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Purpose: to determine the effect of performing physical activity with active videogames (AVG) on mental health, using the meta-analytic approach. Methods: the random effects model was used and the effect size (ES) of the standardized means difference was calculated. Results: From 11 studies included, a total of 88 ES was obtained, separated into three groups: a) AVG, b) Active control, and c) Passive control. Performing physical activity with AVG (ES=0.21, n=48, IC95%=0.11,0.31, I2=20.15%) and performing planned physical activity without AVG (ES=0.21, n=20, IC95%=0.07,0.35, I2= 32.08%) improve the mental health of the participants. Conversely, not participating in physical activities with or without AVG does not improve mental health (ES=-0.03, n= 20, IC95%=-0.20,0.14, I2= 13.30%). Conclusion: using AVG regularly, offers benefits in self-perception, quality of life, executive functions, and mood outcomes, in people of different ages, regardless of health status., Objetivo: determinar el efecto de realizar actividad física con videojuegos activos (VJA) en la salud mental, utilizando el enfoque metaanalítico. Métodos: Bajo el modelo de efectos aleatorios, se calculó el tamaño de efecto (TE) de la diferencia entre medias estandarizadas. Resultados: De once estudios incluidos, se obtuvo un total de 88 TE, separados en tres grupos: a) VJA, b) Control activo y c) Control pasivo. Se encontró que el uso de VJA (TE=0.21, n=48, IC95%=0.11,0.31, I2=20.15%) y realizar actividad física planificada sin VJA (TE=0.21, n=20, IC95%=0.07,0.35, I2=32.08%) benefician la salud mental de las personas participantes. Por el contrario, no participar en actividades físicas con o sin VJA no beneficia la salud mental (TE=-0.03, n=20, IC95%=-0.20,0.14, I2=13.30%). Conclusión: Utilizar VJA de manera programada ofrece beneficios en la autopercepción, la calidad de vida, las funciones ejecutivas y estados de ánimo, en personas de diferentes edades, indistintamente de su estado de salud.

Energy deficits are often observed in athletes, especially in female athletes, due to the high expenditure of sport and strict diets. Low energy availability can cause serious health problems and affect sport performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different personalized dietary plans on physiological and physical factors related to energy deficit syndrome in female professional handball players. Twenty-one professional female handball players, aged 22 ± 4 years, 172.0 ± 5.4 cm and 68.4 ± 6.7 kg, divided into three groups (FD: free diet; MD: Mediterranean diet; and AD: high antioxidant diet), participated in this 12-week randomized controlled trial. Energy expenditure through indirect calorimetry, energy availability, 7 day dietary intake analysis, blood pressure, cholesterol, menstrual function, body composition by both anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance, and strength performance were assessed. All participants showed low energy availability (< 30 kcal/lean mass per day); despite this, all had eumenorrhea. Significant improvements were found after the intervention in all components of body composition (p <0.05). In the remaining variables, despite slight improvements, none were significant neither over time nor between the different groups. Low energy availability has been observed in all professional female handball players, which may lead to serious consequences. A longer period of intervention is required to assess the differences between diets and improvements in other parameters.

Low energy availability may precede or be caused by cognitive disturbances in professional athletes. Related psychological problems include disordered eating patterns, body shape preoccupation, depression or anxiety. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of different personalised dietary plans on psychological factors in young professional female handball players with low energy availability. This 12-week randomised clinical trial involved 21 female players aged 22 ± 4 years, 172.0 ± 5.4 cm and 68.4 ± 6.7 kg divided into three groups (FD: free diet; MD: Mediterranean diet; HAD: high antioxidant diet). Eating behaviour (Eating Attitude Test, EAT-26: diet, bulimia and oral control subscales), body image (Body Shape Questionnaire, BSQ) and mood state (Profile of Mode State, POMS: tension, vigour, anger, depression, fatigue) were assessed. All participants showed low energy availability (<30 kcal/lean mass per day). The different plans showed no significant differences between them but significant differences over time within groups for the variables: body image, Tension, Vigour and Depression (p < 0.05). Eating behaviour improved slightly but did not show statistically significant changes. Following an adequate nutritional planning for athletes seems to improve the mood and body perception of young female handball players. A longer intervention period is required to assess the differences between diets and improvement of other parameters.

submitted by Jasmin Šuvić, in deutscher Sprache, University of Innsbruck, Masterarbeit, 2021, (VLID)5838930

