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Stroke impacts over 795,000 people each year and 33% of survivors will suffer from significant motor impairments. 73-88% of stroke survivors experience upper limb impairments. This significantly decreases one’s ability to perform many daily tasks and can substantially reduce their quality of life and independence. Robotic hand exoskeletons are devices that can move a human hand to achieve grasping motions. They have the potential to support those with hand motor impairments during activities of daily living (ADL); however, current devices are primarily designed for use in rehabilitative environments and have not been effectively translated for use in daily living. This work aims to develop and characterize the mechanical and electrical performance of a hand exoskeleton that can perform common hand grasps, and has the potential to assist an impaired hand in ADL. Most current hand exoskeletons reported in literature are designed with only comfort and basic hand movements in mind. For example, many only actuate three digits, while others can only perform a whole-hand open/closed grasp. We planned to build an exoskeleton that can individually actuate all digits, complete multiple common grasps and therefore be more capable of assisting in various ADL. The goals of this work were to: 1) design a functional hand exoskeleton, 2) measure and characterize the force outputs, current draw, and power of the individual digits of the exoskeleton when worn on a mannequin hand, and 3) use manipulanda to characterize the exoskeleton’s ability to complete nine common adult hand grasps utilized in activities of daily living.

Children born preterm are at greater risk of motor impairment, including cerebral palsy (CP) and developmental coordination disorder, compared with children born at term. Despite the important role participation, including participation in physical activity (PA), plays in promoting motor development, very little is known about participation for children born preterm at preschool age. Participation includes two components: attendance and involvement. It is a complex phenomenon, influenced by environmental and personal factors, and is recognised as an important outcome for children with motor impairment. This thesis aims to better understand correlates of participation for preschool age children born preterm, as well as means of promoting participation for this group. Study one focused on correlates of participation. It compared community participation for preschool age children born at <30 weeks’ gestation (VP) and at term, and explored motor impairment and social risk as possible correlates of participation. Perceived environmental barriers and facilitators of community participation were also assessed. Children born VP participated less frequently in community activities compared with children born at term. Higher social risk was associated with poorer participation outcomes for children born VP but not term, while there was little evidence motor impairment was associated with community participation. Finally, parents of children born VP perceived greater environmental barriers to participation compared with parents of children born at term. Study two was a systematic review exploring the efficacy of movement-based interventions for preschool age children (3-6 years), with or at risk of motor impairment, including children born preterm (<37 weeks’ gestation). This review highlighted the scarcity of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi RCTs exploring movement-based interventions for this age group. Overall, movement-based interventions did not significantly

In this paper, we investigate and analyze how young people that have motor impairments experience and have access to various forms of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). The aim is to gain a deeper understanding of how various assistive technologies (AT) mediate between young people and ICT systems, exploring how the user experience is perceived in practice. We apply the lens of the cultural-historical activity theory framework via a series of mainly qualitative explorations in Sweden, studying the user experience of ATs. The obtained findings reveal that there are many breakdowns in the interaction with ICT at the micro-level, mainly due to limited fine motor impairments in the hands, which the used ICT - with or without AT - could not handle properly. Still, the young adults perceived a positive UX in general. When comparing their parents’ view on the access to and experience of ICT a more negative UX of the available ICT systems emerged from a macro level. The parents often mentioned the lack of appropriate ICT and AT as well as relevant support from the educational institutions and other authorities. Some identified deficits framed from the perspective of sustainable accessibility are discussed from the societal level. Especially, the need for proper education that is enabled by credible ICT and AT, otherwise disabled young people are hindered to fully participate in society., Also part of the Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI book sub series (LNISA, volume 12768)

Background Physical therapies have been recommended as crucial components in Parkinson's disease (PD) rehabilitation. Objective The study aims to examine the effectiveness of a new dance-physiotherapy combined intervention, called DArT method, in mild PD patients. Methods A prospective, randomized, single-blind, controlled pilot trial was conducted on 38 mild PD patients under dopaminergic therapy. The intervention consisted in an add-on protocol: the control group received 1 h of conventional physiotherapy followed by 1 h of conventional physiotherapy each day, 3 times a week, for 5 weeks. The experimental group received 1 h of conventional physiotherapy followed by 1 h of dance class each day, 3 times a week, for 5 weeks. The week before and after the training period, patients were assessed for motor, cognitive, emotional, and sensory components of PD, with MDS-UPDRS-III as primary outcome measure. Results DArT method was associated with a 2.72-point reduction in the post-treatment MDS-UPDRS-III total score compared to control group (95% CI - 5.28, - 0.16, p = 0.038, d = 0.71), and with a 2.16-point reduction in the post-treatment MDS-UPDRS-III upper body subscore (95% CI - 3.56, - 0.76, p = 0.003, d = 1.02). Conversely, conventional physiotherapy program was associated with a 2.95-point reduction in the post-treatment trait anxiety compared to the experimental group (95% CI 0.19, 5.71, p = 0.037, d = 0.70). Withdrawal and fall rates were equal to 0% in both groups. Conclusion DArT method showed to be safe, well accepted, and more effective than an intensive program of conventional physiotherapy in improving motor impairment in mild PD.

Background: Physical therapies have been recommended as crucial components in Parkinson’s disease (PD) rehabilitation. Objective: The study aims to examine the effectiveness of a new dance-physiotherapy combined intervention, called DArT method, in mild PD patients. Methods: A prospective, randomized, single-blind, controlled pilot trial was conducted on 38 mild PD patients under dopaminergic therapy. The intervention consisted in an add-on protocol: the control group received 1 h of conventional physiotherapy followed by 1 h of conventional physiotherapy each day, 3 times a week, for 5 weeks. The experimental group received 1 h of conventional physiotherapy followed by 1 h of dance class each day, 3 times a week, for 5 weeks. The week before and after the training period, patients were assessed for motor, cognitive, emotional, and sensory components of PD, with MDS-UPDRS-III as primary outcome measure. Results: DArT method was associated with a 2.72-point reduction in the post-treatment MDS-UPDRS-III total score compared to control group (95% CI − 5.28, − 0.16, p = 0.038, d = 0.71), and with a 2.16-point reduction in the post-treatment MDS-UPDRS-III upper body subscore (95% CI − 3.56, − 0.76, p = 0.003, d = 1.02). Conversely, conventional physiotherapy program was associated with a 2.95-point reduction in the post-treatment trait anxiety compared to the experimental group (95% CI 0.19, 5.71, p = 0.037, d = 0.70). Withdrawal and fall rates were equal to 0% in both groups. Conclusion: DArT method showed to be safe, well accepted, and more effective than an intensive program of conventional physiotherapy in improving motor impairment in mild PD.

