Search

Movement patterns in preterm infants can offer crucial insights into their physiological state including maturational development and sleep. These patterns can also serve as early indicators for potential deteriorations, such as cerebral palsy, sepsis, and epilepsy. In this study, we investigated a novel 2-D optical fiber mat system for the automated monitoring of infant movement, thereby enhancing the efficiency and safety of neonatal care in both the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and neonatal medium care unit (NMCU). The 20 preterm infants admitted to both NICU and NMCU were enrolled in the study. They underwent monitoring for a duration of 2–5 h using both an optical fiber mat and a camera which provided valuable movement annotations. The signals from the fiber mat were quantified, selected, and then integrated into a consolidated movement signal. This signal was subsequently transformed into binary states, distinguishing between “movement” and “still” based on the distribution of the movement signal. The proposed fiber mat system achieved a mean [standard deviation (SD)] area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.91 (0.05), and an F-score of 0.73 (0.09), when compared with manually annotated video recordings. This study demonstrates the feasibility of continuous movement monitoring for preterm infants within hospital settings. It illustrates the promising potential to evolve into a predictive tool for monitoring patient deterioration through the fusion of physiological information in both hospital environments and within the comfort of homes.

The reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi) is a highly mobile and plankton-feeding species, classified vulnerable to extinction on the IUCN Red List for Threatened Species. Knowledge on their spatial ecology and the extent of their dispersal remain incomplete, especially within island-fragmented habitats as found in New Caledonia. Satellite telemetry was used to investigate the horizontal movement ecology of reef manta rays in New Caledonia. A total of 21 manta rays were tagged with pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags (21 Fastloc and 2 MiniPAT) that remained deployed for a duration ranging from 3 to 180 days (mean ± SE = 76.7 ± 50.3). Rays presented a strong site fidelity and an important affinity for coastal waters. Long-distance migrations (> 300 km) were also observed, mainly through coastal and shallow water paths. Horizontal movements were compared to a home range area and classified into four distinct patterns: Fidelity, Excursion, Fidelity + Relocation and Relocation. The most dominant pattern was Fidelity where manta rays remained within their home range for the whole duration of the tag deployment. Our findings may assist the design of more appropriate management strategies for the species in New Caledonia and other regions worldwide.

In this paper, a new method is proposed to detect traffic regulations at intersections using GPS traces. The knowledge of traffic rules for regulated locations can help various location-based applications in the context of Smart Cities, such as the accurate estimation of travel time and fuel consumption from a starting point to a destination. Traffic regulations as map features, however, are surprisingly still largely absent from maps, although they do affect traffic flow which, in turn, affects vehicle idling time at intersections, fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and arrival time. In addition, mapping them using surveying equipment is costly and any update process has severe time constraints. This fact is precisely the motivation for this study. Therefore, its objective is to propose an automatic, fast, scalable, and inexpensive way to identify the type of intersection control (e.g., traffic lights, stop signs). A new method based on summarizing the collective behavior of vehicle crossing intersections is proposed. A modification of a well-known clustering algorithm is used to detect stopping and deceleration episodes. These episodes are then used to categorize vehicle crossing of intersections into four possible traffic categories (p1: free flow, p2: deceleration without stopping events, p3: only one stopping event, p4: more than one stopping event). The percentages of crossings of each class per intersection arm, together with other speed/stop/deceleration features, extracted from trajectories, are then used as features to classify the intersection arms according to their traffic control type (dynamic model). The classification results of the dynamic model are compared with those of the static model, where the classification features are extracted from OpenStreetMap. Finally, a hybrid model is also tested, where a combination of dynamic and static features is used, which outperforms the other two models. For each of the three models, two variants of the feature

The reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi) is a highly mobile and plankton-feeding species, classified vulnerable to extinction on the IUCN Red List for Threatened Species. Knowledge on their spatial ecology and the extent of their dispersal remain incomplete, especially within island-fragmented habitats as found in New Caledonia. Satellite telemetry was used to investigate the horizontal movement ecology of reef manta rays in New Caledonia. A total of 21 manta rays were tagged with pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags (21 Fastloc and 2 MiniPAT) that remained deployed for a duration ranging from 3 to 180 days (mean ± SE = 76.7 ± 50.3). Rays presented a strong site fidelity and an important affinity for coastal waters. Long-distance migrations (> 300 km) were also observed, mainly through coastal and shallow water paths. Horizontal movements were compared to a home range area and classified into four distinct patterns: Fidelity, Excursion, Fidelity + Relocation and Relocation. The most dominant pattern was Fidelity where manta rays remained within their home range for the whole duration of the tag deployment. Our findings may assist the design of more appropriate management strategies for the species in New Caledonia and other regions worldwide.

Immature individuals move from their natal area to the area where they settle and reproduce, and this may take several years. This process is essential for long-lived species such as vultures and condors, which spend long periods as immature and move extensively. We studied the movement behavior of 26 GPS-tagged immature Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) from northwestern Patagonia throughout the immature stage, analyzing whether these patterns differed according to age, sex and season. We found that season and age influenced home range size and flight distances, the warm season being when immature condors move most; movement patterns were greater in sub-adults than in juveniles. The age effect was associated with the sex of individuals, with males increasing their home range more than females. Our results provide the first description of how immature Andean condor movement patterns are affected by internal and external factors. This information could be key to understanding condor responses to environmental change and threats at different stages during their immature phase. Until now, condor conservation efforts have not considered the areas used by dispersing individuals. Our results increase our understanding of ranging behavior during the immature stage of this threatened bird, enabling us to improve the conservation policies and management strategies designed to protect them.

This paper aims to explore if the presence of diverse tourist profiles staying in the same accommodation hub of a mature Mediterranean coastal destination also implies specific intra-destination visiting preferences. The study uses Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to detect tourist profiles according to their socio-demographic and psychographic factors, as well as their trip organisation characteristics. Then, selection corrected estimations are used to focus on the side trips each profile is more willing or reluctant to make from the accommodation hub. Results show a wide range of tourist profiles with a high level of heterogeneity regarding individual characteristics and intra-destination visiting preferences. This provides further understanding of tourist choices at a destination and empirical evidence that allows breaking away from the traditional static, beach-focused view of coastal tourists. In turn, this informs the destination and its stakeholders so that they can apply the appropriate planning, management and branding tools to adapt the destination and its products and services to the different tourism targets. The implementation of this kind of studies and the use of their results by local stakeholders as strategy for diversification and competitiveness growth would make the whole destination more competitive.

År 2020 slog coronapandemin till i norden och ett av de områden som kom att bli drabbat var Greater Copenhagen vilket är ett samarbete mellan Sverige och Danmark med Öresundsbron som förbindelse. Restriktionerna som begränsade antalet människor som kunde vistas på en och samma plats var en av de primära åtgärderna för att minska smittspridningen av Covid-19 och till följd påverkades Greater Copenhagens rörelsemönster inklusive Öresundsbrons. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera rörelsemönstret över Öresundsbron under Covid-19-pandemin 2019 till 2021, samt föra en diskussion gällande Greater Copenhagens hantering av rörelsemönstret och restriktionerna under pandemin. Metod: För att få svar på frågeställningarna har det samlats in sekundärdata från olika institutioner och författare. Vidare kommer detta att jämföras och diskuteras med hjälp av teori och tidigare forskning. Resultat: Det framkom att coronapandemin haft en inverkan på Greater Copenhagens rörelsemönster och framförallt Öresundsbron. Med en minskning av cirka 3 000 000 fordon mellan åren 2019-2020 till följd av restriktioner och Danmarks gränsstängning. Det framkommer att under sommarmånaderna 2020 och 2021 var trafiken som allra högst. Vidare noteras att antalet fordon över Öresundsbron som mest var 5 496 bilpendlarresor per dag under 2019 medan motsvarande statistik för 2020 visar att siffran endast var 2 025 bilpendlarresor per dag. Detta visar att utvecklingen av rörelsemönstret drabbats av pandemin., In 2020, the corona pandemic began spreading through the Nordic countries and one of the affected areas was Greater Copenhagen, which is a collaboration between Sweden and Denmark which are connected through the Öresund bridge. When restrictions were introduced, these became the primary measures to reduce the spread of Covid-19 and as a result, Greater Copenhagen's movement patterns, including the Öresund Bridge, were affected. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the movement pattern over the Öresund Bridge during the Covid-19 pandemic 2019 to 2021, and to have a discussion regarding Greater Copenhagen's handling of the movement pattern and the restrictions during the pandemic. Method: To answer the questions, secondary data was collected from various institutions and authors. Furthermore, this will be compared and discussed with the help of theories and previous research. Results: It emerged that the corona pandemic had an impact on Greater Copenhagen's movement patterns and, above all, the Öresund Bridge. With a reduction of approximately 3,000,000 vehicles between the years 2019-2020 as a result of restrictions and the border closure of Denmark. It appears that during the summer months of 2020 and 2021, traffic was at its highest. Furthermore, it is noted that the number of vehicles over the Öresund Bridge was 5,496 car commuter trips per day in 2019, while the corresponding statistics for 2020 show that the figure was only 2,025 car commuter trips per day. This shows that the development of the movement pattern was affected by the pandemic.

Bakgrund: COVID-19-pandemin har kommit att påverka hela samhället och även fastighetsägarna. På grund av alltmer hemmavarande kom hemmet att få nya användningsområden och en större betydelse vilket har resulterat i förändrade boendepreferenser. På grund av dessa förändrade mönster hos kunder har fastighetsägarna mött nya utmaningar. Men hur dessa utmaningar har sett ut och vad det har inneburit för fastighetsägarna är ännu outforskat. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur fastighetsägare med hyresbostadsbestånd har påverkats av COVID-19-pandemin. Metod: Undersökningen har antagit en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer har legat till grund för datainsamlingen. Resultat: Resultaten visar på hur kostnader kopplat till fastigheterna ökade, däribland vattenförbrukningen, städkostnaderna och sophanteringen. Vidare visar resultaten hur kundärendena kraftigt ökade under COVID-19-pandemin. Kundärendena kom att bestå av felanmälningar, rivnings- och underhållsanmälningar samt störningsärenden. För att möta kundernas ökade kontaktbehov kom digitaliseringen att få ett uppsving då mycket av tidigare dagligt arbete, kommunikation och service som har skett fysisk vilket resulterade i att det nu kom att behöva ersättas med digitala varianter under COVID-19-pandemin. Resultaten visar också på hur mycket av de förändringar som ägt rum kan förklaras av människans förändrade beteenden vilket grundar sig i att människan är ett flockdjur och är högst beroende av sin omgivning., Background: The COVID-19-pandemic has come to affect the whole community including property owners. Due to the increasing number of people being at home, the home has been giving new uses and a bigger important, which has resulted in changed housing performances. Due to the this changed patterns at customers, property owners have faced new challenges. But what these challenges have looked like and what it has meant for property owners is still unexplored. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how property owners with rental housing stocks have been affected by the COVID-19-panddemic. Method: The survey has adopted a quality approach where semi-structed interviews have been the bases for the data collection. Results: The results show how costs associated with properties increased, including water consumption, cleaning costs and waste management. Furthermore, the results show how costumer cases sharply increased during the COVID-19-pandemic. The costumer cases came to consist of fault reports, demolition and maintenance reports and disturbance cases. To meet customer’ increase contact needs, digitalization got a boost as match of previously daily work, communication and service that have taken place physically, which resulted in it now having to be replaced with digital variants during the COVID-19-pandemic. The results also show how much of the changes that have taken place can be explained by the people’s changed behaviours which are based on the fact that human is a herd animal and it is highly dependent on it is environment.

