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This research aimed to analyze the impacts of projects carried out by National NGOs in Surobi district, understanding the specific requirements of the people, and exploring ways in which humanitarian assistance can be effectively delivered through diverse NGO projects. The study examined the impact of agriculture projects implemented by national NGOs on the lives of residents in the Surobi district of Kabul province in 2022. The research, based on primary data gathered through questionnaires distributed to respondents, focuses on how national NGOs empower farmers, enhance agricultural productivity, and improve overall welfare in the region. The analysis revealed that empowering agricultural communities through farmer groups, involving various stakeholders such as the Ministry of Agriculture, irrigation and livestock (MAIL), NGOs, and academia, was crucial for sustainable development. However, challenges faced by farmers in Surobi district include transportation issues, limited market access, and lack of equipment and technical support, low literacy levels, increased labor burden, inadequate financial support, and poor coordination. To address these challenges, the study suggested that creating job opportunities, implementing agricultural schemes, and improving marketing opportunities through collaboration among institutions, government, private sectors, and NGOs. The research indicated that while national NGOs distributed various resources such as cash, food, gardening supplies, livestock, seeds, and de-worming assistance in 2022, the impact on beneficiaries varied. Some respondents reported minimal impact on their lives, while others experienced significant positive changes. Moreover, the study identified key issues such as high yearly consumption compared to income, limited employment opportunities, and challenges related to water availability for cultivation. It highlights the agricultural potential in the region, emphasizing the need for water management solutio

This research aimed to analyze the impacts of projects carried out by National NGOs in Surobi district, understanding the specific requirements of the people, and exploring ways in which humanitarian assistance can be effectively delivered through diverse NGO projects. The study examined the impact of agriculture projects implemented by national NGOs on the lives of residents in the Surobi district of Kabul province in 2022. The research, based on primary data gathered through questionnaires distributed to respondents, focuses on how national NGOs empower farmers, enhance agricultural productivity, and improve overall welfare in the region. The analysis revealed that empowering agricultural communities through farmer groups, involving various stakeholders such as the Ministry of Agriculture, irrigation and livestock (MAIL), NGOs, and academia, was crucial for sustainable development. However, challenges faced by farmers in Surobi district include transportation issues, limited market access, and lack of equipment and technical support, low literacy levels, increased labor burden, inadequate financial support, and poor coordination. To address these challenges, the study suggested that creating job opportunities, implementing agricultural schemes, and improving marketing opportunities through collaboration among institutions, government, private sectors, and NGOs. The research indicated that while national NGOs distributed various resources such as cash, food, gardening supplies, livestock, seeds, and de-worming assistance in 2022, the impact on beneficiaries varied. Some respondents reported minimal impact on their lives, while others experienced significant positive changes. Moreover, the study identified key issues such as high yearly consumption compared to income, limited employment opportunities, and challenges related to water availability for cultivation. It highlights the agricultural potential in the region, emphasizing the need for water management solutio

In the evolving medical device industry, understanding how to achieve effective regulatory strategies is crucial. This study explored the foundations of regulatory strategy success in the United States, using qualitative insights from regulatory affairs professionals and industry investors. It identified operational, leadership, product design, and external factors essential for developing and implementing successful regulatory strategies. Key findings highlighted the importance of financial planning, agile regualtory process management, strategic knowledge integration, and proactive engagement with regulatory authorities. The study also pointed to the role of business ecosystems in supporting regulatory outcomes, suggesting a strategic planning approach that aligns product design with quality and business goals. This research contributed to the academic and practical discussion on regulatory strategy in the medical device sector, providing insights for stakeholders from entrepreneurs to investors. It shed light on the complexity of regulatory pathways in the United States and its influence on market access, encouraging further research on the impact of technological advancements and global regulatory changes on strategy effectiveness.

Im Verlauf des Market Access Prozesses sehen sich die Hersteller von Arzneimitteln, Impfstoffen und Medizintechnik mit einer Vielzahl von Fragestellungen konfrontiert. Diese umfassen bspw. solche über ungedeckte medizinische Bedarfe, zur Epidemiologie von Erkrankungen und der Versorgungssituation von Patienten. Sie betreffen Krankheitskosten, die Effektivität und Sicherheit von Wirkstoffen bzw. Medizintechnik in der realen Versorgungssituation und die Positionierung der eigenen Produkte gegenüber Wettbewerbern. Auf Abrechnungsdaten der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (sog. GKV-Routinedaten) basierende Studien haben seit Jahren ihren festen Platz in der nationalen und internationalen Versorgungsforschung. Sie liefern einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Versorgungssituation von Patienten in unterschiedlichsten Indikationen, von häufigen Erkrankungen, welche breite Teile der Bevölkerung betreffen bis hin zu seltenen Erkrankungen mit geringen Fallzahlen. Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation untersucht anhand von elf ausgewählten empirischen Beispielen das Potential von GKV-Routinedaten-basierten Versorgungsforschungsstudien, den Market Access von Arzneimitteln, Impfstoffen und Medizintechnik aus Perspektive der jeweiligen Hersteller zu unterstützen. Anhand von sechs Modulen werden Fragestellungen des Market Access von Arzneimitteln beantwortet. Drei dieser Module untersuchen Aspekte der seltenen Erkrankungen Non-CF-Bronchiektasen (NCFB) und Phenylketonurie (PKU). Sie erheben neben Kennzahlen der Epidemiologie ergänzend Krankheitskosten sowie die Last durch Begleiterkrankungen, Arzneimitteltherapien und Hospitalisierungen. Zwei weitere Module betreffen die Indikation Asthma bronchiale. Sie thematisieren die Identifikation der Krankheitsschwere und analysieren die Kosten der Erkrankung diesbezüglich, sowie hinsichtlich Alters- und Geschlechtsunterschieden. Ein nächstes Modul untersucht die Auswirkungen und Kosten von Eisenmangel bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizi, As part of the market access process, manufacturers of drugs, vaccines and medical technology are confronted with a variety of research questions. These include, for example, questions about unmet medical needs, the epidemiology of diseases and the care situation of patients. They concern medical costs, the effectiveness and safety of products in the real-life healthcare situation, and the positioning of the company’s own products compared to competitors. Studies based on statutory health insurance (SHI) claims data have had a firm place in national and international health services research for many years. They provide an important contribution to the understanding of the healthcare situation of patients in a wide variety of indications, from common diseases affecting large parts of the population to rare diseases with small sample size. This cumulative dissertation examines the potential of SHI claims data based health service research studies to support the market access of drugs, vaccines and medical technology from the perspective of the respective manufacturers. Six modules answer research questions regarding the market access of drugs. Three of these modules examine aspects of the rare diseases non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) and phenylketonuria (PKU). In addition to epidemiological data, they collect data on the costs of illness and the burden of concomitant diseases, drug therapies and hospitalizations. Two further modules concern the indication asthma. They thematize the identification of disease severity and analyze the cost of the disease in terms of age and sex differences. A next module examines the effects and costs of iron deficiency in patients with heart failure and compares different treatment alternatives in terms of cost of illness and effectiveness. Four modules present studies from the field of vaccine market access. Three studies examine the effects of updated recommendations of the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), using p

The first two chapters in this dissertation deal with innovative methods that aim to further our understanding of social mobility and inequality in developing countries on the basis of commonly available data sources. Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive assessment of the adequacy of synthetic panel methods to deliver point estimates of poverty dynamics, and proposes an alternative estimator for a key intermediate parameter. Chapter 2 puts forward an imputation-based method that allows decomposing consumption inequality into their local and spatial components. This procedure is applied to the study of inequality dynamics in India over the first decade of this century. The third chapter takes advantage of a natural experiment to identify the causal impact of improved physical connection to markets on social relations in Indian villages. Improved access to markets leads to fewer social contacts and decreased cooperation within castes. While rural roads do not seem to generally improve relations between castes, they induce a decline in violent attacks, which is likely related to a reduction in casteist incidents.

