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Research on the Fuzzy Logic control algorithm focused on improving the accuracy of applied thermal loads in structural validation programs. The algorithm allows for compensation of nonlinear thermal radiation transfer. The fuzzy logic algorithm response was compared with the response of the existing algorithm. Results showed significant thermal control accuracy improvement for metallic articles, and moderate improvement for nonmetallic (graphite) articles.

To reduce the weight of electrical power conductors for use on airborne platforms, high-temperature superconductor coated wires using YBa2Cu307-x(YBCO) show promise. The main obstacle to their implementation is the AC loss at operating frequencies in the 230-400 Hz range characteristic of the airborne electrical power systems and generators. This project's objectives were threefold. First, a calorimeter measuring system for AC loss was developed using custom construction of nonmagnetic/nonmetallic liquid nitrogen containers to measure evaporated nitrogen caused by power dissipation and tested using a special YBCO pancake coil; this was found to be sufficient for measurements after initial experiments determined some instability without external heating. Second, AC losses in the coils made out of YBCO superconducting wires were studied, confirming the simulation method used to calculate and predict AC loss and hysteretic effects of pancake coils and providing information on the coupling and hysteretic currents in the superconductor. Third, distribution of magnetization currents in samples of conductors was studied by producing, using laser ablation, multifilament superconducting samples with various filament widths, with and without superconducting bridges between filaments. The bridges increase the reliability of the wires by allowing the electric current to circumvent a defect in a given filament without rendering the whole length of the filament inoperative. Different methods of post-ablation treatment, such as oxygen annealing were tested in order to determine their effect on AC loss reduction. Results showed that the AC loss in multifilament superconducting wires can be very effectively reduced in proportion of the number of filaments. The oxygen annealing eliminates the residual coupling losses by converting the electrically conducting metal in the grooves segregating the superconducting filaments into insulating metal oxides. The strategically placed supercon, The original document contains color images.

Presented at the NDIA Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability (E2S2) Symposium & Exhibition held 21-24 May 2012 in New Orleans, LA

This paper provides some background and historical review of how microstructure-sensitive finite element simulations can play a role in understanding effects of stress amplitude, R-ratio, and microstructure on fatigue crack formation and early growth at notches, including pores and non-metallic inclusions for Ti alloys and Ni-base superalloys. Fatigue indicator parameters (FIPs) are computed over finite volumes that relate to processes of fatigue crack formation and early growth at the scale of individual grains. It is argued that both coarse scale (uncracked, mesoscale) and fine scale FIPs (computed in the vicinity of cracks in single grains or crystals) can be related to the cyclic crack tip displacement that serves as a driving force for crystallographic fatigue crack growth, and that the fine scale FIPs correlate directly with cyclic crack tip displacement. Scatter in HCF and VHCF is computationally assessed using multiple statistical volume elements and the distribution of FIPs of extreme value character. The concepts of marked correlation functions and weighted probability density functions are reviewed as a means to quantify the role of multiple microstructure...

The objective of this project was to assess the performance of nonstandard underground heat distribution system (UHDS) designs being implemented at various Department of Defense (DoD) installations. These systems incorporate nonmetallic cladding and alternative insulation materials that are advertised to improve energy conservation and corrosion resistance, but they deviate from established guide specifications for UHDS. The ongoing reliable operation of UHDS on military installations is mission-critical, and service interruptions can have adverse and extended negative mission impacts. This report documents the assessment of two similar nonstandard UHDS piping system designs ? one at Fort Carson, CO, and one at Fort Stewart, GA. The study consisted of environmental corrosivity tests, air pressure tests, visible inspection of excavated sections, and heat loss evaluation using two methods. Deficiencies in design, installation, and accessibility for maintenance were recorded, and significantly degraded sections were documented. Recommendations for addressing site-specific deficiencies are offered, and supporting technical discussions are provided. Overall, it is advised that these systems not be recommended or allowed in guide specifications and criteria. When more in-service experience is amassed, a second assessment may be merited., The original document contains color images.

Objectives of this demonstration/validation project were to determine whether the Snap Sampler passive ground water sampling device can provide: 1) technically defensible analytical data for the wide spectrum of analytes that are of concern to the Department of Defense and 2) substantial cost savings over currently used ground water sampling methods. This particular demonstration was conducted at the former McClellan Air Force Base in Sacramento, CA. Ten wells were sampled using the Snap Sampler, low-flow purging and sampling, and the dialysis (or regenerated cellulose) membrane passive sampler. Analytes included dissolved and total inorganics (including nonmetal anions, metalloids, and metals), and four Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) (including three chlorinated solvents and methyl tert-butyl ether [MTBE]). Analyte concentrations in samples collected with the two passive sampling methods were compared with concentrations found in samples collected using low-flow sampling. Cost analyses were also conducted to compare the cost of conducting quarterly sampling on a similar site with 50 wells using the three sampling methods., The original document contains color images.

