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As walnut trees (Juglans spp.) are of high economic importance, considerable attention has been given to invasive pests of these trees in Europe. In 2016, Dryocoetes himalayensis Strohmeyer, 1908, an alien bark beetle originating from the Himalayas region of India, already present in several European countries, was confirmed to have attacked walnut trees in the Czech Republic. Within the present study, we (i) surveyed the current distribution of D. himalayensis in the Czech Republic, (ii) examined D. himalayensis phenology by rearing it in trap logs, and (iii) investigated tree level habitat preferences of the species in two study stands with 180 black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees and 66 common walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees sampled. The present study documented the species to be relatively widespread in some warmer lowland regions of the Czech Republic (42 localities found) and to reach high abundance locally. Almost 15 thousand D. himalayensis individuals reared from the trap logs showed the species emerging throughout the whole vegetation period with a distinctive peak in June. Even though the species is able to develop in thin stems (diameter <5 cm), it is most numerous in thicker trunk bases and also preferably attacks trees of higher diameters. The species preferred common walnut trees (its native host) with decreased vitality. In contrast, black walnut trees (North American species) were attacked regardless of their vitality, but the vitality of occupied trees successively decreased. Based on our results, D. himalayensis should be assumed as a considerable pest of walnut trees (particularly black walnuts), which might become of significant importance in its European invasive range in the future, and thus substantial attention should be given to it., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

As walnut trees (Juglans spp.) are of high economic importance, considerable attention has been given to invasive pests of these trees in Europe. In 2016, Dryocoetes himalayensis Strohmeyer, 1908, an alien bark beetle originating from the Himalayas region of India, already present in several European countries, was confirmed to have attacked walnut trees in the Czech Republic. Within the present study, we (i) surveyed the current distribution of D. himalayensis in the Czech Republic, (ii) examined D. himalayensis phenology by rearing it in trap logs, and (iii) investigated tree level habitat preferences of the species in two study stands with 180 black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees and 66 common walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees sampled. The present study documented the species to be relatively widespread in some warmer lowland regions of the Czech Republic (42 localities found) and to reach high abundance locally. Almost 15 thousand D. himalayensis individuals reared from the trap logs showed the species emerging throughout the whole vegetation period with a distinctive peak in June. Even though the species is able to develop in thin stems (diameter <5 cm), it is most numerous in thicker trunk bases and also preferably attacks trees of higher diameters. The species preferred common walnut trees (its native host) with decreased vitality. In contrast, black walnut trees (North American species) were attacked regardless of their vitality, but the vitality of occupied trees successively decreased. Based on our results, D. himalayensis should be assumed as a considerable pest of walnut trees (particularly black walnuts), which might become of significant importance in its European invasive range in the future, and thus substantial attention should be given to it., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

As walnut trees (Juglans spp.) are of high economic importance, considerable attention has been given to invasive pests of these trees in Europe. In 2016, Dryocoetes himalayensis Strohmeyer, 1908, an alien bark beetle originating from the Himalayas region of India, already present in several European countries, was confirmed to have attacked walnut trees in the Czech Republic. Within the present study, we (i) surveyed the current distribution of D. himalayensis in the Czech Republic, (ii) examined D. himalayensis phenology by rearing it in trap logs, and (iii) investigated tree level habitat preferences of the species in two study stands with 180 black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees and 66 common walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees sampled. The present study documented the species to be relatively widespread in some warmer lowland regions of the Czech Republic (42 localities found) and to reach high abundance locally. Almost 15 thousand D. himalayensis individuals reared from the trap logs showed the species emerging throughout the whole vegetation period with a distinctive peak in June. Even though the species is able to develop in thin stems (diameter <5 cm), it is most numerous in thicker trunk bases and also preferably attacks trees of higher diameters. The species preferred common walnut trees (its native host) with decreased vitality. In contrast, black walnut trees (North American species) were attacked regardless of their vitality, but the vitality of occupied trees successively decreased. Based on our results, D. himalayensis should be assumed as a considerable pest of walnut trees (particularly black walnuts), which might become of significant importance in its European invasive range in the future, and thus substantial attention should be given to it., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

As walnut trees (Juglans spp.) are of high economic importance, considerable attention has been given to invasive pests of these trees in Europe. In 2016, Dryocoetes himalayensis Strohmeyer, 1908, an alien bark beetle originating from the Himalayas region of India, already present in several European countries, was confirmed to have attacked walnut trees in the Czech Republic. Within the present study, we (i) surveyed the current distribution of D. himalayensis in the Czech Republic, (ii) examined D. himalayensis phenology by rearing it in trap logs, and (iii) investigated tree level habitat preferences of the species in two study stands with 180 black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees and 66 common walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees sampled. The present study documented the species to be relatively widespread in some warmer lowland regions of the Czech Republic (42 localities found) and to reach high abundance locally. Almost 15 thousand D. himalayensis individuals reared from the trap logs showed the species emerging throughout the whole vegetation period with a distinctive peak in June. Even though the species is able to develop in thin stems (diameter <5 cm), it is most numerous in thicker trunk bases and also preferably attacks trees of higher diameters. The species preferred common walnut trees (its native host) with decreased vitality. In contrast, black walnut trees (North American species) were attacked regardless of their vitality, but the vitality of occupied trees successively decreased. Based on our results, D. himalayensis should be assumed as a considerable pest of walnut trees (particularly black walnuts), which might become of significant importance in its European invasive range in the future, and thus substantial attention should be given to it.