In this paper, we investigate and analyze how young people that have motor impairments experience and have access to various forms of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). The aim is to gain a deeper understanding of how various assistive technologies (AT) mediate between young people and ICT systems, exploring how the user experience is perceived in practice. We apply the lens of the cultural-historical activity theory framework via a series of mainly qualitative explorations in Sweden, studying the user experience of ATs. The obtained findings reveal that there are many breakdowns in the interaction with ICT at the micro-level, mainly due to limited fine motor impairments in the hands, which the used ICT - with or without AT - could not handle properly. Still, the young adults perceived a positive UX in general. When comparing their parents’ view on the access to and experience of ICT a more negative UX of the available ICT systems emerged from a macro level. The parents often mentioned the lack of appropriate ICT and AT as well as relevant support from the educational institutions and other authorities. Some identified deficits framed from the perspective of sustainable accessibility are discussed from the societal level. Especially, the need for proper education that is enabled by credible ICT and AT, otherwise disabled young people are hindered to fully participate in society., Also part of the Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI book sub series (LNISA, volume 12768)

All people experience aging, and the related physical and health changes, including changes in memory and brain function. These changes may become debilitating leading to an increase in dependence as people get older. Many external aids and tools have been developed to allow older adults and elderly patients to continue to live normal and comfortable lives. This mini-review describes some of the recent studies on cognitive decline and motor control impairment with the goal of advancing non-invasive brain computer interface (BCI) technologies to improve health and wellness of older adults and elderly patients. First, we describe the state of the art in cognitive prosthetics for psychiatric diseases. Then, we describe the state of the art of possible assistive BCI applications for controlling an exoskeleton, a wheelchair and smart home for elderly people with motor control impairments. The basic age-related brain and body changes, the effects of age on cognitive and motor abilities, and several BCI paradigms with typical tasks and outcomes are thoroughly described. We also discuss likely future trends and technologies to assist healthy older adults and elderly patients using innovative BCI applications with minimal technical oversight.

BACKGROUND: The population prevalence of many diseases is known. However, little is known of the population prevalence of motor impairments. METHODS: The aim of this study was to determine the point prevalence of specific motor impairments (weakness, fatigue, contracture, impaired balance and impaired coordination) in the population aged 55 years and older resident in New South Wales, Australia in 2018. 55,210 members of the 45 and Up cohort were invited to participate in a follow-up survey that included questions on motor impairment. Responses were received from 20,141 people (36%). Calibrated estimates of prevalence of specific motor impairments, and of having at least one motor impairment, were obtained using survey weights based on the known multivariate distributions of age, gender and geographical location (28 regions) in the population. RESULTS: More than one-third of adults aged over 55 residing in New South Wales have difficulty using their hands, arms or legs. The prevalence of each motor impairment (muscle weakness, fatigue, contracture, impaired balance or impaired coordination) in this population is between 4 and 12%. The prevalence of at least one of these impairments is 21%. The prevalence of at least one impairment in people aged 85 and over is 42%. Women consistently had more difficulty using hands, arms and legs, and more motor impairment, than men. Difficulty using hands, arms and legs and the prevalence of all motor impairments, especially poor balance, greatly increased with age. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of specific motor impairments in older Australian adults is high - comparable to that of the most prevalent diseases. There may be merit in considering motor impairment as a significant public health problem in its own right.

BACKGROUND: The population prevalence of many diseases is known. However, little is known of the population prevalence of motor impairments. METHODS: The aim of this study was to determine the point prevalence of specific motor impairments (weakness, fatigue, contracture, impaired balance and impaired coordination) in the population aged 55 years and older resident in New South Wales, Australia in 2018. 55,210 members of the 45 and Up cohort were invited to participate in a follow-up survey that included questions on motor impairment. Responses were received from 20,141 people (36%). Calibrated estimates of prevalence of specific motor impairments, and of having at least one motor impairment, were obtained using survey weights based on the known multivariate distributions of age, gender and geographical location (28 regions) in the population. RESULTS: More than one-third of adults aged over 55 residing in New South Wales have difficulty using their hands, arms or legs. The prevalence of each motor impairment (muscle weakness, fatigue, contracture, impaired balance or impaired coordination) in this population is between 4 and 12%. The prevalence of at least one of these impairments is 21%. The prevalence of at least one impairment in people aged 85 and over is 42%. Women consistently had more difficulty using hands, arms and legs, and more motor impairment, than men. Difficulty using hands, arms and legs and the prevalence of all motor impairments, especially poor balance, greatly increased with age. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of specific motor impairments in older Australian adults is high - comparable to that of the most prevalent diseases. There may be merit in considering motor impairment as a significant public health problem in its own right.

Early in infection, HIV crosses the blood-brain barrier and induces neuropathology. Viral presence in the CNS coupled with secretion of neurotoxic proteins causes neuroinflammation, glial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuronal death. Despite advances in combined antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected patients present with a spectrum of cognitive and psychomotor deficits collectively referred to as HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND). A subset of HAND patients abuses drugs such as opiates like heroin and morphine show an exacerbation and rapid progression of HIV neuropathology; however, the mechanisms of this synergy are not well understood. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative process which eliminates and recycles cytosolic components and is implicated in facilitating HIV-1 replication in the CNS and periphery, and in Tat-induced neurodegeneration. When a key initiator of autophagy Beclin 1 was silenced using siRNAs, there was a marked reduction of HIV-1 replication in human microglia and astrocytes and the corresponding inflammatory response. As such, the goal of the current study is to determine if diminished Beclin 1 is neuroprotective against Tat and morphine-induced neurodegeneration using heterozygous Beclin 1 (Becn1+/-) mice. Examination of Tat and morphine-induced inflammatory molecule secretion revealed that Becn1+/- mixed astrocyte and microglia (glia) exhibited attenuated secretion of cytokine IL-6 and chemokines RANTES and MCP-1 compared to control (C57BL/6J) glia, an effect mediated through the μ-opioid receptor. Dysregulation of autophagy-related gene expression and excessive intracellular calcium accumulation were limited in Becn1+/- glia. When determining the effects of Tat-and morphine co-exposure on neuronal survival in vitro, we found Becn1+/- neurons were particularly sensitive to injury, excitotoxicity, and toxic exposures; however, when C57BL/6J neurons were exposed to conditioned media of C57BL/6J and Becn1+/- glia treated with Tat a