The pathologies of the musculoskeletal apparatus are the most common cause of chronic diseases, with a huge impact on people and society. Scientific literature has discovered how experiencing chronic pain directly affects peoples' well-being, lifestyle, social relationships and can also cause psychological distress. The present study aims to investigate pain experience in patients with hernias or protrusions of the cervical and lumbosacral tract on a sample of 120 patients, recruited from patients of Poliambulatorio Oberdan, medical centre in Brescia (Italy) specialized in physical rehabilitation and CT-guided oxygen ozone therapy. In a bio-psychosocial perspective, the research aimed to investigate how the perception of pain, the mood state associated with it, the coping strategies adopted and the quality of life differ according to each patient's gender and to the more or less prolonged use of pain medication. The data were collected by means of medical and psychological anamnestic interviews and self-report tests (WHOQOL-BREF, COPE-NVI, POMS). The quantitative analysis, carried out through SPSS 25 (2017) software, showed how functional impairment of one's autonomy (walking, driving) affects mood states. In particular, the female sample expressed a more deflected mood, despite the greater use of relational and/or transcendent support (coping strategies) compared to men. The study suggests that the greater impairment of the moods of women can be attributed both to the caregiving role they play, which often results in a greater fatigue and difficulties in redefining this role following the algic condition, and more general differences in the expression of suffering, which, on a cultural level, sees men emotionally coerced. The analysis also shows how taking pain medication for a long period of time has a negative impact on the quality of life. The results suggest that the patients treated with analgesic therapy tend to adopt avoidant coping styles, which usually esc

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of training and diet on the perceptions of an elite kickboxer (National champion with international experience) during his preparation for the European Championships. Four instruments were used to collect data: one questionnaire that included the Profile of Mood States and the subscale of the “cognitions related to corporal satisfaction and self-image” from the Athlete’s Eating Habits Questionnaire, rate of perceived exertion, body weight, and semi-structured interviews. During 10 weeks, 9 before and one during the competition, the participant recorded his perceived exertion after each training session, and assessed his weight, filled out the questionnaire, and was interviewed once per week. Quantitative results showed a noteworthy impact of the training load and the diet on the measured variables. Qualitative data analysis produced three categories: mood states, social relationships and self-image, diet, and sports performance. These findings may help to obtain a greater understanding of elite kickboxers., El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto del entrenamiento y la dieta sobre las percepciones de un kickboxer de élite (campeón de España con experiencia internacional) durante su preparación para el Campeonato de Europa. Se emplearon cuatro instrumentos de recogida de información: un cuestionario que contenía el Profile of Mood States y la subescala “cogniciones relativas a la satisfacción corporal y la autoimagen” del Cuestionario de Hábitos Alimenticios del Deportista, la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo, el peso corporal y entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Durante 10 semanas, nueve antes y una durante la competición, el participante señaló el esfuerzo percibido tras cada entrenamiento y una vez a la semana se pesó, cumplimentó el cuestionario señalado y contestó a una entrevista. Los resultados cuantitativos señalan un impacto notorio de la carga de entrenamiento y la dieta en las variables medidas. El análisis de los datos cualitativos produjo tres categorías: estados de ánimo, relaciones sociales, y autoimagen, dieta y rendimiento deportivo. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a obtener una mayor comprensión del kickboxer de élite.

[Objective]: From an evolutionary perspective, emotions emerged as rapid adaptive reactions that increase survival rates. Current psychobiology includes the consideration that genetic changes affecting neuroendocrine and neurotransmission pathways may also be affecting mood states. Following this hypothesis, abnormal levels of any of the aminergic neurotransmitters would be of considerable importance in the development of a pathophysiological state. [Materials and Methods]: A total of 668 students from the School of Medicine of the University of Malaga (Average = 22.41 ± 3; 41% men) provided self‐report measures of mood states using POMS and GHQ‐28 questionnaires and buccal cells for genotyping 19 polymorphisms from 14 selected neurotransmitter pathways genes (HTR1A; HTR2A; HTR2C; HTR3B; TPH1; SLC18A1; SLC18A2; COMT; MAOA; MAOB) and neuroendocrine system (AVPR1B; OPRM1; BDNF; OXTR). [Results]: MAOA rs3788862 genotype correlates with decreasing levels of Tension among females (beta = −0.168, p‐value = 0.003) but it is neutral among males in this subscale. On the contrary, it correlates with lower GHQ‐28 depression scores among males (beta = −0.196, p‐value = 0.008). Equivalently, SLC18A1 and HTR2A variants correlated with anger and vigor scores, only among males. From the neuroendocrine system, OPRM1 rs1799971 correlated increasing levels of female's Anxiety, depression and Social Dysfunction scores. [Conclusion]: Our findings suggest that these polymorphisms contribute to define general population mood levels, although exhibiting a clear sexual dimorphism.