This work describes a study in advanced post-combustion based on CO2-capture technologies to be integrated within the Hypogyny concept (electricity generation with co-hydrogen production). Two different Hypogen concepts based on integrating IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) and post-combusting CO2 capture are proposed and investigated: the first concept, hydrogen production based on syngas shifting with high-pressure CO2 capture, while the second concept, hydrogen is produced based on membrane separation from syngas. In the first concept, combining a high-pressure and an ambient-pressure CO2 absorber in one flow sheet and one regeneration column is found to be feasible. However, the advantage of the high CO2 partial pressure in the high-pressure absorber is more obvious if an advanced solvent like 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) is used instead of monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent kind. The second concept of using polymeric membrane for hydrogen production is considered feasible and comparing to the first concept, cost competitive with around 10% higher overall capital cost. However, the membrane unit does not achieve high hydrogen purity because the investigated concept is limited to a maximum purity of around 95%. Therefore, hydrogen selective membrane technically requires an extra hydrogen purification step e.g. further membrane separations or a pressure swing adsorption (PSA). In addition to these two concepts, the influence of flue gas circulation, gasifier selection and an advanced solvent based on the sterically hindered amine AMP was investigated. Flue gas circulation (higher CO2-concentrations) has no influence on the regeneration energy requirements when a high binding-energy solvent like MEA is used. The main benefit is that flue gas circulation results with more compact absorption equipment. For AMP type of solvents flue gas circulation results in a substantial reduction in regeneration energy and the overall cost of CO2 avoided. 37% reduction

Fine particulate matter (PM) is relevant for human health and its components are associated with climate effects. The performance of chemistry transport models for PM, its components and precursor gases is relatively poor. The use of these models to assess the state of the atmosphere can be strengthened using data assimilation. This study focuses on simultaneous assimilation of sulphate and its precursor gas sulphur dioxide into the regional chemistry transport model LOTOS-EUROS using an ensemble Kalman filter. The process of going from a single component setup for SO2 or SO4 to an experiment in which both components are assimilated simultaneously is illustrated. In these experiments, solely emissions, or a combination of emissions and the conversion rates between SO2 and SO4 were considered uncertain. In general, the use of sequential data assimilation for the estimation of the sulphur dioxide and sulphate distribution over Europe is shown to be beneficial. However, the single component experiments gave contradicting results in direction in which the emissions are adjusted by the filter showing the limitations of such applications. The estimates of the pollutant concentrations in a multi-component assimilation have found to be more realistic. We discuss the behavior of the assimilation system for this application. The model uncertainty definition is shown to be a critical parameter. The increased complexity associated with the simultaneous assimilation of strongly related species requires a very careful specification of the experiment, which will be the main challenge in the future data assimilation applications. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Real-time imaging in the terahertz (THz) spectral range was achieved using an uncooled, 160 120 pixel infrared microbolometer camera and a milliwatt-scale quantum cascade laser (QCL). By replacing the camera's original focusing optics with a Tsurupica-based lens and minimizing diffraction effects incurred by the QCL output beam, an imaging scheme was developed in which the camera's focal plane array successfully detected wavelengths that are more than an order of magnitude longer than those for which the system is designed. Moreover, the incorporation of parabolic reflecting optics yielded a capability to produce high-resolution images of objects placed within the beam path. Despite the low laser powers employed, this scheme allows high-contrast imaging of various objects concealed by a wide range of nonmetallic materials confirming the suitability of this technology for homeland security screening applications. Furthermore, the identification of relatively obscure security features in British currency notes suggests that Terahertz imaging could serve a future role as a detection mechanism against assorted counterfeiting practices. An extensive comparative analysis of experimental data produced using two QCLs (resonating at 2.8 and 3.6 THz) provides additional insight into the physics underlying these results, and suggests methods by which this imaging technology could be further improved., The original document contains color images.

Single-photon core-valence double ionization of molecular oxygen has been studied using a magnetic bottle time-of-flight electron coincidence spectrometer. The K-1 V-1 double ionization electron spectrum of O2 is reported and is assigned with the aid of ab initio calculations. A direct comparison of the core-valence double ionization electron spectra with the conventional valence band photoelectron spectrum is made. The lowest core-valence double ionization energy is found to be 571.6 eV and is associated with a Π3 dicationic state., QC 20100929

During electrolysis of a solution containing Y(III) ions, a hydrous Y(OH)(3) film forms in the alkaline layer close to a hydrogen-evolving cathode. The film hinders the reduction of dissolved oxygen and activates the reduction of water, hydrogen evolution. The ability to hinder certain reactions while catalyzing hydrogen evolution may be useful in electrolysis applications. In this work the electrochemical properties of an in situ formed yttrium-hydroxide film were studied on an iron rotating disk electrode (RDE) in 0.5 M NaCl with addition of YCl3, NaClO, and of NaNO3. It was found that the film also hinders the reduction of protons, hypochlorite ions, and nitrate ions. At low concentration of Y(III) or at high current density, when the hydrogen evolution was vigorous, no activation of hydrogen evolution was observed. Under these conditions the film still hindered the reduction of ions. The reactant in the catalyzed hydrogen evolution reaction is most likely water molecules within the hydrous film. Nitrate ions were easily reduced on an iron cathode when no Y(III) ions were present in the solution. When studying effects of yttrium addition to a chloride solution the use of YCl3, rather than Y(NO3)(3), as Y(III) source is recommended., 20100901. Uppdaterad från submitted till published (20100901).