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. HD symptoms include severe motor, cognitive, and psychiatric impairments that result from dysfunction and later degeneration of medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum. A key early pathogenic mechanism is dysregulated synaptic transmission due to enhanced surface expression of juvenile NMDA-type glutamate receptors containing GluN3A subunits, which trigger the aberrant pruning of synapses formed by cortical afferents onto MSNs. Here, we tested the therapeutic potential of silencing GluN3A expression in YAC128 mice, a well-established HD model. Recombinant adeno-associated viruses encoding a short-hairpin RNA against GluN3A (rAAV-shGluN3A) were generated, and the ability of different serotypes to transduce MSNs was compared. A single injection of rAAV9-shGluN3A into the striatum of 1-month-old mice drove potent (>90%) and long-lasting reductions of GluN3A expression in MSNs, prevented dendritic spine loss and improved motor performance in YAC128 mice. Later delivery, when spine pathology is already apparent, was also effective. Our data provide proof-of-concept for GluN3A silencing as a beneficial strategy to prevent or reverse corticostriatal disconnectivity and motor impairment in HD and support the use of RNAi-based or small-molecule approaches for harnessing this therapeutic potential.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with common symptoms including rigidity, tremors, and bradykinesia. While current medication can alleviate symptoms, no treatment exists to stop or slow neuronal cell death and disease progression. There is an unmet need for a biomarker associated with progression that could aide in development of treatments by monitoring disease progression. Since Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) allows for the measure of gray matter (GM) density in the human brain noninvasively, this study was designed to investigate the association between brain atrophy, measured by MRI, and motor dysfunction in PD subjects, as a biomarker. MRI and voxel-based morphometry methods were used to investigate GM atrophy and the association with motor impairment in 43 PD and 59 control subjects. T1-weighted whole-brain MRI images were acquired in collaborative studies in Germany and at Indiana University on 3T MRI scanners. Group differences in GM density between PD and control subjects were examined voxel by voxel with SPM12 using cluster-corrected two-sample t-tests. Among PD subjects, associations of GM density with motor dysfunction (measured by UPDRS- III) were analyzed by multiple regression. Compared to controls, PD subjects show significant GM atrophy in the supplementary motor cortex (p < 0.005). This is a critical brain region, linking cognition to action. Among PD subjects, there is a significant association (p < 0.001) of GM atrophy with motor dysfunction (high UPDRS-III) bilaterally in the superior parietal lobules of the motor cortex. These findings agree with the hypothesis that motor dysfunction is associated with GM atrophy in the motor cortex, and that imaging GM density by MRI is a good display of neurodegenerative progression in PD.

Individuals affected by severe motor impairment lose the ability to move and interact effectively. The severity of motor impairment varies across affected individuals, and conditions like LIS and ALS can fluctuate and deteriorate over time, sometimes within the same day. Despite the increasing availability of augmentative and assistive technologies, existing solutions do not easily adapt to these changing capabilities. In this paper, we present Eyehome 3.0, an extensible multimodal input system which builds user interfaces that adapt to the user via recurrent neural networks. In particular, eye gaze data is used to inform the layout of these user interfaces. We also present a framework for easily developing additional layouts and applications for the system, and how additional devices can be incorporated. We discuss how our participatory design work with Amado, a person with LIS, helped drive the development of the system.

Background: Motor impairments are among the major complications that develop after cortical damage caused by either stroke or traumatic brain injury. Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) can improve motor functions in animal models of stroke by inducing neuroplasticity.Objective: In the current study, the therapeutic effect of chronic MCS was assessed in a rat model of severe cortical damage.Methods: A controlled cortical impact (CCI) was applied to the forelimb area of the motor cortex followed by implantation of a flat electrode covering the lesioned area. Forelimb function was assessed using the Montoya staircase test and the cylinder test before and after a period of chronic MCS. Furthermore, the effect of MCS on tissue metabolism and lesion size was measured using [F-18]-fluorodesoxyglucose (FDG) mu PET scanning.Results: CCI caused a considerable lesion at the level of the motor cortex and dorsal striatum together with a long-lasting behavioral phenotype of forelimb impairment. However, MCS applied to the CCI lesion did not lead to any improvement in limb functioning when compared to non-stimulated control rats. Also, MCS neither changed lesion size nor distribution of FDG.Conclusion: The use of MCS as a standalone treatment did not improve motor impairments in a rat model of severe cortical damage using our specific treatment modalities.

Individuals affected by severe motor impairment lose the ability to move and interact effectively. The severity of motor impairment varies across affected individuals, and conditions like LIS and ALS can fluctuate and deteriorate over time, sometimes within the same day. Despite the increasing availability of augmentative and assistive technologies, existing solutions do not easily adapt to these changing capabilities. In this paper, we present Eyehome 3.0, an extensible multimodal input system which builds user interfaces that adapt to the user via recurrent neural networks. In particular, eye gaze data is used to inform the layout of these user interfaces. We also present a framework for easily developing additional layouts and applications for the system, and how additional devices can be incorporated. We discuss how our participatory design work with Amado, a person with LIS, helped drive the development of the system.

Background: Motor impairments are among the major complications that develop after cortical damage caused by either stroke or traumatic brain injury. Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) can improve motor functions in animal models of stroke by inducing neuroplasticity.Objective: In the current study, the therapeutic effect of chronic MCS was assessed in a rat model of severe cortical damage.Methods: A controlled cortical impact (CCI) was applied to the forelimb area of the motor cortex followed by implantation of a flat electrode covering the lesioned area. Forelimb function was assessed using the Montoya staircase test and the cylinder test before and after a period of chronic MCS. Furthermore, the effect of MCS on tissue metabolism and lesion size was measured using [F-18]-fluorodesoxyglucose (FDG) mu PET scanning.Results: CCI caused a considerable lesion at the level of the motor cortex and dorsal striatum together with a long-lasting behavioral phenotype of forelimb impairment. However, MCS applied to the CCI lesion did not lead to any improvement in limb functioning when compared to non-stimulated control rats. Also, MCS neither changed lesion size nor distribution of FDG.Conclusion: The use of MCS as a standalone treatment did not improve motor impairments in a rat model of severe cortical damage using our specific treatment modalities.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with common symptoms including rigidity, tremors, and bradykinesia. While current medication can alleviate symptoms, no treatment exists to stop or slow neuronal cell death and disease progression. There is an unmet need for a biomarker associated with progression that could aide in development of treatments by monitoring disease progression. Since Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) allows for the measure of gray matter (GM) density in the human brain noninvasively, this study was designed to investigate the association between brain atrophy, measured by MRI, and motor dysfunction in PD subjects, as a biomarker. MRI and voxel-based morphometry methods were used to investigate GM atrophy and the association with motor impairment in 43 PD and 59 control subjects. T1-weighted whole-brain MRI images were acquired in collaborative studies in Germany and at Indiana University on 3T MRI scanners. Group differences in GM density between PD and control subjects were examined voxel by voxel with SPM12 using cluster-corrected two-sample t-tests. Among PD subjects, associations of GM density with motor dysfunction (measured by UPDRS- III) were analyzed by multiple regression. Compared to controls, PD subjects show significant GM atrophy in the supplementary motor cortex (p < 0.005). This is a critical brain region, linking cognition to action. Among PD subjects, there is a significant association (p < 0.001) of GM atrophy with motor dysfunction (high UPDRS-III) bilaterally in the superior parietal lobules of the motor cortex. These findings agree with the hypothesis that motor dysfunction is associated with GM atrophy in the motor cortex, and that imaging GM density by MRI is a good display of neurodegenerative progression in PD.