Conventional agriculture in Sweden is facing challenges with low resilience to a changing climate and decreased biodiversity. Silvoarable agroforestry is an alternative land use practice that contain a woody perennial and crop in the same field. Trees on cultivated land break up large monocultures, increase biodiversity, creates functional diversity, and produces more commodities. This land use practice is being recognized as a method for the transition to a more sustainable agriculture. It is included in the new European Union Common Agricultural Policy (2023-2027), where farmers are eligible for subsides for their environmental and conservational efforts. Silvoarable practices are marginal in the Swedish context. It is relevant for farmers to know if they will be eligible for subsidies but also to guide policymaking and drive transition. This study aims to assess potential silvoarable agroforestry regions for two types of nut trees: Corylus avellana (common hazel) and Juglans regia (common walnut) in the county of Scania. Furthermore, to estimate the variation in suitability across these regions. Productive growth criteria were developed through literature review for the two species where annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, soil texture, soil depth, and soil moisture were found to be relevant criteria. Potential regions were identified using Boolean and fuzzy logic, where the Boolean analysis identified 3436.2 km2 of cultivated land that could be suitable for Corylus avellana and 1616.6 km2 of potentially suitable regions for Juglans regia. The fuzzy analysis identified 3864.2 km2 of potentially suitable cultivated land for Corylus avellana, where 553.1 km2 could be highly suitable (≥80% fuzzy membership). Using fuzzy logic, 1445.7 km2 were identified as potentially suitable for implementing Juglans regia, where 14.6 km2 could be highly suitable (≥80% fuzzy membership). Multiple opportunities are identified with implementing silvoarable agroforestry sys

Juglans regia, commonly known as the Walnut tree, is a type of a deciduous tree. The tree has many important parts, the seed, bark, husk, leaves, oil, shell of the fruit and the kernel. The plant has been used in its crude form since ages. The kernel holds nutritional value. The leaves contain an essential oil which is extracted and used. The husk contains steroids and vitamins amongst other useful compounds. The leaves are used topically as antipyretic, analgesic, antidandruff and to heal burns. The bark is tough and has been used for mechanical tooth cleaning due to its tough fibrous texture. It contains Juglone as its main and most important constituent. Juglone works as an anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancerous agent. In dentistry it poses as an effective anti-plaque, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-cariogenic and tooth whitening material. It was concluded that in recent years, scientists and researchers have shown increasing interest towards the in depth understanding of the chemicals and compounds of the bark and its utilization in dental products towards improving dental treatment. The author would like to thank ORIC, Khyber Medical University for assistance in publication Reference No: KMU/ORIC/AR/005.

Walnut agroforestry systems require regular tree pruning, generating a large volume of biomass residues which are mainly valorized as wood-energy, Ramial Chipped Wood (RCW) or animal litter. However, walnut is recognized as a rich source of different chemical compounds, which could be recovered as valuable chemicals. This study aims to improve the knowledge on the composition of the water and ethanol extractive contents of wood, knot and bark fractions from walnut branches, harvested in agroforestry (AF) and traditional forestry control (FC) systems. LC-MS analyses were carried out to identify the chemical composition of extracts. Additionally, all samples were analyzed by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with the aim of developing a fast tool to distinguish walnut branches, knots and bark wood fractions from trees grown under agroforestry and plantation management. Extractive contents and chemical composition of AF and FC wood samples were slightly different among branch, knot and bark. Despite these small chemical differences, PLS-DA models based on NIRS measurements can distinguishing among wood samples from walnut trees grown under different silvicultural regimes. In addition, in the both forestry systems, branch and knot extractive contents were significantly lower than those of bark specimens. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) based on NIR-spectrometry of raw samples revealed that the chemical composition of branch and knot woods are similar to each other and are very different compared to those of bark samples. This study provides new knowledge on branch woods from agroforestry systems, which are still very under-studied at present.

