Search

The present work is focused on an extensive comparative study of Pb (II) removal by organically tailored silica aerogels with the relevant studies. Briefly, two types of silica aerogels were synthesized using organic solvents, sol–gel method, modified aging techniques, and ambient pressure drying. The aerogels were characterized (SEM, XRD, FTIR) and investigated for Pb (II) removal from synthetic solutions and the results were extensively compared with other studies that synthesized aerogels using inorganic and expensive functionalizing/modifying agents. As per results of the comparative study, aerogel SA-Iso showed excellent removal efficiency and outperforming most of the functionalizing agents used by other studies, whereas SA-Sim showed remarkably decent results. Highest Pb (II) removal by both the aerogels was achieved in adsorbent dose experiments. At adsorbent dose of 0.1 g, pH 6, Pb (II) concentration of 10 ppm, solution volume of 100 mL, and contact time of 8 h, SA-Iso showed removal of 98.45%, which was higher than the removal achieved by functionalizing agents such as chitosan, bispyrazole, AAAPTS, thiamine, glutaraldehyde, TMCS, and hexane. On the other hand, SA-Sim removed 86.9% of Pb (II) ions which was higher than chitosan, bispyrazole, AAAPTS, and thiamine, respectively. The comparative study revealed that, under optimum conditions, such organically modified silica aerogels aged using the given aging techniques could result in an enhanced Pb (II) removal than silica aerogels modified with conventional functionalizing/modifying solvents

In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at five temperatures (180, 200, 220, 240, and 260 C) was applied to transform Paulownia leaves (PL) into a carbonaceous sorbent of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. To enhance the adsorption efficiency of the obtained hydrochar (PH), subsequent alkali activation was performed using NaOH. Preliminary results of the Pb(II) adsorption (CPb = 200 mg/L) showed removal coefficients after 48 h of 73.44 mg/g, 82.37 mg/g, and 110.9 mg/g for PL, PH-220, and MPH-220, respectively. The selected hydrochar (PH-220) and modified hydrochar (MPH-220) were further investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results revealed that alkali treatment changed the hydrochar structure and, thus, improved its adsorption performance. The kinetic parameters showed that the Pb(II) sorption onto MPH-220 followed a pseudo-second-order model, while the intra-particle diffusion went through two simultaneous stages. The Langmuir isotherm model best described the experimental data and indicated the value of 174.75 mg Pb(II)/g as the maximum adsorption capacity. The two possible mechanisms of Pb(II) binding were complexation and/or Pb- electron interaction. The obtained results indicate the great potential of MPH-220 for Pb(II) removal from aqueous media and its potential utilization as an effective adsorbent for wastewater purification.

Centimeter-scale composite biochar-alginate gel beads (MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg) were designed for the adsorption of Pb(II) in water using MoS2 modified biochar as the filler, alginate as the matrix, and CaCO3 as the active additive component. The composite gel beads were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other techniques. MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg showed excellent adsorption capacity over a wide range of pH 4–7. The maximum adsorption capacities obtained using the Langmuir model were 769.2, 833.3, and 909.1 mg g−1 at 10, 25 and 40 °C, respectively. At a dosing rate of 0.4 g L−1, MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg was able to reduce the Pb(II) concentration to below 0.05 ppm in complex simulated lead battery wastewater. After 10 repeated cycles, MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg maintained a high removal rate of 98.4 %. This spherical adsorbent is simple to prepare and easy to recover, has an ultra-high adsorption capacity, and is mechanically stable and resistant to interference, thus it is expected to be suitable for application in industrial wastewater treatment.

Centimeter-scale composite biochar-alginate gel beads (MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg) were designed for the adsorption of Pb(II) in water using MoS2 modified biochar as the filler, alginate as the matrix, and CaCO3 as the active additive component. The composite gel beads were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other techniques. MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg showed excellent adsorption capacity over a wide range of pH 4–7. The maximum adsorption capacities obtained using the Langmuir model were 769.2, 833.3, and 909.1 mg g−1 at 10, 25 and 40 °C, respectively. At a dosing rate of 0.4 g L−1, MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg was able to reduce the Pb(II) concentration to below 0.05 ppm in complex simulated lead battery wastewater. After 10 repeated cycles, MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg maintained a high removal rate of 98.4 %. This spherical adsorbent is simple to prepare and easy to recover, has an ultra-high adsorption capacity, and is mechanically stable and resistant to interference, thus it is expected to be suitable for application in industrial wastewater treatment.

Centimeter-scale composite biochar-alginate gel beads (MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg) were designed for the adsorption of Pb(II) in water using MoS2 modified biochar as the filler, alginate as the matrix, and CaCO3 as the active additive component. The composite gel beads were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other techniques. MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg showed excellent adsorption capacity over a wide range of pH 4–7. The maximum adsorption capacities obtained using the Langmuir model were 769.2, 833.3, and 909.1 mg g−1 at 10, 25 and 40 °C, respectively. At a dosing rate of 0.4 g L−1, MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg was able to reduce the Pb(II) concentration to below 0.05 ppm in complex simulated lead battery wastewater. After 10 repeated cycles, MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg maintained a high removal rate of 98.4 %. This spherical adsorbent is simple to prepare and easy to recover, has an ultra-high adsorption capacity, and is mechanically stable and resistant to interference, thus it is expected to be suitable for application in industrial wastewater treatment.

Centimeter-scale composite biochar-alginate gel beads (MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg) were designed for the adsorption of Pb(II) in water using MoS2 modified biochar as the filler, alginate as the matrix, and CaCO3 as the active additive component. The composite gel beads were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other techniques. MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg showed excellent adsorption capacity over a wide range of pH 4–7. The maximum adsorption capacities obtained using the Langmuir model were 769.2, 833.3, and 909.1 mg g−1 at 10, 25 and 40 °C, respectively. At a dosing rate of 0.4 g L−1, MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg was able to reduce the Pb(II) concentration to below 0.05 ppm in complex simulated lead battery wastewater. After 10 repeated cycles, MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg maintained a high removal rate of 98.4 %. This spherical adsorbent is simple to prepare and easy to recover, has an ultra-high adsorption capacity, and is mechanically stable and resistant to interference, thus it is expected to be suitable for application in industrial wastewater treatment.

Centimeter-scale composite biochar-alginate gel beads (MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg) were designed for the adsorption of Pb(II) in water using MoS2 modified biochar as the filler, alginate as the matrix, and CaCO3 as the active additive component. The composite gel beads were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other techniques. MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg showed excellent adsorption capacity over a wide range of pH 4–7. The maximum adsorption capacities obtained using the Langmuir model were 769.2, 833.3, and 909.1 mg g−1 at 10, 25 and 40 °C, respectively. At a dosing rate of 0.4 g L−1, MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg was able to reduce the Pb(II) concentration to below 0.05 ppm in complex simulated lead battery wastewater. After 10 repeated cycles, MoS2B/CaCO3/Alg maintained a high removal rate of 98.4 %. This spherical adsorbent is simple to prepare and easy to recover, has an ultra-high adsorption capacity, and is mechanically stable and resistant to interference, thus it is expected to be suitable for application in industrial wastewater treatment.

