekenden meer binnen onze samenleving. Het betreft hier zowel zwaarlijvigheid als magerzucht. Deze complexe problematieken hebben bovendien vaak te weinig baat bij eenvoudige en enkelvoudige oplossingen. Vandaar de toenemende nood aan een multidisciplinaire aanpak.

The availability of essential nutrients in appropriate amount ensures the growth, productivity and quality for sustainable production of tree fruits including citrus. The essential mineral element below the critical level adversely affects growth and yield even other minerals are within optimum range. A balanced and continuous supply of the essential nutrients is a key for citrus growers to ensure profitability. Soil application is recommended for most of the macronutrients such as N, P and K, as these are required in large quantities. However, the soil application leads to nutrient losses through runoff, leaching and fixation. Therefore, the foliar application is considered as an attractive alternative to the soil application of essential nutrients. Particularly, the trace elements which are required in small quantity are preferably applied through the foliar sprays. Nutrients applied through the foliar spray are directly absorbed though leaves and have several positive attributes. Foliar application can reduce overall fertiliser application rate and energy use, improve nutrient uptake and reduce underground water pollution. The efficiency of foliar application of nutrients can further be enhanced with the addition of surfactants or adjuvant into the spray solution. Surfactants can be classified into various groups on the basis of their composition such as cationic, anionic, non-ionic, zwilterionic or ampholytic. The surfactants are widely used in foliar application of both macro- and micronutrients. This chapter reviews the available information about the use of surfactants in the foliar application of mineral elements in citrus with special reference to nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), boron (B) or copper (Cu).

Omdat slepende melkziekte en een lebmaagverplaatsing vaak samen optreden, controleerde de dierenarts met de ketonensneltest de bloedwaarde van een vaars, die na een behandeling weer ziek was geworden.

Een laag melkvetgehalte, dunne mest, een lage voeropname en klauwproblemen bij melkvee worden te gemakkelijk toegeschreven aan stoornissen in de pens. Ook het advies om dan ‘prik’ bij te voeren is een te eenvoudige voorstelling van zaken bij het ontstaan van fermentatiestoornissen.

Een laag melkvetgehalte, dunne mest, een lage voeropname en klauwproblemen bij melkvee worden te gemakkelijk toegeschreven aan stoornissen in de pens. Ook het advies om dan ‘prik’ bij te voeren is een te eenvoudige voorstelling van zaken bij het ontstaan van fermentatiestoornissen.

A textbook on diseases of cultured warmwater fish and shrimps in the Philippines. Eleven chapters cover essential information on the basic principles of disease causation, major diseases of cultured fish and crustaceans, particularly shrimps, and methods of prevention and control. Emphasis is made on major diseases that occur in the Philippines and other countries in the Asian region. Included also are topics on harmful algae, immunology and molecular biological diagnostic techniques.