The fundamentals and thermodynamic analysis of high-temperature air combustion (HiTAC) technology is presented. The HiTAC is characterized by high temperature of combustion air having low oxygen concentration. This study provides a theoretical analysis of HiTA C process from the thermodynamic point of view. The results demonstrate the possibilities of reducing thermodynamic irreversibility of combustion by considering an oxygen-deficient combustion process that utilizes both gas and heat recirculations. HiTA C conditions reduce irreversibility. Furthermore, combustion with the use of oxygen (in place of air) is also analyzed. The results showed that a system, which utilizes oxygen as an oxidizer results in higher first and second law efficiencies as compared to the case with air as the oxidizer. The entropy generation for an adiabatic combustion process is reduced by more than 60% due to the effect of either preheating or oxygen enrichment. This study is aimed at providing technical guidance to further improve efficiency of a combustion process, which shows very small temperature increases due to mild chemical reactions., QC 20110525

Our recent research results on photonic crystal and plasmonic devices for photonic integration are reviewed here. Silicon-based photonic crystal waveguides, microcavities, and filters, as well as plasmonic waveguides will be presented., QC 20110325

We study the variability of the electrical characteristics of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) SB-MOSFETs. A new method by extracting the variation of the threshold voltage from a large number of devices with different SOI thicknesses enables determining the main sources of variability and distinguishing between them. It is found that the device-to-device variability is mainly due to the inherent variation of the Schottky barrier (SB) height. An additional but smaller contribution stems from fluctuations of the SOI body thickness itself. However, scaling the SOI thickness down our measurements suggest that the SB inhomogeneity increases with decreasing tsi. Furthermore, employing dopant segregation during silicidation to realize low SB heights leads to an increase of the variability, too. Using the measured spread of ΦB we discuss on the base of simulations the influence of this variation on the on-current of SB-MOSFETs. The improved electrostatic gate control in multi-gate devices reduces the sensitivity of carrier injection on an inhomogeneous ΦB and thus suppresses the variability., QC 20141027

We propose and experimentally demonstrate all optical format conversion from non-return-to-zero (NRZ) format to frequency-shift-keying (FSK) format based on free carrier dispersion effect in a silicon mode-split microring resonator. The injection of the high-power NRZ signal generates free carriers leading to the blue shift of the spectrum when a '1' comes. Therefore, there is a selective filtering for the two probes with certain separation located at different position of the split mode according to the information carried by the NRZ signal. Then the NRZ signal is converted to the FSK format. The microring resonator features ultra-compact size with a radius of 10 urn thus is suitable for integration with silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based optical and electronic devices. The split mode can provide large and variable frequency deviation for the FSK signal. 1 Gb/s NRZ signal is successfully converted to FSK format with a frequency deviation of 40 GHz, which can find application for interconnection between a metropolitan area networks (MAN) and a passive optical network (PON) system., QC 20141015

In this work, we have analyzed, fabricated and demonstrated concentric micro-ring resonators in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure for enhanced transmission notches. The operation principles of the concentric ring resonators are studied by time-domain coupled-mode theory. Directional coupling between concentric rings offers another freedom in designing deep notch optical filters and ultra-sensitive biosensors. The finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) simulations have shown the improvement of the notch depth, evenly distributed mode field and the effect of the resonance shift. The device is demonstrated in silicon-on-insulator structure. Transmission notch depth improvement of ~ 15dB is demonstrated for the 21-20.02-μm-radius double-ring structure comparing with the single 21-μm-radius ring., QC 20141016

We have developed a hepatocyte sandwich culture with improved mass transport properties based on ultra-thin microfabricated porous silicon nitride (Si3N4) membranes. The dimensions and uniformity of the membrane pores can be configurable, which confers more control over the mass transport. Instead of collagen gels used in conventional sandwich culture, we utilized galactose ligands immobilized on the Si3N4 membranes to support hepatocyte attachment and function in the sandwich culture. Diffusion studies using FITC-dextrans confirmed that mass transport of the microfabricated Si3N4 membrane based sandwich was significantly better than conventional collagen gel sandwich and can be configured by varying the porosity of the Si3N4 membrane. Hepatocytes cultured in the microfabricated Si3N4 membrane based sandwich culture exhibited earlier apical repolarization and biliary excretion, improved differentiated functions and enhanced drug sensitivity compared to hepatocytes cultured in a collagen gel sandwich. The Si3N4 membrane based sandwich culture allows for a systematic optimization of the mass transport properties of hepatocyte culture by changing the pore size and inter-pore distance. This will enable more effective drug testing applications where optimal mass transport is required for hepatocyte function maintenance and drug accessibility.

Titanium is a candidate as a structural material for all new tactical and armored ground vehicles, because of its high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and inherent ballistic resistance. However, titanium as a structural material is much less mature than both steel and aluminum alloys, especially in the area of joining. While welding is the typical joining method for titanium, vacuum brazing is an option in areas that are difficult to access for welding as well as areas near other nonmetallic materials, such as ceramics. This work focuses on vacuum brazing of titanium (both Ti-6Al-4V and commercially pure titanium) and the effect of processing changes (alloy, temperature, pressure), including post-braze hot isostatic pressing, on mechanical properties and microstructure. This study will examine the joining of both plate materials as well as lightweight, periodic pyramidal core structures. Shear and tensile testing is performed to determine the strength/ductility relationship to the various processing routes. Microscopy (optical and SEM) is employed to quantify the degree of bonding and to examine the microstructural changes, both within the base materials and at the bond line, associated with the process variations., The original document contains color images. Reprint from the Proceedings of the 3rd International Brazing and Soldering Conference, p268-273, San Antonio, TX, 24-26 Apr 2006.