This paper provides an update of the study on habitat use for swordfish, developed within the working plan of the Swordfish Species Group of ICCAT. A total of 26 miniPAT tags have been deployed so far in the North (n=13) and South Atlantic (n=9) and the Mediterranean (n=4). Data from eight tags was analysed for horizontal and vertical habitat use. These preliminary results showed swordfish moved in several directions, travelling considerable distances in both the North and South stocks. Swordfish spent most of the daytime in deeper waters with a mean of 540.8 m, being closer to the surface during nighttime (mean=78.3 m). The deepest dive recorded was of 1480 m. Regarding temperature, swordfish inhabited waters with temperatures ranging from 3.9ºC to 30.5ºC with a mean of 11.3ºC during daytime and 21.7ºC during nighttime. The main plan for the next phase of the project is to continue the tag deployment during 2022 in several regions of the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Currently 11 tags are with the participating CPCs and nine tags are still to be attributed.

År 2020 slog coronapandemin till i norden och ett av de områden som kom att bli drabbat var Greater Copenhagen vilket är ett samarbete mellan Sverige och Danmark med Öresundsbron som förbindelse. Restriktionerna som begränsade antalet människor som kunde vistas på en och samma plats var en av de primära åtgärderna för att minska smittspridningen av Covid-19 och till följd påverkades Greater Copenhagens rörelsemönster inklusive Öresundsbrons. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera rörelsemönstret över Öresundsbron under Covid-19-pandemin 2019 till 2021, samt föra en diskussion gällande Greater Copenhagens hantering av rörelsemönstret och restriktionerna under pandemin. Metod: För att få svar på frågeställningarna har det samlats in sekundärdata från olika institutioner och författare. Vidare kommer detta att jämföras och diskuteras med hjälp av teori och tidigare forskning. Resultat: Det framkom att coronapandemin haft en inverkan på Greater Copenhagens rörelsemönster och framförallt Öresundsbron. Med en minskning av cirka 3 000 000 fordon mellan åren 2019-2020 till följd av restriktioner och Danmarks gränsstängning. Det framkommer att under sommarmånaderna 2020 och 2021 var trafiken som allra högst. Vidare noteras att antalet fordon över Öresundsbron som mest var 5 496 bilpendlarresor per dag under 2019 medan motsvarande statistik för 2020 visar att siffran endast var 2 025 bilpendlarresor per dag. Detta visar att utvecklingen av rörelsemönstret drabbats av pandemin., In 2020, the corona pandemic began spreading through the Nordic countries and one of the affected areas was Greater Copenhagen, which is a collaboration between Sweden and Denmark which are connected through the Öresund bridge. When restrictions were introduced, these became the primary measures to reduce the spread of Covid-19 and as a result, Greater Copenhagen's movement patterns, including the Öresund Bridge, were affected. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the movement pattern over the Öresund Bridge during the Covid-19 pandemic 2019 to 2021, and to have a discussion regarding Greater Copenhagen's handling of the movement pattern and the restrictions during the pandemic. Method: To answer the questions, secondary data was collected from various institutions and authors. Furthermore, this will be compared and discussed with the help of theories and previous research. Results: It emerged that the corona pandemic had an impact on Greater Copenhagen's movement patterns and, above all, the Öresund Bridge. With a reduction of approximately 3,000,000 vehicles between the years 2019-2020 as a result of restrictions and the border closure of Denmark. It appears that during the summer months of 2020 and 2021, traffic was at its highest. Furthermore, it is noted that the number of vehicles over the Öresund Bridge was 5,496 car commuter trips per day in 2019, while the corresponding statistics for 2020 show that the figure was only 2,025 car commuter trips per day. This shows that the development of the movement pattern was affected by the pandemic.

Bakgrund: COVID-19-pandemin har kommit att påverka hela samhället och även fastighetsägarna. På grund av alltmer hemmavarande kom hemmet att få nya användningsområden och en större betydelse vilket har resulterat i förändrade boendepreferenser. På grund av dessa förändrade mönster hos kunder har fastighetsägarna mött nya utmaningar. Men hur dessa utmaningar har sett ut och vad det har inneburit för fastighetsägarna är ännu outforskat. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur fastighetsägare med hyresbostadsbestånd har påverkats av COVID-19-pandemin. Metod: Undersökningen har antagit en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer har legat till grund för datainsamlingen. Resultat: Resultaten visar på hur kostnader kopplat till fastigheterna ökade, däribland vattenförbrukningen, städkostnaderna och sophanteringen. Vidare visar resultaten hur kundärendena kraftigt ökade under COVID-19-pandemin. Kundärendena kom att bestå av felanmälningar, rivnings- och underhållsanmälningar samt störningsärenden. För att möta kundernas ökade kontaktbehov kom digitaliseringen att få ett uppsving då mycket av tidigare dagligt arbete, kommunikation och service som har skett fysisk vilket resulterade i att det nu kom att behöva ersättas med digitala varianter under COVID-19-pandemin. Resultaten visar också på hur mycket av de förändringar som ägt rum kan förklaras av människans förändrade beteenden vilket grundar sig i att människan är ett flockdjur och är högst beroende av sin omgivning., Background: The COVID-19-pandemic has come to affect the whole community including property owners. Due to the increasing number of people being at home, the home has been giving new uses and a bigger important, which has resulted in changed housing performances. Due to the this changed patterns at customers, property owners have faced new challenges. But what these challenges have looked like and what it has meant for property owners is still unexplored. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how property owners with rental housing stocks have been affected by the COVID-19-panddemic. Method: The survey has adopted a quality approach where semi-structed interviews have been the bases for the data collection. Results: The results show how costs associated with properties increased, including water consumption, cleaning costs and waste management. Furthermore, the results show how costumer cases sharply increased during the COVID-19-pandemic. The costumer cases came to consist of fault reports, demolition and maintenance reports and disturbance cases. To meet customer’ increase contact needs, digitalization got a boost as match of previously daily work, communication and service that have taken place physically, which resulted in it now having to be replaced with digital variants during the COVID-19-pandemic. The results also show how much of the changes that have taken place can be explained by the people’s changed behaviours which are based on the fact that human is a herd animal and it is highly dependent on it is environment.

The ecological success of ants relies on their high level of sociality and cooperation between genetically related nestmates. However, these group-living insects suffer from elevated risks of disease outbreak in the whole nest. To face this sanitary challenge, social and spatial distancing of pathogen-exposed individuals from susceptible nestmates appear to be simple, although efficient, ways to limit the propagation of contact-transmitted pathogens. Here we question whether spatial distancing in Myrmica rubra ants is an active response of diseased individuals that correlates with their level of infectiousness. We contaminated foragers with spores of Metarhizium brunneum entomopathogenic fungus. We daily tracked the location of these pathogen-exposed individuals and we analyzed their movement patterns until their death on the 5th day post-contamination. Quite unexpectedly, we found that contagious individuals, whose body was covered with infectious spores, did not reduce their mobility nor stayed far away from larvae in order to limit pathogen transmission to healthy nestmates. Spatial distancing occurred later when diseased individuals were no longer contagious because spores had penetrated their body. These sick ants mainly stayed outside the nest, were less mobile and showed a shift from a superdiffusive to subdiffusive walking pattern. Furthermore, these diseased ants did not actively head towards directions that were opposite to the nest entrance. This study found no evidence for early spatial distancing by contaminated M.rubra workers that would fit to the actual risk of colony-wide contagion. Coupled to a lower mobility and area-reduced walking patterns, the late distancing of moribund individuals appears to be a symptom of sickness resulting from fungus-induced physical and physiological dysfunctions. Besides questioning the truly altruistic nature of death in isolation in this system (and potentially others), we discuss about the ecological and physiologica, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This study provides a first attempt to describe the historical distribution and movement patterns of selected large herbivore (LH) species in Limpopo National Park (LNP), an area in Mozambique today connected to a network of transboundary conservation areas. Between 1976 and the early 2000s, most LH species were absent in this area following the civil war in Mozambique followed by intense poaching due to weak law enforcement capacity. Through the reconstruction of the historical and current distribution and movement patterns of seven LH species in five periods, we investigate possible changes in distribution and movement patterns over time. Data collection is based on a systematic literature search, censuses reports, online databases, dung count transects, and camera trap surveys. We mapped all LH observations and movements using ArcGIS 10.1. Our results reveal a dramatic collapse of LH populations between the peak of the colonial period and the post-colonial/civil war period (1800–2001), followed by a slight recovery from the post-proclamation of Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park to the current period (2002–2021). While LH population decline applied to all seven species, there are species-specific differences in the process of restoration: African elephant (Loxodonta africana), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), and plains zebra (Equus quagga) appear to recover to a greater extent than giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), eland (Tragelaphus oryx), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), and white rhino (Ceratotherium simum). We found evidence of the functioning of proposed wildlife corridors in the LNP. The results give reason to assume that restoration of populations of LH is still in a very early and vulnerable state and that further efforts are necessary to strengthen the slowly increasing populations of LH. Our results highlight the importance of combining past and current data as a guide for the restoration of threatened species in African savannas impacted by hu, Peer Reviewed