Omdat slepende melkziekte en een lebmaagverplaatsing vaak samen optreden, controleerde de dierenarts met de ketonensneltest de bloedwaarde van een vaars, die na een behandeling weer ziek was geworden.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of omission of macronutrients in the growth and the nutritional state of elephant-grass plants (Pennisetum purpureum Shum cv. Mott). The experiment was developed in the FCAV/UNESP, in Jaboticabal-SP,Brazil, using nutrient solution. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, with seven treatments (the complete solution proposed by Hoagland & Arnon (1950) and the individual omission of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, in these solution), in three repetitions. Pre-germinated plants were placed in pot (5 dm3 ), containing the nutrient solution, which was aerated constantly during the experimental period and the respective treatments, with three replications each. Weekly, the height of the plants, the leaf number, apex diameter and number of tillers were evaluated as well as plant nutritional state. The omission of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S limited the production of dry weight of shoot the elephant grass, compared to the full treatment. The deficiency of a macronutrient, in addition to promoting reduction of its content in the shoot, resulted in reducing the accumulation of most macronutrients, with resultant morphological changes, translated as characteristic symptoms of deficiency, Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da omissão de macronutrientes no desenvolvimento e no estado nutricional de plantas de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Shum cv. Mott). O experimento foi desenvolvido na FCAV/UNESP, em Jaboticabal-SP com o uso de solução nutritiva. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos (solução completa Hoagland & Arnon (1950) e a omissão individual de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S nessa solução). Após o brotamento dos colmos, as plantas foram colocadas em vasos (5 dm3 ), contendo solução nutritiva sob aeração constante, aplicando-se os tratamentos com três repetições cada. Semanalmente, avaliou-se a altura das plantas, o número de folhas, o diâmetro do colmo e número de perfilhos, além do estado nutricional. A omissão de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S limitaram a produção de massa seca da parte aérea do capim-elefante, em relação ao tratamento completo. A deficiência de um macronutriente, além de promover diminuição do seu teor na parte aérea, resultou em redução da acumulação da maioria dos macronutrientes, com conseqüente alterações morfológicas, traduzidas como sintomas característicos de deficiência.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of omission of macronutrients in the growth and the nutritional state of elephant-grass plants (Pennisetum purpureum Shum cv. Mott). The experiment was developed in the FCAV/UNESP, in Jaboticabal-SP,Brazil, using nutrient solution. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, with seven treatments (the complete solution proposed by Hoagland & Arnon (1950) and the individual omission of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, in these solution), in three repetitions. Pre-germinated plants were placed in pot (5 dm3 ), containing the nutrient solution, which was aerated constantly during the experimental period and the respective treatments, with three replications each. Weekly, the height of the plants, the leaf number, apex diameter and number of tillers were evaluated as well as plant nutritional state. The omission of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S limited the production of dry weight of shoot the elephant grass, compared to the full treatment. The deficiency of a macronutrient, in addition to promoting reduction of its content in the shoot, resulted in reducing the accumulation of most macronutrients, with resultant morphological changes, translated as characteristic symptoms of deficiency, Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da omissão de macronutrientes no desenvolvimento e no estado nutricional de plantas de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Shum cv. Mott). O experimento foi desenvolvido na FCAV/UNESP, em Jaboticabal-SP com o uso de solução nutritiva. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos (solução completa Hoagland & Arnon (1950) e a omissão individual de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S nessa solução). Após o brotamento dos colmos, as plantas foram colocadas em vasos (5 dm3 ), contendo solução nutritiva sob aeração constante, aplicando-se os tratamentos com três repetições cada. Semanalmente, avaliou-se a altura das plantas, o número de folhas, o diâmetro do colmo e número de perfilhos, além do estado nutricional. A omissão de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S limitaram a produção de massa seca da parte aérea do capim-elefante, em relação ao tratamento completo. A deficiência de um macronutriente, além de promover diminuição do seu teor na parte aérea, resultou em redução da acumulação da maioria dos macronutrientes, com conseqüente alterações morfológicas, traduzidas como sintomas característicos de deficiência.

Genetische achtergronden kunnen het ontstaan van een lactose-intolerantie voor een deel verklaren. Een DNA-test kan daarom een waardevolle aanvulling zijn op de diagnostiek. De behandeling bestaat uit het reduceren van de inname van lactose uit voedingsmiddelen

World Neighbors' traditional focus and expertise are rooted in agricultural development. Recognising that great synergies exist between agriculture and health and looking for ways to improve our work, about ten years ago we sought to interact more with health professionals, we found that while we shared common hopes and aspirations, we often had very different ways of understanding poverty and how to help communities to address it. But we were able to come together around a common priority: good food for good health. In agricultural terms, this means food that is produced in ways that are healthy to both the farm and the farm family; in health terms, this translates into food that is nutritious and contributes to human health. In this article the authors offer three examples to illustrate how we have worked to strengthen interactive sustainable agriculture and community health efforts. Each of these examples emphasises the vital role of women in improving the nutritional well-being of their families, and the way communities and WN partners are working to ensure that the “linkages” of health and agriculture can be made stronger

About 2 billion people, mainly women and young children, suffer from iron deficiency. The supply of iron (Fe) falls short when consumed foods have a low Fe content or when absorption of Fe is inhibited by the presence of phytic acid and polyphenols in the diet. Current interventions are dietary diversification, supplementation, fortification and biofortification. In West Africa these interventions have only moderate chances of success due to low purchasing power of households, lack of elementary logistics, lack of central processing of food and the high heterogeneity in production and consumption conditions. A staple food chain approach, integrating parts of current interventions was proposed as an alternative. The research was carried out in several villages in Benin and Burkina Faso to take ecological, cultural and socio-economic diversity into account. The interdisciplinary approach aimed at elaborating interventions in soil fertility management, improvement and choice of sorghum varieties and food processing, to increase Fe and decrease the phytic acid-Fe molar ratio in sorghum-based foods. The phytic acid-Fe molar ratio was used as a proxy for Fe bioavailability in food. Synergy and trade-offs resulting from the integrated approach showed its added value. P fertilization and soil organic amendments applied to increase yield were found to also increase phytic acid content of the grain and thus to decrease its nutritional value