Strength and direction of the potential effect of climate change on walnuts is regionally specific (Gauthier and Jacobs, 2011) as climate change will probably affect the spatial distribution of the walnut. This paper evaluated the long-term phenological series (1961-2012) of the beginning of flowering, end of flowering and duration of flowering in walnut tree (Juglans regia) at two phenological stations located in different geographical locations of the Czech Republic but in the same climatic conditions (warm region). Phenological stages were analyzed in relation to growing degree days and to spring frosts occurrence. Onset of the beginning and end of flowering occurred earlier at Velké Pavlovice station (-2.1 and -1.3 days), and conversely occurred later at Doksany station (+1.8 and +1.0). Period of flowering shortened at Doksany station (-0.8 day) and prolonged at Velké Pavlovice station (+1.2 day). The occurrence of days with minimum air temperature < 0 oC during walnut tree flowering was more frequent at Doksany station (in total, 29 days) with absolute minimum value -5.5 oC. At Velké Pavlovice station 5 days with minimum air temperature below 0 oC were found during examined period with absolute minimum value -3.8 oC. The negative trend in number of frost days occurrence during flowering period was found at both stations. Pearson correlation coefficient between phenophase onset (and flowering period) and sums of growing degree days was stronger at Velké Pavlovice station, and the highest value was between period of flowering and temperature sums (0.782). The results confirmed our hypothesis of changes in phenophase onsets and duration of flowering including spring frosts occurrence according to west-east gradient (maritime climate-continental climate)., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Strength and direction of the potential effect of climate change on walnuts is regionally specific (Gauthier and Jacobs, 2011) as climate change will probably affect the spatial distribution of the walnut. This paper evaluated the long-term phenological series (1961-2012) of the beginning of flowering, end of flowering and duration of flowering in walnut tree (Juglans regia) at two phenological stations located in different geographical locations of the Czech Republic but in the same climatic conditions (warm region). Phenological stages were analyzed in relation to growing degree days and to spring frosts occurrence. Onset of the beginning and end of flowering occurred earlier at Velké Pavlovice station (-2.1 and -1.3 days), and conversely occurred later at Doksany station (+1.8 and +1.0). Period of flowering shortened at Doksany station (-0.8 day) and prolonged at Velké Pavlovice station (+1.2 day). The occurrence of days with minimum air temperature < 0 oC during walnut tree flowering was more frequent at Doksany station (in total, 29 days) with absolute minimum value -5.5 oC. At Velké Pavlovice station 5 days with minimum air temperature below 0 oC were found during examined period with absolute minimum value -3.8 oC. The negative trend in number of frost days occurrence during flowering period was found at both stations. Pearson correlation coefficient between phenophase onset (and flowering period) and sums of growing degree days was stronger at Velké Pavlovice station, and the highest value was between period of flowering and temperature sums (0.782). The results confirmed our hypothesis of changes in phenophase onsets and duration of flowering including spring frosts occurrence according to west-east gradient (maritime climate-continental climate)., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Strength and direction of the potential effect of climate change on walnuts is regionally specific (Gauthier and Jacobs, 2011) as climate change will probably affect the spatial distribution of the walnut. This paper evaluated the long-term phenological series (1961-2012) of the beginning of flowering, end of flowering and duration of flowering in walnut tree (Juglans regia) at two phenological stations located in different geographical locations of the Czech Republic but in the same climatic conditions (warm region). Phenological stages were analyzed in relation to growing degree days and to spring frosts occurrence. Onset of the beginning and end of flowering occurred earlier at Velké Pavlovice station (-2.1 and -1.3 days), and conversely occurred later at Doksany station (+1.8 and +1.0). Period of flowering shortened at Doksany station (-0.8 day) and prolonged at Velké Pavlovice station (+1.2 day). The occurrence of days with minimum air temperature < 0 oC during walnut tree flowering was more frequent at Doksany station (in total, 29 days) with absolute minimum value -5.5 oC. At Velké Pavlovice station 5 days with minimum air temperature below 0 oC were found during examined period with absolute minimum value -3.8 oC. The negative trend in number of frost days occurrence during flowering period was found at both stations. Pearson correlation coefficient between phenophase onset (and flowering period) and sums of growing degree days was stronger at Velké Pavlovice station, and the highest value was between period of flowering and temperature sums (0.782). The results confirmed our hypothesis of changes in phenophase onsets and duration of flowering including spring frosts occurrence according to west-east gradient (maritime climate-continental climate)., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Strength and direction of the potential effect of climate change on walnuts is regionally specific (Gauthier and Jacobs, 2011) as climate change will probably affect the spatial distribution of the walnut. This paper evaluated the long-term phenological series (1961-2012) of the beginning of flowering, end of flowering and duration of flowering in walnut tree (Juglans regia) at two phenological stations located in different geographical locations of the Czech Republic but in the same climatic conditions (warm region). Phenological stages were analyzed in relation to growing degree days and to spring frosts occurrence. Onset of the beginning and end of flowering occurred earlier at Velké Pavlovice station (-2.1 and -1.3 days), and conversely occurred later at Doksany station (+1.8 and +1.0). Period of flowering shortened at Doksany station (-0.8 day) and prolonged at Velké Pavlovice station (+1.2 day). The occurrence of days with minimum air temperature < 0 oC during walnut tree flowering was more frequent at Doksany station (in total, 29 days) with absolute minimum value -5.5 oC. At Velké Pavlovice station 5 days with minimum air temperature below 0 oC were found during examined period with absolute minimum value -3.8 oC. The negative trend in number of frost days occurrence during flowering period was found at both stations. Pearson correlation coefficient between phenophase onset (and flowering period) and sums of growing degree days was stronger at Velké Pavlovice station, and the highest value was between period of flowering and temperature sums (0.782). The results confirmed our hypothesis of changes in phenophase onsets and duration of flowering including spring frosts occurrence according to west-east gradient (maritime climate-continental climate).