In the past 500 years humans have been an immense driver of change capable of causing what is recognized as the sixth mass extinction (Ceballos et al., 2020). The extinction of species and populations, and the decline of populations numbers have been documented in terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems with alarming consequences for the coexisting species, and for the provision of ecosystem services crucial for humans (Dirzo et al., 2014; McCauley et al., 2015). Hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is one in thousands of species threatened with extinction (IUCN, 2021). It is considered Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is estimated to have a global decline of nesting females of over 80% in just 3 generations (approx. 100 years; Mortimer and Donnelly, 2008). The main factors influencing its decrease are the direct harvest of individuals to sustain a global shell trade, the transformation of nesting and foraging habitats, bycatch mortality of juveniles and adults in industrial and small-scale fisheries, and a vulnerable life history with maturity at 20-40 years (Miller et al., 2019; Wallace et al., 2011b). This is particularly relevant for the Eastern Pacific hawksbill population, believed to be the most endangered of all hawksbill populations (Gaos et al., 2010; Wallace et al., 2010). Marine protected areas are an important tool to protect and manage marine species. In particular, marine reserves or no-take zones have proved to be beneficial due to the full protection from all extractive activities when they are well designed and both socially and policy supported (Gill et al., 2017). Nevertheless, spatial conservation planning for hawksbill sea turtles is hard due to their vast distribution ranges which can include several jurisdictional borders, and their dependence to two of the most productive coastal systems, reefs and mangrove estuaries, which are also important for small-scale fisheries (Aburto-Oropeza et al., 20

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School Allied Health Sciences, Griffith Health, The present thesis aimed to increase our understanding of women’s football to improve player preparation and on-field performances. The present thesis provided a comprehensive examination of the literature to update the current understanding of women’s football and identify the current gaps within the literature. Furthermore, the present thesis also aimed to further explore deceleration, an area that has been largely ignored when describing the movement patterns of football. The present thesis consists of three comprehensive reviews and two experimental investigations. The literature reviews focused on female football players and the contextual factors that are associated with the physical and physiological characteristics and the movement patterns of competition. Given the limited research surrounding deceleration, the final review investigated research based on football and team-sports in general to further enhance our understanding of deceleration. The two experimental investigations included the examination of acceleration, deceleration, and high-speed running profiles of players during international and domestic matches. The second experimental investigation examined a measure of deceleration ability that accounted for a players’ momentum (i.e. DECELindex) and determined if strength and anthropometric characteristics were associated with deceleration ability in female football players. Movement pattern data for the analysis of international and domestic matches was collected using 10 Hz GPS units. Fifteen players from an Australian domestic team and 18 players from the Australian women’s football team participated in the investigation. The investigation of DECELindex included 13 elite female football players who participated in anthropometry and physical performance testing. The investigative reviews highlighted speed, power, and endurance as important characteristics for female football players. The ability to perform high-speed running and sprinting was assoc

Purpose: This study examined the physiological sport-specific demands (total distance, mean velocity, effective game time, and time in five velocity zones) in elite bandy players of offensive and defensive playing positions. Method: Data were collected with 10 Hz GPS-units in the Swedish Elite League during the season 2015/16. Ten male elite bandy players were examined during 13 matches. Data were analyzed with Independent Samples Test and with descriptive statistics. Result: Analysis showed that defensive positions covered a significantly longer (p < .001) total distance (23.2 ± 2.4 km vs 21.1 ± 3.5 km) compared to the offensive positions. Significantly higher (p < .001) mean velocity was found in offensive positions (17.8 ± 1.0 km/h vs 15.5 ± 1.6 km/h) in relation to defensive positions. In variable effective game time analysis exposed significant differences (p < .001) between offensive positions and defensive positions (90.4 ± 3.5 min vs 71.3 ± 11.9 min). Furthermore, in easy and moderate skating defensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time and in fast, very fast, and sprint skating offensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time in relation to each other. The descriptive analysis of positions indicates that libero, defender, and half have the longest game time, half skate the longest distance, and forward have the highest mean velocity during the game. Conclusion: From a practical perspective, the result can provide coaches knowledge when planning the setup in training drills. Thus, the training sessions could be more specific to the playing position, which could maximize the player's physiological outcome in order to optimize performance.

Purpose: This study examined the physiological sport-specific demands (total distance, mean velocity, effective game time, and time in five velocity zones) in elite bandy players of offensive and defensive playing positions. Method: Data were collected with 10 Hz GPS-units in the Swedish Elite League during the season 2015/16. Ten male elite bandy players were examined during 13 matches. Data were analyzed with Independent Samples Test and with descriptive statistics. Result: Analysis showed that defensive positions covered a significantly longer (p < .001) total distance (23.2 ± 2.4 km vs 21.1 ± 3.5 km) compared to the offensive positions. Significantly higher (p < .001) mean velocity was found in offensive positions (17.8 ± 1.0 km/h vs 15.5 ± 1.6 km/h) in relation to defensive positions. In variable effective game time analysis exposed significant differences (p < .001) between offensive positions and defensive positions (90.4 ± 3.5 min vs 71.3 ± 11.9 min). Furthermore, in easy and moderate skating defensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time and in fast, very fast, and sprint skating offensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time in relation to each other. The descriptive analysis of positions indicates that libero, defender, and half have the longest game time, half skate the longest distance, and forward have the highest mean velocity during the game. Conclusion: From a practical perspective, the result can provide coaches knowledge when planning the setup in training drills. Thus, the training sessions could be more specific to the playing position, which could maximize the player's physiological outcome in order to optimize performance.

Under det senaste året har våra vardagsliv förändrats. Från en dag till en annan slutade vi gå till arbete och skola för att i stället arbeta och studera på distans. Tidigare har många använt sig av kollektivtrafik för att underlätta vardagen och förflytta sig i samhället. Idag däremot har vi tydliga rekommendationer från Folkhälsomyndigheten (2021) att i största möjliga mån undvika att resa med kollektivtrafik för att minska smittspridningen. Detta har lett till att allt fler väljer bilen som sitt främsta färdmedel, vilket skapar funderingar på vad för konsekvenser förändrade rörelsemönster inom kollektivtrafiken kan få för staden och dess invånare.Avsikten med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka hur rörelsemönster i kollektivtrafiken i Karlstads kommun har sett ut både innan och under den pågående pandemin, Covid-19.Uppsatsen förankras i tidigare forskning, rapporter från organisationer och myndigheter, samt en enkätstudie. Med hjälp av dessa gavs tillräckligt med material för att kunna diskutera,analysera och besvara frågeställningarna om förändrade rörelsemönster i Karlstads kommuns kollektivtrafik innan och under Covid-19. Resultatet visade bland annat att fler än vad vi anatendast reste 0–2 gånger i veckan med kollektivtrafiken i Karlstads kommun innan Covid-19, men att denna siffra även blev högre under Covid-19. Det syns dock dels en skillnad mellan könen där män reser oftare med bil än kvinnor, dels en skillnad beroende på sysselsättning där studenter (gymnasie- och universitetsnivå) reser med kollektivtrafik mer regelbundet samt i högre utsträckning., During the past year, our everyday lives have changed. From one day to the next we stopped going to work and school to instead work and study from home. In the past, many have used public transport to facilitate their everyday life and move around in society. Today, however, we have clear recommendations from the Swedish Public HealthAgency/Folkhälsomyndigheten (2021) to avoid travelling by public transport as much as possible to reduce the spread of infection. This has led to an increase in use of the car as the main means of transport, which creates thoughts about what consequences changed movement patterns in public transport can have for the city and its inhabitants.The purpose of this thesis is therefore to investigate how movement patterns in public transport in Karlstad municipality have looked like before and during the ongoing pandemic, Covid-19. The thesis is based on previous research, reports from organizations and authorities, as well as a survey. With the help of these, sufficient material was provided to be able to discuss, analyze and answer the questions about changed movement patterns in Karlstad municipality's public transport before and during Covid-19. The results showed, among other things, that more people than we anticipated only traveled 0–2 times a week by public transport in Karlstad municipality before Covid-19, but that this figure also became higher during Covid-19. However, there is a difference between the sexes, where men travel more often by car than women, and a difference depending on employment where students (high school and university level) travel by public transport more regularly and to a greater extent.

In the past 500 years humans have been an immense driver of change capable of causing what is recognized as the sixth mass extinction (Ceballos et al., 2020). The extinction of species and populations, and the decline of populations numbers have been documented in terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems with alarming consequences for the coexisting species, and for the provision of ecosystem services crucial for humans (Dirzo et al., 2014; McCauley et al., 2015). Hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is one in thousands of species threatened with extinction (IUCN, 2021). It is considered Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is estimated to have a global decline of nesting females of over 80% in just 3 generations (approx. 100 years; Mortimer and Donnelly, 2008). The main factors influencing its decrease are the direct harvest of individuals to sustain a global shell trade, the transformation of nesting and foraging habitats, bycatch mortality of juveniles and adults in industrial and small-scale fisheries, and a vulnerable life history with maturity at 20-40 years (Miller et al., 2019; Wallace et al., 2011b). This is particularly relevant for the Eastern Pacific hawksbill population, believed to be the most endangered of all hawksbill populations (Gaos et al., 2010; Wallace et al., 2010). Marine protected areas are an important tool to protect and manage marine species. In particular, marine reserves or no-take zones have proved to be beneficial due to the full protection from all extractive activities when they are well designed and both socially and policy supported (Gill et al., 2017). Nevertheless, spatial conservation planning for hawksbill sea turtles is hard due to their vast distribution ranges which can include several jurisdictional borders, and their dependence to two of the most productive coastal systems, reefs and mangrove estuaries, which are also important for small-scale fisheries (Aburto-Oropeza et al., 20

Detta arbete har tagit upp ämnen som rörelsemönster, resvanor samt olika reserutiner och hur de har, eller inte har, förändrats under pandemin och det har även diskuterats huruvida detta potentiellt har inneburit några lättnader i miljöpåverkan från denna sektor. Genom insamlad data som delgivits av kommunen och lokaltrafiken, samt en genomförd enkät, har det visat sig att det har skett omfattande förändringar i rörelsemönstren. Det handlar bland annat om att fordonstrafiken och användningen av kollektivtrafiken minskade kraftigt och andelen cyklister ökade, samt att den genomsnittliga körsträckan per vecka per person nästintill halverades och likaså sågs en påtaglig skillnad i antalet flygresor genomförda under pandemin. Slutligen diskuteras framtiden efter Covid-19 när restriktioner och liknande tagits bort, och även om det är svårt, om inte omöjligt, att sia och diskutera framtiden baserat på data har pandemin troligen haft en mer bestående påverkan hos flera personer än hos andra, där det snarare istället finns en hunger och nästan ingen rädsla alls förknippad med att gå tillbaka till ”gamla vanor”. Vidare studier behövs för att kunna dra några slutsatser om långtidseffekter., This project addresses subjects such as movement- and travel patterns, routines in travel and traveling behavior, with the aim of investigating and determining whether or not there has been a change in these during the pandemic due to restrictions and also if this may or may not have meant any reliefs in environmental impact. Through collected data given in a collaboration by the local municipality offices and local public transport company, and also by performing a survey, it has been shown that there have been comprehensive changes in peoples movement- and travel patterns and ways of traveling. It includes among other things that the vehicle traffic amount has reduced, and the use of public transport has been considerably reduced followed by an increase in traveling by bike. In total the average travel distance by car per person and week reduced by almost 50 percent and also air travel saw a heavily decrease in use during the pandemic. Lastly the future after the Covid-19-pandemic when restrictions and such are going to be removed where discussed and also issued in the survey. Even if it is hard, almost impossible, to prophesy or predict the future based of collected data it has been shown through the respondent’s answers and motivations in the matter that the pandemic most likely has affected people with a more lasting impact that will partly carry on for some time after the pandemics end. That does not imply on all people, some are very eager and express a hunger to go back to “old routines” and travel more. Further research has to be done to conclude any longtime affects.