About 2 billion people, mainly women and young children, suffer from iron deficiency. The supply of iron (Fe) falls short when consumed foods have a low Fe content or when absorption of Fe is inhibited by the presence of phytic acid and polyphenols in the diet. Current interventions are dietary diversification, supplementation, fortification and biofortification. In West Africa these interventions have only moderate chances of success due to low purchasing power of households, lack of elementary logistics, lack of central processing of food and the high heterogeneity in production and consumption conditions. A staple food chain approach, integrating parts of current interventions was proposed as an alternative. The research was carried out in several villages in Benin and Burkina Faso to take ecological, cultural and socio-economic diversity into account. The interdisciplinary approach aimed at elaborating interventions in soil fertility management, improvement and choice of sorghum varieties and food processing, to increase Fe and decrease the phytic acid-Fe molar ratio in sorghum-based foods. The phytic acid-Fe molar ratio was used as a proxy for Fe bioavailability in food. Synergy and trade-offs resulting from the integrated approach showed its added value. P fertilization and soil organic amendments applied to increase yield were found to also increase phytic acid content of the grain and thus to decrease its nutritional value. Amounts of Fe and phytic acid and their ratio in the grain differed among sorghum varieties, illustrating the presence of genetic variation for Fe bioavailability. The current local food preparation method for one of the main sorghum-based foods (dibou) in northern Benin did not include processing steps that remove or de-activate anti-nutritional factors reducing Fe bioavailability. The preliminary results suggest that a feasible chain solution consists of breeding for high Fe and moderate phytic acid contents and using soil organic amend

Klinische voedingsproblemen zijn vaak complexe problemen. Als diëtist kom je qua diagnostiek volgens Schols niet weg met een minimalistische aanpak van bijvoorbeeld alleen het gewicht meten of gewichtsverlies navragen: “Als discipline mag je dit niet accepteren. De diëtetiek in Nederland moet meer professionaliseren door evidence based handelen op basis van doelgerichte diagnostiek.”

Kok Stan Mertens hecht veel belang aan maaltijdbeleving om zintuigen te prikkelen en de eetlust te bevorderen. Het bereiden van aantrekkelijke gemalen maaltijden ziet hij als een grote uitdaging. Voeding wordt eten

Beschrijving en advies n.a.v. een praktijkgeval

Objetivo: adaptar y aplicar el protocolo de la OMS para el tratamiento de los niños con desnutrición grave. Materiales y métodos. Es un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo. Se incluyeron 53 niños menores de cinco años, con desnutrición grave, atendidos durante un año; peso para la talla por debajo de menos tres desviaciones estándar, presencia de edemas o ambos criterios y se aplicó la guía de la OMS. Resultados: 25 niños (47,1%) tenían kwashiorkor, 24 (45,2%) marasmo y 4 (7,5%) desnutrición mixta. La edad promedio fue 13,5 meses (DE 11,8). Las morbilidades asociadas al ingreso fueron diarrea aguda y persistente, neumonía, dermatopatías, sepsis e infección urinaria y anemia. El promedio de hospitalización fue de 21 días (DE 9,47). 35 niños (66%) alcanzaron la meta de menos una desviación estándar de peso para la talla, 14 (26,7%) fueron dados de alta antes de alcanzar la meta del peso y 4 (7,3%) fallecieron. Discusión: En Colombia la desnutrición grave empieza a resurgir en los últimos años y el tratamiento de estos niños no está considerado en el actual Sistema de Seguridad Social. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que la desnutrición está asociada con 60% de las muertes en los menores de cinco años. La aplicación del protocolo de la OMS en un hospital de primer nivel fue exitosa. Otros estudios informan resultados satisfactorios con la aplicación del protocolo., Objective: Adaptation and application of the WHO protocol for the treatment of the severe undernourished children Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and prospective study. It was conducted during one year on 53 under- five severely undernourished children, i.e. weight / size below minus three standard deviations, or showing edemas. Some suffered it under the two criteria. The WHO criteria were applied. Results: 25 children (47.1%) suffered kwashiorkor, 24 (45,2%) wasting and 4 (7.5%) mixed undernourishment. The median age was 13.5 months (DE 11.8) The access associated morbility comprised acute and persistent diarrhea, pneumonia, dermopathies, sepsis, urinary infection and anemia. The median hospitalization was 21 days (DE 9,47). 35 children (66%) reached the target of minus one standard deviation in weight / size, 14 (26.7%) were discharged before reaching the targeted weight and 4 (7.3%) deceased. Discussion: in recent years severe malnutrition is back in Colombia and the treatment of these children is not provided by the current social security system. The World Health Organization considers that undernourishment is associated with 60% of deaths in minors under five. In a first level hospital the application of the WHO protocol was successful. Other studies point satisfactory results with the application of the protocol.