Convergence into 4G wireless communication systems pushes the design of radio receivers beyond limits unconceivable only few years ago. The complexity of RF systems has increased enormously as new communication standards have appeared in the wireless scenario. The convergence trends, enabled by the advances in fabrication technology, have driven the Software Defined Radio (SDR) more and more into the RF and analog front-end. There is a clear need for design automation and advanced simulation techniques at the different levels that go from the system idea to chip fabrication. Reducing the number of design iterations between these levels is key in meeting the increasingly tight time-to-market constraints. As of today, there is not a single tool that covers the complete design flow. Instead, there is an intricate puzzle of design and simulation tools that focus on the various steps that go from system to silicon. The amount of RF and analog EDA tools available is certainly scarce in comparison with their digital counterparts. Most of the design work still depends on the radio engineer, making the process less than optimal. This paper describes some of the challenges faced by today's radio designers and discusses some of the solutions provided by the EDA community., QC 20100907

Epitaxial lateral overgrowth of InP was performed on patterned silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and compared with that on Si substrates in a low pressure hydride vapor phase epitaxy system. The InP was characterized by cathodoluminescence. No red shift of peak wavelength was detected for InP/SOI indicating a negligible thermal strain. Additional low energy peaks were found in some regions with a granular structure on the SOI template. A subsequent growth of an InGaAsP/InP MQW (multi quantum well) structure (λ∼1.5 μm) was grown on the SOI template and on a planar InP reference sample by metal-organic phase epitaxy. The MQW was characterized by room temperature photoluminescence. A red shift of 35 nm with respect to the reference sample was attributed to the selective-area effect causing thicker wells and/or an increased indium content. Although the PL intensity was weaker than that obtained for the reference, the FWHMs were comparable., QC 20100902

Metallic bone implants possess numerous problems limiting their efficacy, such as poor osseointegration, stress shielding, and corrosion in in vivo environments. In addition, these materials were not originally developed to simultaneously serve as an orthopedic implant and treat bone cancer (for which some patients require an orthopedic implant). This study is to investigate the potential use of selenium in bone implants to prevent bone cancer from re-occurring and support new bone growth. For this, selenium, spherical or semispherical shots, were etched using NaOH to obtain various surface structures ranging from the micron, sub micron to nano scales. Through these etching techniques, biologically inspired surface roughness values were created on selenium to match that of natural bone. In this manner, this study suggests a promising future for nanostructured selenium in orthopedic applications involving bone cancer treatment.

A prototype system for monitoring respiration and movement through metallic and non-metallic walls has been developed and demonstrated. The man-portable sensor uses high energy ultrasonic pulses and ultra low noise amplification of the return pulse echoes to detect the breathing or motion of individuals in an enclosed space. A real-time video display on the hand-held transducer assembly provides the user with a measure of the location of the detected motion to within one-foot accuracy, out to a maximum range of thirty feet. Pulse forming circuitry, data acquisition and processing electronics, and battery power are stowed in a backpack. The sensor was designed to penetrate through a variety of wall materials and configurations; however, a limitation exists on its ability to penetrate through multi-layer wall configurations, such as are commonly found in residential and commercial buildings, where a significant air gap might exist between the inner and outer wall layers. Potential applications for this sensor include search and rescue, law enforcement, and vehicle and container inspection., The original document contains color images.

The goal of this research project has been to develop simple models for the evaluation of the physics of different soil-mine-sensor systems. Our radar model requires as input: soil texture, water content, bulk density, particle density, and the depth of mine. Radar landmine sensors work well with nonmetallic mines in wet sand and silt soils and in dry clay soils whereas metallic mines are best detected in dry soils. Unfortunately, soil conditions can change over short distances. Therefore, a countermine specialist faces the considerable challenge of determining whether soil conditions are suitable for radar mine detection or are not suitable. In this project we also have simulated three-dimensional soil temperature distribution around landmines. At two times during each 24 hour period the thermal signature is at its maximum strength. Unfortunately, the time of appearance of the strongest thermal signature depends on soil texture, soil water content, and depth of the mine which makes it impossible to exactly predict at what time of the day it will occur. Therefore, a thermal infrared sensor will only give reliable mine detection information when used at the same location for at least six to twelve hours., The views, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy or decision, unless so designated by other documentation., The original document contains color images.