Background: The movement and spatial ecology of an animal depends on its morphological and functional adaptations to its environment. In fossorial animals, adaptations to the underground life help to face peculiar ecological challenges, very different from those of epigeal species, but may constrain their movement ability. Methods: We made a long-term capture-recapture study of the strictly fossorial amphisbaenian reptile Trogonophis wiegmanni to analyze its long-term movement patterns. We also used passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry to detect and follow undisturbed individuals underground, obtaining data of their short-term movement patterns. Results: Amphisbaenians showed a high site fidelity, moving short distances and over small areas, and spending some days without any noticeable movement, even under favorable conditions. We also found differences in movements between sexes and age classes. Conclusions: This movement and spatial strategy can be related to the energetic constrains of underground burrowing, or to the low metabolic requirements of fossorial reptiles, as distances and areas covered were much smaller than for epigeal reptiles of similar size. Individual differences probably reflect differential reproductive and social requirements of males and females, and that younger individuals might show more floating behavior until they can settle in a territory. This study is a rare example describing the movement ecology of a fossorial species and may contribute to the general understanding of the factors that affect space use and movement decisions in animals.

The present thesis aimed to increase our understanding of women’s football to improve player preparation and on-field performances. The present thesis provided a comprehensive examination of the literature to update the current understanding of women’s football and identify the current gaps within the literature. Furthermore, the present thesis also aimed to further explore deceleration, an area that has been largely ignored when describing the movement patterns of football. The present thesis consists of three comprehensive reviews and two experimental investigations. The literature reviews focused on female football players and the contextual factors that are associated with the physical and physiological characteristics and the movement patterns of competition. Given the limited research surrounding deceleration, the final review investigated research based on football and team-sports in general to further enhance our understanding of deceleration. The two experimental investigations included the examination of acceleration, deceleration, and high-speed running profiles of players during international and domestic matches. The second experimental investigation examined a measure of deceleration ability that accounted for a players’ momentum (i.e. DECELindex) and determined if strength and anthropometric characteristics were associated with deceleration ability in female football players. Movement pattern data for the analysis of international and domestic matches was collected using 10 Hz GPS units. Fifteen players from an Australian domestic team and 18 players from the Australian women’s football team participated in the investigation. The investigation of DECELindex included 13 elite female football players who participated in anthropometry and physical performance testing. The investigative reviews highlighted speed, power, and endurance as important characteristics for female football players. The ability to perform high-speed running and sprinting was assoc, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School Allied Health Sciences, Griffith Health, Full Text

Purpose: This study examined the physiological sport-specific demands (total distance, mean velocity, effective game time, and time in five velocity zones) in elite bandy players of offensive and defensive playing positions. Method: Data were collected with 10 Hz GPS-units in the Swedish Elite League during the season 2015/16. Ten male elite bandy players were examined during 13 matches. Data were analyzed with Independent Samples Test and with descriptive statistics. Result: Analysis showed that defensive positions covered a significantly longer (p < .001) total distance (23.2 ± 2.4 km vs 21.1 ± 3.5 km) compared to the offensive positions. Significantly higher (p < .001) mean velocity was found in offensive positions (17.8 ± 1.0 km/h vs 15.5 ± 1.6 km/h) in relation to defensive positions. In variable effective game time analysis exposed significant differences (p < .001) between offensive positions and defensive positions (90.4 ± 3.5 min vs 71.3 ± 11.9 min). Furthermore, in easy and moderate skating defensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time and in fast, very fast, and sprint skating offensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time in relation to each other. The descriptive analysis of positions indicates that libero, defender, and half have the longest game time, half skate the longest distance, and forward have the highest mean velocity during the game. Conclusion: From a practical perspective, the result can provide coaches knowledge when planning the setup in training drills. Thus, the training sessions could be more specific to the playing position, which could maximize the player's physiological outcome in order to optimize performance.

[Background]: The movement and spatial ecology of an animal depends on its morphological and functional adaptations to its environment. In fossorial animals, adaptations to the underground life help to face peculiar ecological challenges, very different from those of epigeal species, but may constrain their movement ability., [Methods]: We made a long-term capture-recapture study of the strictly fossorial amphisbaenian reptile Trogonophis wiegmanni to analyze its long-term movement patterns. We also used passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry to detect and follow undisturbed individuals underground, obtaining data of their short-term movement patterns., [Results]: Amphisbaenians showed a high site fidelity, moving short distances and over small areas, and spending some days without any noticeable movement, even under favorable conditions. We also found differences in movements between sexes and age classes., [Conclusions]: This movement and spatial strategy can be related to the energetic constrains of underground burrowing, or to the low metabolic requirements of fossorial reptiles, as distances and areas covered were much smaller than for epigeal reptiles of similar size. Individual differences probably reflect differential reproductive and social requirements of males and females, and that younger individuals might show more floating behavior until they can settle in a territory. This study is a rare example describing the movement ecology of a fossorial species and may contribute to the general understanding of the factors that affect space use and movement decisions in animals.

Artificial food supplementation of wildlife is an increasing practice for species conservation, as well as for hunting and viewing tourism. Yet, our understanding of the implications of wildlife supplementary feeding is still very limited. Concerns have been raised over the potential negative impact of artificial feeding, but the effects of this practice on animal movements and rhythms of activity are just beginning to be investigated. Here, with the aim of studying whether the artificial feeding of brown bears may affect their behaviour, we analysed (1) the probability and intensity of feeding site use at different temporal scales, (2) how the use of artificial feeding sites is related to the bear's age and sex, main periods of the bear's annual cycle (i.e. mating and hyperphagia) and characteristics of the feeding sites, and (3) how the use of artificial feeding may be affecting bear movement patterns. We analysed the movements of 71 radio-collared brown bears in southern-central Finland and western Russian Karelia. Artificial feeding sites had several effects on brown bears in boreal habitats. The probability of a feeding site being used was positively correlated to the stability of this food resource over time, whereas sexes and bear classes (subadults, adults and females with cubs) did not show significant differences in the use of feeding sites, which were visited predominantly at night and slightly more during hyperphagia. The probability of using an artificial feeding site affected the daily net distance only (bears using feeding sites: 3.5 ± 4.5 km, range: 0–29 km; bears not using feeding sites: 4.4 ± 4.9 km, range: 0–47 km). Those brown bears using artificial feeding more intensively moved shorter distances at a lower speed within smaller home ranges compared to bears that used this food sources less. Highly predictable and continuously available anthropogenic food may therefore have substantial impacts on brown bear movement patterns, ecology and health.

Under det senaste året har våra vardagsliv förändrats. Från en dag till en annan slutade vi gå till arbete och skola för att i stället arbeta och studera på distans. Tidigare har många använt sig av kollektivtrafik för att underlätta vardagen och förflytta sig i samhället. Idag däremot har vi tydliga rekommendationer från Folkhälsomyndigheten (2021) att i största möjliga mån undvika att resa med kollektivtrafik för att minska smittspridningen. Detta har lett till att allt fler väljer bilen som sitt främsta färdmedel, vilket skapar funderingar på vad för konsekvenser förändrade rörelsemönster inom kollektivtrafiken kan få för staden och dess invånare.Avsikten med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka hur rörelsemönster i kollektivtrafiken i Karlstads kommun har sett ut både innan och under den pågående pandemin, Covid-19.Uppsatsen förankras i tidigare forskning, rapporter från organisationer och myndigheter, samt en enkätstudie. Med hjälp av dessa gavs tillräckligt med material för att kunna diskutera,analysera och besvara frågeställningarna om förändrade rörelsemönster i Karlstads kommuns kollektivtrafik innan och under Covid-19. Resultatet visade bland annat att fler än vad vi anatendast reste 0–2 gånger i veckan med kollektivtrafiken i Karlstads kommun innan Covid-19, men att denna siffra även blev högre under Covid-19. Det syns dock dels en skillnad mellan könen där män reser oftare med bil än kvinnor, dels en skillnad beroende på sysselsättning där studenter (gymnasie- och universitetsnivå) reser med kollektivtrafik mer regelbundet samt i högre utsträckning., During the past year, our everyday lives have changed. From one day to the next we stopped going to work and school to instead work and study from home. In the past, many have used public transport to facilitate their everyday life and move around in society. Today, however, we have clear recommendations from the Swedish Public HealthAgency/Folkhälsomyndigheten (2021) to avoid travelling by public transport as much as possible to reduce the spread of infection. This has led to an increase in use of the car as the main means of transport, which creates thoughts about what consequences changed movement patterns in public transport can have for the city and its inhabitants.The purpose of this thesis is therefore to investigate how movement patterns in public transport in Karlstad municipality have looked like before and during the ongoing pandemic, Covid-19. The thesis is based on previous research, reports from organizations and authorities, as well as a survey. With the help of these, sufficient material was provided to be able to discuss, analyze and answer the questions about changed movement patterns in Karlstad municipality's public transport before and during Covid-19. The results showed, among other things, that more people than we anticipated only traveled 0–2 times a week by public transport in Karlstad municipality before Covid-19, but that this figure also became higher during Covid-19. However, there is a difference between the sexes, where men travel more often by car than women, and a difference depending on employment where students (high school and university level) travel by public transport more regularly and to a greater extent.

