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BACKGROUND: Electronic waste (e-waste) is produced in staggering quantities, estimated globally to be 41.8 million tonnes in 2014. Informal e-waste recycling is a source of much-needed income in many low- to middle-income countries. However, its handling and disposal in underdeveloped countries is often unsafe and leads to contaminated environments. Rudimentary and uncontrolled processing methods often result in substantial harmful chemical exposures among vulnerable populations, including women and children. E-waste hazards have not yet received the attention they deserve in research and public health agendas.OBJECTIVES: We provide an overview of the scale and health risks. We review international efforts concerned with environmental hazards, especially affecting children, as a preface to presenting next steps in addressing health issues stemming from the global e-waste problem.DISCUSSION: The e-waste problem has been building for decades. The increasingly observed adverse health effects from e-waste sites calls for protecting human health and the environment from e-waste contamination. Even if e-waste exposure intervention and prevention efforts are implemented, legacy contamination will remain, necessitating increased awareness of e-waste as a major environmental health threat.CONCLUSION: Global, national, and local levels efforts must aim to create safe recycling operations that consider broad security issues for people who rely on e-waste processing for survival. Paramount to these efforts is reducing pregnant women and children's e-waste exposures to mitigate harmful health effects. With human environmental health in mind, novel dismantling methods and remediation technologies, and intervention practices are needed to protect communities.

The objective of the research is to evaluate the degree of success in applying profitsharing as a form of participation in developing command economies, Egypt being the model. Participation is spoken of as a new management ideology to overcome workers' alienation resulting from the introduction of the factory system - and to guarantee their support for its objectives. There are many studies of participation in Western countries whose overriding concern is with the success or failure of application, a subject which is seen to be debatable. Yet in command economies, where the application is compulsory, studies are very rare. This research may help to fill some of the void. Furthermore, the difference between the voluntary application of profit sharing in Western societies and its compulsory application in command economies is of a significance which cannot be too emphasised. Investigation has been performed by questionnaire and through personal interviews with employees from the Egyptian industrial public sector. This information is analysed against a background of the Egyptian environment in order better to understand employees' satisfaction with such schemes. The analysis attempts to highlight existing problems and to answer the question of how to improve the scheme. The research concludes that participation cannot be achieved by law, being subject to culture, tradition, habits, norms and skills of members.Compulsory application of profit sharing has led to many problems which affect its success. The application of such schemes in developing countries which does not satisfy the basic needs of individuals cannot guarantee its effectiveness. Workers behave individually as well as collectively, therefore personal factors such as their individual position in the hierarchy and market place are effective in determining their attitudes. Awareness of profit sharing among shopfloor workers seems to be limited to the money they get, that is the simple cash transaction. Little

The objective of the research is to evaluate the degree of success in applying profitsharing as a form of participation in developing command economies, Egypt being the model. Participation is spoken of as a new management ideology to overcome workers' alienation resulting from the introduction of the factory system - and to guarantee their support for its objectives. There are many studies of participation in Western countries whose overriding concern is with the success or failure of application, a subject which is seen to be debatable. Yet in command economies, where the application is compulsory, studies are very rare. This research may help to fill some of the void. Furthermore, the difference between the voluntary application of profit sharing in Western societies and its compulsory application in command economies is of a significance which cannot be too emphasised. Investigation has been performed by questionnaire and through personal interviews with employees from the Egyptian industrial public sector. This information is analysed against a background of the Egyptian environment in order better to understand employees' satisfaction with such schemes. The analysis attempts to highlight existing problems and to answer the question of how to improve the scheme. The research concludes that participation cannot be achieved by law, being subject to culture, tradition, habits, norms and skills of members.Compulsory application of profit sharing has led to many problems which affect its success. The application of such schemes in developing countries which does not satisfy the basic needs of individuals cannot guarantee its effectiveness. Workers behave individually as well as collectively, therefore personal factors such as their individual position in the hierarchy and market place are effective in determining their attitudes. Awareness of profit sharing among shopfloor workers seems to be limited to the money they get, that is the simple cash transaction. Little

The objective of the research is to evaluate the degree of success in applying profitsharing as a form of participation in developing command economies, Egypt being the model. Participation is spoken of as a new management ideology to overcome workers' alienation resulting from the introduction of the factory system - and to guarantee their support for its objectives. There are many studies of participation in Western countries whose overriding concern is with the success or failure of application, a subject which is seen to be debatable. Yet in command economies, where the application is compulsory, studies are very rare. This research may help to fill some of the void. Furthermore, the difference between the voluntary application of profit sharing in Western societies and its compulsory application in command economies is of a significance which cannot be too emphasised. Investigation has been performed by questionnaire and through personal interviews with employees from the Egyptian industrial public sector. This information is analysed against a background of the Egyptian environment in order better to understand employees' satisfaction with such schemes. The analysis attempts to highlight existing problems and to answer the question of how to improve the scheme. The research concludes that participation cannot be achieved by law, being subject to culture, tradition, habits, norms and skills of members.Compulsory application of profit sharing has led to many problems which affect its success. The application of such schemes in developing countries which does not satisfy the basic needs of individuals cannot guarantee its effectiveness. Workers behave individually as well as collectively, therefore personal factors such as their individual position in the hierarchy and market place are effective in determining their attitudes. Awareness of profit sharing among shopfloor workers seems to be limited to the money they get, that is the simple cash transaction. Little

Small-diameter tubes and hypodermic needles are used to meter the flow rate in a continuous-flow gas mixing device by means of changing the upstream stagnation pressure. Critical Fanno flow of a perfect gas is assumed under laminar flow conditions. The theoretical and experimental aspects of the problem are considered, and a computer program is introduced to find the flow rates, Reynolds numbers, stagnation and maximum downstream pressures, as functions of the Mach number at the inlet section for different gases and different tube geometries at room temperature. (Author)