Plantain cultivation is of great importance for the country´s food security and sovereignty. In Colombia, about 87 % of the established area is associated crop and 13 % as monoculture; It is one of the subsectors that generates the highest income and employment, in 2022 960,000 direct and indirect jobs were reported. In the Caldas department, plantain is cultivated in all municipalities, its value chain, its main actors, flows, synergies, and governance spaces around this productive system were analyzed. For this purpose, a mapping of local actors was used with a Social Network Analysis, a description of the de facto banana value chain and it was analyzed under the Governance Analytical Framework. There is evidence of a productive system with well differentiated areas in terms of technological development, integration of chain links, articulation of institutions, organizational processes, access to national and international markets, and agro-industrial transformation processes. The articulation and cooperation between inter-institutional actors have been critical for development of collective actions to optimize resources, time, processes, and maximize the generated impact. The Caldas roundtables competitiveness emerge and position themselves as a consolidated space for territorial governance, which in turn catalyzes articulation dynamics and institutional interventions to enhance the resources of value chains and territories., El cultivo de plátano es de gran importancia para la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria del país. En Colombia, cerca del 87% del área establecida se encuentra como cultivo asociado y 13% como monocultivo; es uno de los subsectores que genera mayor ingreso y empleo, en 2022 se reportaron 960.000 empleos directos e indirectos. En el departamento de Caldas, el plátano se siembra en todos sus municipios, se analizó su cadena de valor, sus principales actores, flujos, sinergias y espacios de gobernanza alrededor de este sistema productivo. Para tal fin se empleó un mapeo de actores locales con un Análisis de Redes Sociales, una descripción de la cadena de valor de facto de plátano y se analizó bajo el Marco Analítico de Gobernanza. Se evidenció un sistema productivo con zonas claramente diferenciadas en términos de desarrollo tecnológico, integración de los eslabones de la cadena, articulación de actores institucionales, procesos organizacionales, acceso a mercados nacionales e internacionales, y procesos de transformación agroindustrial. La articulación y cooperación entre actores interinstitucionales han sido determinante para el desarrollo de acciones colectivas que optimizan recursos tiempos y procesos, y maximizan el impacto generado. Las mesas de competitividad de Caldas emergen y se posicionan como espacio consolidado de gobernanza territorial, lo que a su vez cataliza dinámicas de articulaciones e intervenciones institucionales que potencia los recursos de las cadenas de valor y los territorios.

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an important cash crop, which remains one of the largest sources of income and a way of sustaining livelihoods for rural households in South Africa. Smallholder farming in most rural areas of the Limpopo Province contributes to food security. However, the majority of smallholder farmers experience low agricultural productivity, low quantities and poor quality produce which reduce their chances of accessing markets. Hence, this study focused on identifying and analysing factors that determine productivity and market access by smallholder spinach farmers in the Polokwane Local Municipality, Limpopo Province. This area of research is important towards the development of smallholder farming where resources are limited, but high population growth is very common. The overall objective of the study was to examine farm and farmer characteristics that determine the productivity and market access of the smallholder vegetable farmers. In order to achieve the aim and objectives of this study, a multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 80 smallholder spinach farmers to collect primary data from them using structured questionnaires. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to examine factors that determine productivity level and the Two limit Tobit Model was also used to analyse factors that influence market access. The results from the Cobb-Douglas production function indicated that smallholder farmers in the study area are experiencing a decreasing return to scale, which suggests that they are over-utilising factors of production. Two-limit Tobit Model results on the socioeconomic factors that influence market access indicated that household size was statistically significant at 10%, distance to the market, extension contact and farming experience were statistically significant at 5% and educational level, quantity produced and market information was statistically significant at 1%. Based on the findings, several policy suggestions were

This repository contains the analysis files and documentation for the thesis entitled "Risks and opportunities to development: a local perspective". Respondents did not consent to sharing their data, so the input data is not shared. It can be accessed in case of doubts about the academic integrity of the thesis by contacting the author or office.economics@wur.nl. All replication files are contained in a zip file which also contains a readme and a copy of the thesis.

The sustainable development goal #2 aims at ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Given the numbers of food insecure and malnourished people on the rise, the heterogeneity of nutritional statuses and needs, and the even worse context of COVID-19 pandemic, this has become an urgent challenge for food-related policies. This paper provides a comprehensive microsimulation approach to evaluate economic policies on food access, sufficiency (energy) and adequacy (protein, fat, carbohydrate) at household level. The improvement in market access conditions in Kenya is simulated as an application case of this method, using original insights from households’ surveys and biochemical and nutritional information by food item. Simulation’s results suggest that improving market access increases food purchasing power overall the country, with a pro-poor impact in rural areas. The daily energy consumption per capita and macronutrients intakes per capita increase at the national level, being the households with at least one stunted child under 5 years old, and poor households living areas outside Mombasa and Nairobi, those which benefit the most. The developed method and its Kenya's application contribute to the discussion on how to evaluate nutrition-sensitive policies, and how to cover most households suffering food insecurity and nutrition deficiencies in any given country.

Farmers are doing primary and significant duty for the society by engaging in agriculture. They are tirelessly ploughing the field, planting the seed, watering the land and yielding crops. Production of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetable are necessary to feed people of billion plus nation and ensuring food security. It is necessity of the government to provide necessary support with legislation of law, enactment of the same, crop insurance and provision of subsidy for agricultural inputs. There should be advancement in irrigation facility, application of biotechnology, credit facility, land reform and availability of market. But new framed agricultural reform act enraged the farmers and injected fear in their mind. Farmers feel apprehensive regarding the restructuring of the Indian agriculture. There is a shadow of uncertainty about annulment of minimum support price facility. It is presumed that new farm bill would take away Mandi facility which so far gave assurance to selling of crop. Although middle men were involved in the process, farmers were sanguine about selling of agricultural output with intermediation of them. Farmers so far enjoyed crop insurance and minimum support price for agricultural output. But newly passed bill in parliament spread tension among farmers about future uncertainties. Fear and ambiguity lingered with respect to corporate support and assurance. Loss of land and livelihood to corporate also gripped the minds. Question revolved about farmers wherewithal and whereabouts if corporates fail to buy crop or agricultural output. Like majority of Indian citizen, farmers are devoid of social security measure. Corporate indifference might cause grave loss for poor farmers in the absence of safety net. But sticking to this defunct system, would result in more harm than good for Indian farmers.

Introduction: Little is known about market access to biosimilars from a health economic perspective, except for studies that compute the budget impact of biosimilar use. Areas covered: This comprehensive health economic guide to the market access of biosimilars focuses on the role of biosimilars in pharmaceutical innovation and competition, the objective of biopharmaceutical policy, the budget impact of biosimilars, and the cost-effectiveness of biologic therapy in the presence of biosimilars. Expert opinion: We argue that the objective of biopharmaceutical policy in a health system should be to create a competitive and sustainable market for off-patent reference biologics, biosimilars, and next-generation biologics that makes biologic therapy available to patients at the lowest cost. Market access of biosimilars can contribute to this objective as a result of the lower price of biosimilars and price competition with alternative therapies. The resulting improvement in the cost-effectiveness of biologic therapy needs to be accounted for by revisiting reimbursement decisions and conditions. When examining the cost-effectiveness of biologic therapy following patent expiry, stakeholders need to consider residual uncertainties at the time of biosimilar marketing authorization, the nocebo effect, market entry of a second-generation reference biologic with a different administration form than the biosimilar, and value-added services.