Detta arbete har tagit upp ämnen som rörelsemönster, resvanor samt olika reserutiner och hur de har, eller inte har, förändrats under pandemin och det har även diskuterats huruvida detta potentiellt har inneburit några lättnader i miljöpåverkan från denna sektor. Genom insamlad data som delgivits av kommunen och lokaltrafiken, samt en genomförd enkät, har det visat sig att det har skett omfattande förändringar i rörelsemönstren. Det handlar bland annat om att fordonstrafiken och användningen av kollektivtrafiken minskade kraftigt och andelen cyklister ökade, samt att den genomsnittliga körsträckan per vecka per person nästintill halverades och likaså sågs en påtaglig skillnad i antalet flygresor genomförda under pandemin. Slutligen diskuteras framtiden efter Covid-19 när restriktioner och liknande tagits bort, och även om det är svårt, om inte omöjligt, att sia och diskutera framtiden baserat på data har pandemin troligen haft en mer bestående påverkan hos flera personer än hos andra, där det snarare istället finns en hunger och nästan ingen rädsla alls förknippad med att gå tillbaka till ”gamla vanor”. Vidare studier behövs för att kunna dra några slutsatser om långtidseffekter., This project addresses subjects such as movement- and travel patterns, routines in travel and traveling behavior, with the aim of investigating and determining whether or not there has been a change in these during the pandemic due to restrictions and also if this may or may not have meant any reliefs in environmental impact. Through collected data given in a collaboration by the local municipality offices and local public transport company, and also by performing a survey, it has been shown that there have been comprehensive changes in peoples movement- and travel patterns and ways of traveling. It includes among other things that the vehicle traffic amount has reduced, and the use of public transport has been considerably reduced followed by an increase in traveling by bike. In total the average travel distance by car per person and week reduced by almost 50 percent and also air travel saw a heavily decrease in use during the pandemic. Lastly the future after the Covid-19-pandemic when restrictions and such are going to be removed where discussed and also issued in the survey. Even if it is hard, almost impossible, to prophesy or predict the future based of collected data it has been shown through the respondent’s answers and motivations in the matter that the pandemic most likely has affected people with a more lasting impact that will partly carry on for some time after the pandemics end. That does not imply on all people, some are very eager and express a hunger to go back to “old routines” and travel more. Further research has to be done to conclude any longtime affects.

Purpose: This study examined the physiological sport-specific demands (total distance, mean velocity, effective game time, and time in five velocity zones) in elite bandy players of offensive and defensive playing positions. Method: Data were collected with 10 Hz GPS-units in the Swedish Elite League during the season 2015/16. Ten male elite bandy players were examined during 13 matches. Data were analyzed with Independent Samples Test and with descriptive statistics. Result: Analysis showed that defensive positions covered a significantly longer (p < .001) total distance (23.2 ± 2.4 km vs 21.1 ± 3.5 km) compared to the offensive positions. Significantly higher (p < .001) mean velocity was found in offensive positions (17.8 ± 1.0 km/h vs 15.5 ± 1.6 km/h) in relation to defensive positions. In variable effective game time analysis exposed significant differences (p < .001) between offensive positions and defensive positions (90.4 ± 3.5 min vs 71.3 ± 11.9 min). Furthermore, in easy and moderate skating defensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time and in fast, very fast, and sprint skating offensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time in relation to each other. The descriptive analysis of positions indicates that libero, defender, and half have the longest game time, half skate the longest distance, and forward have the highest mean velocity during the game. Conclusion: From a practical perspective, the result can provide coaches knowledge when planning the setup in training drills. Thus, the training sessions could be more specific to the playing position, which could maximize the player's physiological outcome in order to optimize performance.

Purpose: This study examined the physiological sport-specific demands (total distance, mean velocity, effective game time, and time in five velocity zones) in elite bandy players of offensive and defensive playing positions. Method: Data were collected with 10 Hz GPS-units in the Swedish Elite League during the season 2015/16. Ten male elite bandy players were examined during 13 matches. Data were analyzed with Independent Samples Test and with descriptive statistics. Result: Analysis showed that defensive positions covered a significantly longer (p < .001) total distance (23.2 ± 2.4 km vs 21.1 ± 3.5 km) compared to the offensive positions. Significantly higher (p < .001) mean velocity was found in offensive positions (17.8 ± 1.0 km/h vs 15.5 ± 1.6 km/h) in relation to defensive positions. In variable effective game time analysis exposed significant differences (p < .001) between offensive positions and defensive positions (90.4 ± 3.5 min vs 71.3 ± 11.9 min). Furthermore, in easy and moderate skating defensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time and in fast, very fast, and sprint skating offensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time in relation to each other. The descriptive analysis of positions indicates that libero, defender, and half have the longest game time, half skate the longest distance, and forward have the highest mean velocity during the game. Conclusion: From a practical perspective, the result can provide coaches knowledge when planning the setup in training drills. Thus, the training sessions could be more specific to the playing position, which could maximize the player's physiological outcome in order to optimize performance.

Tourism destinations are generally delimited and branded based on administrative boundaries, which act as artificial barriers that may reduce the competitiveness of the tourism sector. Increasingly, literature is taking a demand perspective (i.e., tourist spatial behaviour) when identifying and promoting destinations. This perspective can help to promote destinations more efficiently, particularly in rural areas, where most tourism flows depend on private vehicle and which do not take into account administrative boundaries. These flows are therefore highly conditioned by the geography of the area, hosting capacity and the cumulative effect of attractions. This research centres on brand creation from a tourist perspective, particularly how tourists consume a destination. Els Ports (Spain), a rural mountain area divided into multiple administrative divisions, each marketing its own brand, is taken as a case study. Recently, destination managers have seen the opportunity for regional cooperation and taken steps to cross traditional boundaries to market the area better. This study uses GIS techniques to compare tourist travel patterns with brand boundaries and new cooperative initiatives. The findings provide material for discussion on the branding strategy of Els Ports and the need to rebrand rural tourism destinations into functional tourism areas.

Unstructured citizen-science data are increasingly used for analysing the abundance and distribution of species. Here we test the usefulness of such data to predict the seasonal distribution of migratory songbirds, and to analyse patterns of migratory connectivity.We used bird occurrence data from eBird, one of the largest global citizen science databases, to predict the year-round distribution of eight songbird taxa (Agropsar philippensis, Calliope calliope, Cecropis daurica, Emberiza aureola, Hirundo rustica, Locustella certhiola, Oriolus chinensis, Saxicola torquatus stejnegeri) that migrate through East Asia, a region especially poor in data but globally important for the conservation of migratory land birds. Maximum entropy models were built to predict spring stopover, autumn stopover and wintering areas. Ring recovery and geolocator tracking data were then used to evaluate, how well the predicted occurrence at a given period of the annual cycle matched sites where the species were known to be present from ringing and tracking data.Predicted winter ranges were generally smaller than those on published extent-of-occurrence maps (the hitherto only available source of distribution information). There was little overlap in stopover regions. The overlap between areas predicted as suitable from the eBird data and areas that had records from geolocator tracking was high in winter, and lower for spring and autumn migration. Less than 50% of the ringing recoveries came from locations within the seasonal predicted areas, with the highest overlap in autumn. The seasonal range size of a species affected the matching of tracking/ringing data with the predictions. Strong migratory connectivity was evident in Siberian Rubythroats and Barn Swallows. We identified two migration corridors, one over the eastern mainland of China, and one along a chain of islands in the Pacific.We show that the combination of disparate data sources has great potential to ga

Unstructured citizen-science data are increasingly used for analysing the abundance and distribution of species. Here we test the usefulness of such data to predict the seasonal distribution of migratory songbirds, and to analyse patterns of migratory connectivity.We used bird occurrence data from eBird, one of the largest global citizen science databases, to predict the year-round distribution of eight songbird taxa (Agropsar philippensis, Calliope calliope, Cecropis daurica, Emberiza aureola, Hirundo rustica, Locustella certhiola, Oriolus chinensis, Saxicola torquatus stejnegeri) that migrate through East Asia, a region especially poor in data but globally important for the conservation of migratory land birds. Maximum entropy models were built to predict spring stopover, autumn stopover and wintering areas. Ring recovery and geolocator tracking data were then used to evaluate, how well the predicted occurrence at a given period of the annual cycle matched sites where the species were known to be present from ringing and tracking data.Predicted winter ranges were generally smaller than those on published extent-of-occurrence maps (the hitherto only available source of distribution information). There was little overlap in stopover regions. The overlap between areas predicted as suitable from the eBird data and areas that had records from geolocator tracking was high in winter, and lower for spring and autumn migration. Less than 50% of the ringing recoveries came from locations within the seasonal predicted areas, with the highest overlap in autumn. The seasonal range size of a species affected the matching of tracking/ringing data with the predictions. Strong migratory connectivity was evident in Siberian Rubythroats and Barn Swallows. We identified two migration corridors, one over the eastern mainland of China, and one along a chain of islands in the Pacific.We show that the combination of disparate data sources has great potential to ga

Maria Christina Nami, Universität Innsbruck, Diplomarbeit, 2019, (VLID)3846096

The relationship between resource availability and wildlife movement patterns is pivotal to understanding species behavior and ecology. Movement response to landscape variables occurs at multiple temporal scales, from sub-diurnal to multiannual. Additionally, individuals may respond to both current and past conditions of resource availability. In this paper, we examine the temporal scale and variation of current and past resource variables that affect movement patterns of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) using sub-hourly movement data from GPS-GSM collared elephants in Etosha National Park, Namibia. We created detailed satellite-based spatiotemporal maps of vegetation biomass, as well as distance from surface water, road and fence. We used step selection functions to measure the relative importance of these landscape variables in determining elephants’ local movement patterns. We also examined how elephants respond to information, in locations they have previously visited, on productivity integrated over different temporal scales: from current to historical conditions. Our results demonstrate that elephants choose patches with higher than average annual productivity and grass biomass, but lower tree biomass. Elephants also prefer to walk close to water, roads, and fences. These preferences vary with time of day and with season, thereby providing insights into diurnal and seasonal behavioral patterns and the ecological importance of the landscape variables examined. We also discovered that elephants respond more strongly to long-term patterns of productivity than to immediate forage conditions, in familiar locations. Our results illustrate how animals with high cognitive capacity and spatial memory integrate long-term information on landscape conditions. We illuminate the importance of long-term high temporal resolution satellite imagery to understanding the relationship between movement patterns and landscape structure.