Extensive aerial surveillance using unmanned aerial vehicles require persistent motivation to monitor areas under surveillance, track people or vehicles, and carry out multiple checklists. Environmental factors and behavioural triggers can attenuate or enhance the approach motivation. The aim of this study was to test whether ambient lighting in the ground control station of an unmanned aerial vehicle and task feedback can incite motivation changes. Thirty participants were randomly allocated to a light (red, blue, or control) condition and a feedback (negative or positive) condition to test the effects of light and feedback on motivation during a 20-minute study. Self-report measures of mood state and motivation were taken while the participant completed two rounds of a visual search task before and after the ambient light and feedback interventions. Positive motivation increased in the blue light condition and decreased in the red and the control group relative to the baseline. No other significant effects were found, however trends in the data suggest that blue light raises approach motivation, and red light decreases approach motivation. The findings suggest that ambient interventions could be a useful tool to ensure a positive motivation is maintained for the operation of unmanned vehicles.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of quality of life and to de- termine the profile of mood state in adult padel women and to compare it with sedentary women. The sample were 60 women from Extremadura (average age = 40,43 ± 5,73 years), divided into two groups, distinguishing between sports- women who practice paddle and sedentary women. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to clasify the participants in the groups (ath- letes and sedentary). The questionnaire of the Mood Profile and a quality of life questionnaire (EuroQol-5D) were applied. The results of this work showed higher levels in every dimension of mood state for the group of sportswomen. However, it does not appear that practicing padel influence on the dimensions of quality of life, outside of the measure in the analog visual scale, which is higher in the women padel players., El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la percepción del nivel de calidad de vida y determinar el perfil de estado de ánimo de las mujeres deportistas que practican pádel y compararlo con los resultados obtenidos por las mujeres sedentarias. Las participantes del estudio fueron 60 mujeres extremeñas (Edad media = 40,43 ± 5,73 años), divididas en dos grupos, distinguiendo entre mujeres deportistas que practican pádel y mujeres sedentarias. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física para dividir a las participantes en dos grupos (deportistas y sedentarias) y posteriormente se aplicó cuestionario del Perfil de Estado de Ánimo y el test EuroQol-5D para conocer la percepción de calidad de vida. Los resultados de este trabajo mostraron valores significativamente más elevados en el todas las dimensiones del estado de ánimo en las mujeres deportistas. Sin embargo, no parece que la práctica de pádel influya significativamente en las dimensiones de calidad de vida excepción de la medida en la escala visual analógica, que es superior en las mujeres practicantes de pádel

Extensive aerial surveillance using unmanned aerial vehicles require persistent motivation to monitor areas under surveillance, track people or vehicles, and carry out multiple checklists. Environmental factors and behavioural triggers can attenuate or enhance the approach motivation. The aim of this study was to test whether ambient lighting in the ground control station of an unmanned aerial vehicle and task feedback can incite motivation changes. Thirty participants were randomly allocated to a light (red, blue, or control) condition and a feedback (negative or positive) condition to test the effects of light and feedback on motivation during a 20-minute study. Self-report measures of mood state and motivation were taken while the participant completed two rounds of a visual search task before and after the ambient light and feedback interventions. Positive motivation increased in the blue light condition and decreased in the red and the control group relative to the baseline. No other significant effects were found, however trends in the data suggest that blue light raises approach motivation, and red light decreases approach motivation. The findings suggest that ambient interventions could be a useful tool to ensure a positive motivation is maintained for the operation of unmanned vehicles.