The sustainable development goal #2 aims at ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Given the numbers of food insecure and malnourished people on the rise, the heterogeneity of nutritional statuses and needs, and the even worse context of COVID-19 pandemic, this has become an urgent challenge for food-related policies. This paper provides a comprehensive microsimulation approach to evaluate economic policies on food access, sufficiency (energy) and adequacy (protein, fat, carbohydrate) at household level. The improvement in market access conditions in Kenya is simulated as an application case of this method, using original insights from households’ surveys and biochemical and nutritional information by food item. Simulation’s results suggest that improving market access increases food purchasing power overall the country, with a pro-poor impact in rural areas. The daily energy consumption per capita and macronutrients intakes per capita increase at the national level, being the households with at least one stunted child under 5 years old, and poor households living areas outside Mombasa and Nairobi, those which benefit the most. The developed method and its Kenya's application contribute to the discussion on how to evaluate nutrition-sensitive policies, and how to cover most households suffering food insecurity and nutrition deficiencies in any given country.

Farmers are doing primary and significant duty for the society by engaging in agriculture. They are tirelessly ploughing the field, planting the seed, watering the land and yielding crops. Production of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetable are necessary to feed people of billion plus nation and ensuring food security. It is necessity of the government to provide necessary support with legislation of law, enactment of the same, crop insurance and provision of subsidy for agricultural inputs. There should be advancement in irrigation facility, application of biotechnology, credit facility, land reform and availability of market. But new framed agricultural reform act enraged the farmers and injected fear in their mind. Farmers feel apprehensive regarding the restructuring of the Indian agriculture. There is a shadow of uncertainty about annulment of minimum support price facility. It is presumed that new farm bill would take away Mandi facility which so far gave assurance to selling of crop. Although middle men were involved in the process, farmers were sanguine about selling of agricultural output with intermediation of them. Farmers so far enjoyed crop insurance and minimum support price for agricultural output. But newly passed bill in parliament spread tension among farmers about future uncertainties. Fear and ambiguity lingered with respect to corporate support and assurance. Loss of land and livelihood to corporate also gripped the minds. Question revolved about farmers wherewithal and whereabouts if corporates fail to buy crop or agricultural output. Like majority of Indian citizen, farmers are devoid of social security measure. Corporate indifference might cause grave loss for poor farmers in the absence of safety net. But sticking to this defunct system, would result in more harm than good for Indian farmers.

The definition of criteria and processes for the submission of price and reimbursement requests (P&R) of a drug in Italy cannot be separated from the definition of an overall “Pharmaceutical Policy” that includes, in an organic vision: (i) the governance related to the research, marketing and monitoring of drugs in the Italian market; (ii) the availability of drugs on the national territory as an element included in the essential levels of care (LEA) and the related conditions in terms of timing and equity of access between different regions, as well as towards other European countries; (iii) the assessment criteria used. The decree published in the Italian Official Journal in the summer of 2020, which defines the new criteria for the regulation of P&R of medicines in Italy, focuses on the final part of the process, i.e. the price negotiation. It would be necessary to frame this last step within a broader and more organic structure of drug policies aimed at: 1. optimising healthcare funding by encouraging competition between healthcare technologies; 2. reducing assessment time by simplifying processes; 3. improving early access to drugs for unmet need; 4. increasing the quality of P&R dossiers by improving interaction with the companies; 5. encouraging innovative agreements and complementary elements to the price; 6. encouraging the reproducibility of assessment methodologies in a value-based pricing system; 7. considering cost-benefit analyses as tools for the definition of price and conditions of reimbursability; 8. creating a place for discussion on drug policies.

The sustainable development goal #2 aims at ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Given the numbers of food insecure and malnourished people on the rise, the heterogeneity of nutritional statuses and needs, and the even worse context of COVID-19 pandemic, this has become an urgent challenge for food-related policies. This paper provides a comprehensive microsimulation approach to evaluate economic policies on food access, sufficiency (energy) and adequacy (protein, fat, carbohydrate) at household level. The improvement in market access conditions in Kenya is simulated as an application case of this method, using original insights from households’ surveys and biochemical and nutritional information by food item. Simulation’s results suggest that improving market access increases food purchasing power overall the country, with a pro-poor impact in rural areas. The daily energy consumption per capita and macronutrients intakes per capita increase at the national level, being the households with at least one stunted child under 5 years old, and poor households living areas outside Mombasa and Nairobi, those which benefit the most. The developed method and its Kenya's application contribute to the discussion on how to evaluate nutrition-sensitive policies, and how to cover most households suffering food insecurity and nutrition deficiencies in any given country.

The definition of criteria and processes for the submission of price and reimbursement requests (P&R) of a drug in Italy cannot be separated from the definition of an overall “Pharmaceutical Policy” that includes, in an organic vision: (i) the governance related to the research, marketing and monitoring of drugs in the Italian market; (ii) the availability of drugs on the national territory as an element included in the essential levels of care (LEA) and the related conditions in terms of timing and equity of access between different regions, as well as towards other European countries; (iii) the assessment criteria used. The decree published in the Italian Official Journal in the summer of 2020, which defines the new criteria for the regulation of P&R of medicines in Italy, focuses on the final part of the process, i.e. the price negotiation. It would be necessary to frame this last step within a broader and more organic structure of drug policies aimed at: 1. optimising healthcare funding by encouraging competition between healthcare technologies; 2. reducing assessment time by simplifying processes; 3. improving early access to drugs for unmet need; 4. increasing the quality of P&R dossiers by improving interaction with the companies; 5. encouraging innovative agreements and complementary elements to the price; 6. encouraging the reproducibility of assessment methodologies in a value-based pricing system; 7. considering cost-benefit analyses as tools for the definition of price and conditions of reimbursability; 8. creating a place for discussion on drug policies.

Farmers are doing primary and significant duty for the society by engaging in agriculture. They are tirelessly ploughing the field, planting the seed, watering the land and yielding crops. Production of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetable are necessary to feed people of billion plus nation and ensuring food security. It is necessity of the government to provide necessary support with legislation of law, enactment of the same, crop insurance and provision of subsidy for agricultural inputs. There should be advancement in irrigation facility, application of biotechnology, credit facility, land reform and availability of market. But new framed agricultural reform act enraged the farmers and injected fear in their mind. Farmers feel apprehensive regarding the restructuring of the Indian agriculture. There is a shadow of uncertainty about annulment of minimum support price facility. It is presumed that new farm bill would take away Mandi facility which so far gave assurance to selling of crop. Although middle men were involved in the process, farmers were sanguine about selling of agricultural output with intermediation of them. Farmers so far enjoyed crop insurance and minimum support price for agricultural output. But newly passed bill in parliament spread tension among farmers about future uncertainties. Fear and ambiguity lingered with respect to corporate support and assurance. Loss of land and livelihood to corporate also gripped the minds. Question revolved about farmers wherewithal and whereabouts if corporates fail to buy crop or agricultural output. Like majority of Indian citizen, farmers are devoid of social security measure. Corporate indifference might cause grave loss for poor farmers in the absence of safety net. But sticking to this defunct system, would result in more harm than good for Indian farmers.