Fruit processing industries generate millions of tons of organic waste annually, often improperly disposed of at open landfills. Based on the circular economy and waste management concepts, reusing these bio-waste materials is one of the future sustainable demands. Furthermore, recent investigations have shown that this material type can be reused as high-quality sorbents, with certain modifications that should be applied. Considering this, we have investigated the possible application of lignocellulosic waste-peach stones (Prunus Persica L.), immobilized in sodium alginate, as heavy metals sorbent. The immobilized particles (IPS) were utilized to remove metals from synthetic water solutions. Among all metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn), IPS has shown superior performance in Pb removal, governing further investigations. Dried IPS spheres were characterized by FTIR, SEM/EDX, and TG techniques. The batch reaction system investigated the effects of the contact time, initial Pb concentration, and mass-to-volume ratio. Optimized operational parameters were used in kinetic and isotherm studies. Obtained data were modeled using a nonlinear form of pseudo-first, pseudo-second, Elovich, Freundlich, and Langmuir equations. The results showed pseudo-second-order kinetics with Freundlich isotherm fitting Pb removal, indicating a heterogeneous IPS surface with the multilayer adsorption and adsorbed molecule interaction. As obtained from Langmuir isotherm, IPS particles have removed Pb by saturation capacity of80.40 mg Pb/g. These preliminary results indicate that IPS can be applied to purify waters contaminated with lead metal.

MgO-coated watermelon rind biochar (MWRB) is a potentially highly-effective waste-derived material in environmental applications. This research aims to provide valuable insights into the optimization of the production of MWRB for superior environmental performance. It was found that the Mg content of the MWRB could be easily controlled by adjusting the Mg/feedstock mass ratio during excessive impregnation. The BET surface area was found to first increase and then decrease as the Mg content of the MWRB (produced at 600 °C) increased from 1.52% to 10.1%, with an optimal surface area of 293 m2/g observed at 2.51%. Similarly, an optimum pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C was observed in the range of 400–800 °C for a maximum surface area of the MWRB at a fixed Mg/feedstock ratio of 0.48% (resulting in MWRBs with Mg contents of 1.89–2.51%). The Pb removal capacity of the MWRB (produced at 600 °C) increased with increasing Mg content, with a greatest Pb removal capacity of 558 mg/g found for the MWRB with the highest Mg content (10.1%), an improvement of 208% over the 181 mg/g Pb removal capacity of unmodified WRB produced at 600 °C. The Pb removal capacity of the MWRB (produced with 1.89–2.51% Mg) was also discovered to increase from 81.7 mg/g (at 400 °C) to 742 mg/g (at 700 °C), before dropping to 368 mg/g at 800 °C. These findings suggest that the MWRB can be more efficiently utilized in soil and water remediation by optimizing its synthesis conditions.

In this paper influence of alginate encapsulation on point of zero charge (pH pzc ) and thermodynamic properties of the natural and Fe(III)- modified zeolite were investigated. The pH pzc was determined by using 0.1000 g of the samples and 50 cm 3 of the solution containing KNO 3 in concentrations of 0.0001-0.01 mol/dm 3 for initial pH (pH i ) in range between 2 and 12. The obtained pH pzc were 6.2 for natural (NZA) and 6.5 for modified zeolite encapsulated with alginate (FeA). Influence of the temperature on the adsorption of lead was investigated for different initial lead ions concentrations (180-3200 mgPb 2+ /dm 3 ) and temperatures of 30, 40 and 60 o C. For both adsorbents, adsorption of lead ions increased with increasing its initial concentration as well as with increasing of the temperature. Also, the best fits of the experimental data were obtained by Freundlich isotherm. The temperature had positive influence adsorption and removal of lead ions increased with increasing its initial concentration as well as with increasing of the temperature. The thermodynamic parameters (the standard free energy of adsorption, standard enthalpy and standard entropy) were also determined. The results showed that lead ions removal from aqueous solutions is much favourable for FeA then NZA. © 2019 The Authors.

In this paper influence of alginate encapsulation on point of zero charge (pH(pzc)) and thermodynamic properties of the natural and Fe(III)-modified zeolite were investigated. The pH(pzc) was determined by using 0.1000 g of the samples and 50 cm(3) of the solution containing KNO3 in concentrations of 0.0001-0.01 mol/dm(3) for initial pH (pH(i)) in range between 2 and 12. The obtained pH(pzc) were 6.2 for natural (NZA) and 6.5 for modified zeolite encapsulated with alginate (FeA). Influence of the temperature on the adsorption of lead was investigated for different initial lead ions concentrations (180-3200 mgPb(2+)/dm(3)) and temperatures of 30, 40 and 60 degrees C. For both adsorbents, adsorption of lead ions increased with increasing its initial concentration as well as with increasing of the temperature. Also, the best fits of the experimental data were obtained by Freundlich isotherm. The temperature had positive influence adsorption and removal of lead ions increased with increasing its initial concentration as well as with increasing of the temperature. The thermodynamic parameters (the standard free energy of adsorption, standard enthalpy and standard entropy) were also determined. The results showed that lead ions removal from aqueous solutions is much favourable for FeA then NZA.

In this paper influence of alginate encapsulation on point of zero charge (pH pzc ) and thermodynamic properties of the natural and Fe(III)- modified zeolite were investigated. The pH pzc was determined by using 0.1000 g of the samples and 50 cm 3 of the solution containing KNO 3 in concentrations of 0.0001-0.01 mol/dm 3 for initial pH (pH i ) in range between 2 and 12. The obtained pH pzc were 6.2 for natural (NZA) and 6.5 for modified zeolite encapsulated with alginate (FeA). Influence of the temperature on the adsorption of lead was investigated for different initial lead ions concentrations (180-3200 mgPb 2+ /dm 3 ) and temperatures of 30, 40 and 60 o C. For both adsorbents, adsorption of lead ions increased with increasing its initial concentration as well as with increasing of the temperature. Also, the best fits of the experimental data were obtained by Freundlich isotherm. The temperature had positive influence adsorption and removal of lead ions increased with increasing its initial concentration as well as with increasing of the temperature. The thermodynamic parameters (the standard free energy of adsorption, standard enthalpy and standard entropy) were also determined. The results showed that lead ions removal from aqueous solutions is much favourable for FeA then NZA. © 2019 The Authors.