Syfte och frågeställningar Studiens syfte är att undersöka relationen mellan ungdomsmålvakters resultat i vanligt förekommande standardtester som är avsedda att mäta fysisk kapacitet och deras prestation i matchlika aktioner. Syftet är också att undersöka om resultaten skiljer sig mellan målvakter i två olika ålderskategorier. Frågeställningar: Vad är korrelation mellan resultat i standardtester och matchlika aktioner? Skiljer sig resultaten mellan ungdomsmålvakter på U17 och U19 nivå? Metod För att svara på studiens frågeställningar skapades ett testbatteri innehållande fysiska tester designade för fotbollsmålvakter, utifrån deras rörelsemönster och aktioner (verklighetsnära tester), som jämförs med tester som används av dagens fotbollsklubbar (standardtester). Med hjälp av aktuellt forskningsläge tillsammans med information som mottagits från tränare och målvakter, utfördes 6 tester, på 15 målvakter, som registrerades med mätinstrument och höghastighetskameror. Resultatet analyserades med dubbelsidig t-test för att finna en statistisk signifikans mellan två åldersgrupper och Spearmans test för att finna en korrelation mellan standard- och verklighetsnära testerna. Resultat Resultatet från t-testet visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan U17:s och U19:s målvakter på samtliga tester (p> 0,05). Spearmans test visade ingen statistiskt signifikant korrelation mellan testerna. Slutsats Både standard- och verklighetsnära testerna har sina fördelar men är syftet att utvärdera målvaktens fysiska kapacitet i matchlika situationer genom tester, bör dessa vara utformade utifrån målvaktens agerande under match. Enligt resultaten från denna studie visar detta att man inte enbart kan använda standardtester utan dessa bör kompletteras med tester specifikt utformade för måvakter., Aim The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between youth goalkeepers' results in commonly used standard tests that are intended to measure physical capacity and their performance in match-like actions. The purpose is also to investigate whether the results differ between goalkeepers in two different age categories. Research questions: What is the correlation between results in standard tests and match-like actions? Do the results differ between youth goalkeepers at U17 and U19 level? Method To answer the study's questions, a test battery was created containing physical tests designed for football goalkeepers based on their movement patterns and actions (match-like actions) compared to tests used by today's football clubs (standard tests). With the help of research, together with information we received from coaches and goalkeepers, 6 tests were designed and performed, on 15 goalkeepers, which were recorded with measuring instruments and high-speed cameras. The results were analyzed with two tailed t-test to find a statistical significance between the two age groups and Spearman's test to find a correlation between the standard and realistic tests. Results The results of the t-test show no significant difference between the U17 and U19 goalkeepers on all tests (p> 0.05). Spearman's test shows that there was no statistic significant correlation between the tests. Conclusions Both standard and realistic tests have their advantages, but if the purpose is to evaluate the goalkeeper's physical capacity in match-like actions through tests, should these be designed based on the goalkeeper's actions during the match. According to the results of this study, this shows that you should not just use standard tests, but these should be supplemented with tests specifically designed for goalkeepers.

Many populations of salmonids are threatened by fragmentation and degradation of spawning habitats. Common remedial measures are habitat restoration and stocking of hatchery fish to support degraded wild populations. Many populations of brown trout in Sweden have been extirpated. The restoration plan for the endangered brown trout in Lake Siljan started decades ago and involves releases of hatchery produced trout. A decline of the spawning run of hatchery fish has been observed. In this study, wild and hatchery fish were tagged and monitored using hydroacustic telemetry during May-October, 2018. Movement patterns were studied to detect potential differences between wild and hatchery fish during lake and spawning migration. The results showed a difference of preferred territories between the groups. The wild trout stayed in the northern part of the lake and the hatchery trout were more evenly distributed over the lake, but with a preference for the southern part of the lake. During spawning migration a larger proportion of the wild trout (44 %) moved to potential spawning habitats as compared to hatchery trout (16 %). The wild fish migrated more or less direct to the potential spawning grounds in River Österdal as compared to the hatchery fish, which showed an erratic behavior and preferred to migrate to the tributaries in Lake Siljan. Differences in movement patterns and preferred habitats in the lake can be caused by differences in behavior between the groups. This should motivate more studies of behavior of wild and hatchery trout. The time for spawning and potential spawning habitats are also important to study for future management and restoration of the wild population of brown trout in Lake Siljan., Många salmonider är idag hotade av habitatfragmentering och brist på lekplatser. För att främja kvarvarande bestånd är vanliga åtgärder habitatrestaurering och utsättning av odlad fisk. Många bestånd av sjövandrande öring i Sverige är idag försvunna. I sjön Siljan har man under årtionden satt ut odlad fisk då den vilda stammen av siljansöringen är starkt hotad. En minskning av återvändande uppströmsvandrande odlad lekfisk har uppmärksammats. Vild och odlad öring märktes med sändare och data samlades in med akustisk telemetri under maj till oktober, 2018. Eventuella skillnader i rörelsemönster mellan fisk av olika ursprung har studerats under tillväxtperiod och lekmigration. Resultatet visade att det finns skillnader i var fiskarna uppehåller sig i sjön beroende på ursprung. Den vilda öringen föredrog den norra delen av Siljan, den odlade var mer spridd i hela sjön men föredrog den södra delen av sjön. Under tid för lekmigration rörde sig en större andel av den vilda fisken (44 %) mot potentiella lekhabitat jämfört med den odlade (16 %). Den vilda fisken var mer fokuserad i sin vandring mot Österdalälven än den odlade som uppvisade ett erratiskt beteende och som i större utsträckning besökte biflöden som mynnar i Siljan. Skillnader i rörelsemönster och placering i sjön kan bero på beteendeskillnader och interaktioner mellan grupperna. Detta borde öka intresset för att studera detta vidare hos den vilda och odlade öringen. Önskvärt är också att öka kunskapen om lekperiod och potentiella lekhabitat för att kunna upprätta ett effektivt åtgärdsprogram som ger ökade möjligheter för en återhämtning av den vilda populationen.

I Österdalälven har mängden Siljansöring (Salmo trutta) minskat avsevärt på grund av kraftverk som stoppar fiskens vandringsvägar. För att lyckas med att stärka beståndet krävs en fördjupad kunskap kring fiskens beteendemönster, bland annat rörelser i samband med uppströms lekvandring. Denna studie är ett försök att ge en överblick av den lekmogna Siljansöringens uppströmsvandring i Österdalälven och se om det föreligger några skillnader mellan odlad/vild öring respektive hanar/honor. Genom akustisk telemetri har 18 Siljanöringars rörelser längs en begränsad älvsträcka registrerats under 56 dagar. Analys har gjorts för hitta variationer både rumsligt och tidsmässigt samt mellan odlade/vilda Siljansöringar respektive honor/hanar, likväl som skillnader avseende rörelser, tim- och dygnsaktivitet och benägenhet att söka sig uppströms till det definitiva vandringshindret Spjutmo kraftverk. Siljansöringarna rörde sig mer under dagen jämfört med natt vilket skulle kunna kopplas till påverkan från elproduktion och vattenströmmar som skapas vid Spjutmo kraftverks turbinutlopp och/eller att dagsljuset är en fördel då de använder sig av synintryck för att kunna navigera. Skillnader (dock ej statistiskt säkerställda) kunde urskiljas mellan odlade och vilda fiskar och hanar/honor, såsom exempelvis att vild fisk simmade längre sträckor än odlad. Studier som denna är viktiga för att kunna få en helhetsbild kring livsvillkor och beteendemönster för Siljansöring och därigenom lyckas med framtida förvaltnings- och åtgärdsarbeten., The number of Siljan trout (Salmo trutta) in the River Österdalälven has declined due to hydropower development. To restore the river information about the behavioural patterns of the trout, such as upstream migration, are needed. The aim of this study is to describe the upstream movements of tagged Siljan trout as well as to identify differences between hatchery-reared and wild trout and between males and females. During 56 days, 18 individuals tagged with acoustic telemetry transmitters were registered in a section of the River Österdalälven. The data were analysed to identify variation in time and space as well as differences between origin (hatchery-reared vs wild trout) and sex. Analyses were also performed on hourly and diel movement patterns and if the fish swam upstream to the first migration barrier, the power station in Spjutmo. Variation in diurnal activity was identified, with higher activity during daytime compared to night, which might be related to power production in relation to currents flowing from turbine outlets and/or the importance of daylight for effective navigation. There were no significant differences identified between hatchery-reared and wild trout, respectively, nor were there any sex-related differences. Information obtained from this study is important to understand the situation for Siljan trout, to help in future management and restoration of this valuable stock of trout.

Uppsatsen undersöker vilka förändringar som har skett i stadsplaneringen i en utvald svensk stad under 1970- och 1980-talen till dagens datum år 2017 ur ett genusperspektiv. Staden som är vald är Varberg, Halland. Studien har gjorts genom att undersöka kartor och intervjupersoner som arbetat med stadsplanering i Varberg under 1970- och 1980-talen, samt personer som arbetar med det idag. Studien är en kvalitativ studie med inriktning på ostrukturerade intervjuer. Följande var mina frågeställningar:• På vilket sätt har stadsbilden förändrats genom årtiondena i Varberg?• Hur har de manliga och kvinnliga rörelsemönster sett ut i Varberg?• Vad är de största skillnaderna på dagens översiktsplanering och den från 1978?Studien visar att rörelsemönster är ständigt skiftande och att Varberg som stad har blivit större än vad som estimerades på 1970-talet. Under 1970-talet var Varberg en industristad, idag kan den snarare benämnas som en turiststad, där turismen har ett starkt fäste och är en stor del av näringslivet. Fler kvinnor har välkomnats in i planeringsrummet och staden har ett annat fokus på utveckling idag. Framförallt för mål mer konkretiserad, skola och utbildning har större plats i översiktsplanering. Det manliga och kvinnliga rörelsemönstret har skilt sig åt, då industrin funnits i nord och skolor, vård och affärer i söder. Staden har utvecklats för att bibehålla en stadskärna och inte utlokalisera detaljhandel och därmed öppna upp för att oavsett vem du är ska ha nära till centrum.