The fatigue lives of modern powder metallurgy (PM) disk alloys are influenced by variabilities in alloy microstructure and mechanical properties. These properties can vary due to the different steps of materials/component processing and machining. One of these variables, the presence of nonmetallic inclusions. has been shown to significantly degrade low-cycle fatigue (LCF) life. Nonmetallic inclusions are inherent defects in powder alloys that are a by-product of powder-processing techniques. Contamination of the powder can occur in the melt, daring powder atomization. or during any of the various handling processes through consolidation. In modem nickel disk powder processing facilities. the levels of inclusion contamination have been reduced to less than 1 part per million by weight. Despite the efforts of manufacturers to ensure the cleanliness of their powder production processes, the presence of inclusions remains a source of great concern for the designer. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects on fatigue life of these inclusions. Since natural inclusions occur so infrequently, elevated levels of inclusions were carefully introduced in a nickel-based disk superalloy, Udimet(registered) 720 (registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation), produced using PM processing. Multiple strain- controlled fatigue tests were then performed on this material at 650 deg C. Analyses were performed to compare the LCF lives and failure initiation sites as functions of inclusion content and fatigue conditions. A large majority of the failures in specimens with introduced inclusions occurred at cracks initiating from inclusions at the specimen surface. The inclusions could reduce fatigue life by up to 1003. These effects were found to be dependent on strain range and strain ratio. Tests at lower strain ranges and higher strain ratios produced larger effects of inclusions on life., Prepared for the Advanced Materials nad Processes for Gas Turbines Symposium sponsored by the United Engineer Foundation, held in Copper Mountain, Colorado on 22-26 September 2002.

Land mines are a major problem in many areas of the world. In spite of the fact that many different types of land mines sensors have been developed, the detection of non-metallic land mines remains very difficult. Most land mine detection sensors are affected by soil properties such as water content, temperature, electrical conductivity and dielectric constant. The most important of these is water content since it directly influences the three other properties in this study, the ground penetrating radar and thermal infrared sensors were used to identify non-metallic land mines ill different soil and water content conditions., Prepared in cooperation with TNO-FEL, The Hague, The Netherlands and Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH. Proceedings of SPIE, v4394 p409-416, 2001.

High-performance surface preparations for adhesive bonding of metals typically require the use of strong acids or bases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and hexavalent chromium. Surface preparations used for on-aircraft repair of aluminum rely on hazardous materials or inconvenient processing steps, or they do not yield adequate bond performance. Grit-blast/silane (GBS)', phosphoric acid containment system (PACS)2, which is a version of phosphoric acid anodize (PAA)3, and certain acid paste etches are the high-performance surface treatments currently available for on-aircraft application. All are used in conjunction with chromated, high- VOC primers. All are time consuming for on-aircraft repair. Furthermore,, their use is becoming more difficult due to existing and proposed environmental, safety, and health regulations., The original document contains color images.

Characterizing internal impact damage in composites can be difficult, especially in structurally complex composites or those consisting of many materials. Many methods for the nondestructive inspection/nondestructive testing (NDI/NDT) of materials have been known and used for many years, including x-ray film, real-time and digital radiographic techniques, and ultrasonic techniques. However, these techniques are generally not capable of mapping three-dimensional (3-D) complex damage patterns, which is necessary to visualize and understand damage cracking modes. X-ray computed tomography (CT) is broadly applicable to any material or test object through which a beam of penetrating radiation may be passed and detected, including metals, plastics, ceramics, metallic/nonmetallic composites, and assemblies. The principal advantage of CT is that it provides densitometric (e.g., radiological density and geometry) images of thin cross sections through an object. Because of the absence of structural superposition, the images are much easier to interpret than conventional radiological images. This report discusses current applications of advanced CT imaging to characterizing impact damage in metallic/nonmetallic composites. Examples, including encapsulated ceramics in metal matrix composites, will be presented.

This report results from a contract tasking Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry as follows: The contractor will investigate experimental techniques and international standards for the long-term stability of materials subjected to the space environment., "The original document contains color images"

In the COST E21-Action ""Contribution of Forests and Forestry to Mitigate Greenhouse Effects"", emphasis is put on the quantification of carbon storage in the forest ecosystems and on the understanding of linkages between human activities and climate change, particularly the role of forests and forestry. COST E21 integrates natural, socio-economic as well as methodological aspects relevant for reporting under the unitéd Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, as well as decision-making at the European level in the context of carbon mitigation in forest ecosystems. This Action is a pioneering attempt to co-ordinate research: to exchange experience and knowledge towards standardised greenhouse gas inventory accounting for forests over Europe. It will match, within four years (1999-2003), both scientific and political agendas. This paper gives a background presentation of the COST E21-Action, its work plan and its clearing house. It finally gives the outline of country specific information to the COST E21 as presented in this issue in a standard format.

Ireland has a rapidly expanding forest estate which covers some 9/ of the land area. It is government policy to increase this to 17/ by the year 2030. Preliminary studies suggest that forestry activities have the potential to contribute significantly to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Although some studies have been carried out the determination of the carbon stores and sinks in Irish forests will require a considerable research effort in the future. A key aspect of such studies will be field based studies which measure all components of the carbon cycle and their relationship to climatic and environmental conditions as well as management practices. Many of these issues will be addressed in the recently announced research programme of the Council for Forest Research and Development (COFORD).