This work studies the effect of microwaves in the synthesis of carbon adsorbents using pecan nutshell biomass as a precursor in a hybrid multimode microwave cavity avoiding the utilization of chemical activation or susceptors. The dielectric properties were calculated using the cavity perturbation method, and the power distribution of the electromagnetic field inside cavity was obtained by COMSOL Multiphysics. S-350-MW was obtained using at 350 °C and 200 W and it was characterized using elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, FT-IR and nitrogen adsorption isotherms at −196 °C. The adsorption of Pb(II), in single and binary solutions with Cu(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in batch systems indicate that the removal of Pb(II) is affected in the presence of Cu(II) due to the competition of these ions as a result of their similarities such as Pauling electronegativity. Finally, the removal of Pb(II) in continuous systems using packed bed columns showed the pH has the most significant effect according to the variance analysis. The finding highlighted the importance of the acidic functional groups in the performance of carbonaceous adsorbents for the removal of Pb(II). Results of this study contribute to the understandings and application of a hybrid heating system and establish the basis of the role of heating processes in the preparation of carbonaceous adsorbents using microwaves. The Pb(II) removal efficiency achieved in this study is significantly higher than the values reported for carbons prepared by using microwave heating which employs susceptors and/or chemical agents reported in literature, demonstrating that it is possible to obtain effective carbon absorbents for the removal of Pb(II) without the use of any additional susceptors or chemical activation.

Sugar industrial effluents possess high amounts of toxic pollutants and contaminate the receiving sites. Treatment of contaminated sites by using microorganisms provides an alternate to conventional methods hence demands in the identification of metal tolerant microorganisms has been increasing day by day. Therefore in this study soil samples collected from Tanuku sugar factory residual effluent point (bank of Gosthani river), west Godavari district A.P were analyzed for the bacterial tolerance to Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) in their chloride forms. Additionally, the study was carried out to identify the metal tolerant bacteria by morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies. Four potential bacterial isolates were selected to analyze metal tolerance against CuCl2, ZnCl2, and PbCl2. The sequences were compared with those in NCBI and submitted in gene bank with accession numbers MK100333 (Paenibacillus cookie), MK100334 (Bacillus cereus), MK100335 (Aneurini bacillus sp) and MK100387 (Paenibacillus sp.). A Phylogenetic tree was constructed to Paenibacillus sp. the highly efficient bacterial strain among the four isolates using MEGA 7 soft ware. The results of this study showed that P. dentritiformis had multiple metal tolerances (Cu, Zn and Pb) up to 500mg/L after 72 hrs.  The identified bacterial strain proved to be the strong heavy metal tolerant bacterial strain. Hence, its usage will be helpful in the treatment of heavy metals specifically Cu, Zn and Pb contaminated soils and further optimization of these cultures is required to improve its metal resistant capacity.

A series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-itaconic acid), P(HEA/IA), hydrogels with different HEA/IA ratio, were synthesized using free radical crosslinking/copolymerization and investigated as sorbents for Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. Hydrogels were characterized using DMA, FTIR, DSC, SEM and AFM. The adsorption was found to be highly dependent on hydrogel composition, solution pH, sorbent weight, ionic strength and contact time. Five isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich, were applied to the sorption data. The best fit was obtained with Redlich-Peterson isotherm. The separation factor, RL, value indicated favorable sorption for Pb2+. The maximum sorption capacities were 392.2 and 409.8 mg/g for P(HEA/2IA) and P(HEA/10IA), respectively. Kinetic data showed best fit with pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the reaction was exothermic and proceeds with a decrease in entropy. Moreover, P(HEA/IA) hydrogel showed the most pronounced sorption toward Pb2+ from environment containing Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Co2+. Sorption/desorption experiments, showed that the P(HEA/IA) hydrogels could be reused without significant loss of the initial properties even after three adsorption-desorption cycles.

A series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-itaconic acid), P(HEA/IA), hydrogels with different HEA/IA ratio, were synthesized using free radical crosslinking/copolymerization and investigated as sorbents for Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. Hydrogels were characterized using DMA, FTIR, DSC, SEM and AFM. The adsorption was found to be highly dependent on hydrogel composition, solution pH, sorbent weight, ionic strength and contact time. Five isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich, were applied to the sorption data. The best fit was obtained with Redlich-Peterson isotherm. The separation factor, RL, value indicated favorable sorption for Pb2+. The maximum sorption capacities were 392.2 and 409.8 mg/g for P(HEA/2IA) and P(HEA/10IA), respectively. Kinetic data showed best fit with pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the reaction was exothermic and proceeds with a decrease in entropy. Moreover, P(HEA/IA) hydrogel showed the most pronounced sorption toward Pb2+ from environment containing Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Co2+. Sorption/desorption experiments, showed that the P(HEA/IA) hydrogels could be reused without significant loss of the initial properties even after three adsorption-desorption cycles.

En Colombia, tanto la contaminación en los ríos como la estabilidad del sector agropecuario, son temas de alta importancia y trascendentalidad; el plomo uno de los elementos químicos y factores que influyen en ambos aspectos, no solo por su alto nivel de peligrosidad para la salud del ser humano, sino también por su incidencia en los ciclos de la naturaleza, se encuentra presente hoy en las industrias y empresas donde fabrican pinturas anticorrosivas, talleres de reparación de radiadores, producción de aditivos para gasolina, entre otras. Debido a la actual problemática de contaminación con plomo de las principales cuencas del país, y su uso como agua de riego de cultivos, se realizó un estudio de retención de plomo en aguas del Río Bogotá, a partir de cáscaras de banano convertidas en polvo. Para su realización se recolectaron muestras de la cuenca media del Río Bogotá, las cuales fueron analizadas con el fin de obtener la concentración inicial de plomo, para luego ser mezcladas con cantidades de 0.02, 0.05, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 y 1 gramos de polvo de cáscara de banano, una vez esta mezcla paso por un embudo de filtración se procedió a cuantificar la concentración final de plomo por medio de dos métodos químicos, uno el colorimétrico y otro utilizando un utilizando un espectrofotómetro de Absorción Atómica. Con los resultados obtenidos en los laboratorios, se calculó el porcentaje de retención para cada muestra, siendo el 100% la mayor cifra de retención de plomo al utilizar 1 gramo de polvo de cáscara de banano en la muestra de agua recolectada del Río Bogotá. Con esto se ratificó la eficiencia del polvo de la cáscara de banano en la remoción del metal pesado plomo, lo que convierte éste método en una alternativa sencilla, eficiente y económica, que en la actualidad beneficiaria de manera importante al sector horticultor., In Colombia, both pollution in rivers such as the stability of the agricultural sector, are matters of high importance and transcendence; Lead one of the chemical elements and factors that influence both aspects, not only for its high level of danger to human health, but also for its impact on the cycles of nature, is now present in industries and companies which manufacture anticorrosion paints, radiator repair shops, production of gasoline additives, among others. Due to the current problem of lead contamination of the main basins of the country, and its use as irrigation water for crops, a study of retention of lead was conducted in waters of the Rio Bogota, from banana peels into a powder. For its implementation samples the middle basin of the Bogotá River, which were analyzed in order to obtain the initial concentration of lead, and then be mixed with amounts of 0.02, 0.05, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1 grams of powder were collected banana peel, once this mixture passing through a filter funnel proceeded to quantify the final concentration of lead by two chemical methods, one colorimetric and another using an using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. With the results obtained in the laboratory, the retention rate was calculated for each sample, with 100% holding the largest number of lead using 1 gram of powder banana peel in the water sample collected from the Rio Bogota. With this efficiency dust banana peel in removing the heavy metal lead it was ratified, making this method in a simple, efficient and economical alternative in the present beneficiary of the horticultural sector so important.