Farmers are doing primary and significant duty for the society by engaging in agriculture. They are tirelessly ploughing the field, planting the seed, watering the land and yielding crops. Production of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetable are necessary to feed people of billion plus nation and ensuring food security. It is necessity of the government to provide necessary support with legislation of law, enactment of the same, crop insurance and provision of subsidy for agricultural inputs. There should be advancement in irrigation facility, application of biotechnology, credit facility, land reform and availability of market. But new framed agricultural reform act enraged the farmers and injected fear in their mind. Farmers feel apprehensive regarding the restructuring of the Indian agriculture. There is a shadow of uncertainty about annulment of minimum support price facility. It is presumed that new farm bill would take away Mandi facility which so far gave assurance to selling of crop. Although middle men were involved in the process, farmers were sanguine about selling of agricultural output with intermediation of them. Farmers so far enjoyed crop insurance and minimum support price for agricultural output. But newly passed bill in parliament spread tension among farmers about future uncertainties. Fear and ambiguity lingered with respect to corporate support and assurance. Loss of land and livelihood to corporate also gripped the minds. Question revolved about farmers wherewithal and whereabouts if corporates fail to buy crop or agricultural output. Like majority of Indian citizen, farmers are devoid of social security measure. Corporate indifference might cause grave loss for poor farmers in the absence of safety net. But sticking to this defunct system, would result in more harm than good for Indian farmers.

The sustainable development goal #2 aims at ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Given the numbers of food insecure and malnourished people on the rise, the heterogeneity of nutritional statuses and needs, and the even worse context of COVID-19 pandemic, this has become an urgent challenge for food-related policies. This paper provides a comprehensive microsimulation approach to evaluate economic policies on food access, sufficiency (energy) and adequacy (protein, fat, carbohydrate) at household level. The improvement in market access conditions in Kenya is simulated as an application case of this method, using original insights from households’ surveys and biochemical and nutritional information by food item. Simulation’s results suggest that improving market access increases food purchasing power overall the country, with a pro-poor impact in rural areas. The daily energy consumption per capita and macronutrients intakes per capita increase at the national level, being the households with at least one stunted child under 5 years old, and poor households living areas outside Mombasa and Nairobi, those which benefit the most. The developed method and its Kenya's application contribute to the discussion on how to evaluate nutrition-sensitive policies, and how to cover most households suffering food insecurity and nutrition deficiencies in any given country.

The sustainable development goal #2 aims at ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Given the numbers of food insecure and malnourished people on the rise, the heterogeneity of nutritional statuses and needs, and the even worse context of COVID-19 pandemic, this has become an urgent challenge for food-related policies. This paper provides a comprehensive microsimulation approach to evaluate economic policies on food access, sufficiency (energy) and adequacy (protein, fat, carbohydrate) at household level. The improvement in market access conditions in Kenya is simulated as an application case of this method, using original insights from households’ surveys and biochemical and nutritional information by food item. Simulation’s results suggest that improving market access increases food purchasing power overall the country, with a pro-poor impact in rural areas. The daily energy consumption per capita and macronutrients intakes per capita increase at the national level, being the households with at least one stunted child under 5 years old, and poor households living areas outside Mombasa and Nairobi, those which benefit the most. The developed method and its Kenya's application contribute to the discussion on how to evaluate nutrition-sensitive policies, and how to cover most households suffering food insecurity and nutrition deficiencies in any given country.

Background: Vaccine market access (VMA) pathways across the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) are complex, lengthy, and heterogeneous, particularly when compared with pharmaceuticals. The knowledge base to inform recommendations for optimization of VMA is lacking. We therefore conducted a comprehensive evaluation of EU VMA pathways. Methods: Research in two phases included: (1) mapping VMA pathways in each EU member state (including the UK) based on a literature review, expert interviews, and mathematical archetyping; and (2) interviews with vaccine experts to identify barriers, drivers, and recommendations for regional VMA alignments. Results: Key steps in VMA across the EU include horizon scanning, early advice, National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG) recommendation for inclusion in national immunization programs, health technology assessment (HTA), final decision and procurement. We found significant complexity and heterogeneity, particularly for early advice, and in the roles, decision-making criteria, and transparency of NITAGs and HTA bodies. The most important drivers for rapid VMA included demonstration of disease burden and vaccine benefit (e.g., efficacy, safety, economic). Key barriers were budget limitations and complexity/clarity of VMA processes (e.g., need for national-regional consensus, clarity on process initiation, and clarity on the role of HTA). Recommendations for alignment at EU and member-state levels include information sharing, joint clinical assessment, initiatives to address funding and political barriers, and improved transparency by decision-making bodies. Early engagement with vaccine stakeholders was a key recommendation for manufacturers. Conclusions: There is significant potential for alignment, collaboration, and improvement of VMA across the EU. Roles, responsibilities, and transparency of key bodies can be clarified. The COVID-19 pandemic response should stimulate policies to improve access to all vac

Background and objective: Best-value biological medicines may generate competition in the off-patent biologicals market, resulting in having more resources available to provide patients with access to necessary medicines while maintaining high-quality care. Belgium is a country known to have low biosimilar market shares, suggesting a malfunctioning market for off-patent biologicals. This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the Belgian off-patent biologicals market, by looking at the evolution in volumes and costs of the relevant products in the market. Methods: This study included a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. The quantitative part of this study consisted of the analysis of market data obtained by the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance (NIHDI) for all relevant products in the Belgian off-patent biologicals market (i.e. TNF-inhibitors, insulins, granulocyte colony-stimulating factors, epoetins, rituximab, trastuzumab). In addition, for the qualitative part of this study, semi-structured interviews with Belgian stakeholders were conducted between December 2019 and March 2020. Results: Belgian market data and stakeholder perceptions suggest a suboptimal market environment for off-patent biological and biosimilar medicines. Shifts are observed after loss of exclusivities of originator biologicals toward second-generation products or new therapeutic class products, at a higher cost and often limited added value. Moreover, cost reductions for off-patent biologicals after biosimilar market entry are mainly determined by mandatory price reductions applicable to both originator and biosimilar products, and not by lower prices induced by competition. For products used in the retail setting, significant mandatory price reductions for both originator and reference products with low biosimilar volumes were pointed out as the main reasons for the lack of price competition. For products dispensed in hospitals, the h, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The definition of criteria and processes for the submission of price and reimbursement requests (P&R) of a drug in Italy cannot be separated from the definition of an overall “Pharmaceutical Policy” that includes, in an organic vision: (i) the governance related to the research, marketing and monitoring of drugs in the Italian market; (ii) the availability of drugs on the national territory as an element included in the essential levels of care (LEA) and the related conditions in terms of timing and equity of access between different regions, as well as towards other European countries; (iii) the assessment criteria used. The decree published in the Italian Official Journal in the summer of 2020, which defines the new criteria for the regulation of P&R of medicines in Italy, focuses on the final part of the process, i.e. the price negotiation. It would be necessary to frame this last step within a broader and more organic structure of drug policies aimed at: 1. optimising healthcare funding by encouraging competition between healthcare technologies; 2. reducing assessment time by simplifying processes; 3. improving early access to drugs for unmet need; 4. increasing the quality of P&R dossiers by improving interaction with the companies; 5. encouraging innovative agreements and complementary elements to the price; 6. encouraging the reproducibility of assessment methodologies in a value-based pricing system; 7. considering cost-benefit analyses as tools for the definition of price and conditions of reimbursability; 8. creating a place for discussion on drug policies.