Although steel with its high strength and toughness has been used extensively in all facets of construction, the joining of steels through welding has been problematic at best. The weld itself is the weakest part in any structure. This belief has been pervasive until recently when a microstructure called acicular ferrite was discovered. Acicular ferrite forms on non-metallic inclusions found within the weldment and when significant amounts are "grown", the weldment's toughness and strength approaches that of the steel-base plate. Unfortunately, the mechanism by which high level of acicular ferrite is nucleated in steel weld metal is unknown. This thesis is ground-breaking work in understanding this process and factors that can influence acicular ferrite formation. The present work has found that titanium-rich inclusions are the strongest acicular ferrite formers available, and goes on to suggest a new, undocumented compound may form if the proper amounts of titanium and aluminum within the weld are produced. The applications are far reaching as steel is used by all services for most all equipment.

This TOP provides procedures for evaluating the chemical compatibility of nonmetallis materials used in small arms systems (weapons/ammunition) by conditioning them in various chemical solutions. Physical properties of the material to be tested are measured before and after conditioning to determine the degradation attributable to the chemical solution. The chemicals used for the test are mainly used in military training, maintenance, and combat environments., Supersedes rept. Dated 3 Feb 87.

This report discusses various Concealed Weapon Detection (CWD) efforts and technologies which have evolved over the past few years. Information provided in this final technical report summarized programs being pursued based on National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and DARPA Grants and contract awards to move toward safe and dependable sensors to address the concealed weapon problem. These weapons are a major threat to both military and law enforcement personnel. The capability for CWD is a critical operational need for the Military, Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement communities in their various areas of operations, unique environments, and regulations each must operate under. The CWD technological challenge of the 1990's, and beyond, will include the detection of metallic and non-metallic weapons. Detection of concealed weapons posses severe technical challenges based on the target phenomenology, background and obscuring medium. Based on the maturity of the technologies and proprietary information restrictions, detailed information was not available to support our investigations and additional work will be required in the future.

This effort considers the integration of an ultrasound sensor with an active radar sensor. The purpose of the active-radar sensor is to provide long-range detection of concealed weapons. The radar will then hand over the detection data to the ultrasound sensor which will produce an image of the suspected weapon. The fusion of radar and ultrasound produces a long range/high probability of detection/low false alarm rate system. The system was tested on both metallic and non-metallic weapons concealed under a variety of clothing. This testing showed that the system was effective but was highly dependent on clothing thickness and material and aspect angle.

This report highlights studies performed in support of the development of advanced jet fuels, including JP-8+100, JP-900, and endothermic fuels. For the development of JP-8+100 fuel, we have tested hundreds of additives in both small and large scale test devices. We formulated combinations of the best additives (detergent/dispersant, hindered phenol antioxidant, and metal deactivator) and demonstrated their efficacy in reducing deposition under realistic aircraft conditions in large-scale simulator rigs. We optimized the concentrations of these additives for maximum effectiveness and minimum cost. We performed extensive studies of the compatibility of these fuel additives with current and future aircraft fuel system materials. We determined that the current best additives show no negative effects on both metallic and non-metallic fuel system materials. We also performed extensive studies on the fundamental processes of fuel oxidation, deposition, and pyrolysis. We made progress in support of development of future fuels such as JP-900 and endothermic fuels. Data set summaries of the much of the data obtained during the contract period are contained in the accompanying volume entitled, "Combustion and Heat Transfer; Volume 2 - Advanced Jet Fuels Data Sets.", ADA359361 ADA359362

Contains the papers presented at a Workshop on Intelligent Processing of High Performance Materials organized by the Applied Vehicle Technology Panel (AVT) of RTO, in Brussels, Belgium, 13-14 May 1998. The papers describe various aspects of intelligent processing, a methodology for simulating and controlling the processing and manufacture of materials, which is finding widespread application during the manufacture of functional electronic, photonic and composite materials as well as primary metals such as steel and aluminium. The papers are presented under the following headings: (1) Overview and analytical techniques; (2) Metallic materials applications; and (3) Non-metallic materials applications., Presented at the Workshop of the RTO Applied Vehicle Technology Panel, Brussels, Belgium, 13-14 May 1998. Text in English. Summary in English and French.

Microchemical analyses of the inclusions present in several shielded metal-arc steel weld metals were made by analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Low alloy C-Mn steel weld metal samples were studied in which only the titanium and aluminum contents varied significantly. Carbon extraction replicas were made from each of the weldments and the inclusions were analyzed in the TEM by energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS). The results indicated that, for weld metals containing small amounts of M (13 ppm), the inclusions were comprised of MnO-SiO2, TiO (maybe as a compound) and Cu(Mn)S. As the M content was increased to 160 ppm, Mn and Si no longer took part in the deoxidization process and the inclusion compositions were dominated by TiO and A12O3 along with some sulfides. For weld metal containing a much higher amount of Al (580 ppm) the inclusions became essentially mixtures of TiO, Al2O3 and TiN sometimes complexed with sulfides. These inclusion chemistries were predicted by the use of equilibrium thermodynamics and their effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel weld metals investigated.

An omnidirectional ultrasonic microprobe hydrophone is disclosed. Applications include underwater mine detection, explosive shock testing, high wave number measurements, medical imaging, and therapeutic systems. The apparatus includes at least two lead zirconate titanate (PZT) pressure sensing elements having a plurality of columnar voids formed therein. The pressure sensing elements are deposited on a metallic or nonmetallic substrate which provides mechanical support for the microprobe hydrophone. Electrical connection to the pressure sensing elements is made by deposition of conductors and insulators on the substrate material. Wire bonds are used to attach wire leads for connection to a supporting structure containing a preamplifier. Line arrays and planar arrays of microprobe hydrophone elements are also disclosed.