En Colombia, tanto la contaminación en los ríos como la estabilidad del sector agropecuario, son temas de alta importancia y trascendentalidad; el plomo uno de los elementos químicos y factores que influyen en ambos aspectos, no solo por su alto nivel de peligrosidad para la salud del ser humano, sino también por su incidencia en los ciclos de la naturaleza, se encuentra presente hoy en las industrias y empresas donde fabrican pinturas anticorrosivas, talleres de reparación de radiadores, producción de aditivos para gasolina, entre otras. Debido a la actual problemática de contaminación con plomo de las principales cuencas del país, y su uso como agua de riego de cultivos, se realizó un estudio de retención de plomo en aguas del Río Bogotá, a partir de cáscaras de banano convertidas en polvo. Para su realización se recolectaron muestras de la cuenca media del Río Bogotá, las cuales fueron analizadas con el fin de obtener la concentración inicial de plomo, para luego ser mezcladas con cantidades de 0.02, 0.05, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 y 1 gramos de polvo de cáscara de banano, una vez esta mezcla paso por un embudo de filtración se procedió a cuantificar la concentración final de plomo por medio de dos métodos químicos, uno el colorimétrico y otro utilizando un utilizando un espectrofotómetro de Absorción Atómica. Con los resultados obtenidos en los laboratorios, se calculó el porcentaje de retención para cada muestra, siendo el 100% la mayor cifra de retención de plomo al utilizar 1 gramo de polvo de cáscara de banano en la muestra de agua recolectada del Río Bogotá. Con esto se ratificó la eficiencia del polvo de la cáscara de banano en la remoción del metal pesado plomo, lo que convierte éste método en una alternativa sencilla, eficiente y económica, que en la actualidad beneficiaria de manera importante al sector horticultor., In Colombia, both pollution in rivers such as the stability of the agricultural sector, are matters of high importance and transcendence; Lead one of the chemical elements and factors that influence both aspects, not only for its high level of danger to human health, but also for its impact on the cycles of nature, is now present in industries and companies which manufacture anticorrosion paints, radiator repair shops, production of gasoline additives, among others. Due to the current problem of lead contamination of the main basins of the country, and its use as irrigation water for crops, a study of retention of lead was conducted in waters of the Rio Bogota, from banana peels into a powder. For its implementation samples the middle basin of the Bogotá River, which were analyzed in order to obtain the initial concentration of lead, and then be mixed with amounts of 0.02, 0.05, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1 grams of powder were collected banana peel, once this mixture passing through a filter funnel proceeded to quantify the final concentration of lead by two chemical methods, one colorimetric and another using an using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. With the results obtained in the laboratory, the retention rate was calculated for each sample, with 100% holding the largest number of lead using 1 gram of powder banana peel in the water sample collected from the Rio Bogota. With this efficiency dust banana peel in removing the heavy metal lead it was ratified, making this method in a simple, efficient and economical alternative in the present beneficiary of the horticultural sector so important.

In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at five temperatures (180, 200, 220, 240, and 260 C) was applied to transform Paulownia leaves (PL) into a carbonaceous sorbent of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. To enhance the adsorption efficiency of the obtained hydrochar (PH), subsequent alkali activation was performed using NaOH. Preliminary results of the Pb(II) adsorption (CPb = 200 mg/L) showed removal coefficients after 48 h of 73.44 mg/g, 82.37 mg/g, and 110.9 mg/g for PL, PH-220, and MPH-220, respectively. The selected hydrochar (PH-220) and modified hydrochar (MPH-220) were further investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results revealed that alkali treatment changed the hydrochar structure and, thus, improved its adsorption performance. The kinetic parameters showed that the Pb(II) sorption onto MPH-220 followed a pseudo-second-order model, while the intra-particle diffusion went through two simultaneous stages. The Langmuir isotherm model best described the experimental data and indicated the value of 174.75 mg Pb(II)/g as the maximum adsorption capacity. The two possible mechanisms of Pb(II) binding were complexation and/or Pb- electron interaction. The obtained results indicate the great potential of MPH-220 for Pb(II) removal from aqueous media and its potential utilization as an effective adsorbent for wastewater purification.

Hydrochar produced via hydrothermal carbonization of grape pomace was considered as novel sorbent of Pb2+ from aqueous solution. In order to enhance the adsorption capacity, hydrochar was chemically modified using 2 M KOH solution. Both materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique. Batch experiments were performed to examine the effect of sorbent dosage, pH and contact time. Obtained results showed that the KOH treatment increased the sorption capacity of hydrochar from 27.8 mg g(-1) up to 137 mg g(-1) at pH 5. Adsorption of lead 'on either of the materials was achieved through ion-exchange mechanism, chemisorption and Pb2+-Tr interaction. The Sips isotherm model gave the best fit with the experimental data obtained for Pb2+ sorption using activated hydrochar. The adsorption kinetic followed a pseudo second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters implied that the Pb2+ binding for hydrochar surface was spontaneous and exothermic process. Findings from this work suggest that the hydrothermal carbonization is a promising route for production of efficient Pb2+ sorbents for wastewater treatment.

A series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-itaconic acid), P(HEA/IA), hydrogels with different HEA/IA ratio, were synthesized using free radical crosslinking/copolymerization and investigated as sorbents for Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. Hydrogels were characterized using DMA, FTIR, DSC, SEM and AFM. The adsorption was found to be highly dependent on hydrogel composition, solution pH, sorbent weight, ionic strength and contact time. Five isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich, were applied to the sorption data. The best fit was obtained with Redlich-Peterson isotherm. The separation factor, RL, value indicated favorable sorption for Pb2+. The maximum sorption capacities were 392.2 and 409.8 mg/g for P(HEA/2IA) and P(HEA/10IA), respectively. Kinetic data showed best fit with pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the reaction was exothermic and proceeds with a decrease in entropy. Moreover, P(HEA/IA) hydrogel showed the most pronounced sorption toward Pb2+ from environment containing Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Co2+. Sorption/desorption experiments, showed that the P(HEA/IA) hydrogels could be reused without significant loss of the initial properties even after three adsorption-desorption cycles.