Nutrient-balance assessments are valuable tools for delineating the consequences of farming on soil fertility. Various approaches and methods for different situations have been used. This bulletin presents a state-of-the-art overview of nutrient-balance studies. It brings out the evolution of the approaches and methods, provides for comparisons among them, features the improvements made, and highlights remaining issues. The analysis would be useful in further development of the assessment methodologies as reliable tools for devising time-scale soil fertility management interventions.

Zowel een tekort als een overmaat is schadelijk. Naast het kopergehalte in het rantsoen is de benutting een belangrijke factor.

In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de zwavel- en seleniumvoorziening.

Het belang van zwavel en selenium voor de gezondheid van rundvee, de benodigde gehalten in het rantsoen, en de gezondheidsproblemen die zich voor kunnen doen bij overmaat of tekort. De dekking van de behoefte gebeurt op Nederlandse melkveebedrijven vooral d.m.v. gras en graskuil. Uit analyses blijkt dat graskuilen zeer uiteenlopende gehalten aan beide elementen kunnen bevatten. Dit vraagt om attentie bij de graslandbemesting en voersamenstelling, om een te hoog of te laag zwavel- of seleniumaanbod te vermijden

Het belang van een goede kopervoorziening bij melkvee wordt geïllustreerd met de gezondheidsklachten die zich kunnen voordoen bij kopertekort en koperovermaat, en met de grote variatie aan mineralengehalten (koper, zwavel, molybdeen en ijzer) in graskuilen. Hoge gehalten aan andere sporenelementen verminderen de koperbenutting; ook in veenweidegebieden is de koperbenutting slechter dan gemiddeld. Bij problemen moeten de oorzaken opgespoord worden door bijv. bloed- en leveronderzoek, voederonderzoek en/of grondonderzoek

A textbook on diseases of cultured warmwater fish and shrimps in the Philippines. Eleven chapters cover essential information on the basic principles of disease causation, major diseases of cultured fish and crustaceans, particularly shrimps, and methods of prevention and control. Emphasis is made on major diseases that occur in the Philippines and other countries in the Asian region. Included also are topics on harmful algae, immunology and molecular biological diagnostic techniques.

Keywords: iodine deficiency, iodine excess, endemic goiter, drinking water, iodine intake, thyroid function, thyroid size, iodized salt, iodized oil, IQ, physical development, hearing capacity, epidemiology, meta-analysis, IDD, randomized trial, intervention, USA, Bangladesh, China Endemic goiter can be caused both by iodine deficiency and iodine excess. Iodine deficiency was a public health problem in Jiangsu Province, China and has been eliminated through salt iodization in a majority of counties in Jiangsu. In Feng, Pei and Tongshan Counties in Xuzhou Municipality, endemic goiter has been found to be associated with iodine excess. This thesis describes the relationship of iodine intakes ranging from normal to excessive with thyroid size, thyroid function, goiter prevalence, intellectual development, physical development and hearing capacity, and the efficacy and effectiveness of iodine intervention programs in schoolchildren. An ecological relationship of iodine intakes ranging from normal to excessive with an enlarged thyroid size, an increased prevalence of goiter and a perturbed thyroid function has been found in three counties in Xuzhou Municipality. A negative relationship of iodine intake from normal to excessive with intellectual quotient (IQ) in schoolchildren aged >11 y indicates that excessive iodine intake is associated with a decline in IQ. This was supported by the results of a meta-analysis of 16 studies where iodine excess was found to be related to a small but significant deficit in intellectual attainment of schoolchildren. Reduction of iodine intake from excessive to normal is accompanied by a reduction in thyroid size, a decreased urinary iodine concentration and a partial normalization of thyroid function. It is now estimated that iodine excess is a public health risk for nearly 16 million people in 92 counties of 10 provinces in China. Comparison of thyroid volumes collected from schoolchildren in the US and in Bangladesh with th

Melkziekte en kopziekte hebben met name te maken met een verstoorde mineralenhuishouding. Slepende melkziekte wordt veroorzaakt door een tekort aan energie. Lebmaagdraaiingen komen met name voor wanneer er kort na kalven veel krachtvoer gegeven wordt