In December 1996, a test of three mine detection systems was held at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. This test compared prototype landmine detection systems manufactured by two contractors, Coleman Research Corporation (CRC) and GDE Systems, Inc. (GDE), with the Army's currently fielded electromagnetic induction mine detector, the AN/PSS-12. The two prototype systems under consideration integrate a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) with an electromagnetic induction metal detector. Both GDE the and CRC systems provide increased capability over the AN/PSS-12, but exhibited poor performance for detection of low-metallic and nonmetallic antipersonnel landmines.

ELECTRONIC FILE CHARACTERISTICS: 430 radar data files. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: 6 computer laser optical discs (CD-ROM); 4 3/4 in.; 2,699 MB. SYSTEMS DETAIL NOTE: Details on data acquisition and processing described in report. ABSTRACT: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was involved in DARPA's mine detection field experiments at Ft. Carson, Colorado and Ft. A. P. Hill, Virginia during the fall of 1996 (October 14-18, November 18-22). DARPA hosted a series of tests for the collection of clutter data using the latest technologies in the area of metallic and non-metallic mine detection techniques using electrical and/or magnetic sensing equipment. LLNL's role was to use high frequency radar to examine clutter areas and to examine the clutter environment in areas near intended targets. The following information provides an introduction to the techniques that LLNL used, shows the equipment and data collection process, and presents some of the 3D volumetric reconstructions. The data is grouped by field site location but also flows from introductory material to complete reconstructions. The specific details about the data acquisition methodology the data format, and the focused data sets are in the Appendices. Details about the radar unit itself are in the References., Report is accompanied by 6 CD-ROMs with radar data. Report has additional details on data collection and svnthesis. --Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white. Vol. 1-2, Ft. A.P. Hill Site, Va; Vol. 3-4, Seabee, Ft. Carson, CO Site; Vol. 5-6, Turkey Creek, Ft. Carson, CO Site.

ELECTRONIC FILE CHARACTERISTICS: Data files. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: 18 computer laser optical discs (CD-ROM); 4 3/4 in. ea.; 479-626MB. ABSTRACT: This report presents the results of the data collection and its subsequent format translation performed by Coleman Research Corporation (CRC). The objective of this effort was to use CRC's towed multi-sensor array system (ToMAS) to collect background and buried target data at four sites in Fort A. P. Hill and Fort Cannon, and to translate the data to a standard format. Analysis of the data will enhance the understanding of the clutter problem which plaques current vehicular mounted mine detection (VMMD). The resultant data has been integrated into a government backgrounds database that includes sensor data is available to all algorithm developers desiring to evaluate and enhance their detection and classification rules on real-world data without incurring the expenses of data collection hardware and its operation. This measurement and data translation program was performed under U.S. army Communications -Electronics Command (CECOM) contract number DAAB12-96-C-0018., Coleman Research Corp. (CRC) standard format (translated from CRC radar data); CRC uses a data fusion workstation to process and combine the data for 2-D and 3-D image displays. Appendix A of report contains listings of files on CD-ROMs. The 18 available discs are summarized in the report and detailed in the appendix. --Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

The Gordon Research Conference (GRC) on CORROSION-DRY was held at COLBY SWYER 1 from 7/20/97 thru 7/25/97. The Conference was well attended with 125 participants. The attendees represented the spectrum of endeavor in this field coming from academia, industry, and government laboratories, both U.S. and foreign scientists, senior researchers young investigators, and students. In designing the formal speakers program, emphasis was placed on current unpublished research and discussion of the future target areas in this field. There was a conscious effort to stimulate lively discussion about the key issues in the field today. Time for formal presentations was limited in the interest of group discussions. In order that more scientists could communicate their most recent results, poster presentation time was scheduled. The conference is focused on recent advances in understanding the fundamentals of oxidation/corrosion of oxidation-resistant alloys and ceramics, with emphasis on their role in high-temperature applications. Individual sessions ar Oxidation of Non-metallic Materials, Stress in Oxide Scales, Oxidation of TiAl, Thermal Barrier Coatings I, Thermal Barrier Coatings II, Internal Oxidation, Interfacial Processes, High Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Chromia-Formers Interface Instability in Ternary Systems.

SCOPE. This TOP describes the procedures for conducting oil analysis during vehicle testing to include the following: Physical Property Tests: water contamination, viscosity, acid/base number, fuel contamination by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis. Particle Count Analysis: on hydraulic fluid used in hydraulic systems. Spectrometric Oil Analysis: wear metals in lubricating oil, additive packages depletion, identification of other non-metal contaminants such as silicon and sodium. Ferrography: identification of wear metal particles for characterization (type of wear), foreign contamination (grease, coal, asbestos, carbon flakes), and quantitative analysis (wear particle concentration of large size particles to small size) to evaluate accelerated wear preceding component failure. Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis: identification of oil type, monitoring additive package depletion, contamination by water, fuel, antifreeze, monitoring soot buildup and oil degradation. Oil analysis information provides interval monitoring of the quality of the oil taken from various fluid-wetted components. Results will aid in the early detection of impending failures. Overall oil analysis information collected can be incorporated into the Army Oil Analysis Program (AOAP) groundwork for establishing routine testing criteria and sampling intervals for a specific vehicle or vehicle type.