Brain plasticity is not only accommodation of young brain tissue that can change own characteristics, but process that occurs during whole life period, even during old age. Mechanisms of plasticity incorporate: formation of new axon terminals and new synapses, change in neuronal membrane excitability, change in the balance of excitation and inhibition, a long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD). Molecular mechanisms of brain plasticity encompass neurotrophins, NMDA receptors, the role of calcium ions and calcium channels, free radicals and lipid peroxides. Neuroplasticity also may lead to destabilization of neuronal connections therefore without control of this process plasticity becomes excessive and as a result pathological destabilization and disease may occur. Compensation, which is reorganisation of behavior aimed at minimizing or circumventing a particular disability, is also possible due to process of neuroplasticity. Although, without any doubt, younger and growing brain has greater potential for compensation of damage and higher ability for correction of dysfunctions. Here we discussed biological potential of brain plasticity and importance of this process for early intervention is special education and rehabilitation. Early intervention will have full effect only if it is applied well-timed, otherwise the effects will be reduced. Accurate early intervention should consider: definition of optimal time period for beginning of early intervention; composition of proper protocols for methods of stimulation and systemic exercise; and application of these measures in connection with prospective biological potentials.

Brain plasticity is not only accommodation of young brain tissue that can change own characteristics, but process that occurs during whole life period, even during old age. Mechanisms of plasticity incorporate: formation of new axon terminals and new synapses, change in neuronal membrane excitability, change in the balance of excitation and inhibition, a long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD). Molecular mechanisms of brain plasticity encompass neurotrophins, NMDA receptors, the role of calcium ions and calcium channels, free radicals and lipid peroxides. Neuroplasticity also may lead to destabilization of neuronal connections therefore without control of this process plasticity becomes excessive and as a result pathological destabilization and disease may occur. Compensation, which is reorganisation of behavior aimed at minimizing or circumventing a particular disability, is also possible due to process of neuroplasticity. Although, without any doubt, younger and growing brain has greater potential for compensation of damage and higher ability for correction of dysfunctions. Here we discussed biological potential of brain plasticity and importance of this process for early intervention is special education and rehabilitation. Early intervention will have full effect only if it is applied well-timed, otherwise the effects will be reduced. Accurate early intervention should consider: definition of optimal time period for beginning of early intervention; composition of proper protocols for methods of stimulation and systemic exercise; and application of these measures in connection with prospective biological potentials.

Of all motor skills, manual reaching might be the one ability that matters most for infants’ perceptual, cognitive and social development. Reaching allows infants to learn about object properties, but also gives opportunities for socializing with others. The general aim of the present thesis was to study the importance of manual motor development in infancy from different perspectives; first, through examining stereopsis as a prerequisite for efficient reaching development, second, with regard to understanding others goal-directed reach actions by means of the mirror neuron system (MNS), and third, in relation to possible atypical development, with a specific focus on autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Study I shows that under monocular viewing conditions, infants at six, eight and 10 months of age perform slower and less accurate reaches. Longer times to object contact during monocular trials specifically imply that motor prediction is less effective when depth and distance information is compromised. Study II demonstrates that, by eight months of age, infants seem to have a MNS that functions in a similar manner to the adult MNS, thus activity can be registered over the motor cortex when infants simply observe an action they can master themselves. This activation is predictive, indicating anticipation of the goal of the observed reach. Study III indicates that infants at elevated familial risk for ASD present with reduced prospective motor control at 10 months of age. Compared to a low-risk control sample, high-risk infants perform reactive rather than predictive reach actions. Follow-up assessment at 36 months will show whether this measure can be used as a predictive diagnostic marker for ASD. The main contribution given by this work is the insight that it is important to take manual motor aspects into account when considering typical as well as atypical cognitive and social development, and in addition, that motor prediction is a key factor behind being able to ti

Of all motor skills, manual reaching might be the one ability that matters most for infants’ perceptual, cognitive and social development. Reaching allows infants to learn about object properties, but also gives opportunities for socializing with others. The general aim of the present thesis was to study the importance of manual motor development in infancy from different perspectives; first, through examining stereopsis as a prerequisite for efficient reaching development, second, with regard to understanding others goal-directed reach actions by means of the mirror neuron system (MNS), and third, in relation to possible atypical development, with a specific focus on autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Study I shows that under monocular viewing conditions, infants at six, eight and 10 months of age perform slower and less accurate reaches. Longer times to object contact during monocular trials specifically imply that motor prediction is less effective when depth and distance information is compromised. Study II demonstrates that, by eight months of age, infants seem to have a MNS that functions in a similar manner to the adult MNS, thus activity can be registered over the motor cortex when infants simply observe an action they can master themselves. This activation is predictive, indicating anticipation of the goal of the observed reach. Study III indicates that infants at elevated familial risk for ASD present with reduced prospective motor control at 10 months of age. Compared to a low-risk control sample, high-risk infants perform reactive rather than predictive reach actions. Follow-up assessment at 36 months will show whether this measure can be used as a predictive diagnostic marker for ASD. The main contribution given by this work is the insight that it is important to take manual motor aspects into account when considering typical as well as atypical cognitive and social development, and in addition, that motor prediction is a key factor behind being able to ti

Of all motor skills, manual reaching might be the one ability that matters most for infants’ perceptual, cognitive and social development. Reaching allows infants to learn about object properties, but also gives opportunities for socializing with others. The general aim of the present thesis was to study the importance of manual motor development in infancy from different perspectives; first, through examining stereopsis as a prerequisite for efficient reaching development, second, with regard to understanding others goal-directed reach actions by means of the mirror neuron system (MNS), and third, in relation to possible atypical development, with a specific focus on autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Study I shows that under monocular viewing conditions, infants at six, eight and 10 months of age perform slower and less accurate reaches. Longer times to object contact during monocular trials specifically imply that motor prediction is less effective when depth and distance information is compromised. Study II demonstrates that, by eight months of age, infants seem to have a MNS that functions in a similar manner to the adult MNS, thus activity can be registered over the motor cortex when infants simply observe an action they can master themselves. This activation is predictive, indicating anticipation of the goal of the observed reach. Study III indicates that infants at elevated familial risk for ASD present with reduced prospective motor control at 10 months of age. Compared to a low-risk control sample, high-risk infants perform reactive rather than predictive reach actions. Follow-up assessment at 36 months will show whether this measure can be used as a predictive diagnostic marker for ASD. The main contribution given by this work is the insight that it is important to take manual motor aspects into account when considering typical as well as atypical cognitive and social development, and in addition, that motor prediction is a key factor behind being able to ti