On a biodynamic dairy farm an experiment was conducted in which cows were supplied with extra energy in the form of crushed wheat. To evaluate the effect on animal health, the figures for milk production and milk composition, cell number, trace elements in the blood and fertility of the treated group were compared with a control group

De invloed van magnesium op kopziekte bij runderen

Analyse van gegevens van graskuilonderzoek toont dat het gevaar van kopziekte gemiddeld is afgenomen in de afgelopen 4 jaar. De kans op ongunstige verhoudingen tussen kalium, magnesium en ruw eiwit blijft echter in het voor- en najaar groot

Analyse van gegevens van graskuilonderzoek van het BLGG laat echter zien dat het gevaar gemiddeld is afgenomen in de afgelopen vier jaar.

Door stijgende K-getallen zou het gevaar voor kopziekte toenemen. Analyse van gegevens van graskuilonderzoek van het BLGG laat echter zien dat het gevaar gemiddeld is afgenomen in de afgelopen vier jaar. De kans op ongunstige verhoudingen tussen kalium (K), magnesium (Mg) en ruw eiwit blijft echter groter in het voor- en najaar

Nutritional anaemia affects 50-70% of pregnant women in the developing world where vitamin A deficiency is also a problem. Since previous studies have indicated that vitamin A deficiency can be involved in the aetiology of nutritional anaemia, the role of vitamin A deficiency in nutritional anaemia in pregnant women has been investigated in West Java, Indonesia. Of the 318 normal pregnant women examined in a cross-sectional study, 49% were anaemic and, according to multiple criteria, 43% had iron-deficiency anaemia, 22% had iron-deficient erythropoiesis, and 7% were iron depleted. Based on serum retinol values, 2.5% of the women were vitamin A deficient and 31 % had marginal vitamin A status. After adjustment for gestational stage, parity and subdistrict, serum retinol concentrations were significantly positively associated ( p <0.01) with haemoglobin concentrations, haematocrit, and serum iron concentrations. In order to test whether the anaemia observed would respond to improvement in vitamin A supply, a randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled field trial was carried out in which anaemic pregnant women in the same area were supplemented with vitamin A and iron. The women (n=251), aged 17-35 years, parity 0-4, gestation 16-24 weeks, and haemoglobin between 80 and 109 g/L were randomly allocated to four groups: vitamin A (2.4 mg retinol) and placebo iron tablets; iron (60 mg elemental iron) and placebo vitamin A; vitamin A and iron; or both placebos, all daily for 8 weeks. Maximum response in haemoglobin was achieved with both vitamin A and iron supplementation (12.78 g/L, 95% CI 10.86 to 14.70), with one-third of the response attributable to vitamin A (3.68 g/L, 2.03 to 5.33) and two-thirds to iron (7.71 g/L, 5.97 to 9.45). After supplementation, the proportion of women who became non-anaemic was 35% in the vitamin-A-supplemented group, 68% in the iron-supplemented group, 97% in the group supplemented with both, and 16% in the placebo group. In a subgroup (n=

Iodized oil, either injected or given orally, is the major alternative to iodized salt for controlling iodine deficiency. Oral administration has considerable advantages despite its shorter duration of effect. Little information is available on factors which influence the effect of orally administered iodized oil. In this dissertation the efficacy of oral iodized oil is studied with regard to the type of oil used, the dosage technique, intestinal parasites, nutritional status, sex and the consumption of raw cassava. The studies were carried out among Malawian school children. All results are based on iodine concentrations in casual urine samples collected at regular intervals after oral dosing with iodized oil. A model has been developed to describe the urinary iodine excretion pattern over time based on the retention and rate of elimination of iodine for subjects with different characteristics. The estimated durations of effectiveness were 13.7, 9.9 and 55.2 weeks for a single dose of iodized oil A (ethyl esters of iodized fatty acids; 490 mg iodine in 1 mL), a split-dose of oil A (2 x 245 mg iodine in 0.5 mL), and a single dose of iodized oil B (triacylglycerols; 675 mg iodine in 1.25 mL), respectively. In general, the duration of effectiveness of iodized oil A was significantly increased in subjects treated for parasitic infestations. For Entamoeba histolytica it appears that the absorption of oral iodized oil A is greatly disturbed as the assessed duration of effectiveness was found to be only 2 weeks for the untreated subjects. Children with a relatively large subcutaneous fat mass retained more iodine than subjects with little subcutaneous fat. For goitrous subjects both the retention and elimination of iodine were increased. A reduction in midupper-arm. circumference during the study increased the duration of effect. Based on the cumulative frequency distributions, of individually assessed durations of effectiveness, oral dosing with iodized oil was less effe