Walnut agroforestry systems require regular tree pruning, generating a large volume of biomass residues which are mainly valorized as wood-energy, Ramial Chipped Wood (RCW) or animal litter. However, walnut is recognized as a rich source of different chemical compounds, which could be recovered as valuable chemicals. This study aims to improve the knowledge on the composition of the water and ethanol extractive contents of wood, knot and bark fractions from walnut branches, harvested in agroforestry (AF) and traditional forestry control (FC) systems. LC-MS analyses were carried out to identify the chemical composition of extracts. Additionally, all samples were analyzed by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with the aim of developing a fast tool to distinguish walnut branches, knots and bark wood fractions from trees grown under agroforestry and plantation management. Extractive contents and chemical composition of AF and FC wood samples were slightly different among branch, knot and bark. Despite these small chemical differences, PLS-DA models based on NIRS measurements can distinguishing among wood samples from walnut trees grown under different silvicultural regimes. In addition, in the both forestry systems, branch and knot extractive contents were significantly lower than those of bark specimens. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) based on NIR-spectrometry of raw samples revealed that the chemical composition of branch and knot woods are similar to each other and are very different compared to those of bark samples. This study provides new knowledge on branch woods from agroforestry systems, which are still very under-studied at present.

Walnut blight is a significant above-ground disease of walnuts caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj). The secreted form of chorismate mutase (CM), a key enzyme of the shikimate pathway regulating plant immunity, is highly conserved between plant-associated beta and gamma proteobacteria including phytopathogens belonging to the Xanthomonadaceae family. To define its role in walnut blight disease, a dysfunctional mutant of chorismate mutase was created in a copper resistant strain Xaj417 (XajCM). Infections of immature walnut Juglans regia (Jr) fruit with XajCM were hypervirulent compared with infections with the wildtype Xaj417 strain. The in vitro growth rate, size and cellular morphology were similar between the wild-type and XajCM mutant strains, however the quantification of bacterial cells by dPCR within walnut hull tissues showed a 27% increase in XajCM seven days post-infection. To define the mechanism of hypervirulence, proteome analysis was conducted to compare walnut hull tissues inoculated with the wild type to those inoculated with the XajCM mutant strain. Proteome analysis revealed 3296 Jr proteins (five decreased and ten increased with FDR ≤ 0.05) and 676 Xaj417 proteins (235 increased in XajCM with FDR ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, the most abundant protein in Xaj was a polygalacturonase, while in Jr it was a polygalacturonase inhibitor. These results suggest that this secreted chorismate mutase may be an important virulence suppressor gene that regulates Xaj417 virulence response, allowing for improved bacterial survival in the plant tissues.

Agroforestry practices like pruning trees to control the light flux to crops produce every year a large volume of branches which is valorized by farmers as mulching or energy fuel. However, according to the literature, the wood of branches shows higher rates of polyphenols than stem wood and this can open some new perspectives for branch exploitation. In this study, the wood properties (density, mechanical properties, extractive content and decay resistance) were determined on branches of different sizes from oak, chestnut, poplar and walnut trees collected in two agroforestry systems. These properties were evaluated according to the wood age and the sampling position along the radial and longitudinal axes of the branch. All samples were analyzed by NIR-Spectroscopy and a predicting model aimed to assess the branch wood properties has been developed. Wood characteristics largely vary between species and do not exactly follow the same trends from one species to another. Overall, hardwood density of branches is similar to that of trunks, the content in wood extractives follows similar evolutions, and the decay resistance of branch wood does not seem to be really impacted by its position along the branch. Reliable NIRS models were built to easily predict the wood density and extractives content of agroforestry branches. The extractives content and the decay resistance of branch hardwood appear to be substantially lower than those of trunks, which suggests a non-suitability of branch wood for developing high-valued green chemistry.