Farmers are doing primary and significant duty for the society by engaging in agriculture. They are tirelessly ploughing the field, planting the seed, watering the land and yielding crops. Production of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetable are necessary to feed people of billion plus nation and ensuring food security. It is necessity of the government to provide necessary support with legislation of law, enactment of the same, crop insurance and provision of subsidy for agricultural inputs. There should be advancement in irrigation facility, application of biotechnology, credit facility, land reform and availability of market. But new framed agricultural reform act enraged the farmers and injected fear in their mind. Farmers feel apprehensive regarding the restructuring of the Indian agriculture. There is a shadow of uncertainty about annulment of minimum support price facility. It is presumed that new farm bill would take away Mandi facility which so far gave assurance to selling of crop. Although middle men were involved in the process, farmers were sanguine about selling of agricultural output with intermediation of them. Farmers so far enjoyed crop insurance and minimum support price for agricultural output. But newly passed bill in parliament spread tension among farmers about future uncertainties. Fear and ambiguity lingered with respect to corporate support and assurance. Loss of land and livelihood to corporate also gripped the minds. Question revolved about farmers wherewithal and whereabouts if corporates fail to buy crop or agricultural output. Like majority of Indian citizen, farmers are devoid of social security measure. Corporate indifference might cause grave loss for poor farmers in the absence of safety net. But sticking to this defunct system, would result in more harm than good for Indian farmers.

Background: Health technology assessment (HTA) has increased in importance in supporting payer decision making by assessing the relative effectiveness and cost effectiveness of new medicines. Thus, pharmaceutical companies need to address the HTA requirements early during development to improve reimbursement outcomes. Currently, there is a lack of research to assess the impact of HTA on development and jurisdictional outcome from companies' perspectives. This study aimed to assess companies' HTA strategy and characterise HTA practice in seven jurisdictions. Methods: A multi-year, annual study collected information for individual products, focusing on development activities regarding inclusion of HTA requirements and selection of global comparators. The generation of local contextual information, submission strategies and predictability of HTA outcomes was examined jurisdictionally in Australia, Canada, England, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. The study questionnaire was built into a secure online data collection platform and data were provided annually by participating companies. Results: Data for 169 compounds were provided by nine international companies between 2014 and 2018. HTA requirements were implemented in evidence generation plan for 63% of products during development. Global comparators were accepted by HTA bodies for more than half of studied products; Spain showed the highest acceptance rate (85%). Companies took advantages of parallel process in Australia and Canada to shorten product rollout time. Australia demonstrated general consistency in HTA review time, and England had the longest variation (interquartile range, 216 days). Requirements for additional information after submission occurred at all HTA bodies. Germany and Italy showed the highest percentage of products being reimbursed as per regulatory label (80 and 68%, respectively). Canada was the most predictable jurisdiction, with the highest proportion of review outcome (90%) that met co

Background: In many countries, Budget Impact (BI) informs reimbursement decisions. Evidence has shown that decision-makers have restricted access based on high BI estimates but studies show that BI estimates are often inaccurate. Objective: To assess the accuracy of BI estimations used for informing access decisions on oncology drugs in the Netherlands. Study Design: Oncology products for which European Medicines Agency Marketing Authorisation was granted between 1-1-2000 and 1-10-2017 were selected. Observed BI data were provided by FarmInform. BI estimates were extracted from the reimbursement dossiers of the Dutch Healthcare Institute. Products without an estimated BI in the reimbursement dossier were excluded. Accuracy is defined as the ratio observed BI/estimated BI. Setting: General community, the Netherlands. Results: Ten products were included in the base case analysis. Mean accuracy was 0.64 and observed BI deviated by more than 40% and 100% from the estimated BI for 4 and 5 products, respectively. For all products together, €141 million BI was estimated and €82 million BI was observed, a €59 million difference. Conclusions: The findings indicate that BI estimates for oncology drugs in the Netherlands are inaccurate. The role and use of BI in reimbursement decisions for these potentially life-saving drugs should therefore be considered carefully, as well as BI estimation methodology.

Rapid degradation of the world’s coral reefs jeopardizes their ecological functioning and ultimately imperils the wellbeing of the millions of people with reef-dependent livelihoods. Ecosystem accessibility is the main driver of their conditions, with the most accessible ecosystems being most at risk of resource depletion. People’s socioeconomic conditions can change as they get further from urban centers and can profoundly influence people’s relationship with the environment. However, the mechanisms through which increasing accessibility from human societies affects natural resources are still unclear. A plausible mechanism through which markets influence the environment is through the socioeconomic changes that tend to accompany accessibility. We used social and ecological data from 10 coastal communities and 31 reefs in northwest Madagascar to (i) unravel the respective influences of the local fish market and coastal communities on reef fish biomass and (ii) investigate how communities’ socioeconomic and resource use characteristics change with increasing proximity to markets. We used generalized additive models to reveal that reef fish biomass is strongly related to the accessibility of both markets and local communities. We also highlight that the ways coastal communities use marine resources changes predictably with market proximity. More precisely, market proximity affects fishing gear (technique effect), wealth, and selling strategies (scale effect) of coastal communities. Our findings emphasize the need to better quantify links between markets and fishing communities through household-level surveys to implement market-based actions that could help to regulate the effect of markets on both fish stocks and fishing communities.

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy following peer review. The version of record Garcia-Alvarez-Coque, J.-M., Taghouti, I. and Martinez-Gomez, V. (2020), Changes in Aflatoxin Standards: Implications for EU Border Controls of Nut Imports. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 42: 524-541. doi:10.1093/aepp/ppy036 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppy036., [EN] Food safety concerns about the risk of aflatoxin (AF) contamination have been growing in many regions, particularly in the European Union (EU). To protect consumers from health risks, the EU has established strict standards for maximum acceptable AF levels in food products; these standards have changed several times. This article examines the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database, which contains notifications on border controls on AF levels in tree nuts and peanuts. A count data model was used to analyze the impact of political economy considerations, past alerts, and path-dependence effects on RASFF border controls. Policy changes, including the harmonization and relaxing of the EU¿s AF standards, significantly affected the frequency of border controls, with diverse effects among exporting countries. It is believed that the present study provides some insights to the modeling of food standards for explanation or forecasting purposes.

This study evaluates the economic potential for Area Wide Management (AWM) of the Queensland fruit fly (Qfly) using the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) through three case studies across endemic and Pest-Free Areas (PFA) in south-east Australia. The cost of Qfly needs to be identified before the potential benefit of AWM and SIT can be evaluated. We use results from grower workshops and expert elicitation to identify the financial cost of Qfly to growers (the baseline) and the potential impact of AWM as a precursor to SIT (scenarios). Results show a net benefit from maintaining PFA status. In endemic regions, the potential financial benefits to growers of are low. Avoided adjustment costs that contribute to a net benefit in PFA’s are sunk in endemic regions. The low threshold for Qfly in markets and on-farm, and availability of cost-effective management options, implies limited benefits from avoided management costs. Market access is uncertain and AWM and SIT alone are not sufficient to access these benefits. Although there may be exceptions, we find limited grower benefits from AWM and SIT in Qfly endemic growing regions.