Women of the reproductive age in China play a very important role in the labour force. Information on anaemia prevalence in this group is hardly available, notwithstanding the fact that iron deficiency anaemia is considered to be a major public health problem in China. Iron deficiency may cause adverse effects on physical performance. However, data available are fragmentary, inconsistent and the results are inconclusive. Furthermore, only a few studies so far have been carried out under free living conditions. The present study was done to resolve some of the uncertainties in this area.The general objectives of the present study were: 1) to investigate the prevalence of anaemia, its type and the contributing factors to iron deficiency in Chinese female workers; 2) to quantify the functional consequences of iron deficiency in both field and laboratory studies, with emphasis on mean heart rate at work, total energy expenditure at work, and production efficiency defined as the ratio of productivity to energy expended; 3) to identify the effect of iron deficiency per se on physical performance.In order to study these objectives, both a cross-sectional and an intervention study were designed. The analyses revealed the following results:Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was high in Chinese female menstruating cotton mill workers (34%).Oral iron supplementation was effective in the women with poor iron nutritional status.Physical performance, both on the job and in the laboratory tests, was improved with the improvement of iron status. The total energy expenditure at work was reduced and production efficiency significantly increased by 18% after iron supplementation.Marginal iron deficiency may not limit maximal physical work capacity of exercise, but it may cause impairment of prolonged submaximal physical performance.

Malnutrition is common in children with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and nutritional support is assuming an important role in preoperative management. To evaluate preoperative nutritional therapy, 19 children (median age 1.25 y) with ESLD awaiting OLT were prospectively studied. Two high-energy, isoenergetic and isonitrogenous nutritional formulations delivered nasogastrically were compared: a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-enriched semielemental formulation and a matched standard semielemental formulation. Twelve of 19 patients completed a randomized controlled study before OLT and 10 of 19 completed a full crossover study. Improvements in weight and height occurred during the BCAA supplements, with no statistical change on the standard formulation. Significant increases in total body potassium, midupper arm circumference, and subscapular skinfold thickness occurred during the BCAA supplements, whereas no significant changes occurred during the standard formulation period. Significantly fewer albumin infusions were required during the BCAA supplement. These findings suggest that BCAA-enriched formulas have advantages over standard semielemental formulas in improving nutritional status in children with ESLD. and are deserving of wider application and study.

This book is a guide to diagnosing nutritional disorders in chrysanthemums. Deficiencies and toxicities are included, fifteen in all. Colour plates and descriptions are given for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulphur, boron, copper, manganese, iron and zinc deficiency and for nitrogen, boron, manganese and zinc excess. As many of the nutritional nutritional disorders do not occur in practice, they were induced by growing chrysanthemums in peat moss substrates, in nutrient solution or in rock wool. Symptoms may differ considerably between cultivars. Conditions pertaining to mineral nutritional disorders and methods of control are briefly described. Leaf nutrient concentrations typical for the various deficiencies and toxicities are reported and compared with literature data. In the trials young, just fully grown leaves were sampled for foliar analysis. Supplementary data were obtained from published reports

From 1983 until 1986 a number of studies were carried out in collaboration with the Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre on vitamin A deficiency and post-measles nutritional blindness.Prevalence surveys were carried out in four regions in Tanzania in order to estimate the magnitude of xerophthalmia where it was found to be a problem in certain clusters of villages. The retinol and carotenoid content of certain food products were analysed and the results subsequently used in a study to estimate the nutrient intake of children suffering from xerophthalmia. The intake of vitamin A in these children was low.In children with measles, serious eye lesions which may easily result in blindness, were observed in 3-4% of the children admitted to a number of hospitals. Serum retinol levels in these children were extremely low while in children with measles and not developing such lesions levels were somewhat higher although they were still rather low. These findings confirm the role of vitamin A in the aetiology of post-measles eye lesions.

In a study on energy-protein requirements of milkfish fingerlings using semi-purified diets, several gross observations were made on individual milk-fish such as fin and tail rot, yellowish coloration of the abdomen, opacity and swollen adipose membrane of the eyes. The latter abnormality occurred four to five weeks after feeding semi-purified diets. Milkfish eyes with the abnormality were processed for histological analysis. Opacity of the cornea and lens and degeneration of the eye tissues, thickening of the corneal epthelium and oedema of the stromal layers were seen. Necrosis of the iris, slight thickening of the lens capsule, detachment and destruction of the retinal layers were also observed.