Author Posting. © Company of Biologists, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of Company of Biologists for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Experimental Biology 222 (2019):jeb.198226, doi: 10.1242/jeb.198226., Squid are mobile, diverse, ecologically important marine organisms whose behavior and habitat use can have substantial impacts on ecosystems and fisheries. However, as a consequence in part of the inherent challenges of monitoring squid in their natural marine environment, fine-scale behavioral observations of these free-swimming, soft-bodied animals are rare. Bio-logging tags provide an emerging way to remotely study squid behavior in their natural environments. Here, we applied a novel, high-resolution bio-logging tag (ITAG) to seven veined squid, Loligo forbesii, in a controlled experimental environment to quantify their short-term (24 h) behavioral patterns. Tag accelerometer, magnetometer and pressure data were used to develop automated gait classification algorithms based on overall dynamic body acceleration, and a subset of the events were assessed and confirmed using concurrently collected video data. Finning, flapping and jetting gaits were observed, with the low-acceleration finning gaits detected most often. The animals routinely used a finning gait to ascend (climb) and then glide during descent with fins extended in the tank's water column, a possible strategy to improve swimming efficiency for these negatively buoyant animals. Arms- and mantle-first directional swimming were observed in approximately equal proportions, and the squid were slightly but significantly more active at night. These tag-based observations are novel for squid and indicate a more efficient mode of movement than suggested by some previous observations. The combination of sensing, classification and estimation developed and applied here will enable the quantification of squid activity patterns in the wild to provide new biological information, such as in situ identification of behavioral states, temporal patterns, habitat requirements, energy expenditure and interactions of squid through space–time in the wild., This work was supported by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean Life Institute and the Innovative Technology Program, Hopkins Marine Station’s Marine Life Observatory (to K.K.), as well as the National Science Foundation Program for Instrument Development for Biological Research (award no. 1455593 to T.A.M., K.K. and K.A.S.). F.C. thanks the Presidentís International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) of the Chinese Academy of Science. G.E.F. thanks the National Science Foundation GRFP and National Science Foundation REU programs for support of this research., 2020-10-21

Author Posting. © Company of Biologists, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of Company of Biologists for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Experimental Biology 222 (2019):jeb.198226, doi: 10.1242/jeb.198226., Squid are mobile, diverse, ecologically important marine organisms whose behavior and habitat use can have substantial impacts on ecosystems and fisheries. However, as a consequence in part of the inherent challenges of monitoring squid in their natural marine environment, fine-scale behavioral observations of these free-swimming, soft-bodied animals are rare. Bio-logging tags provide an emerging way to remotely study squid behavior in their natural environments. Here, we applied a novel, high-resolution bio-logging tag (ITAG) to seven veined squid, Loligo forbesii, in a controlled experimental environment to quantify their short-term (24 h) behavioral patterns. Tag accelerometer, magnetometer and pressure data were used to develop automated gait classification algorithms based on overall dynamic body acceleration, and a subset of the events were assessed and confirmed using concurrently collected video data. Finning, flapping and jetting gaits were observed, with the low-acceleration finning gaits detected most often. The animals routinely used a finning gait to ascend (climb) and then glide during descent with fins extended in the tank's water column, a possible strategy to improve swimming efficiency for these negatively buoyant animals. Arms- and mantle-first directional swimming were observed in approximately equal proportions, and the squid were slightly but significantly more active at night. These tag-based observations are novel for squid and indicate a more efficient mode of movement than suggested by some previous observations. The combination of sensing, classification and estimation developed and applied here will enable the quantification of squid activity patterns in the wild to provide new biological information, such as in situ identification of behavioral states, temporal patterns, habitat requirements, energy expenditure and interactions of squid through space–time in the wild., This work was supported by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean Life Institute and the Innovative Technology Program, Hopkins Marine Station’s Marine Life Observatory (to K.K.), as well as the National Science Foundation Program for Instrument Development for Biological Research (award no. 1455593 to T.A.M., K.K. and K.A.S.). F.C. thanks the Presidentís International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) of the Chinese Academy of Science. G.E.F. thanks the National Science Foundation GRFP and National Science Foundation REU programs for support of this research., 2020-10-21

Author Posting. © Company of Biologists, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of Company of Biologists for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Experimental Biology 222 (2019):jeb.198226, doi: 10.1242/jeb.198226., Squid are mobile, diverse, ecologically important marine organisms whose behavior and habitat use can have substantial impacts on ecosystems and fisheries. However, as a consequence in part of the inherent challenges of monitoring squid in their natural marine environment, fine-scale behavioral observations of these free-swimming, soft-bodied animals are rare. Bio-logging tags provide an emerging way to remotely study squid behavior in their natural environments. Here, we applied a novel, high-resolution bio-logging tag (ITAG) to seven veined squid, Loligo forbesii, in a controlled experimental environment to quantify their short-term (24 h) behavioral patterns. Tag accelerometer, magnetometer and pressure data were used to develop automated gait classification algorithms based on overall dynamic body acceleration, and a subset of the events were assessed and confirmed using concurrently collected video data. Finning, flapping and jetting gaits were observed, with the low-acceleration finning gaits detected most often. The animals routinely used a finning gait to ascend (climb) and then glide during descent with fins extended in the tank's water column, a possible strategy to improve swimming efficiency for these negatively buoyant animals. Arms- and mantle-first directional swimming were observed in approximately equal proportions, and the squid were slightly but significantly more active at night. These tag-based observations are novel for squid and indicate a more efficient mode of movement than suggested by some previous observations. The combination of sensing, classification and estimation developed and applied here will enable the quantification of squid activity patterns in the wild to provide new biological information, such as in situ identification of behavioral states, temporal patterns, habitat requirements, energy expenditure and interactions of squid through space–time in the wild., This work was supported by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean Life Institute and the Innovative Technology Program, Hopkins Marine Station’s Marine Life Observatory (to K.K.), as well as the National Science Foundation Program for Instrument Development for Biological Research (award no. 1455593 to T.A.M., K.K. and K.A.S.). F.C. thanks the Presidentís International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) of the Chinese Academy of Science. G.E.F. thanks the National Science Foundation GRFP and National Science Foundation REU programs for support of this research., 2020-10-21

Introduction: The achievement of an optimal level of functional parameters by schoolchildren is essential to acquire appropriate motor competence to perform any sport or daily-life activity without difficulty. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of movement in adolescents using the Functional Movement Screen Test (FMS). Method: 35 schoolchildren between 12 and 13 years old (24 girls and 11 boys) participated in this cross-sectional, descriptive and comparative study. The FMS battery test, consisting of seven tasks of specific movement patterns (deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raises, trunk stability push-up, rotary stability), was applied to evaluate the quality of movement. Results: Girls presented better quality of movement than boys, with an average global score of 16 points, compared to 15 of boys, without significant differences between them. In both girls and boys, the stability variable (hurdle step) showed the highest scores, while the in-line lunge was the test that presented the worst values. After the hurdle step, girls presented the highest values in rotary stability, while boys did in trunk stability. Conclusions: In general, the adolescents presented an acceptable level of movement quality, but would require compensatory exercises to reduce certain imbalances and asymmetries found.

The relationship between resource availability and wildlife movement patterns is pivotal to understanding species behavior and ecology. Movement response to landscape variables occurs at multiple temporal scales, from sub-diurnal to multiannual. Additionally, individuals may respond to both current and past conditions of resource availability. In this paper, we examine the temporal scale and variation of current and past resource variables that affect movement patterns of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) using sub-hourly movement data from GPS-GSM collared elephants in Etosha National Park, Namibia. We created detailed satellite-based spatiotemporal maps of vegetation biomass, as well as distance from surface water, road and fence. We used step selection functions to measure the relative importance of these landscape variables in determining elephants’ local movement patterns. We also examined how elephants respond to information, in locations they have previously visited, on productivity integrated over different temporal scales: from current to historical conditions. Our results demonstrate that elephants choose patches with higher than average annual productivity and grass biomass, but lower tree biomass. Elephants also prefer to walk close to water, roads, and fences. These preferences vary with time of day and with season, thereby providing insights into diurnal and seasonal behavioral patterns and the ecological importance of the landscape variables examined. We also discovered that elephants respond more strongly to long-term patterns of productivity than to immediate forage conditions, in familiar locations. Our results illustrate how animals with high cognitive capacity and spatial memory integrate long-term information on landscape conditions. We illuminate the importance of long-term high temporal resolution satellite imagery to understanding the relationship between movement patterns and landscape structure.

The rise of radiofrequency scanner technology has led to its potential application in the observation of people’s movements. This study used aWi-Fi scanner device to track tourists’ traveling behavior inHokkaido’s tourismarea,whichoccupies a large regionthat features auniquenatural landscape. Inbound tourists have significantly increased in recent years; thus, tourism’s sustainability is considered to be important formaintaining the tourismatmosphere in the long term. Using internet-enabled technology to conduct extensive area surveys can overcome the limitations imposed by conventional methods. This study aims to use digital footprint data to describe and understand traveler mobility in a large tourism area in Hokkaido. Association rule mining (ARM)—a machine learning methodology—was performed on a large dataset of transactions to identify the rules that link destinations visited by tourists. This process resulted in the discovery of traveling patterns that revealed the association rules between destinations, and the attractiveness of the destinations was scored on the basis of visiting frequency, with both inbound and outbound movements considered. A visualization method was used to illustrate the relationships between destinations and simplify the mathematical descriptions of traveler mobility in an attractive tourism area. Hence, mining the attractiveness of destinations in a large tourism area using an ARMmethod integrated with aWi-Fi mobility tracking approach can provide accurate information that forms a basis for developing sustainable destination management and tourism policies.

The rise of radiofrequency scanner technology has led to its potential application in the observation of people’s movements. This study used aWi-Fi scanner device to track tourists’ traveling behavior inHokkaido’s tourismarea,whichoccupies a large regionthat features auniquenatural landscape. Inbound tourists have significantly increased in recent years; thus, tourism’s sustainability is considered to be important formaintaining the tourismatmosphere in the long term. Using internet-enabled technology to conduct extensive area surveys can overcome the limitations imposed by conventional methods. This study aims to use digital footprint data to describe and understand traveler mobility in a large tourism area in Hokkaido. Association rule mining (ARM)—a machine learning methodology—was performed on a large dataset of transactions to identify the rules that link destinations visited by tourists. This process resulted in the discovery of traveling patterns that revealed the association rules between destinations, and the attractiveness of the destinations was scored on the basis of visiting frequency, with both inbound and outbound movements considered. A visualization method was used to illustrate the relationships between destinations and simplify the mathematical descriptions of traveler mobility in an attractive tourism area. Hence, mining the attractiveness of destinations in a large tourism area using an ARMmethod integrated with aWi-Fi mobility tracking approach can provide accurate information that forms a basis for developing sustainable destination management and tourism policies.