Universities from varying institutional and geographical contexts have increasingly invested in offshore subsidiaries in the Malaysian private higher education sector. Literature on transnational education policy and management as well as economic-geographic accounts of firms’ transnationalisation or public service provision have not investigated foreign providers’ direct investment and market access strategies in the higher education sector. This paper addresses these gaps, showing how and why foreign actors’ investment and market involvement in Malaysia have changed. Empirical data is drawn from qualitative interviews and policy documents. The research reveals that foreign universities have strategically modified their business partnerships and bi-national accreditation to bypass and bend state regulation of market access as well as to restructure internal organisation and geographical configuration. The paper proposes conceptualising foreign higher education providers as transnationalising, reflexive networks within networks that respond to dynamic market access regulation by adopting firm-like investment strategies., Leibniz‐Gemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001664, Peer Reviewed

Universities from varying institutional and geographical contexts have increasingly invested in offshore subsidiaries in the Malaysian private higher education sector. Literature on transnational education policy and management as well as economic-geographic accounts of firms’ transnationalisation or public service provision have not investigated foreign providers’ direct investment and market access strategies in the higher education sector. This paper addresses these gaps, showing how and why foreign actors’ investment and market involvement in Malaysia have changed. Empirical data is drawn from qualitative interviews and policy documents. The research reveals that foreign universities have strategically modified their business partnerships and bi-national accreditation to bypass and bend state regulation of market access as well as to restructure internal organisation and geographical configuration. The paper proposes conceptualising foreign higher education providers as transnationalising, reflexive networks within networks that respond to dynamic market access regulation by adopting firm-like investment strategies., Leibniz‐Gemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001664, Peer Reviewed

Introduction: The main purpose of this study was comparing median time (TTR, time to reimbursement) between the first Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA) pricing and reimbursement (P&R) dossier’s evaluation and patient access in Italy and to observe the key P&R negotiation results for all new active substances approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA)’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use between January 2014 and December 2019. We analysed the different factors influencing TTR. Methods: A panel of medicines for human use approved by the EMA in the period 2014-2019 was considered. All information about authorisation and reimbursement in Italy, including timelines and results from the negotiation, were gathered through EMA and Italian Official Journal databases. Results: Of 213 new active substances approved from January 2014 to December 2019, 137 obtained reimbursement in Italy, with a median TTR of 7.6 months (228 days). Even if orphan designation, oncology indication, application of Managed Entry Agreements (MEAs; both outcome and financial based) or a discount did not show an impact on TTR, recognition of full innovativeness (n = 27; 20%) was associated with a reduction of 1 month in median TTR. Interestingly, drugs reimbursed with a lower price/daily defined dose showed a reduced TTR (−22%). Conclusions: Even if the lack of impact of some negotiation conditions was predictable (e.g. oncology indication or orphan status) or the application of a MEA helped to manage possible uncertainties, it did not lead to a quicker completion of the negotiation procedure. Likewise, full innovative drugs showed a shorter TTR underlying the AIFA commitment in recognising, promoting and rewarding innovation.

Introduction: The main purpose of this study was comparing median time (TTR, time to reimbursement) between the first Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA) pricing and reimbursement (P&R) dossier’s evaluation and patient access in Italy and to observe the key P&R negotiation results for all new active substances approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA)’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use between January 2014 and December 2019. We analysed the different factors influencing TTR. Methods: A panel of medicines for human use approved by the EMA in the period 2014-2019 was considered. All information about authorisation and reimbursement in Italy, including timelines and results from the negotiation, were gathered through EMA and Italian Official Journal databases. Results: Of 213 new active substances approved from January 2014 to December 2019, 137 obtained reimbursement in Italy, with a median TTR of 7.6 months (228 days). Even if orphan designation, oncology indication, application of Managed Entry Agreements (MEAs; both outcome and financial based) or a discount did not show an impact on TTR, recognition of full innovativeness (n = 27; 20%) was associated with a reduction of 1 month in median TTR. Interestingly, drugs reimbursed with a lower price/daily defined dose showed a reduced TTR (−22%). Conclusions: Even if the lack of impact of some negotiation conditions was predictable (e.g. oncology indication or orphan status) or the application of a MEA helped to manage possible uncertainties, it did not lead to a quicker completion of the negotiation procedure. Likewise, full innovative drugs showed a shorter TTR underlying the AIFA commitment in recognising, promoting and rewarding innovation.

Rapid degradation of the world’s coral reefs jeopardizes their ecological functioning and ultimately imperils the wellbeing of the millions of people with reef-dependent livelihoods. Ecosystem accessibility is the main driver of their conditions, with the most accessible ecosystems being most at risk of resource depletion. People’s socioeconomic conditions can change as they get further from urban centers and can profoundly influence people’s relationship with the environment. However, the mechanisms through which increasing accessibility from human societies affects natural resources are still unclear. A plausible mechanism through which markets influence the environment is through the socioeconomic changes that tend to accompany accessibility. We used social and ecological data from 10 coastal communities and 31 reefs in northwest Madagascar to (i) unravel the respective influences of the local fish market and coastal communities on reef fish biomass and (ii) investigate how communities’ socioeconomic and resource use characteristics change with increasing proximity to markets. We used generalized additive models to reveal that reef fish biomass is strongly related to the accessibility of both markets and local communities. We also highlight that the ways coastal communities use marine resources changes predictably with market proximity. More precisely, market proximity affects fishing gear (technique effect), wealth, and selling strategies (scale effect) of coastal communities. Our findings emphasize the need to better quantify links between markets and fishing communities through household-level surveys to implement market-based actions that could help to regulate the effect of markets on both fish stocks and fishing communities.

Universities from varying institutional and geographical contexts have increasingly invested in offshore subsidiaries in the Malaysian private higher education sector. Literature on transnational education policy and management as well as economic-geographic accounts of firms’ transnationalisation or public service provision have not investigated foreign providers’ direct investment and market access strategies in the higher education sector. This paper addresses these gaps, showing how and why foreign actors’ investment and market involvement in Malaysia have changed. Empirical data is drawn from qualitative interviews and policy documents. The research reveals that foreign universities have strategically modified their business partnerships and bi-national accreditation to bypass and bend state regulation of market access as well as to restructure internal organisation and geographical configuration. The paper proposes conceptualising foreign higher education providers as transnationalising, reflexive networks within networks that respond to dynamic market access regulation by adopting firm-like investment strategies., Leibniz‐Gemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001664, Peer Reviewed

Rapid degradation of the world’s coral reefs jeopardizes their ecological functioning and ultimately imperils the wellbeing of the millions of people with reef-dependent livelihoods. Ecosystem accessibility is the main driver of their conditions, with the most accessible ecosystems being most at risk of resource depletion. People’s socioeconomic conditions can change as they get further from urban centers and can profoundly influence people’s relationship with the environment. However, the mechanisms through which increasing accessibility from human societies affects natural resources are still unclear. A plausible mechanism through which markets influence the environment is through the socioeconomic changes that tend to accompany accessibility. We used social and ecological data from 10 coastal communities and 31 reefs in northwest Madagascar to (i) unravel the respective influences of the local fish market and coastal communities on reef fish biomass and (ii) investigate how communities’ socioeconomic and resource use characteristics change with increasing proximity to markets. We used generalized additive models to reveal that reef fish biomass is strongly related to the accessibility of both markets and local communities. We also highlight that the ways coastal communities use marine resources changes predictably with market proximity. More precisely, market proximity affects fishing gear (technique effect), wealth, and selling strategies (scale effect) of coastal communities. Our findings emphasize the need to better quantify links between markets and fishing communities through household-level surveys to implement market-based actions that could help to regulate the effect of markets on both fish stocks and fishing communities.