Of all motor skills, manual reaching might be the one ability that matters most for infants’ perceptual, cognitive and social development. Reaching allows infants to learn about object properties, but also gives opportunities for socializing with others. The general aim of the present thesis was to study the importance of manual motor development in infancy from different perspectives; first, through examining stereopsis as a prerequisite for efficient reaching development, second, with regard to understanding others goal-directed reach actions by means of the mirror neuron system (MNS), and third, in relation to possible atypical development, with a specific focus on autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Study I shows that under monocular viewing conditions, infants at six, eight and 10 months of age perform slower and less accurate reaches. Longer times to object contact during monocular trials specifically imply that motor prediction is less effective when depth and distance information is compromised. Study II demonstrates that, by eight months of age, infants seem to have a MNS that functions in a similar manner to the adult MNS, thus activity can be registered over the motor cortex when infants simply observe an action they can master themselves. This activation is predictive, indicating anticipation of the goal of the observed reach. Study III indicates that infants at elevated familial risk for ASD present with reduced prospective motor control at 10 months of age. Compared to a low-risk control sample, high-risk infants perform reactive rather than predictive reach actions. Follow-up assessment at 36 months will show whether this measure can be used as a predictive diagnostic marker for ASD. The main contribution given by this work is the insight that it is important to take manual motor aspects into account when considering typical as well as atypical cognitive and social development, and in addition, that motor prediction is a key factor behind being able to ti

Of all motor skills, manual reaching might be the one ability that matters most for infants’ perceptual, cognitive and social development. Reaching allows infants to learn about object properties, but also gives opportunities for socializing with others. The general aim of the present thesis was to study the importance of manual motor development in infancy from different perspectives; first, through examining stereopsis as a prerequisite for efficient reaching development, second, with regard to understanding others goal-directed reach actions by means of the mirror neuron system (MNS), and third, in relation to possible atypical development, with a specific focus on autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Study I shows that under monocular viewing conditions, infants at six, eight and 10 months of age perform slower and less accurate reaches. Longer times to object contact during monocular trials specifically imply that motor prediction is less effective when depth and distance information is compromised. Study II demonstrates that, by eight months of age, infants seem to have a MNS that functions in a similar manner to the adult MNS, thus activity can be registered over the motor cortex when infants simply observe an action they can master themselves. This activation is predictive, indicating anticipation of the goal of the observed reach. Study III indicates that infants at elevated familial risk for ASD present with reduced prospective motor control at 10 months of age. Compared to a low-risk control sample, high-risk infants perform reactive rather than predictive reach actions. Follow-up assessment at 36 months will show whether this measure can be used as a predictive diagnostic marker for ASD. The main contribution given by this work is the insight that it is important to take manual motor aspects into account when considering typical as well as atypical cognitive and social development, and in addition, that motor prediction is a key factor behind being able to ti

Various studies have shown that occurrence of locomotion in infancy is correlated with the development of spatial cognitive competencies. Recent evidence suggests that locomotor experience might also be important for the development of spatial language. Together these findings suggest that locomotor experience might play a crucial role in the development of linguistic-cognitive spatial skills. However, some studies indicate that, despite their total deprivation of locomotor experience, young children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) have the capacity to acquire and use rich spatial representations including good spatial language. Nonetheless, we have to be cautious about what the striking performances displayed by SMA children can reveal on the link between motor and spatial development, as the dynamics of brain development in atypically developing children are different from typically developing children.

The aim of this study was to develop an alternative computer mouse for disabled persons. The mouse developed is a flexible input device with a multi-click function, which can be attached to a selectable body part (eg head, arm, foot). The mouse has a MEMS-gyroscope as the motion sensor, which is both small and sensitive. A USB-interface with a HID-profile is used to make the installation easy, "plug & play", and to make it compatible for use on any modern computer, independent of the operating system (Windows, Linux, Mac etc.). The structure is modular to achieve a flexible functionality. The mouse has individually adapted click-functions with selectable click devices, in addition to which, it is possible to define individual settings of the mouse parameters. The functionality can be extended by adding further personal settings, thereby programming the mouse for individual optimal performance. The result is a reliable and useful computer mouse for people with disabilities. In the development process, 23 users have been interviewed, three of whom participated in a 6 month long-term test. The study shows that a computer mouse incorporating a MEMS-gyroscope is a good, flexible solution, providing a high performance technical aid with extremely good sensitivity at a modest cost., NovaMedTech

This paper shows the results of an investigation based on a descriptive study focused on establishing the characteristics of communicative interaction in a group of children aged 5 to 24 months of chronological age, with motor impairment evident in the dyad baby – carer. The method used to collect observational data was non-participant, using a video recording techniques and a subsequent film of the same anecdotal record. The results are related to the characteristics of infantcaregiver interaction in accordance with the proposed model for the development of interactive competence in early childhood, taking into account aspects such as primary intersubjectivity, joint attention, joint action, the capabilities of imitation, communicative intentions and strategies of the caregiver., El presente documento muestra los resultados de una investigación basada en un estudio descriptivo, centrado en establecer las características de la interacción comunicativa en un grupo de niños de 5 a 24 meses de edad cronológica, con deficiencia motora, presentes en la diada bebé – cuidador. El método empleado para la recolección de información fue el observacional no participante, utilizando como técnicas de registro una video filmación y un posterior registro anecdótico de la misma. Los resultados se encuentran relacionados con las características de interacción bebé-cuidador de acuerdo con la propuesta del modelo de desarrollo de la competencia interactiva en la infancia temprana, atendiendo a aspectos como la intersubjetividad primaria, la atención conjunta, la acción conjunta, las capacidades de imitación, la intencionalidad comunicativa y las estrategias del cuidador.

This paper shows the results of an investigation based on a descriptive study focused on establishing the characteristics of communicative interaction in a group of children aged 5 to 24 months of chronological age, with motor impairment evident in the dyad baby – carer. The method used to collect observational data was non-participant, using a video recording techniques and a subsequent film of the same anecdotal record. The results are related to the characteristics of infantcaregiver interaction in accordance with the proposed model for the development of interactive competence in early childhood, taking into account aspects such as primary intersubjectivity, joint attention, joint action, the capabilities of imitation, communicative intentions and strategies of the caregiver., El presente documento muestra los resultados de una investigación basada en un estudio descriptivo, centrado en establecer las características de la interacción comunicativa en un grupo de niños de 5 a 24 meses de edad cronológica, con deficiencia motora, presentes en la diada bebé – cuidador. El método empleado para la recolección de información fue el observacional no participante, utilizando como técnicas de registro una video filmación y un posterior registro anecdótico de la misma. Los resultados se encuentran relacionados con las características de interacción bebé-cuidador de acuerdo con la propuesta del modelo de desarrollo de la competencia interactiva en la infancia temprana, atendiendo a aspectos como la intersubjetividad primaria, la atención conjunta, la acción conjunta, las capacidades de imitación, la intencionalidad comunicativa y las estrategias del cuidador.