An omnidirectional ultrasonic microprobe hydrophone is disclosed. Applications include underwater mine detection, explosive shock testing, high wave number measurements, medical imaging, and therapeutic systems. The apparatus includes at least two lead zirconate titanate (PZT) pressure sensing elements having a plurality of columnar voids formed therein. The pressure sensing elements are deposited on a metallic or nonmetallic substrate which provides mechanical support for the microprobe hydrophone. Electrical connection to the pressure sensing elements is made by deposition of conductors and insulators on the substrate material. Wire bonds are used to attach wire leads for connection to a supporting structure containing a preamplifier. Line arrays and planar arrays of microprobe hydrophone elements are also disclosed. An omnidirectional ultrasonic microprobe hydrophone is disclosed.

A series of monometallic and bimetallic transition metal complexes have been synthesized for incorporation into highly conductive and potentially superconductive materials. Studies of Ni(dmit)2(C(+))(x), as a function of cation (C(+)) type, have allowed elucidation of the effect of structure on electronic properties. A new class of bimetallic tetrathiooxalate (tto) bridged compounds were discovered that form new synthetic conductors. For example, the reaction of (Bu4N)2?ttoNi(dmit)2! with (TTF)3(BF4)2 led to a material with a conductivity of 0.4 S/cm. A full study of seven new bimetallic, and one new tetrametallic, complex has been carried out with single crystal X-ray structures determined.

Graphite or carbon particles with a graphitic skin are intercalated with a compound including an oxidized form of a metal and then reduced in a hydrogen atmosphere. This process reduces the driving force for the galvanic reaction between the particles and active metals in aqueous environments. The particles may be present as a reinforcement for a metal matrix (e.g.. graphite/aluminum metal matrix composites) or as a reinforcement for a non-metallic material (e.g., graphite/polyimide, graphite/polyester or graphite/cyanate composites). In the latter case, the composite is adjacent to a metal in a structure. By way of example, the graphite or carbon particle may he a fiber, the metal subject to attack may be aluminum or magnesium, and the intercalation compound may be NiCl2., Supersedes PAT-APPL-004 002-93, AD-D015 741.

The package-interface thermal switch (PITS) is an active temperature control device for modulating the flow of thermal energy from satellite equipment, such as electronic modules or batteries, to the satellite mounting deck which serves as a heat sink. PITS comprises a mounting bolt made of a shaped memory alloy (SMA) actuating bolt and a non-metallic rod with a helical spring surrounding it forming a mounting bolt for a satellite equipment package. At least four mounting bolts are used for installing the equipment package and are preloaded to a predetermined stress representing the desired thermal conductance between the heat sink and the package. The SMA actuating bolt is in thermal contact with the component or package and expands or contracts as the result of changing package temperature and the helical 'return' spring forces against the SMA actuating bolt portion of the PITS, increasing ('hot-on' condition) or decreasing ('cold-off' condition) the pressure of the package against the mounting deck. As the PITS changes its total length, the thermal conductance between the two objects is increased or decreased. Thus thermal conductance changes as a direct function of package temperature, resulting in active temperature control. The simple design of the PITS reduces the cost and weight of the thermal control subsystem in satellites and its high reliability eliminates the requirement for thermal design verification testing., Supersedes PAT-APPL-449 581-95, AD-D017 638.

The 1995 edition of the Project Book summarizes projects the Wright Laboratory Manufacturing Technology Directorate has in progress or has completed since the 1994 Project Book Update. It is a 'living' document with the specific purpose of promoting the transfer of technology which has been developed through investments in the defense industrial base. It is designed to provide you with enough information to determine which projects might be useful to you. Each project is summarized on a single page containing an explanation of why the project was needed, what approach was used to accomplish the effort, the benefits expected to be realized, the project's current status. the name of the project engineer, and the performing contractor. The project descriptions have been written in layman's language in order to promote understanding to the widest audience possible. The intent is to enable the reader to determine if the project could be useful and then provide more detailed technical information upon request. Though this report is approved for public release, many of the technical reports are subject to special distribution controls. (MM)

There is currently no test designed specifically to test the spread of flame on nonmetallic piping. Such a test is required to meet the International Maritime Organization's requirements for use of nonmetallic pipe on board vessels. This work considers the suitability of two modified tests and their acceptance criteria for meeting this testing requirement. The two tests are (a) the IEC publication 332-3 (Flame Spread Test for Electric Cable) as modified by IMO FP 33/11/4 and (b) the Test for Surface Flammability for Bulkhead, Ceiling, and Deck Finish Materials, IMO Resolution A.653(16). Both tests were found to be executable. Data collected using the IEC test procedure was highly dependent on the test geometry. A method to 'correct' this data to a set of standard conditions was developed. Theory predicts that data obtained from the IMO test procedure should also depend on test geometry. In most instances the data did not reflect this dependency. Several geometrically sensitive parameters were involved in each test. The effects of these parameters appear to be offsetting for the conditions tested. jg