Following thyroid surgery, levothyroxine therapy is used to replace deficient thyroid hormones and prevent postoperative thyroid hypofunction. We compared the effects of replacement therapy with either liquid or tablet formulation of levothyroxine on mood states, self-perceived mental well-being and thyroid hormone profile in recently thyroidectomized patients. Profile of mood states, General Heath Questionnaire 12-items and thyroid hormone profile were assessed in recently (5–7 days) thyroidectomized patients at baseline and 2 months after randomization to replacement therapy with either liquid (n = 77) or tablet (n = 78) formulation of levothyroxine. After 2 months under levothyroxine replacement treatment, significant improvements of Positive Affect Scale (p < 0.001) and Negative Affect Scale (p < 0.001) of Profile of mood states, as well as of General Heath Questionnaire 12-items (p < 0.001) were observed in the study population. However, there were greater variations observed in patients assigned to liquid levothyroxine formulation in comparison to those who were assigned to levothyroxine in the form of tablet (time × treatment interaction: Positive Affect Scale of Profile of mood states, p = 0.030; Negative Affect Scale of Profile of mood states, p < 0.0001; General Heath Questionnaire 12-items, p = 0.003). As expected, circulating TSH levels significantly decreased (p <0.001) while FT3 and FT4 levels significantly increased (p < 0.0001 for both) under levothyroxine replacement therapy. These changes were significantly greater in patients treated with liquid levothyroxine formulation (time × treatment interaction: TSH, p = 0.011; FT3, p = 0.016; FT4, p = 0.028). Our data indicate a greater efficacy of liquid formulation of levothyroxine in ameliorating mood states and self-perception of mental well-being and thyroid hormone profile after 2 months of replacement therapy in recently thyroidectomized patients.

OBJECTIVES: To test the effects of individual, nonfacilitated sessions with PARO (version 9), when compared against a look-alike plush toy and usual care, on the emotional and behavioral symptoms of dementia for people living in long-term care facilities. DESIGN: Parallel, 3-group, cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted between June 14, 2014, and May 16, 2015. SETTING: Twenty-eight long-term care facilities operated by 20 care organizations located in South-East Queensland, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred fifteen participants aged ≥60 years, with a documented diagnosis of dementia. INTERVENTION: Stratified by private/not-for-profit status and randomized using a computer-generated sequence, 9 facilities were randomized to the PARO group (individual, nonfacilitated, 15-minute sessions 3 times per week for 10 weeks); 10 to plush toy (same, but given PARO with robotic features disabled); and 9 to usual care. Treatment allocation was masked to assessors. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were changes in levels of engagement, mood states, and agitation after a 10-week intervention, assessed by coded video observations (baseline, weeks 1, 5, 10, and 15) and Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory-Short Form (baseline, weeks 10 and 15). Analyses followed intention-to-treat, using repeated measures mixed effects models. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12614000508673). RESULTS: Video data showed that participants in the PARO group were more verbally [3.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.40-0.81, P = .011] and visually engaged (13.06, 95% CI: 17.05-9.06, P < .0001) than participants in plush toy. Both PARO (-3.09, 95% CI: -0.45 to -5.72, P = .022) and plush toy (-3.58, 95% CI: -1.26 to -5.91, P = .002) had significantly greater reduced neutral affect compared with usual care, whilst PARO was more effective than usual care in improving pleasure (1.12, 95% CI: 1.94-0.29, P = .008). Videos showed that P