Researchers in serious games area and professionals in stroke rehabilitation, working collaboratively in explorative interdisciplinary research studies in order to develop usable and effective applications. In this context, physiotherapists and occupational therapy are important elements of stroke rehabilitation. Applications from such exploratory development reflect motivational and easy to use features, which could be further designed and developed by serious games developers. This research study aims to investigate the role and usefulness of Video Capture Virtual Reality Technology (VCVRT) in motor impairment rehabilitation, to identify and explore the importance of this technology in healthcare, specifically in motor impairment rehabilitation. Likewise, to analyze the acceptance of VCVRT among the physiotherapists in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived intension to use. Results imply that video capture virtual reality technology can be use as complement to conventional physiotherapy. This technology is cheap, easy to use and is useful as a home based rehabilitation tool, but together with physiotherapist supervision or coaching. Moreover, VCVRT is motivational for weak patients and useful in motor rehabilitation in terms of quantity, i.e. intensity of exercise can be increased. Physiotherapist centered approach is necessary for game design process; effective game design suggestions and the idea of single gaming framework consists of different games acquiring multiple rehabilitation goals, are achieved from physiotherapists during the research. Technology acceptance value is high among physiotherapists. The research study provides a more detailed understanding of the factors involved in the implication of video capture virtual reality technology in motor impairment rehabilitation.

Context: Researchers in serious games area and professionals in stroke rehabilitation, working collaboratively in explorative interdisciplinary research studies in order to develop usable and effective applications. In this context, physiotherapists and occupational therapy are important elements of stroke rehabilitation. Applications from such exploratory development reflect motivational and easy to use features, which could be further designed and developed by serious games developers. Objectives: The research study aims to investigate the role and usefulness of Video Capture Virtual Reality Technology (VCVRT) in motor impairment rehabilitation, to identify and explore the importance of this technology in healthcare, specifically in motor impairment rehabilitation. Likewise, to analyze the acceptance of VCVRT among the physiotherapists in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived intension to use. Methods: In this exploratory study literature review, workshop and survey including questionnaire and interview are used, taking Blekinge County Hospital (Karlshamn) as case study along with “TARGET” game as testing platform for introducing and evaluating VCVRT among physiotherapists. For exploring technology acceptance level among physiotherapists, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used in the research work. Results: Video capture virtual reality technology can be used as a complement to conventional physiotherapy. This technology is cheap, easy to use and is useful as a home based rehabilitation tool, but together with physiotherapist supervision or coaching. Moreover, VCVRT is motivational for weak patients and useful in motor rehabilitation in terms of quantity, i.e. intensity of exercise can be increased. Physiotherapist centered approach is necessary for game design process; effective game design suggestions and the idea of single gaming framework consists of different games acquiring multiple rehabilitation goals, are achieved from phy

Context: Researchers in serious games area and professionals in stroke rehabilitation, working collaboratively in explorative interdisciplinary research studies in order to develop usable and effective applications. In this context, physiotherapists and occupational therapy are important elements of stroke rehabilitation. Applications from such exploratory development reflect motivational and easy to use features, which could be further designed and developed by serious games developers. Objectives: The research study aims to investigate the role and usefulness of Video Capture Virtual Reality Technology (VCVRT) in motor impairment rehabilitation, to identify and explore the importance of this technology in healthcare, specifically in motor impairment rehabilitation. Likewise, to analyze the acceptance of VCVRT among the physiotherapists in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived intension to use. Methods: In this exploratory study literature review, workshop and survey including questionnaire and interview are used, taking Blekinge County Hospital (Karlshamn) as case study along with “TARGET” game as testing platform for introducing and evaluating VCVRT among physiotherapists. For exploring technology acceptance level among physiotherapists, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used in the research work. Results: Video capture virtual reality technology can be used as a complement to conventional physiotherapy. This technology is cheap, easy to use and is useful as a home based rehabilitation tool, but together with physiotherapist supervision or coaching. Moreover, VCVRT is motivational for weak patients and useful in motor rehabilitation in terms of quantity, i.e. intensity of exercise can be increased. Physiotherapist centered approach is necessary for game design process; effective game design suggestions and the idea of single gaming framework consists of different games acquiring multiple rehabilitation goals, are achieved from phy

Context: Researchers in serious games area and professionals in stroke rehabilitation, working collaboratively in explorative interdisciplinary research studies in order to develop usable and effective applications. In this context, physiotherapists and occupational therapy are important elements of stroke rehabilitation. Applications from such exploratory development reflect motivational and easy to use features, which could be further designed and developed by serious games developers. Objectives: The research study aims to investigate the role and usefulness of Video Capture Virtual Reality Technology (VCVRT) in motor impairment rehabilitation, to identify and explore the importance of this technology in healthcare, specifically in motor impairment rehabilitation. Likewise, to analyze the acceptance of VCVRT among the physiotherapists in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived intension to use. Methods: In this exploratory study literature review, workshop and survey including questionnaire and interview are used, taking Blekinge County Hospital (Karlshamn) as case study along with “TARGET” game as testing platform for introducing and evaluating VCVRT among physiotherapists. For exploring technology acceptance level among physiotherapists, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used in the research work. Results: Video capture virtual reality technology can be used as a complement to conventional physiotherapy. This technology is cheap, easy to use and is useful as a home based rehabilitation tool, but together with physiotherapist supervision or coaching. Moreover, VCVRT is motivational for weak patients and useful in motor rehabilitation in terms of quantity, i.e. intensity of exercise can be increased. Physiotherapist centered approach is necessary for game design process; effective game design suggestions and the idea of single gaming framework consists of different games acquiring multiple rehabilitation goals, are achieved from phy

Context: Researchers in serious games area and professionals in stroke rehabilitation, working collaboratively in explorative interdisciplinary research studies in order to develop usable and effective applications. In this context, physiotherapists and occupational therapy are important elements of stroke rehabilitation. Applications from such exploratory development reflect motivational and easy to use features, which could be further designed and developed by serious games developers. Objectives: The research study aims to investigate the role and usefulness of Video Capture Virtual Reality Technology (VCVRT) in motor impairment rehabilitation, to identify and explore the importance of this technology in healthcare, specifically in motor impairment rehabilitation. Likewise, to analyze the acceptance of VCVRT among the physiotherapists in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived intension to use. Methods: In this exploratory study literature review, workshop and survey including questionnaire and interview are used, taking Blekinge County Hospital (Karlshamn) as case study along with “TARGET” game as testing platform for introducing and evaluating VCVRT among physiotherapists. For exploring technology acceptance level among physiotherapists, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used in the research work. Results: Video capture virtual reality technology can be used as a complement to conventional physiotherapy. This technology is cheap, easy to use and is useful as a home based rehabilitation tool, but together with physiotherapist supervision or coaching. Moreover, VCVRT is motivational for weak patients and useful in motor rehabilitation in terms of quantity, i.e. intensity of exercise can be increased. Physiotherapist centered approach is necessary for game design process; effective game design suggestions and the idea of single gaming framework consists of different games acquiring multiple rehabilitation goals, are achieved from phy