A series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-itaconic acid), P(HEA/IA), hydrogels with different HEA/IA ratio, were synthesized using free radical crosslinking/copolymerization and investigated as sorbents for Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. Hydrogels were characterized using DMA, FTIR, DSC, SEM and AFM. The adsorption was found to be highly dependent on hydrogel composition, solution pH, sorbent weight, ionic strength and contact time. Five isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich, were applied to the sorption data. The best fit was obtained with Redlich-Peterson isotherm. The separation factor, RL, value indicated favorable sorption for Pb2+. The maximum sorption capacities were 392.2 and 409.8 mg/g for P(HEA/2IA) and P(HEA/10IA), respectively. Kinetic data showed best fit with pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the reaction was exothermic and proceeds with a decrease in entropy. Moreover, P(HEA/IA) hydrogel showed the most pronounced sorption toward Pb2+ from environment containing Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Co2+. Sorption/desorption experiments, showed that the P(HEA/IA) hydrogels could be reused without significant loss of the initial properties even after three adsorption-desorption cycles.

A series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-itaconic acid), P(HEA/IA), hydrogels with different HEA/IA ratio, were synthesized using free radical crosslinking/copolymerization and investigated as sorbents for Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. Hydrogels were characterized using DMA, FTIR, DSC, SEM and AFM. The adsorption was found to be highly dependent on hydrogel composition, solution pH, sorbent weight, ionic strength and contact time. Five isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich, were applied to the sorption data. The best fit was obtained with Redlich-Peterson isotherm. The separation factor, RL, value indicated favorable sorption for Pb2+. The maximum sorption capacities were 392.2 and 409.8 mg/g for P(HEA/2IA) and P(HEA/10IA), respectively. Kinetic data showed best fit with pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the reaction was exothermic and proceeds with a decrease in entropy. Moreover, P(HEA/IA) hydrogel showed the most pronounced sorption toward Pb2+ from environment containing Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Co2+. Sorption/desorption experiments, showed that the P(HEA/IA) hydrogels could be reused without significant loss of the initial properties even after three adsorption-desorption cycles.

A Master of Science thesis in Chemical Engineering by Zaeem Bin Babar entitled, "Removal of Lead (II) Ions from Wastewater Using Eggplant Peels," submitted in January 2013. Thesis advisor is Dr. Taleb Hassan Ibrahim. Available are both soft and hard copies of the thesis., In this study, three methods have been tested for the production of eggplant peel activated charcoal (EPPAC) from eggplant peel charcoal (EPPC). A new method has also been devised which does not include continuous involvement of inert gas stream from any external source. Activation parameters used for the production of activated charcoal such as activation temperature, activation time have been optimized. Based upon the maximum removal efficiency of 70% for lead (II) from wastewater, EPPAC-2 (prepared by physical mixing of grinded KOH and EPPC) has been considered most efficient as compared to EPPAC-1 (prepared by the physical mixing of KOH lentils and EPPC) and EPPAC-3 (impregnation). The surface area of EPPAC-2 is 739m2/g. Surface characterization of EPPAC-2 involves the determination of physical and chemical properties such as surface structure, pH, surface area, and surface functional groups. Adsorption of lead (II) ions has been confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) analysis on lead (II) loaded EPPAC-2. Adsorption experiments have also been conducted for the removal of lead (II) ions from wastewater by using EPPAC-2 as adsorbent. Optimum pH, adsorbent dose and equilibrium time are 5.1, 0.32g and 24h respectively. Adsorption kinetics of lead (II) has been best described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption equilibrium data has been fitted by using different models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Duninin-Radushkevich, Temkin, Toth and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models. Langmuir adsorption model suits best for the equilibrium data. Maximum adsorption capacity of 140.84 mg/g has been given by Langmuir isotherm model. This study demonstrates that EPPAC-2 can be used as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of lead (II) ions in water treatment. Keywords: Eggplant peel activated charcoal; Adsorption; Isotherm; Low cost adsorbent; Wastewater treatment; Heavy metals, College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering

Master of Science thesis in Chemical Engineering by Saeed ur Rehman entitled, "Production of Activated Carbon from Sewage Sludge for the Removal of Lead from Water," submitted in June 2012. Thesis advisor is Dr. Dana Abouelnasr and thesis co-advisor is Dr. Kevin Loughlin. Available are both soft and hard copies of the thesis., Different activated carbons were produced from sewage sludge taken from Sharjah waste water treatment plant. Carbonization and activation were carried out in steam environment without an external flowing inert stream or in nitrogen environment. Sewage sludge was dried under sun before carbonization and solid KOH was added in between carbonization and activation steps. Maximum temperature reached for carbonization and activation was 700°C. In post treatment activated carbons were either washed directly with acid solutions (5M HCl or 5M HNO3), or were rinsed in soxhlet. Activated carbons were analyzed by sorption of nitrogen, Boehm titrations, pH measurement, thermal analysis (DTA and DTG analysis), ash content, scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping and adsorption of lead isotherms. In production of activated carbons from sewage sludge a total mass loss of 81 to 83 percent was observed. Nitrogen adsorption / desorption curves showed that most of the surface area was possessed by micro and meso pores with an average pore size of 25 Å. Carbonized samples possessed surface area less than 4 m2/g. Sewage sludge based activated carbons produced under nitrogen environment and steam environment exhibited surface area 1019 and 838m2/g respectively. pH experiments showed that carbonized samples were basic, activated carbons post treated with acid were acidic and activated carbon rinsed in soxhlet is basic. Boehm titration results were consistent with pH results and revealed the presence of high amount of surface functional groups in all sludge based carbons, 4 to 6 mmol/g. Carbonized samples possessed high ash contents up to 50 percent. Activation processes under steam and nitrogen environments reduced the ash contents to 14 and 30 percent respectively. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of a wide distribution of up to 12 elements in all sludge based activated carbons. Equilibrium time for adsorption for sludge based activated carbo, College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering

The majority of lead content found in the environment is a result of human activities. Heavy metals can be hazardous because they tend to bioaccumulate. A complexation-microfiltration process for the removal of Pb(II) ions was studied. The aim of microfiltration of the model wastewater containing heavy metal ions was to find an optimum ratio between the concentrations of the complexing agent and metal, and determining the most favorable pH value. The microfiltration experiments were carried out in a stirred dead-end cell. Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE 23) was selected as the complexing agent. Versapor membranes were used to separate formed polymermetal complex. The concentration of heavy metal ions after microfiltration in aqueous solution was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Effects on the amount of complexing agent, concentration of metal ion, pH value and operating pressure on the flux, J, and rejection coefficient, R, were investigated. Experimental results indicate that the pH of the solution has considerable influence on the rejection coefficient. An increase in pH and the amount of complexing agents enabled us to obtain a very high retention coefficient (99%)., Industrijske otpadne vode ne mogu se prečistiti konvencionalnim postupcima za prečišćavanje vode jer sadrže jone metala, posebno toksičnih, teških metala, kao i druga hemijska jedinjenja koja su biološki nerazgradiva, što destruktivno deluje na mikroorganizme koji su aktivni u procesu prirodnog prečišćavanja i procesima sekundarnog prečišćavanja. U zavisnosti od tipa industrije, u industrijskih otpadnim vodama mogu se naći različite štetne, opasne i toksične supstance. Zagađujuće materije se mogu naći u vodi u rastvornom obliku, u obliku jona ili molekula, koloida, suspenzija i mogu biti adsorbovane na čvrstim telima. Da bi se rešili novi izazovi i bolje iskoristili ekonomski izvori, različite tehnologije su predložene, testirane i primenjene u procesu obrade vode. Među njima, tehnologija membranske filtracije se pokazala veoma uspešna za uklanjanje širokog opsega potencijalnih zagađujućih materija i veoma pogodna u procesima pripreme vode za piće i procesima obrade industrijskih otpadnih voda. U radu je proučavan kompleksirajuće-mikrofiltracioni proces za uklanjanje jona olova. Mikrofiltracija je membranska tehnika koja se vrlo uspešno koristi za koncentrisanje i frakcionisanje rastvora makromolekula (proteina, poliaminokiselina i viših šećera). Poznato je da se ovom tehnikom ne mogu ukloniti joni teških metala iz vode. Međutim, ukoliko se joni teških metala vežu sa makromolekulima nekih od navedenih jedinjenja, onda se ova metoda može uspešno primenjivati. Cilj rada je bio da se na modelu otpadne vode, koja sadrži jone olova, odredi optimalni odnos koncentracije kompleksirajućeg sredstva i metala kao i optimalna pH vrednost rastvora. Mikrofiltracija je vršena u ćeliji sa mešanjem. Kao kompleksirajuće sredstvo izabrana je dietilaminoetil celuloza. Separacija formiranih kompleksa je vršena na Versapor mikrofiltracionim membranama. Koncentracija jona metala posle mikrofiltracije je određena atomskom apsorpcionom spektroskopijom. Ispitani su uticaji količine kompleksi

Recycling treatment of cable insulation resin generated from electric wires and cables was investigated. Here, PVC is the most common insulation resin and conventional insulation PVC contains a lead component, tribase, as a thermal stabilizer. To recycle this PVC as insulation resin, lead removal is necessary to be able to conform to RoHS. This paper proposes a solvent dissolution and centrifugation method and the effects of flocculants and water addition in the processes involved are described.

Recycling treatment of cable insulation resin generated from electric wires and cables was investigated. Here, PVC is the most common insulation resin and conventional insulation PVC contains a lead component, tribase, as a thermal stabilizer. To recycle this PVC as insulation resin, lead removal is necessary to be able to conform to RoHS. This paper proposes a solvent dissolution and centrifugation method and the effects of flocculants and water addition in the processes involved are described.

The majority of lead content found in the environment is a result of human activities. Heavy metals can be hazardous because they tend to bioaccumulate. A complexation-microfiltration process for the removal of Pb(II) ions was studied. The aim of microfiltration of the model wastewater containing heavy metal ions was to find an optimum ratio between the concentrations of the complexing agent and metal, and determining the most favorable pH value. The microfiltration experiments were carried out in a stirred dead-end cell. Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE 23) was selected as the complexing agent. Versapor membranes were used to separate formed polymermetal complex. The concentration of heavy metal ions after microfiltration in aqueous solution was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Effects on the amount of complexing agent, concentration of metal ion, pH value and operating pressure on the flux, J, and rejection coefficient, R, were investigated. Experimental results indicate that the pH of the solution has considerable influence on the rejection coefficient. An increase in pH and the amount of complexing agents enabled us to obtain a very high retention coefficient (99%)., Industrijske otpadne vode ne mogu se prečistiti konvencionalnim postupcima za prečišćavanje vode jer sadrže jone metala, posebno toksičnih, teških metala, kao i druga hemijska jedinjenja koja su biološki nerazgradiva, što destruktivno deluje na mikroorganizme koji su aktivni u procesu prirodnog prečišćavanja i procesima sekundarnog prečišćavanja. U zavisnosti od tipa industrije, u industrijskih otpadnim vodama mogu se naći različite štetne, opasne i toksične supstance. Zagađujuće materije se mogu naći u vodi u rastvornom obliku, u obliku jona ili molekula, koloida, suspenzija i mogu biti adsorbovane na čvrstim telima. Da bi se rešili novi izazovi i bolje iskoristili ekonomski izvori, različite tehnologije su predložene, testirane i primenjene u procesu obrade vode. Među njima, tehnologija membranske filtracije se pokazala veoma uspešna za uklanjanje širokog opsega potencijalnih zagađujućih materija i veoma pogodna u procesima pripreme vode za piće i procesima obrade industrijskih otpadnih voda. U radu je proučavan kompleksirajuće-mikrofiltracioni proces za uklanjanje jona olova. Mikrofiltracija je membranska tehnika koja se vrlo uspešno koristi za koncentrisanje i frakcionisanje rastvora makromolekula (proteina, poliaminokiselina i viših šećera). Poznato je da se ovom tehnikom ne mogu ukloniti joni teških metala iz vode. Međutim, ukoliko se joni teških metala vežu sa makromolekulima nekih od navedenih jedinjenja, onda se ova metoda može uspešno primenjivati. Cilj rada je bio da se na modelu otpadne vode, koja sadrži jone olova, odredi optimalni odnos koncentracije kompleksirajućeg sredstva i metala kao i optimalna pH vrednost rastvora. Mikrofiltracija je vršena u ćeliji sa mešanjem. Kao kompleksirajuće sredstvo izabrana je dietilaminoetil celuloza. Separacija formiranih kompleksa je vršena na Versapor mikrofiltracionim membranama. Koncentracija jona metala posle mikrofiltracije je određena atomskom apsorpcionom spektroskopijom. Ispitani su uticaji količine kompleksi

Recycling treatment of cable insulation resin generated from electric wires and cables was investigated. Conventional insulation PVC contains a lead component, tribase, as a thermal stabilizer and lead removal is necessary to recycle this PVC as insulation resin. This paper describes a solid surface adsorption method using ion exchange resin to remove the fine lead containing particles from PVC dissolved solution. Low lead concentration in the recovered PVC, complying with the requirements of RoHS, was achieved.

Recycling treatment of cable insulation resin generated from electric wires and cables was investigated. Conventional insulation PVC contains a lead component, tribase, as a thermal stabilizer and lead removal is necessary to recycle this PVC as insulation resin. This paper describes a solid surface adsorption method using ion exchange resin to remove the fine lead containing particles from PVC dissolved solution. Low lead concentration in the recovered PVC, complying with the requirements of RoHS, was achieved.