Mental diseases are increasingly common. Among these, bipolar disorders heavily affect patients’ lives given the mood swings ranging from mania to depression. Voice has been shown to be an important cue to be investigated in relation with this kind of disease. In fact, several speech-related features have been used to characterize voice in depressed speakers. The goal is to develop a decision support system facilitating diagnosis and possibly predicting mood changes. Recently, efforts were devoted to studies concerning bipolar patients. A spectral analysis of F0-contours extracted from audio recordings of a text read by bipolar patients and healthy control subject is reported. The algorithm is automatic and the obtained features describe parsimoniously speech rhythm and intonation. Bipolar patients were recorded while experiencing different mood states, whereas the control subjects were recorded at different days. Feature trends are detected in bipolar patients across different mood states, while no significant differences are observed in healthy subjects., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Sailing is a sport that requires optimum emotional balance for athletes to be able to yield optimum performances, given its unique peculiarities, where six mood states are identified as decisive, such as, high level of vigor and lower levels of tension, depression, anger, fatigue and mental confusion. The purpose of this study is to assess the association between mood states and athletic performance of sailors in different high performance competitions. Sixty-two elite sailors of single-handed and group classes participated in four major competitions. Assessment was carried out at the competition venues and the mood state was assessed using the Brunel Mood Scale. First-place winners in the four competitions showed different mood states from those who finished the races in other positions, especially taking into account depression (p < 0.01), vigor (p < 0.001) and fatigue (p < 0.001). Sailors with lower depression (OR = 0.70) and fatigue levels (OR = 0.80), and greater vigor levels (OR = 1.26) proved to be more likely to win the race. The results corroborate the available scientific data focusing on the relationship between mood states and athletic performance., Debido a sus peculiaridades, la navegación a vela es un deporte que requiere un equilibrio emocional óptimo de los atletas para obtener un alto rendimiento, en el que se identificaron seis estados de ánimo como decisivos para el mejor rendimiento deportivo; por ejemplo: alto nivel de vigor y niveles más bajos de tensión, depresión, ira, fatiga y confusión mental. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la asociación entre los estados de ánimo y el rendimiento deportivo de los atletas que practican navegación a vela en diferentes competencias. Participaron en esta investigación sesenta y dos navegantes de alto nivel en clases colectivas e individuales, en cuatro competencias diferentes de vela. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en los lugares de las competencias y para valorar el estado de ánimo se utilizó la escala de ánimo de Brunel. Los ganadores presentaron diferentes estados de ánimo. Atletas con menor depresión (p < 0.01), (OR = 0.70) y fatiga (p < 0.001), (OR = 0.80) y mayor vigor (p < 0.001), (OR = 1.26) son más propensos a ganar la competición. Los resultados revelaron la relación entre estados de ánimo y el rendimiento deportivo.

Purpose: To assess the circadian variations in salivary immunoglobin A (sIgA) and alpha-amylase activity (sAA), biomarkers of mucosal immune function, together with mood during 2 weeks of repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) and normoxia (RSN). Methods: Over a 2-week period, 17 competitive cross-country skiers performed six training sessions, each consisting of four sets of five 10-s bouts of all-out double-poling under either normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 13.8 %, 3000 m) or normoxia. The levels of sIgA and sAA activity and mood were determined five times during each of the first (T1) and sixth (T6) days of training, as well as during days preceding (baseline) and after the training intervention (follow-up). Results: With RSH, sIgA was higher on T6 than T1 (P = 0.049), and sAA was increased on days T1, T6, and during the follow-up (P < 0.01). With RSN, sIgA remained unchanged and sAA was elevated on day T1 only (P = 0.04). Similarly, the RSH group demonstrated reduced mood on days T1, T6, and during the follow-up, while mood was lowered only on T1 with RSN (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The circadian variation of sIgA and sAA activity, biomarkers of mucosal immune function, as well as mood were similar on the first day of training when repeated double-poling sprints were performed with or without hypoxia. Only with RSH did the levels of sIgA and sAA activity rise with time, becoming maximal after six training sessions, when mood was still lowered. Therefore, six sessions of RSH reduced mood, but did not impair mucosal immune function. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg., CODEN: EJAPF

In this study we explore the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI), mood states and sensibility of the social interactions. A sample of 46 students from Teaching in Primary Schools Degree from Universidad Autónoma de Madrid fulfilled the POMS, TMMS-24 and TESIS questionnaires. The principal hypothesis which assumes the existence of relation between EI and mood state has been corroborated, showing a high correlation. Nevertheless, the secondary hypotheses, the relation between EI and sensibility of the social interactions, as well as between sensibility of the social interactions and mood state, did not show significant relation., En este estudio exploramos las relaciones entre la Inteligencia Emocional (IE), el Estado de Ánimo y la sensibilidad de las interacciones sociales. Se ha utilizado una muestra de 46 alumnos del grado de Educación de Primaria de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, éstos han recibido el test POMS, TMMS-24 y TESIS. Observando los resultados, la hipótesis principal que es la existencia de relación entre la IE y estado de ánimo en alumnos ha sido corroborada, existiendo una correlación alta. Sin embargo, en las hipótesis secundarias, la relación entre la IE y la sensibilidad de las interacciones sociales, así como entre la sensibilidad de las interacciones sociales y el estado de ánimo, no mostraron relaciones significativas.