Context: Researchers in serious games area and professionals in stroke rehabilitation, working collaboratively in explorative interdisciplinary research studies in order to develop usable and effective applications. In this context, physiotherapists and occupational therapy are important elements of stroke rehabilitation. Applications from such exploratory development reflect motivational and easy to use features, which could be further designed and developed by serious games developers. Objectives: The research study aims to investigate the role and usefulness of Video Capture Virtual Reality Technology (VCVRT) in motor impairment rehabilitation, to identify and explore the importance of this technology in healthcare, specifically in motor impairment rehabilitation. Likewise, to analyze the acceptance of VCVRT among the physiotherapists in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived intension to use. Methods: In this exploratory study literature review, workshop and survey including questionnaire and interview are used, taking Blekinge County Hospital (Karlshamn) as case study along with “TARGET” game as testing platform for introducing and evaluating VCVRT among physiotherapists. For exploring technology acceptance level among physiotherapists, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used in the research work. Results: Video capture virtual reality technology can be used as a complement to conventional physiotherapy. This technology is cheap, easy to use and is useful as a home based rehabilitation tool, but together with physiotherapist supervision or coaching. Moreover, VCVRT is motivational for weak patients and useful in motor rehabilitation in terms of quantity, i.e. intensity of exercise can be increased. Physiotherapist centered approach is necessary for game design process; effective game design suggestions and the idea of single gaming framework consists of different games acquiring multiple rehabilitation goals, are achieved from phy

Context: Researchers in serious games area and professionals in stroke rehabilitation, working collaboratively in explorative interdisciplinary research studies in order to develop usable and effective applications. In this context, physiotherapists and occupational therapy are important elements of stroke rehabilitation. Applications from such exploratory development reflect motivational and easy to use features, which could be further designed and developed by serious games developers. Objectives: The research study aims to investigate the role and usefulness of Video Capture Virtual Reality Technology (VCVRT) in motor impairment rehabilitation, to identify and explore the importance of this technology in healthcare, specifically in motor impairment rehabilitation. Likewise, to analyze the acceptance of VCVRT among the physiotherapists in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived intension to use. Methods: In this exploratory study literature review, workshop and survey including questionnaire and interview are used, taking Blekinge County Hospital (Karlshamn) as case study along with “TARGET” game as testing platform for introducing and evaluating VCVRT among physiotherapists. For exploring technology acceptance level among physiotherapists, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used in the research work. Results: Video capture virtual reality technology can be used as a complement to conventional physiotherapy. This technology is cheap, easy to use and is useful as a home based rehabilitation tool, but together with physiotherapist supervision or coaching. Moreover, VCVRT is motivational for weak patients and useful in motor rehabilitation in terms of quantity, i.e. intensity of exercise can be increased. Physiotherapist centered approach is necessary for game design process; effective game design suggestions and the idea of single gaming framework consists of different games acquiring multiple rehabilitation goals, are achieved from phy

Context: Researchers in serious games area and professionals in stroke rehabilitation, working collaboratively in explorative interdisciplinary research studies in order to develop usable and effective applications. In this context, physiotherapists and occupational therapy are important elements of stroke rehabilitation. Applications from such exploratory development reflect motivational and easy to use features, which could be further designed and developed by serious games developers. Objectives: The research study aims to investigate the role and usefulness of Video Capture Virtual Reality Technology (VCVRT) in motor impairment rehabilitation, to identify and explore the importance of this technology in healthcare, specifically in motor impairment rehabilitation. Likewise, to analyze the acceptance of VCVRT among the physiotherapists in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived intension to use. Methods: In this exploratory study literature review, workshop and survey including questionnaire and interview are used, taking Blekinge County Hospital (Karlshamn) as case study along with “TARGET” game as testing platform for introducing and evaluating VCVRT among physiotherapists. For exploring technology acceptance level among physiotherapists, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used in the research work. Results: Video capture virtual reality technology can be used as a complement to conventional physiotherapy. This technology is cheap, easy to use and is useful as a home based rehabilitation tool, but together with physiotherapist supervision or coaching. Moreover, VCVRT is motivational for weak patients and useful in motor rehabilitation in terms of quantity, i.e. intensity of exercise can be increased. Physiotherapist centered approach is necessary for game design process; effective game design suggestions and the idea of single gaming framework consists of different games acquiring multiple rehabilitation goals, are achieved from phy

Objective: To establish the importance of valuation orthoptics and visual training before or after of the corneal refractive laser surgery, Lasik. Methods: 44 patients who underwent evaluation orthoptics and visual training before and after Lasik refractive surgery, attended in Optiláser and Ojos Láser Center, during a period of 12 months. We considered qualitative elements such as signs and symptoms and quantitative methods of evaluation as visual acuity for far and near vision, static and dynamic refraction, prism cover test for far and near vision, next point of convergence, flexibility and amplitude of accommodation, fusional reserves, stereopsis and sensory correspondence. Results: In assessing pre-and post-surgical 6 patients (13.63%) showed no eye motor alteration and 37 (84.09%) reported some kind of anomaly accommodates or motor, of whom 11 patients (29.72%) had abnormalities combined, 16 (43.24%) accommodative and 10 (37.03%) motor. In the pre-and post-operative frequencies Hirshberg had identical behavior. In the amplitude and flexibility of accommodation don’t found statistically significant differences (p> 0.05), before and after Lasik, albeit from a clinical point of view was evident increase in the alterations of high and moderate amplitude of accommodation after the refractive surgery, as is evidenced by the decrease normal values of the same, decreased flexibility in the eyes with normal values and increased disturbances at the higher levels and mild. Most patients had values altering of the fusional reserves positive for vision near and far between High Moderate. In the values of stereopsis, the ranges of normality were stable and high and moderate alterations were correlated with patients with strabismic or preexisting ocular abnormalities. The next point of convergence, the cover test and the status of Correspondence Sensory did not change. 100% of the patients who performed visual training reported improvement in their values as in clinical symp, Objetivo: establecer la importancia de la valoración ortóptica y el entrenamiento visual antes y después de la cirugía refractiva corneal con láser, técnica Lasik. Materiales y métodos: 44 pacientes a los cuales se les realizó evaluación ortóptica y se intervinieron con entrenamiento visual antes y después de la cirugía refractiva Lasik, atendidos en Optiláser y Ojos Láser Center, durante un período de 12 meses. Se consideraron elementos cualitativos como signos y síntomas, y métodos cuantitativos de evaluación como agudeza visual para visión lejana y próxima, refracción estática y dinámica, prisma cover test para visión lejana y próxima, punto próximo de convergencia, amplitud y flexibilidad de acomodación, reservas fusionales, estereopsis y correspondencia sensorial. Resultados: en la evaluación pre y posquirúrgica, 6 pacientes (13.63%) no presentaron alteración oculomotora, y 37 (84.09%) reportaron algún tipo de anomalía acomodativa o motora, de los cuales 11 pacientes (29.72%) tuvieron alteraciones combinadas, 16 (43.24%) acomodativas y 10 (37.03%) motoras. En el pre y postoperatorio las frecuencias de Hirshberg tuvieron comportamiento idéntico. En la Amplitud y la flexibilidad de acomodación no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p > 0.05) antes y después del Lasik, aunque desde el punto de vista clínico se evidenció un aumento en las alteraciones altas y moderadas de la amplitud de acomodación después de la cirugía refractiva, al igual que se evidenció la disminución de los valores normales de la misma, en flexibilidad disminuyeron los ojos con valores de normalidad y aumentaron las alteraciones en los niveles altos y leves. La mayoría de los pacientes tuvo valores de alteración de las reservas fusionales positivas en visión lejana entre altos y moderados. En los valores de estereopsis, los rangos de normalidad se mantuvieron estables y las alteraciones altas y moderadas se correlacionaron con pacientes estrábicos o con alteraciones ocu