L'ultrafiltration assistée par les micelles (UFAM) a été utilisée pour la récupération des ions plomb (II) en milieu acide (Phosphorique et perchlorique) à la température 318K. Le dodécylsulfate de sodium (SDS) a été choisi comme agent tensioactif. Des taux de rétention de 99% ont été obtenus dans des conditions optimales de pression, de concentration en SDS, de vitesse de circulation du fluide et de pourcentage du volume filtré. L'équilibre d'échange ionique qui s'effectue entre le contre ion de la micelle et le cation métallique ajouté (Pb2+), a été caractérisé par une contante Ke(Na+/Pb2+)=1,39. Afin d'étudier la performance de l'UFAM dans les milieux acides, l'étude a été effectuée à concentration de Pb(II) constante et en variant le pH. À des pH supérieurs à 1,8 la rétention est supérieure à 95%., The increasing contamination of urban and industrial waste water by toxic metal ions is a worrying environmental problem. These inorganic micro-pollutants are of considerable concern because they are non-biodegradable, highly toxic and in some cases have a probable carcinogenic effect. If directly discharged into the sewage system they may seriously affect the operation of biological treatment systems and render the activated sludge unsuitable for application to agricultural land.The traditional techniques for the removal of metal ions from aqueous effluents are incapable of reducing concentrations to the levels required by law (reduction or lime precipitation) or prohibitively expensive (ion exchange, activated carbon adsorption or electrolytic removal). The use of membrane separation processes to treat waste water containing toxic metal ions is today an attractive and suitable technique, and it can easily be included in the process, which is the reason why membrane separations are being used more and more frequently. Separations can be carried at room temperature, the modular membrane surface can be easily adjusted to the wastewater flows, and various industrial membranes are now available. In order to retain metallic ions, reverse osmosis (or at least nanofiltration) can be used, due to the size of the ions in aqueous solutions. However, the usual permeate fluxes of reverse osmosis membranes are limited and require high transmembrane pressure, which makes the process expensive.During the last decade, there has been a constantly increasing level of interest and research efforts in order to improve the performances of surfactant-based separation processes. In the present study an attempt is made to remove lead(II) ions from synthetic aqueous solutions by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) using the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The study has been carried out at a temperature of 318 ºK and on a laboratory scale.Ultrafiltration experiments wer

The metallic compound lead poses a human health risk and is environmentally toxic. The removal of lead from drinking and waste waters is therefore of great importance. To ensure that the lead concentration is reduced to safe levels, conventional treatment procedures for the removal of lead such as chemical precipitation and ion exchange have been used. These methods often do not yield sufficient removal of lead and can be expensive due to the high costs of required chemicals. Aluminum oxide, Al2O3, has been shown to sorb lead from aqueous solutions by concentrating lead at the particle surfaces. Sorption of lead using aluminum oxide (alumina) is effected by many factors, including pH, available surface area, and background compounds or matrices. Each of these variables significantly impacts both the rate of sorption and the equilibrium amount of lead sorbed on the alumina surface. In this investigation, factors effecting the sorption of lead using alumina were quantified. These factors included the influence of solution pH, alumina surface area (particle size), and presence of background matrices. The specific variables examined were pH solutions that ranged from very acidic (<3.0) to caustic (>8.0), alumina particle sizes of >16 (1190 microns) and <200 (74 microns) mesh sizes, and background matrices containing 1.0 mM acetic acid and 0.1 mM sodium chloride. Equilibrium isotherm studies were conducted over the range of variables using known concentrations of alumina and lead in aqueous solutions. The results of this investigation conclude that solution pH plays the most significant role in lead sorption, but alumina particle size and background matrices also decrease the quantity and rate of lead sorption using activated alumina.

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION LIBRARY Potential Cause for Low Lead and Chromium Recoveries During Acid Extractions Alan D. Hewitt and James H. Cragin October 1992 FEB 81993 Bureau of Reclamation ^ ? Denver OffioêbSTfüCt j When higTTconcentrations (>100 mg/L) of Pb and Cr (IV) are present together in solution, PbCr04 precipitates, resulting in losses of these two metals. Moderate acidification with 1 -2% HNO3 does not prevent precipitation loss. Caution is necessary when preparing standard solutions or handling acidic extracts of environmental samples containing high levels of Pb and Cr, since undetected formation of metal chromates will result in low recoveries of these metals. For conversion of SI metric units to U.S./British customary units of measurement consult ASTM Standard E380, Metric Practice Guide, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103. This report is printed on paper that contains a minimum of 50% recycled material. Special Report 92-23 mz, o! BUREA.V ..? ^ ? E.CLAMAT,0N DENVER LIBRARY '*3046544 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory Potential Cause for Low Lead and Chromium Recoveries During Acid Extractions Alan D. Hewitt and James H. Cragin October 1992 Prepared for U.S. ARMY TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AGENCY REPORT CETH A-TS-CR-92061 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 92048244 PREFACE This report was prepared by Alan D. Hewitt, Research Physical Scientist, Geo­logical Sciences Branch, and James H. Cragin, Research Chemist, Snow and Ice Branch, Research Division, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Funding was provided through the U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency (USATHAMA), Durant Graves, Project Monitor, and by DA Project 4A161102AT24, Work Unit 003, Properties of Cold Regions Boundary Layer Constitu­ents. T he authors thank Dr. Clarence Grant (University of New Hampshire) and Daniel Leggett (CRREL) f

Diplomová práce je rozdělena do několika částí. V úvodní části jsou sepsány informace ze zákonů a vyhlášek, které se týkají olověného potrubí, pitné vody, dodržování koncentrací olova v pitné vodě, apod. Poté je definována vodovodní přípojka, vlastnické vztahy k přípojce a uvedeny materiály, které se používají na vodovodní přípojku. Další kapitola se věnuje olovu, olověnému potrubí, olovu v pitné vodě a legislativním požadavkům na obsah olova v pitné vodě. Poté je přiblíženo, jaká jsou zdravotní rizika konzumace pitné vody, která obsahuje olovo. Na tyto teoretické části navazuje část praktická, která se zaměřuje na testování kvality pitné vody, která byla v kontaktu s olověným potrubím. V této části jsou uvedeny principy odběru vzorků pitné vody pro stanovení koncentrace olova, lokality, kde byly vzorky odebírány, metody, které byly pro stanovení koncentrace použity, popisy, výsledky a vyhodnocení zjištěných informací. V poslední kapitole jsou ukázány metody a materiály, kterými se olovo z vody odstraňuje., The thesis is divided into several parts. At first, there are written information from the laws and decrees concerning the lead pipeline, drinking water, observance of lead concentrations in drinking water, etc. Then the water connection, the ownership relations to the connection and the materials used for the water connection are defined. The next chapter deals with lead, lead pipeline, lead in drinking water and the legislative requirements for lead content in drinking water. Other part is about the health risks of lead in drinking water. These theoretical parts follow the practical part, which focuses on drinking water quality testing, which was in contact with the lead pipeline. This section describes drinking water sampling principles for determining the concentration of lead, the locations where the samples were taken, the methods used to determine the concentration, the description, the results and the evaluation of the information. The last chapter shows the methods and materials that remove lead from water.