Aim: Different studies find that hormonal profile specifically varies depending on the type of exercise and its magnitude. Mood state has been studied using different tools in relation to training load, the most used one is POMS (Profile of Mood States) questionnaire. This research studies the response of total testosterone (TT), cortisol (C) and total testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (RTTC) in relation to mood state (POMS subscales) in a professional basketball team during a season. Methods: Blood samples were taken every 4-6 weeks (7 samples), at 8:00-9:00 AM, in fasting state and after 24 to 36 hours post-game, on a professional basketball team of the Spanish 1st Division (n=10; 26.0 ± 4.6 years; 90.9 ± 9.7 kg; 195.7 ± 8.4 cm; BMI 23.7 ± 1.2; 13.1 ± 2.2% fat). Results: We obtained a significant increase in TT and C in September -2nd sample- compared to august -1st sample- (TT: +2.8 nMolL- 1, p=0.030; C: +0.093 ìMolL-1, p=0.040). No significant changes were observed in any of the POMS subscales, and in the correlation between subscales analysis, and no correlation coefficient greater than 0.7 was obtained among subscales and hormonal variables. Conclusions: No relationship was found between the studied hormonal variables and the POMS subscales. We consider the POMS questionnaire an inadequate tool to evaluate the athletes recovery state, but a really good one to control the psychological stress level., Objetivo: Diferentes trabajos constatan que el perfil hormonal varia de forma especifica en funcion del tipo de ejercicio y de su magnitud. El estado emocional se ha estudiado mediante diferentes herramientas en relacion a la carga de entrenamiento, probablemente la mas empleada sea el cuestionario POMS (eProfile of mood statesf). La presente investigacion estudia la respuesta de la testosterona total (TT), el cortisol (C) y la ratio testosterona total-cortisol (RTTC) en relacion al estado emocional (subescalas del POMS) en un equipo profesional de baloncesto a lo largo de una temporada deportiva. Procedimiento: Se tomaron 7 muestras de sangre, cada 4-6 semanas, a las 8:00-9:00 AM, en ayunas y tras 24-36 horas de recuperacion post-partido, en un equipo profesional de baloncesto de la 1a division espanola (n=10; 26.0 } 4.6 anos; 90.9 } 9.7 kg; 195.7 } 8.4 cm; 23.7 } 1.2 IMC; 13.1 } 2.2% graso). Resultados: Se obtiene un aumento significativo de la TT y el C en septiembre -2a extraccioncomparado con agosto -1a extraccion- (TT: +2.8 nMol.L-1, p=0.030; C: +0.093 ÊMol.L-1, p=0.040). No se observan cambios significativos en ninguna de las sub-escalas del POMS y en el analisis correlacional entre sub-escalas y TT, C y RTTC no se obtienen relaciones destacables. Conclusiones: No se encuentra grandes relaciones (r>0.7) entre las variables hormonales estudiadas y las sub-escalas del cuestionario POMS. Consideramos el POMS una herramienta poco adecuada para evaluar el estado de recuperacion del deportista, pero muy valida para controlar el nivel de estres emocional.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluated the efficacy of group psychotherapy interventions on quality of life and its impact on distress response of women with breast cancer. Furthermore, we analyzed the differences between two types of group psychotherapy in the same variables. The group interventions consisted on six weekly sessions, one group was working self-esteem and communication abilities, and the other was training cognitive behavioural techniques. Methods: The sample consisted of 91 women with non-metastatic breast cancer who received group psychotherapy after medical treatment. The age mean was 49.5 + 8.2 with age range between 31 and 74 years. The most women were married 82%. The women were divided into two groups: self-esteem and com munication abilities (n=42) and cognitive behavioral therapy (n=49). The women completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast FACT-B (4th version) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at the beginning and the end of group psychotherapy and three mounts follow up. The statistical analyses were MANOVA repeated-measures and design factorial mixed. Results: The results showed statistical significant improvements of group psychotherapy in anxiety and depression (p<0.01). The means of these variables decreased significant and these maintained in three mouths follow up. The quality of life global mean improved significant (p < 0.001) at the end of psychotherapy and largely maintained at 3 months’ follow up. In the quality of life subscales, there were significant differences in emotional well-being (p<0.001) and functional well-being (p<0.05). Comparative analyses between group treatments didn’t show statically significant differences on quality of life, anxiety and depression, except in emotional well-being subscale (p<0.05) in group where it was training cognitive and behavioural techniques. Conclusions: Both groups are associated with significant benefits. The results demons, Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la eficacia de la intervención de la terapia grupal en el estado emocional y la calidad de vida de las mujeres con cáncer de mama al finalizar los tratamientos médicos. Además, evaluamos la eficacia entre dos tipos de terapia en las mismas variables. El programa de intervención grupal consta de dos módulos: uno donde se trabaja autoestima y habilidades de comunicación, y el otro se entrena a las pacientes con técnicas cognitivo-conductuales para manejo de estados emocionales. Material y método: La muestra consta de 91 mujeres diagnosticadas de un cáncer de mama no metastático que en el momento de incorporarse a la terapia grupal se encuentran libres de enfermedad y en seguimiento. La media de edad de las mujeres es 49,5 + 8,2 con un rango de edad entre 31 y 74 años, la mayoría de mujeres están casadas 82%. Fueron divididas en dos grupos, en el grupo de psicoterapia autoestima y habilidades de comunicación (n=42) y en el grupo de estado de ánimo (n=49). Los instrumentos de evaluación para la calidad de vida y distrés psicológico son el cuestionario FACT-B (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast) y la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS). Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de los datos, MANOVA de medias repetidas y diseño factorial mixto. Resultados: Los resultados muestran un efecto estadísticamente significativo de la intervención de la terapia grupal en ansiedad y depresión (p<0,01). Las medias de estas variables han disminuido significativamente y se mantienen tres meses después de la finalización del grupo. La media global de calidad de vida mejora significativamente (p<0,001) al finalizar los grupos y en el seguimiento. En las subescalas del cuestionario de calidad de vida existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en estado emocional (p<0,001) y en estado funcional (p<0,05). No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos tipos de terapia grupa