Walnut blight is a significant above-ground disease of walnuts caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj). The secreted form of chorismate mutase (CM), a key enzyme of the shikimate pathway regulating plant immunity, is highly conserved between plant-associated beta and gamma proteobacteria including phytopathogens belonging to the Xanthomonadaceae family. To define its role in walnut blight disease, a dysfunctional mutant of chorismate mutase was created in a copper resistant strain Xaj417 (XajCM). Infections of immature walnut Juglans regia (Jr) fruit with XajCM were hypervirulent compared with infections with the wildtype Xaj417 strain. The in vitro growth rate, size and cellular morphology were similar between the wild-type and XajCM mutant strains, however the quantification of bacterial cells by dPCR within walnut hull tissues showed a 27% increase in XajCM seven days post-infection. To define the mechanism of hypervirulence, proteome analysis was conducted to compare walnut hull tissues inoculated with the wild type to those inoculated with the XajCM mutant strain. Proteome analysis revealed 3296 Jr proteins (five decreased and ten increased with FDR ≤ 0.05) and 676 Xaj417 proteins (235 increased in XajCM with FDR ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, the most abundant protein in Xaj was a polygalacturonase, while in Jr it was a polygalacturonase inhibitor. These results suggest that this secreted chorismate mutase may be an important virulence suppressor gene that regulates Xaj417 virulence response, allowing for improved bacterial survival in the plant tissues.

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. Taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the applicant country, this Scientific Opinion covers the plant health risks posed by the following commodities: dormant, free of leaves grafted plants and rootstocks of Juglans regia imported from Moldova. A list of pests potentially associated with the commodities was compiled. The relevance of any pest was assessed based on evidence following defined criteria. None of the pests in the list fulfilled all relevant criteria and therefore none were selected for further evaluation. As a result, risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Moldova were listed, but not further evaluated.

Agroforestry practices like pruning trees to control the light flux to crops produce every year a large volume of branches which is valorized by farmers as mulching or energy fuel. However, according to the literature, the wood of branches shows higher rates of polyphenols than stem wood and this can open some new perspectives for branch exploitation. In this study, the wood properties (density, mechanical properties, extractive content and decay resistance) were determined on branches of different sizes from oak, chestnut, poplar and walnut trees collected in two agroforestry systems. These properties were evaluated according to the wood age and the sampling position along the radial and longitudinal axes of the branch. All samples were analyzed by NIR-Spectroscopy and a predicting model aimed to assess the branch wood properties has been developed. Wood characteristics largely vary between species and do not exactly follow the same trends from one species to another. Overall, hardwood density of branches is similar to that of trunks, the content in wood extractives follows similar evolutions, and the decay resistance of branch wood does not seem to be really impacted by its position along the branch. Reliable NIRS models were built to easily predict the wood density and extractives content of agroforestry branches. The extractives content and the decay resistance of branch hardwood appear to be substantially lower than those of trunks, which suggests a non-suitability of branch wood for developing high-valued green chemistry.

Morphological characteristics of male reproductive organs (catkins, male flowers, anthers, and pollen) were studied in six walnut genotypes. Morphology and ultrastructure of pollen grains were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Numbers of catkins per shoot and node ranged 2.35-5.61, and 0.29-0.73, respectively. They were higher in protandrous genotypes, compared with protogynous ones. The average values for catkin characteristics for all genotypes were: length 120 mm, width 15 mm, and the number of male flowers in catkin 120. Catkin length was higher in genotypes with the later time of pollen shedding. The average number of stamens in a male flower for all genotypes was 19, while average anther dimensions were: length 2.32 mm, width 0.96 mm, and thickness 0.75 mm. Significant differences between genotypes were found for all catkin and anther characteristics, except for catkin width. Pollen grains of all examined walnut genotypes were isopolar and pantoporate. They are classified as medium-large in size, with the average length of the polar axis (P) 36.84-39.88 mu m, and the average length of the equatorial axis (E) 43.12-46.37 mu m. The average P/E ratio varied between 0.85 and 0.88 and, based on this, pollen shape was identified as suboblate. All studied genotypes had microechinate exine ornamentation. The number of microechini per an area of 100 mu m(-2) of the exine surface varied between 22 and 25. Results obtained by SEM examination indicated that some pollen characteristics, such as size, shape, and microechini density can potentially be used in the identification of walnut genotypes.

Natural tannins from various plants have been used throughout human history in textile dyeing, often as mordant dyes. The ageing behavior of these dyes is a challenge in conservation science, requiring a thorough knowledge of the textile–mordant-dye system. In this work, we analyzed reference wool yarns dyed with natural tannins from oak gallnuts, walnut (Juglans regia), and catechu (Acacia catechu), after artificial ageing. To gain insights on the composition of the dyestuffs and on how they aged, an analytical procedure based on extraction with Na2EDTA/DMF (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/dimethylformamide) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry detection was used. Since conventional reversed-phase (RP) columns usually show poor retention efficiency of highly polar compounds such as tannins, an RP-amide embedded polar group stationary phase was used to achieve optimal retention of the most polar compounds. Tannins from oak gallnuts showed little degradation after ageing, while a significant increase in the content of hydroxybenzoic acids was observed for tannins from walnut and catechu. Finally, the analytical procedure was applied to characterize the tannin dyes in historical tapestries from the 15th to 16th century, and the results were discussed in comparison with the reference yarns.