Arylsulfatase A (ASA)-deficient (-/-) mice and ASA(+/+) controls were constructed as a transgenic model for the lysosomal storage disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). One-year-old ASA(-/-) mice showed impaired rotarod performance and altered walking pattern characterized by a shorter pace, later evolving into more severe ataxia with tremor in 2-year-old mice. Examination of cerebellar histology showed that 2-year-old ASA(-/-) mice have lost most of the calbindin immunoreactivity from their Purkinje cell dendrites and show simplified dendritic architecture. Additionally, ASA-deficient mice lost a substantial proportion of their Purkinje cells. Recordings of unitary potentials and stimulation of climbing fibers on cerebellar slices from 2-year-old mice indicated that, although the main cerebellar synapses seem to be present and functioning physiologically, the climbing fibers of ASA-deficient mice may have enhanced effects on Purkinje cell activity. It is concluded that ambulatory dysfunctions in ASA(-/-) mice might be explained by an imbalance in the consequences of climbing fiber signals upon Purkinje cell activity due to selective neurodegeneration within the cerebellum. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Herbert, R. D., Taylor, J. L., Lord, S. R., & Gandevia, S. C. (2020). Prevalence of motor impairment in residents of New South Wales, Australia aged 55 years and over: cross-sectional survey of the 45 and Up cohort. BMC Public Health, 20(1), Article 1353. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09443-5

Les enfants et adolescents porteurs d’un trouble de l’acquisition de la coordination ( tac) forment un groupe hétérogène associant une maladresse, la dyspraxie développementale et le tac. Désormais, depuis 1994, un consensus international a recommandé l’utilisation du terme tac pour la recherche et la pratique clinique identifiant ainsi les enfants avec des troubles mineurs de la coordination motrice d’origine développementale.De récentes études explorant une complète sémiologie auprès d’enfants et adolescents porteurs d’un tac, avec des investigations poussées sur le plan neuropsychomoteur, psychologique, neuropsychologique et neurovisuel, permettent d’établir un diagnostic différentiel. Elles mettent en évidence des critères cliniques prédicteurs de sous-groupes de tac purs : (idéomoteur [ im] et visuo-spatial et/ou visuo-constructif [ vsc]), et un groupe de tac mixte ( mx), associant les deux précédents groupes ( im et vsc) mais incluant les troubles spécifiques de la coordination motrice, avec une comorbidité de signes discrets et de déficits cognitifs. Nous illustrerons la démarche et l’approche clinique ainsi que des indications thérapeutiques., Children and adolescents carrying Coordination Acquisition Disorder ( tac) form a heterogeneous group associating clumsiness, developmental dyspraxia and tac. Now, and since 1994, international consensus recommends the use of the term tac in research and clinical practice thus identifying children with minor motor coordination disorders of developmental origins.Recent studies exploring semiotics in children and adolescents carrying tac with a thorough investigation on the neuro-psychomotor, psychological, neuropsychological and neurovisual levels, are enabling differential diagnoses to be established. The studies show up clinical criteria predicting pure tac sub-groups: (ideomotor [ im] and visual-spatial and/or visual-constructive [ vsc]), and a group of mixed tac ( mx), associating the two preceding groups ( im and vsc) but including the specific disorders of motor coordination, with a comorbidity of discrete signs and of cognitive impairment. We will illustrate the approach and clinical procedure and therapeutic indications.

Les enfants et adolescents porteurs d’un trouble de l’acquisition de la coordination ( tac) forment un groupe hétérogène associant une maladresse, la dyspraxie développementale et le tac. Désormais, depuis 1994, un consensus international a recommandé l’utilisation du terme tac pour la recherche et la pratique clinique identifiant ainsi les enfants avec des troubles mineurs de la coordination motrice d’origine développementale.De récentes études explorant une complète sémiologie auprès d’enfants et adolescents porteurs d’un tac, avec des investigations poussées sur le plan neuropsychomoteur, psychologique, neuropsychologique et neurovisuel, permettent d’établir un diagnostic différentiel. Elles mettent en évidence des critères cliniques prédicteurs de sous-groupes de tac purs : (idéomoteur [ im] et visuo-spatial et/ou visuo-constructif [ vsc]), et un groupe de tac mixte ( mx), associant les deux précédents groupes ( im et vsc) mais incluant les troubles spécifiques de la coordination motrice, avec une comorbidité de signes discrets et de déficits cognitifs. Nous illustrerons la démarche et l’approche clinique ainsi que des indications thérapeutiques., Children and adolescents carrying Coordination Acquisition Disorder ( tac) form a heterogeneous group associating clumsiness, developmental dyspraxia and tac. Now, and since 1994, international consensus recommends the use of the term tac in research and clinical practice thus identifying children with minor motor coordination disorders of developmental origins.Recent studies exploring semiotics in children and adolescents carrying tac with a thorough investigation on the neuro-psychomotor, psychological, neuropsychological and neurovisual levels, are enabling differential diagnoses to be established. The studies show up clinical criteria predicting pure tac sub-groups: (ideomotor [ im] and visual-spatial and/or visual-constructive [ vsc]), and a group of mixed tac ( mx), associating the two preceding groups ( im and vsc) but including the specific disorders of motor coordination, with a comorbidity of discrete signs and of cognitive impairment. We will illustrate the approach and clinical procedure and therapeutic indications.