Universities from varying institutional and geographical contexts have increasingly invested in offshore subsidiaries in the Malaysian private higher education sector. Literature on transnational education policy and management as well as economic-geographic accounts of firms’ transnationalisation or public service provision have not investigated foreign providers’ direct investment and market access strategies in the higher education sector. This paper addresses these gaps, showing how and why foreign actors’ investment and market involvement in Malaysia have changed. Empirical data is drawn from qualitative interviews and policy documents. The research reveals that foreign universities have strategically modified their business partnerships and bi-national accreditation to bypass and bend state regulation of market access as well as to restructure internal organisation and geographical configuration. The paper proposes conceptualising foreign higher education providers as transnationalising, reflexive networks within networks that respond to dynamic market access regulation by adopting firm-like investment strategies., Leibniz‐Gemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001664, Peer Reviewed

Every retail outlet present within the field sites were registered with their details recorded

Households within the field sites were randomly selected and administered a survey to capture data on their food shopping practices and preferences and how that related to food safety concerns and practices.

Households were randomly selected from the field sites, where women were asked to recall all the foods and drinks they consumed the previous day, and specifying where those foods were sourced from. An adapted quantiative 24hour recall methodology was applied.

El presente texto plantea una reflexión sobre las nociones jurídicas del compliance y la regulación económica. Se analiza la manera en la que renuevan viejas instituciones del derecho comercial, como los derechos y las obligaciones de los agentes económicos. Ellas son las herramientas jurídicas de un Estado modesto, pero que pretende seguir siendo el garante de intereses generales. Para ello, desarrolla nuevas formas de controlar tanto el acceso como el comportamiento en el mercado. De esa manera se plantean nuevas tensiones entre el ejercicio del derecho a la libertad económica y la protección del bien común. Dichos conflictos deben tramitarse de modo pragmático, atendiendo la complejidad que se deriva de la mezcla de lógicas diversas. Se observa que las empresas deben armonizar el objetivo de generar utilidades con nuevas obligaciones que les exigen proteger intereses públicos. De esa forma, la responsabilidad social de la empresa adquiere un carácter normativo, pues el incumplimiento de las nuevas obligaciones puede dar lugar a sanciones severas, incluso en materia penal., This paper proposes a reflection on the legal notions of compliance and economic regulation. It analyzes how old commercial law institutions as the rights and obligations of economic agents are renewed. They are the legal tools of a modest state, which intends to continue being the guarantor of general interests. To do this, it develops new ways to control both access and behavior in the market. In this way, new tensions arise between the exercise of the right to economic freedom and the protection of the common good. These conflicts must be handled in a pragmatically, taking into account the complexity that derives from the mixture of different logics. It is observed that companies must harmonize the objective of generating profits with new obligations that require them to protect public interests. In this way, the company’s social responsibility acquires a normative character, since the breach of the new obligations can lead to severe sanctions, even of criminal nature., O presente texto apresenta uma reflexão sobre as noções jurídicas de compliance e regulação econômica. Se analisa a maneira na que renovam velhas instituições do direito comercial como os direitos e as obrigações dos agentes econômicos. Elas são as ferramentas jurídicas de um estado modesto, mas que pretende seguir sendo o garante de interesses gerais. Para sito, desenvolve novas formas de controlar tanto o acesso quanto o comportamento no mercado. Dessa maneira se apresentam novas tensões entre o exercício do direito à liberdade econômica e a proteção do bem comum. Ditos conflitos devem tramitar-se de forma pragmática, atendendo a complexidade que se deriva da mistura de lógicas diversas. Se observa que as empresas devem harmonizar o objetivo de gerar utilidades com novas obrigações que lhes exigem proteger interesses públicos. Desta maneira, a responsabilidade social da empresa adquire um carácter normativo, pois o incumprimento das novas obrigações pode dar lugar a sanções severas, inclusive em matéria penal.

Universities from varying institutional and geographical contexts have increasingly invested in offshore subsidiaries in the Malaysian private higher education sector. Literature on transnational education policy and management as well as economic-geographic accounts of firms’ transnationalisation or public service provision have not investigated foreign providers’ direct investment and market access strategies in the higher education sector. This paper addresses these gaps, showing how and why foreign actors’ investment and market involvement in Malaysia have changed. Empirical data is drawn from qualitative interviews and policy documents. The research reveals that foreign universities have strategically modified their business partnerships and bi-national accreditation to bypass and bend state regulation of market access as well as to restructure internal organisation and geographical configuration. The paper proposes conceptualising foreign higher education providers as transnationalising, reflexive networks within networks that respond to dynamic market access regulation by adopting firm-like investment strategies., Leibniz‐Gemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001664, Peer Reviewed

Community-based tourism (CBT), according to Dodds, R. Ali, A. & Galaski, K. (2016), has historically been developed based on a host community’s assets and objectives due to the fact that the "core of CBT planning has been to determine how best to use it as a development tool." As a result, the established CBT development model typically prioritizes community potential as supply at the expense of the market potential of tourism (demand), disregarding to a certain extent the commercial aspects of tourism. From this perspective, questions regarding product strategy, idea generation, business analysis, and how cross-sectoral knowledge production and exchange can strengthen the sustainability and viability of the CBT product have not yet been fully answered in academic literature. This paper builds on the academic literature regarding market access and is further supported by interviews and participant observation conducted in Brazil. This research indicates that these analyses should be complemented with additional questions about product development, capacity-building, knowledge co-production, collaborative networking, and more. The business life cycle of CBT could be considered a foundational pillar in understanding the business viability of community-based tourism projects, and therefore, the expected findings of this study include the proposal of an amended CBT model and practical recommendations that may be implemented into existing CBT projects., Le tourisme communautaire (CBT), selon Dodds, R. Ali, A. et Galaski, K. (2016), a été largement développé sur la base des atouts et des objectifs d'une communauté en raison du fait que le en raison du fait que “le cœur de la planification de le tourisme communautaire a été de déterminer la meilleure façon de l'utiliser comme outil de développement” (p. 16). En conséquence, le développement du CBT a donné la priorité au potentiel communautaire (offre) au détriment du potentiel touristique (demande), sans tenir compte, dans une certaine mesure, des aspects commerciaux du tourisme. Dans cette perspective, les questions concernant la stratégie de produit, la génération d'idées, l'analyse commerciale et les moyens par lesquels la production et l'échange de connaissances intersectorielles peuvent renforcer la durabilité et la viabilité du produit CBT n'ont pas encore trouvé de réponse complète dans la littérature universitaire. Bien que les analyses concernant l'accès aux marchés soient abondantes dans la littérature (Dodds et al. 2016; Mitchell & Hall, 2005; Mitchell & Muckosy, 2008; Forstner, 2004; Iorio & Corsale, 2014), cet article, informé par des entretiens semi-structurés et l'observation des participants menée pendant le séjour de deux ans de l'auteur au Brésil, soutient que ces analyses devraient être complétées par des questions supplémentaires sur le développement de produits, la formation des capacités, la coproduction de connaissances, le réseautage collaboratif et plus encore. Le cycle de vie des entreprises du tourisme communautaire pourrait être considéré comme un pilier fondamental de la compréhension de la viabilité commerciale des projets de tourisme communautaire, et par conséquent, les conclusions attendues de cette étude incluent la proposition d'un modèle CBT modifié et des recommandations pratiques qui pourraient être mises en œuvre. dans les projets CBT existants., Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In recent years, new and promising developments have made new economic geography (NEG) a popular framework for examining the spatial distribution of economic activity around the world. A major NEG prediction is that wages are higher in regions with a large market and easy access to suppliers of intermediate inputs. Based on this principle, we examine this hypothesis by using provincial data in Vietnam. Since the Doi Moi reform in 1986, the Vietnamese economy has successfully transformed from a centrally planned to a market-based economy. The Vietnamese experience has been seen as a valuable case study for other economies in transition. This paper estimates a structural model of NEG using Vietnamese provinces data for the period 2000 — 2012. Using instrumental variables based on the principle of generalised method of moments (GMM), we take account of potential endogeneity problem between regressors. We provide evidence that the industrial linkages and trade costs are statistically significant and quantitatively important in explaining variation in provincial wages. This finding is robust to controlling for a wide range of considerations. Moreover, local governments need to strengthen human capital as the first step towards improving average wages. Indeed, a better education system is not only instrumental to raising average earnings per worker, but also crucial for minimizing income inequality in the long run. © Hoang H. T., Huynh L. T. D., Chen G. S. Text. 2019.