Main findings are: • Blackberry and current anthocyanin extracts have shown potential for incorporation into oils to give a coloured oil using lipases and ultrasound. • Hair dyeing trials with anthocyanins and purified brown pigments from walnut met with limited success in getting the pigment to ‘stick’ to goat hair samples. A suitable chelating agent needs to be investigated, which can be used in conjunction with the pigment and is safe to use on human hair. • A novel method for increasing anthocyanin stability was demonstrated by a trans glycosylation reaction using starch and amylases. • There is scope for further research and development into the above.

Мета. Дослідити історію районування і реєстрації сортів волоського горіха в Україні. Результати. Волоський горіх з’явився в районованому сортименті 1937 р. з рекомендаціями до вирощування його в сприятливих умовах Південного Сходу України. Через відсутність апробованих сортів про сортову культуру не йшлося. Уперше сорт волоського горіха народної селекції було районовано лише в 1954 р. За радянських часів сорти волоського горіха рекомендували до вирощування в 7 західних і південних областях України. Наприкінці ХХ ст. було районовано 4 сорти селекції Українського НДІ лісового господарства та агролісомеліорації імені Г. М. Висоцького та 9 сортів селекції Придністровської дослідної станції садівництва. Для прискорення реєстрації нових сортів її розпочали здійснювати за даними заявника, допускаючи післяреєстраційне випробовування для перевірки поведінки сортів за умов різних плодових зон. Упродовж цього часу до Державного реєстру сортів рослин було занесено 10 сортів селекції Нікітського ботанічного саду та низку сортів молдовської (7) і французької (6) селекції. Масове розмноження нових сортів і закладання ними промислових плантацій у зонах, де ці сорти попередньо не випробовувалися, призвело до вимерзання деяких насаджень. Процес реєстрації нових сортів вітчизняної та іноземної селекції триває і їхній перелік зростатиме. Висновки. Упродовж 1954–2018 рр. в Україні було районовано або занесено до Державного реєстру сортів рослин України 52 сорти волоського горіха, зокрема 34 – вітчизняної селекції. Державний реєстр сортів рослин, придатних для поширення в Україні станом на 2018 р. містить 33 сорти волоського горіха, з них 16 вітчизняної та 17 іноземної селекції; 19 сортів вилучено з реєстру через не підтримання їх заявниками. Географічне розширення зон промислового вирощування волоського горіха потребує належного післяреєстраційного випробовування сортів для отримання достовірних даних щодо їхньої поведінки в умовах, відмінних від тих, де їх було дібрано., Purpose. To study the history of zoning and registration of walnut varieties in Ukraine. Results. The walnut has occurred in the zoned assortment of 1937 with recommendations for growing in the favourable conditions of the sou­theast of Ukraine. Due to the absence of approbated walnut varieties it was not discussed about varietal culture. For the first time the walnut variety of national breeding has been zoned only in 1954. In Soviet period walnut varieties were recommended for cultivation in 7 western and southern regions of Ukraine. In the end of ХХ century 4 varieties of H. M. Vysotskyi Ukrainian Research Institution of Forestry and Sylvicultural Reclamation breeding and 9 varieties of Prydnistrovska Experimental Station of Horticulture bree­ding have been zoned. To boost up the registration of new walnut varieties it have started to carry out according to the applicant’s data, supposing after-registration tests under conditions of various horticultural regions. At this time 10 varieties of the Nikitskyi Botanical Garden bree­ding and a number of varieties of both the Moldavian (7) and the French (6) breeding have been registered in the State Regis­ter of plant varieties. Mass reproduction of new walnut varieties and use them in industrial plantations in the regions without preliminarily tests, have led to a frost-killing of some plantations. Process of registration of new walnut varieties of both national and foreign selection is procee­ding and their list will be increase. Conclusions. 52 walnut varieties were zoned or registered in the Ukrainian State Register, including 34 varieties of national selection within 1954–2018. The State Register of plant varieties of Ukraine (on the date 2018) comprises 33 walnut varieties, including 16 varieties of national breeding and 17 varieties of foreign breeding. 19 varieties were excluded from the Register because they were not maintained by their applicants. Geographical dilating for walnut industrial cultivation demand, Цель. Изучить историю районирования и регистрации сортов грецкого ореха в Украине. Результаты. Грецкий орех появился в районированном сортименте 1937 г. с рекомендациями выращивать его в благоприятных условиях Юго-Востока Украины. Из-за отсутствия апробированных сортов речь не шла о сортовой культуре. Впервые сорт грецкого ореха народной селекции был районирован только в 1954 г. В советские времена сорта грецкого ореха рекомендовали к выращиванию в 7 западных и южных областях Украины. В конце ХХ ст. были районированы 4 сорта селекции Украинского НИИ лесного хозяйства и агролесомелиорации имени Г. М. Высоцкого и 9 сортов селекции Приднестровской опытной станции садоводства. Для ускорения регистрации новых сортов ее начали осуществлять по данным заявителя, допуская послерегистрационное испытание для проверки поведения сортов в условиях различных плодовых зон. В это время в Государственный реестр сортов растений были занесены 10 сортов селекции Никитского ботанического сада и ряд сортов молдавской (7) и французской (6) селекции. Массовое размножение новых сортов и закладка ими промышленных плантаций в зонах, где эти сорта предварительно не испытывались, привели к вымерзанию некоторых насаждений. Процесс регистрации новых сортов отечественной и иностранной селекции продолжается и их перечень будет увеличиваться. Выводы. В течение 1954–2018 гг. в Украине были районированы или занесены в Государственный реестр 52 сорта грецкого ореха, в т.ч. 34 – отечественной селекции. Государственный реестр сортов растений, пригодных для распространения в Украине на 2018 г. включает 33 сорта грецкого ореха, из них 16 отечественной и 17 иностранной селекции; 19 сортов исключены из реестра из-за не поддержания их заявителями. Географическое расширение зон промышленного выращивания грецкого ореха требует соответствующего послегистрационного испытания сортов для получения достоверных результатов относительно их поведения в условиях, отличных от тех, где они были отобраны.