Coaches and physical trainers must know the physical and physiological demands of field hockey to be able to tailor trainings based on the specific competition needs. The objective of the study was to analyze the patterns of movement of field hockey players during competition throughout four match quarters. A total of 18 players (22.8 ± 2.9 years of age), were monitored with GPS and heart rate monitor. The players covered 6,668 m, 276 of which were at high intensity (>18 km·h-1); an average speed of 99.33 m·min-1 and 7.28 sprints (> 20 km·h-1) were recorded by match. Those players who played the full match decreased the distance covered in the last quarter (p <.001), substitutes not displaying that trend. The maximum heart rate reached in the last quarter was lower than in the previous ones (p <.001). We can consider hockey as an intermittent intensity sport producing fatigue, therefore coaches should manage rotational changes during match with efficiency., Los entrenadores y preparadores físicos deben conocer las demandas físicas y fisiológicas del hockey hierba para poder programar los entrenamientos orientados a las necesidades de la competición. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los patrones de movimiento en competición en jugadoras de hockey hierba en a lo largo de los cuatro periodos de partido. Participaron 18 jugadoras (22.8 ± 2.9 años), las cuales fueron monitorizadas mediante GPS y pulsómetro. Las jugadoras recorrieron 6668 m, de los cuales 276 fueron a alta intensidad (>18 km·h-1), con una velocidad media de 99.33 m·min-1 y se realizaron 7.28 sprints (>20 km·h-1) por partido. Las jugadoras que completaron todo el partido disminuyeron la distancia recorrida en el último cuarto (p < .001), no siendo así en las sustitutas. La frecuencia cardiaca máxima alcanzada en el último cuarto fue menor que en los anteriores (p < .001). Podemos considerar el hockey como un deporte de intensidad intermitente capaz de producir fatiga, por lo que los cambios rotatorios en el partido deben ser bien gestionados por los entrenadores.

Syfte och frågeställningar Studiens syfte är att undersöka relationen mellan ungdomsmålvakters resultat i vanligt förekommande standardtester som är avsedda att mäta fysisk kapacitet och deras prestation i matchlika aktioner. Syftet är också att undersöka om resultaten skiljer sig mellan målvakter i två olika ålderskategorier. Frågeställningar: Vad är korrelation mellan resultat i standardtester och matchlika aktioner? Skiljer sig resultaten mellan ungdomsmålvakter på U17 och U19 nivå? Metod För att svara på studiens frågeställningar skapades ett testbatteri innehållande fysiska tester designade för fotbollsmålvakter, utifrån deras rörelsemönster och aktioner (verklighetsnära tester), som jämförs med tester som används av dagens fotbollsklubbar (standardtester). Med hjälp av aktuellt forskningsläge tillsammans med information som mottagits från tränare och målvakter, utfördes 6 tester, på 15 målvakter, som registrerades med mätinstrument och höghastighetskameror. Resultatet analyserades med dubbelsidig t-test för att finna en statistisk signifikans mellan två åldersgrupper och Spearmans test för att finna en korrelation mellan standard- och verklighetsnära testerna. Resultat Resultatet från t-testet visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan U17:s och U19:s målvakter på samtliga tester (p> 0,05). Spearmans test visade ingen statistiskt signifikant korrelation mellan testerna. Slutsats Både standard- och verklighetsnära testerna har sina fördelar men är syftet att utvärdera målvaktens fysiska kapacitet i matchlika situationer genom tester, bör dessa vara utformade utifrån målvaktens agerande under match. Enligt resultaten från denna studie visar detta att man inte enbart kan använda standardtester utan dessa bör kompletteras med tester specifikt utformade för måvakter., Aim The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between youth goalkeepers' results in commonly used standard tests that are intended to measure physical capacity and their performance in match-like actions. The purpose is also to investigate whether the results differ between goalkeepers in two different age categories. Research questions: What is the correlation between results in standard tests and match-like actions? Do the results differ between youth goalkeepers at U17 and U19 level? Method To answer the study's questions, a test battery was created containing physical tests designed for football goalkeepers based on their movement patterns and actions (match-like actions) compared to tests used by today's football clubs (standard tests). With the help of research, together with information we received from coaches and goalkeepers, 6 tests were designed and performed, on 15 goalkeepers, which were recorded with measuring instruments and high-speed cameras. The results were analyzed with two tailed t-test to find a statistical significance between the two age groups and Spearman's test to find a correlation between the standard and realistic tests. Results The results of the t-test show no significant difference between the U17 and U19 goalkeepers on all tests (p> 0.05). Spearman's test shows that there was no statistic significant correlation between the tests. Conclusions Both standard and realistic tests have their advantages, but if the purpose is to evaluate the goalkeeper's physical capacity in match-like actions through tests, should these be designed based on the goalkeeper's actions during the match. According to the results of this study, this shows that you should not just use standard tests, but these should be supplemented with tests specifically designed for goalkeepers.

Introduction: The achievement of an optimal level of functional parameters by schoolchildren is essential to acquire appropriate motor competence to perform any sport or daily-life activity without difficulty. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of movement in adolescents using the Functional Movement Screen Test (FMS). Method: 35 schoolchildren between 12 and 13 years old (24 girls and 11 boys) participated in this cross-sectional, descriptive and comparative study. The FMS battery test, consisting of seven tasks of specific movement patterns (deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raises, trunk stability push-up, rotary stability), was applied to evaluate the quality of movement. Results: Girls presented better quality of movement than boys, with an average global score of 16 points, compared to 15 of boys, without significant differences between them. In both girls and boys, the stability variable (hurdle step) showed the highest scores, while the in-line lunge was the test that presented the worst values. After the hurdle step, girls presented the highest values in rotary stability, while boys did in trunk stability. Conclusions: In general, the adolescents presented an acceptable level of movement quality, but would require compensatory exercises to reduce certain imbalances and asymmetries found.

I Österdalälven har mängden Siljansöring (Salmo trutta) minskat avsevärt på grund av kraftverk som stoppar fiskens vandringsvägar. För att lyckas med att stärka beståndet krävs en fördjupad kunskap kring fiskens beteendemönster, bland annat rörelser i samband med uppströms lekvandring. Denna studie är ett försök att ge en överblick av den lekmogna Siljansöringens uppströmsvandring i Österdalälven och se om det föreligger några skillnader mellan odlad/vild öring respektive hanar/honor. Genom akustisk telemetri har 18 Siljanöringars rörelser längs en begränsad älvsträcka registrerats under 56 dagar. Analys har gjorts för hitta variationer både rumsligt och tidsmässigt samt mellan odlade/vilda Siljansöringar respektive honor/hanar, likväl som skillnader avseende rörelser, tim- och dygnsaktivitet och benägenhet att söka sig uppströms till det definitiva vandringshindret Spjutmo kraftverk. Siljansöringarna rörde sig mer under dagen jämfört med natt vilket skulle kunna kopplas till påverkan från elproduktion och vattenströmmar som skapas vid Spjutmo kraftverks turbinutlopp och/eller att dagsljuset är en fördel då de använder sig av synintryck för att kunna navigera. Skillnader (dock ej statistiskt säkerställda) kunde urskiljas mellan odlade och vilda fiskar och hanar/honor, såsom exempelvis att vild fisk simmade längre sträckor än odlad. Studier som denna är viktiga för att kunna få en helhetsbild kring livsvillkor och beteendemönster för Siljansöring och därigenom lyckas med framtida förvaltnings- och åtgärdsarbeten., The number of Siljan trout (Salmo trutta) in the River Österdalälven has declined due to hydropower development. To restore the river information about the behavioural patterns of the trout, such as upstream migration, are needed. The aim of this study is to describe the upstream movements of tagged Siljan trout as well as to identify differences between hatchery-reared and wild trout and between males and females. During 56 days, 18 individuals tagged with acoustic telemetry transmitters were registered in a section of the River Österdalälven. The data were analysed to identify variation in time and space as well as differences between origin (hatchery-reared vs wild trout) and sex. Analyses were also performed on hourly and diel movement patterns and if the fish swam upstream to the first migration barrier, the power station in Spjutmo. Variation in diurnal activity was identified, with higher activity during daytime compared to night, which might be related to power production in relation to currents flowing from turbine outlets and/or the importance of daylight for effective navigation. There were no significant differences identified between hatchery-reared and wild trout, respectively, nor were there any sex-related differences. Information obtained from this study is important to understand the situation for Siljan trout, to help in future management and restoration of this valuable stock of trout.

Many populations of salmonids are threatened by fragmentation and degradation of spawning habitats. Common remedial measures are habitat restoration and stocking of hatchery fish to support degraded wild populations. Many populations of brown trout in Sweden have been extirpated. The restoration plan for the endangered brown trout in Lake Siljan started decades ago and involves releases of hatchery produced trout. A decline of the spawning run of hatchery fish has been observed. In this study, wild and hatchery fish were tagged and monitored using hydroacustic telemetry during May-October, 2018. Movement patterns were studied to detect potential differences between wild and hatchery fish during lake and spawning migration. The results showed a difference of preferred territories between the groups. The wild trout stayed in the northern part of the lake and the hatchery trout were more evenly distributed over the lake, but with a preference for the southern part of the lake. During spawning migration a larger proportion of the wild trout (44 %) moved to potential spawning habitats as compared to hatchery trout (16 %). The wild fish migrated more or less direct to the potential spawning grounds in River Österdal as compared to the hatchery fish, which showed an erratic behavior and preferred to migrate to the tributaries in Lake Siljan. Differences in movement patterns and preferred habitats in the lake can be caused by differences in behavior between the groups. This should motivate more studies of behavior of wild and hatchery trout. The time for spawning and potential spawning habitats are also important to study for future management and restoration of the wild population of brown trout in Lake Siljan., Många salmonider är idag hotade av habitatfragmentering och brist på lekplatser. För att främja kvarvarande bestånd är vanliga åtgärder habitatrestaurering och utsättning av odlad fisk. Många bestånd av sjövandrande öring i Sverige är idag försvunna. I sjön Siljan har man under årtionden satt ut odlad fisk då den vilda stammen av siljansöringen är starkt hotad. En minskning av återvändande uppströmsvandrande odlad lekfisk har uppmärksammats. Vild och odlad öring märktes med sändare och data samlades in med akustisk telemetri under maj till oktober, 2018. Eventuella skillnader i rörelsemönster mellan fisk av olika ursprung har studerats under tillväxtperiod och lekmigration. Resultatet visade att det finns skillnader i var fiskarna uppehåller sig i sjön beroende på ursprung. Den vilda öringen föredrog den norra delen av Siljan, den odlade var mer spridd i hela sjön men föredrog den södra delen av sjön. Under tid för lekmigration rörde sig en större andel av den vilda fisken (44 %) mot potentiella lekhabitat jämfört med den odlade (16 %). Den vilda fisken var mer fokuserad i sin vandring mot Österdalälven än den odlade som uppvisade ett erratiskt beteende och som i större utsträckning besökte biflöden som mynnar i Siljan. Skillnader i rörelsemönster och placering i sjön kan bero på beteendeskillnader och interaktioner mellan grupperna. Detta borde öka intresset för att studera detta vidare hos den vilda och odlade öringen. Önskvärt är också att öka kunskapen om lekperiod och potentiella lekhabitat för att kunna upprätta ett effektivt åtgärdsprogram som ger ökade möjligheter för en återhämtning av den vilda populationen.