We propose a methodology for defining urban markets based on builtup landcover classified from daytime satellite imagery. Compared to markets defined using minimum thresholds for nighttime light intensity, daytime imagery identify an order of magnitude more markets, capture more of India’s urban population, are more realistically jagged in shape, and reveal more variation in the spatial distribution of economic activity. We conclude that daytime satellite data are a promising source for the study of urban forms.

The objective of the present study was to map the productive chain of tilapia of the state of Veracruz, carried out during the months of July to September 2016. For this purpose, the study was carried out in two stages. In the first, the different actors of the production of tilapia in the links (raw materials, type of producers, process and commercialization) of the production chain were classified. In the second, the following aspects were determined: type of species, category of producers, level of production by category, form of commercialization, presentation of the product, added value, markets for purchase and sale and problems for the sale of the final product. The results of the first stage of the study determined that the main inputs are importedand the market of greater importance is local. Likewise, the producers were classified according to their production (self-consumption, semi-commercial and commercial) and the market they are targeting (self-consumption, local and regional). In the second stage of the investigation it was found that the most representative species is tilapia and its sale is on foot of the farm with an intrinsic value added being the markets of sale more representative those of the big cities. It is concluded that by means ofthe schematization of the productive chain of tilapia of the state of Veracruz, the main inputs are imported, which must be replaced by national supply and technologies, El objetivo del presente estudio fue mapear la cadena productiva de tilapia del estado de Veracruz, realizado durante los meses de julio a septiembrede 2016. Para tal efecto, el estudio se realizó en dos etapas. En la primera se efectuó la clasificación de los diferentes actores de la producción de tilapia en los eslabones (materias primas, tipología de productores, proceso y comercialización) de la cadena productiva. En la segunda fueron determinados los siguientes aspectos:tipo de especie, categoría de productores, nivel de producción por categoría, forma de comercialización, presentación del producto, valor agregado, mercados para compraventay problemáticas para la venta del producto final.Los resultados de la primera etapa del estudio determinaron que los principales insumos son importados y el mercado de mayor importancia es el local. Asimismo,los productores fueron tipificados acorde a su producción (autoconsumo, semi-comercial y comercial) y al mercado que se dirigen (autoconsumo, local y regional). En la segunda etapa de la investigación se encontró que la especie más representativa es la tilapia y su venta es a pie de granja con un valor agregado intrínseco siendo los mercados de compraventa más representativos los de las grandes ciudades. Se concluye que mediante la esquematización de la cadena productiva de la tilapia del estado de Veracruz los principales insumos son importados los cuales deben ser sustituidos por proveeduríay tecnologías nacionales

The objective of the present study was to map the productive chain of tilapia of the state of Veracruz, carried out during the months of July to September 2016. For this purpose, the study was carried out in two stages. In the first, the different actors of the production of tilapia in the links (raw materials, type of producers, process and commercialization) of the production chain were classified. In the second, the following aspects were determined: type of species, category of producers, level of production by category, form of commercialization, presentation of the product, added value, markets for purchase and sale and problems for the sale of the final product. The results of the first stage of the study determined that the main inputs are importedand the market of greater importance is local. Likewise, the producers were classified according to their production (self-consumption, semi-commercial and commercial) and the market they are targeting (self-consumption, local and regional). In the second stage of the investigation it was found that the most representative species is tilapia and its sale is on foot of the farm with an intrinsic value added being the markets of sale more representative those of the big cities. It is concluded that by means ofthe schematization of the productive chain of tilapia of the state of Veracruz, the main inputs are imported, which must be replaced by national supply and technologies, El objetivo del presente estudio fue mapear la cadena productiva de tilapia del estado de Veracruz, realizado durante los meses de julio a septiembrede 2016. Para tal efecto, el estudio se realizó en dos etapas. En la primera se efectuó la clasificación de los diferentes actores de la producción de tilapia en los eslabones (materias primas, tipología de productores, proceso y comercialización) de la cadena productiva. En la segunda fueron determinados los siguientes aspectos:tipo de especie, categoría de productores, nivel de producción por categoría, forma de comercialización, presentación del producto, valor agregado, mercados para compraventay problemáticas para la venta del producto final.Los resultados de la primera etapa del estudio determinaron que los principales insumos son importados y el mercado de mayor importancia es el local. Asimismo,los productores fueron tipificados acorde a su producción (autoconsumo, semi-comercial y comercial) y al mercado que se dirigen (autoconsumo, local y regional). En la segunda etapa de la investigación se encontró que la especie más representativa es la tilapia y su venta es a pie de granja con un valor agregado intrínseco siendo los mercados de compraventa más representativos los de las grandes ciudades. Se concluye que mediante la esquematización de la cadena productiva de la tilapia del estado de Veracruz los principales insumos son importados los cuales deben ser sustituidos por proveeduríay tecnologías nacionales

The interest in social enterprises has increased rapidly during the last decades in Sweden as in many other countries. The use of the concept continues evolving and a commonly agreed definition has yet to emerge— ‘different versions’ provide points of reference for different groups in society as well as in policy initiatives. Even if the concept of social enterprise remains relatively new in the Swedish context, the phenomena referred to as such today have a long history and must be understood in relation to the development and strong position of public welfare structures as well as theircurrent transformation. During the pre-welfare state phase in history, social initiatives predominantly focused on those who experienced social disadvantages in a rather poor society. These types of charity initiatives during late 19th century combined with strong social movements such as the labour movement and democracy movement, highlighting equality and democracy which later characterised the Swedish welfare state. Since late 20th century, services provided by the public sector have increasingly been subject to competition, thus growing the market for private welfare services– including those sold by social enterprises. Policies, procurements and different client choice models have not been limited to certain types of private initiatives. Social enterprises do therefore compete on the same market as non-profit organisations (NPOs) and conventional enterprises.

This article deals with an enduring challenge for the European Court of Justice: striking a balance between the EU market integration requirements and respecting the ‘fundamental structures’ that exist in the Member States through the recognition and accommodation of a range of regulatory options that may restrict trade. The challenge is finding unity in social diversity and many commentators consider that the Court has interpreted the constitutional foundation of the European Union as having turned market access rights into fundamental rights and social policy into an obstructive power that has to be limited. This article reflects on the adjudicative methods of the Court and revisits this debate. It argues that the Court has developed a proportionality assessment that is able to accommodate a plethora of Member State policy choices. Member States’ systems of protection need to be transparent, systematic and internally coherent. However, if these conditions are taken into account, then the level of protection and the means through which this level of protection is sought remain largely at the discretion of the Member States.