Diplomová práce je rozdělena do několika částí. V úvodní části jsou sepsány informace ze zákonů a vyhlášek, které se týkají olověného potrubí, pitné vody, dodržování koncentrací olova v pitné vodě, apod. Poté je definována vodovodní přípojka, vlastnické vztahy k přípojce a uvedeny materiály, které se používají na vodovodní přípojku. Další kapitola se věnuje olovu, olověnému potrubí, olovu v pitné vodě a legislativním požadavkům na obsah olova v pitné vodě. Poté je přiblíženo, jaká jsou zdravotní rizika konzumace pitné vody, která obsahuje olovo. Na tyto teoretické části navazuje část praktická, která se zaměřuje na testování kvality pitné vody, která byla v kontaktu s olověným potrubím. V této části jsou uvedeny principy odběru vzorků pitné vody pro stanovení koncentrace olova, lokality, kde byly vzorky odebírány, metody, které byly pro stanovení koncentrace použity, popisy, výsledky a vyhodnocení zjištěných informací. V poslední kapitole jsou ukázány metody a materiály, kterými se olovo z vody odstraňuje., The thesis is divided into several parts. At first, there are written information from the laws and decrees concerning the lead pipeline, drinking water, observance of lead concentrations in drinking water, etc. Then the water connection, the ownership relations to the connection and the materials used for the water connection are defined. The next chapter deals with lead, lead pipeline, lead in drinking water and the legislative requirements for lead content in drinking water. Other part is about the health risks of lead in drinking water. These theoretical parts follow the practical part, which focuses on drinking water quality testing, which was in contact with the lead pipeline. This section describes drinking water sampling principles for determining the concentration of lead, the locations where the samples were taken, the methods used to determine the concentration, the description, the results and the evaluation of the information. The last chapter shows the methods and materials that remove lead from water.

Diplomová práce je rozdělena do několika částí. V úvodní části jsou sepsány informace ze zákonů a vyhlášek, které se týkají olověného potrubí, pitné vody, dodržování koncentrací olova v pitné vodě, apod. Poté je definována vodovodní přípojka, vlastnické vztahy k přípojce a uvedeny materiály, které se používají na vodovodní přípojku. Další kapitola se věnuje olovu, olověnému potrubí, olovu v pitné vodě a legislativním požadavkům na obsah olova v pitné vodě. Poté je přiblíženo, jaká jsou zdravotní rizika konzumace pitné vody, která obsahuje olovo. Na tyto teoretické části navazuje část praktická, která se zaměřuje na testování kvality pitné vody, která byla v kontaktu s olověným potrubím. V této části jsou uvedeny principy odběru vzorků pitné vody pro stanovení koncentrace olova, lokality, kde byly vzorky odebírány, metody, které byly pro stanovení koncentrace použity, popisy, výsledky a vyhodnocení zjištěných informací. V poslední kapitole jsou ukázány metody a materiály, kterými se olovo z vody odstraňuje., The thesis is divided into several parts. At first, there are written information from the laws and decrees concerning the lead pipeline, drinking water, observance of lead concentrations in drinking water, etc. Then the water connection, the ownership relations to the connection and the materials used for the water connection are defined. The next chapter deals with lead, lead pipeline, lead in drinking water and the legislative requirements for lead content in drinking water. Other part is about the health risks of lead in drinking water. These theoretical parts follow the practical part, which focuses on drinking water quality testing, which was in contact with the lead pipeline. This section describes drinking water sampling principles for determining the concentration of lead, the locations where the samples were taken, the methods used to determine the concentration, the description, the results and the evaluation of the information. The last chapter shows the methods and materials that remove lead from water.

Diplomová práce je rozdělena do několika částí. V úvodní části jsou sepsány informace ze zákonů a vyhlášek, které se týkají olověného potrubí, pitné vody, dodržování koncentrací olova v pitné vodě, apod. Poté je definována vodovodní přípojka, vlastnické vztahy k přípojce a uvedeny materiály, které se používají na vodovodní přípojku. Další kapitola se věnuje olovu, olověnému potrubí, olovu v pitné vodě a legislativním požadavkům na obsah olova v pitné vodě. Poté je přiblíženo, jaká jsou zdravotní rizika konzumace pitné vody, která obsahuje olovo. Na tyto teoretické části navazuje část praktická, která se zaměřuje na testování kvality pitné vody, která byla v kontaktu s olověným potrubím. V této části jsou uvedeny principy odběru vzorků pitné vody pro stanovení koncentrace olova, lokality, kde byly vzorky odebírány, metody, které byly pro stanovení koncentrace použity, popisy, výsledky a vyhodnocení zjištěných informací. V poslední kapitole jsou ukázány metody a materiály, kterými se olovo z vody odstraňuje., The thesis is divided into several parts. At first, there are written information from the laws and decrees concerning the lead pipeline, drinking water, observance of lead concentrations in drinking water, etc. Then the water connection, the ownership relations to the connection and the materials used for the water connection are defined. The next chapter deals with lead, lead pipeline, lead in drinking water and the legislative requirements for lead content in drinking water. Other part is about the health risks of lead in drinking water. These theoretical parts follow the practical part, which focuses on drinking water quality testing, which was in contact with the lead pipeline. This section describes drinking water sampling principles for determining the concentration of lead, the locations where the samples were taken, the methods used to determine the concentration, the description, the results and the evaluation of the information. The last chapter shows the methods and materials that remove lead from water.

Diplomová práce je rozdělena do několika částí. V úvodní části jsou sepsány informace ze zákonů a vyhlášek, které se týkají olověného potrubí, pitné vody, dodržování koncentrací olova v pitné vodě, apod. Poté je definována vodovodní přípojka, vlastnické vztahy k přípojce a uvedeny materiály, které se používají na vodovodní přípojku. Další kapitola se věnuje olovu, olověnému potrubí, olovu v pitné vodě a legislativním požadavkům na obsah olova v pitné vodě. Poté je přiblíženo, jaká jsou zdravotní rizika konzumace pitné vody, která obsahuje olovo. Na tyto teoretické části navazuje část praktická, která se zaměřuje na testování kvality pitné vody, která byla v kontaktu s olověným potrubím. V této části jsou uvedeny principy odběru vzorků pitné vody pro stanovení koncentrace olova, lokality, kde byly vzorky odebírány, metody, které byly pro stanovení koncentrace použity, popisy, výsledky a vyhodnocení zjištěných informací. V poslední kapitole jsou ukázány metody a materiály, kterými se olovo z vody odstraňuje., The thesis is divided into several parts. At first, there are written information from the laws and decrees concerning the lead pipeline, drinking water, observance of lead concentrations in drinking water, etc. Then the water connection, the ownership relations to the connection and the materials used for the water connection are defined. The next chapter deals with lead, lead pipeline, lead in drinking water and the legislative requirements for lead content in drinking water. Other part is about the health risks of lead in drinking water. These theoretical parts follow the practical part, which focuses on drinking water quality testing, which was in contact with the lead pipeline. This section describes drinking water sampling principles for determining the concentration of lead, the locations where the samples were taken, the methods used to determine the concentration, the description, the results and the evaluation of the information. The last chapter shows the methods and materials that remove lead from water.