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluated the efficacy of group psychotherapy interventions on quality of life and its impact on distress response of women with breast cancer. Furthermore, we analyzed the differences between two types of group psychotherapy in the same variables. The group interventions consisted on six weekly sessions, one group was working self-esteem and communication abilities, and the other was training cognitive behavioural techniques. Methods: The sample consisted of 91 women with non-metastatic breast cancer who received group psychotherapy after medical treatment. The age mean was 49.5 + 8.2 with age range between 31 and 74 years. The most women were married 82%. The women were divided into two groups: self-esteem and com munication abilities (n=42) and cognitive behavioral therapy (n=49). The women completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast FACT-B (4th version) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at the beginning and the end of group psychotherapy and three mounts follow up. The statistical analyses were MANOVA repeated-measures and design factorial mixed. Results: The results showed statistical significant improvements of group psychotherapy in anxiety and depression (p<0.01). The means of these variables decreased significant and these maintained in three mouths follow up. The quality of life global mean improved significant (p < 0.001) at the end of psychotherapy and largely maintained at 3 months’ follow up. In the quality of life subscales, there were significant differences in emotional well-being (p<0.001) and functional well-being (p<0.05). Comparative analyses between group treatments didn’t show statically significant differences on quality of life, anxiety and depression, except in emotional well-being subscale (p<0.05) in group where it was training cognitive and behavioural techniques. Conclusions: Both groups are associated with significant benefits. The results demons, Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la eficacia de la intervención de la terapia grupal en el estado emocional y la calidad de vida de las mujeres con cáncer de mama al finalizar los tratamientos médicos. Además, evaluamos la eficacia entre dos tipos de terapia en las mismas variables. El programa de intervención grupal consta de dos módulos: uno donde se trabaja autoestima y habilidades de comunicación, y el otro se entrena a las pacientes con técnicas cognitivo-conductuales para manejo de estados emocionales. Material y método: La muestra consta de 91 mujeres diagnosticadas de un cáncer de mama no metastático que en el momento de incorporarse a la terapia grupal se encuentran libres de enfermedad y en seguimiento. La media de edad de las mujeres es 49,5 + 8,2 con un rango de edad entre 31 y 74 años, la mayoría de mujeres están casadas 82%. Fueron divididas en dos grupos, en el grupo de psicoterapia autoestima y habilidades de comunicación (n=42) y en el grupo de estado de ánimo (n=49). Los instrumentos de evaluación para la calidad de vida y distrés psicológico son el cuestionario FACT-B (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast) y la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS). Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de los datos, MANOVA de medias repetidas y diseño factorial mixto. Resultados: Los resultados muestran un efecto estadísticamente significativo de la intervención de la terapia grupal en ansiedad y depresión (p<0,01). Las medias de estas variables han disminuido significativamente y se mantienen tres meses después de la finalización del grupo. La media global de calidad de vida mejora significativamente (p<0,001) al finalizar los grupos y en el seguimiento. En las subescalas del cuestionario de calidad de vida existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en estado emocional (p<0,001) y en estado funcional (p<0,05). No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos tipos de terapia grupa

Eleven elite kayakers performed an identical weekly training schedule each week during a 3-week training-camp. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) inventory (‘‘right now’’ instructions) was completed before and after selected workouts each week to assess both training-induced mood disturbances and the extent of recovery following short and long rest. The ratio of POMS vigour to POMS fatigue scores was used as an ‘‘energy index’’. Energy index scores were compared with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) to address the size of the training load. Performance measures were obtained during the first and last week. The results showed that the energy index decreased (pB/0.01) throughout the camp and did not return to initial values following either the short (one night) or long rest (two nights and one day). Performance measures and RPE remained unaffected throughout training, as did the POMS depression scores, indicating that the athletes experienced an overreached state but did not develop staleness. Our results suggest that repeated evaluation using POMS fatigue, vigour, and depression scores during periods of intensified training may help prevent athletes from becoming severely overreached and reduce the likelihood of staleness., The present study was supported by The Swedish National Centre for Sport Research.

Many athletes incorporate high training volumes and limited recovery periods into their training regimes. This may disrupt the fragile balance and the accumulation of exercise stress may exceed an athlete's finite capacity of resistance. A state of elevated fatigue, increased mood disturbance and decreased exercise performance can result. This is commonly known as overreaching and if increased training and limited recovery is continued, it is believed that the more serious state of overtraining may develop. This is relatively commonly experienced in athletes, however little scientific investigation has been conducted to determine the characteristics and underlying mechanisms. The overall aim of this thesis was to gain a greater understanding of the state of overreaching and to specifically provide new information on potential markers of this state as well as possible mechanisms. To study the cumulative effects of exercise stress and subsequent recovery on performance changes, fatigue indicators and possible mechanisms, the training of endurance cyclists was systematically controlled and monitored in two separate investigations. A number of variables were assessed including performance, physiological, biochemical, psychological, immunological and hormonal variables. In addition heart rate variability and serotonergic responsiveness were also assessed. Some of the more pertinent effects of overreaching included an increase in heart rate variability, a reduction in carbohydrate oxidation, an increase in serotonergic responsiveness and a reduction in stress hormone concentrations. These results suggest that autonomic imbalance in combination with decreased hormonal release appears to be related to the decline in performance and elevated fatigue apparent in overreached athletes. Additionally it also appears that alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis may occur in overreached athletes.

The continued practice of physical activity and sport, has been related with better moods and self-efficiency. This study analyses the consequences on mood disturbance and perception of physical ability that result from an interruption in training as a result of an injury. Significant differences were found in these dependent variables between the injured and non-injured athletes. A significant correlation was also found between self-efficiency and anger at the onset of injury., La práctica continuada de la actividad física y deportiva ha sido relacionada con la mejora objetiva del estado de ánimo y el nivel de autoeficacia del deportista. En este estudio, se analizan los efectos que produce la interrupción de la práctica deportiva como consecuencia de la lesión en dichas variables. Los resultados muestran la existencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el estado de ánimo del deportista, pero no en su nivel de habilidad física percibida. Así mismo, se constata una relación positiva entre el nivel de hostilidad y la habilidad física percibida por el sujeto cuando ocurre la lesión.

The aim of this paper is to obtain empirical information on some aspects related to the role of emotional factors in autobiographical memory. Two between-subject factors were manipulated: mood state (sadness and happiness) and type of instructions for recall (objetive and subjetive). Two significant interactions, mood state X type of instructions, were obtained. The subjects choose the observer perspective for more emotional memories, while subjects with more painful memories opt for the personal perspective., Se aborda el estudio de la influencia de las variables afectivas en el recuerdo autobiográfico. Dos son las variables independientes manipuladas: el estado de ánimo inducido (triste vs. alegre) y las instrucciones de recuerdo (subjetivo y emocional vs. frío y objetivo). Como variables dependientes se emplean diversos Índices de Recuerdo elaborados por la autora, y el tipo de perspectiva (observador vs. personal) desde la que los sujetos recuerdan cada suceso. Los resultados muestran una clara interacción entre el estado de ánimo inducido y las instrucciones de recuerdo sobre la elección de una u otra perspectiva de recuerdo. Los sujetos prefieren una perspectiva Observador para sus recuerdos más emotivos, y optan por una Personal para los menos dolorosos.