Agroforestry is an increasingly popular farming system enabling agricultural diversification and providing several ecosystem services. In agroforestry systems, soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are generally increased, but it is difficult to disentangle the different factors responsible for this storage. Organic carbon (OC) inputs to the soil may be larger, but SOC decomposition rates may be modified owing to microclimate, physical protection, or priming effect from roots, especially at depth. We used an 18-year-old silvoarable system associating hybrid walnut trees (Juglans regia × nigra) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum), and an adjacent agricultural control plot to quantify all OC inputs to the soil – leaf litter, tree fine root senescence, crop residues, and tree row herbaceous vegetation –, and measure SOC stocks down 2 m depth at varying distances from the trees. We then proposed a model that simulates SOC dynamics in agroforestry accounting for both the whole soil profile and the lateral spatial heterogeneity. OC inputs to soil were increased by about 40 % (+1.11 t C ha−1 yr−1) down to 2 m depth in the agroforestry plot compared to the control, resulting in an additional SOC stock of 6.3 t C ha−1 down to 1 m depth. The model described properly the measured SOC stocks and distribution with depth. It showed that the increased inputs of fresh biomass to soil explained the observed additional SOC storage in the agroforestry plot. Moreover, modeling revealed a strong priming effect that would reduce the potential SOC storage due to higher organic inputs in the agroforestry system by 75 to 90 %. This result questions the potential of soils to store large amounts of carbon, especially at depth. Deep-rooted trees modify OC inputs to soil, a process that deserves further studies given its potential effects on SOC dynamics.

Agroforestry is an increasingly popular farming system enabling agricultural diversification and providing several ecosystem services. In agroforestry systems, soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are generally increased, but it is difficult to disentangle the different factors responsible for this storage. Organic carbon (OC) inputs to the soil may be larger, but SOC decomposition rates may be modified owing to microclimate, physical protection, or priming effect from roots, especially at depth. We used an 18-year-old silvoarable system associating hybrid walnut trees (Juglans regia × nigra) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum), and an adjacent agricultural control plot to quantify all OC inputs to the soil – leaf litter, tree fine root senescence, crop residues, and tree row herbaceous vegetation –, and measure SOC stocks down 2 m depth at varying distances from the trees. We then proposed a model that simulates SOC dynamics in agroforestry accounting for both the whole soil profile and the lateral spatial heterogeneity. OC inputs to soil were increased by about 40 % (+1.11 t C ha−1 yr−1) down to 2 m depth in the agroforestry plot compared to the control, resulting in an additional SOC stock of 6.3 t C ha−1 down to 1 m depth. The model described properly the measured SOC stocks and distribution with depth. It showed that the increased inputs of fresh biomass to soil explained the observed additional SOC storage in the agroforestry plot. Moreover, modeling revealed a strong priming effect that would reduce the potential SOC storage due to higher organic inputs in the agroforestry system by 75 to 90 %. This result questions the potential of soils to store large amounts of carbon, especially at depth. Deep-rooted trees modify OC inputs to soil, a process that deserves further studies given its potential effects on SOC dynamics.

A quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method, employing novel primer sets designed on Jug r 1, Jug r 3, and Jug r 4 allergen-coding sequences, was set up and validated. Its specificity, sensitivity, and applicability were evaluated. The DNA extraction method based on CTAB–phenol–chloroform was best for walnut. RT-PCR allowed a specific and accurate amplification of allergen sequence, and the limit of detection was 2.5 pg of walnut DNA. The method sensitivity and robustness were confirmed with spiked samples, and Jug r 3 primers detected up to 100 mg/kg of raw walnut (LOD 0.01%, LOQ 0.05%). Thermal treatment combined with pressure (autoclaving) reduced yield and amplification (integrity and quality) of walnut DNA. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) did not produce any effect on the walnut DNA amplification. This RT-PCR method showed greater sensitivity and reliability in the detection of walnut traces in commercial foodstuffs compared with ELISA assays., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Deep RNA-Seq profiling, a revolutionary method used for quantifying transcriptional levels, often includes non-specific transcripts from other co-existing organisms in spite of stringent protocols. Using the recently published walnut genome sequence as a filter, we present a broad analysis of the RNA-Seq derived transcriptome profiles obtained from twenty different tissues to extract the biodiversity and possible plant-microbe interactions in the walnut ecosystem in California. Since the residual nature of the transcripts being analyzed does not provide sufficient information to identify the exact strain, inferences made are constrained to the genus level. The presence of the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora was detected in the root through the presence of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cryptococcus, the causal agent of cryptococcosis, was found in the catkins and vegetative buds, corroborating previous work indicating that the plant surface supported the sexual cycle of this human pathogen. The RNA-Seq profile revealed several species of the endophytic nitrogen fixing Actinobacteria. Another bacterial species implicated in aerobic biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (Methylibium petroleiphilum) is also found in the root. RNA encoding proteins from the pea aphid were found in the leaves and vegetative buds, while a serine protease from mosquito with significant homology to a female reproductive tract protease from Drosophila mojavensis in the vegetative bud suggests egg-laying activities. The comprehensive analysis of RNA-seq data present also unraveled detailed, tissue-specific information of ~400 transcripts encoded by the largest family of resistance (R) genes (NBS-LRR), which possibly rationalizes the resistance of the specific walnut plant to the pathogens detected. Thus, we elucidate the biodiversity and possible plant-microbe interactions in several walnut (Juglans regia) tissues in California using deep RNA-Seq profiling.

The aim of the study was to determine the explanatory factors of the willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for consuming local Castilla walnut versus the imported one in the region of “Sierra Nevada”, state of Puebla. Data were gathered from 216 questionnaires administered to consumers in three cities: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula and Atlixco. To explain the WTP, an econometric probit model with multiple intervals was estimated. A WTP a premium of 10 % for the attribute “local” was found. The explanatory variables were the price paid (PRECIO), safety of the product (INOCUIDAD) and gastronomic identity (IDENTIDAD).

The aim of the study was to determine the explanatory factors of the willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for consuming local Castilla walnut versus the imported one in the region of “Sierra Nevada”, state of Puebla. Data were gathered from 216 questionnaires administered to consumers in three cities: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula and Atlixco. To explain the WTP, an econometric probit model with multiple intervals was estimated. A WTP a premium of 10 % for the attribute “local” was found. The explanatory variables were the price paid (PRECIO), safety of the product (INOCUIDAD) and gastronomic identity (IDENTIDAD).

Deep RNA-Seq profiling, a revolutionary method used for quantifying transcriptional levels, often includes non-specific transcripts from other co-existing organisms in spite of stringent protocols. Using the recently published walnut genome sequence as a filter, we present a broad analysis of the RNA-Seq derived transcriptome profiles obtained from twenty different tissues to extract the biodiversity and possible plant-microbe interactions in the walnut ecosystem in California. Since the residual nature of the transcripts being analyzed does not provide sufficient information to identify the exact strain, inferences made are constrained to the genus level. The presence of the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora was detected in the root through the presence of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cryptococcus, the causal agent of cryptococcosis, was found in the catkins and vegetative buds, corroborating previous work indicating that the plant surface supported the sexual cycle of this human pathogen. The RNA-Seq profile revealed several species of the endophytic nitrogen fixing Actinobacteria. Another bacterial species implicated in aerobic biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (Methylibium petroleiphilum) is also found in the root. RNA encoding proteins from the pea aphid were found in the leaves and vegetative buds, while a serine protease from mosquito with significant homology to a female reproductive tract protease from Drosophila mojavensis in the vegetative bud suggests egg-laying activities. The comprehensive analysis of RNA-seq data present also unraveled detailed, tissue-specific information of ~400 transcripts encoded by the largest family of resistance (R) genes (NBS-LRR), which possibly rationalizes the resistance of the specific walnut plant to the pathogens detected. Thus, we elucidate the biodiversity and possible plant-microbe interactions in several walnut (Juglans regia) tissues in California using deep RNA-Seq profiling.

The aim of the study was to determine the explanatory factors of the willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for consuming local Castilla walnut versus the imported one in the region of “Sierra Nevada”, state of Puebla. Data were gathered from 216 questionnaires administered to consumers in three cities: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula and Atlixco. To explain the WTP, an econometric probit model with multiple intervals was estimated. A WTP a premium of 10 % for the attribute “local” was found. The explanatory variables were the price paid (PRECIO), safety of the product (INOCUIDAD) and gastronomic identity (IDENTIDAD).

[EN] The aim of the study was to determine the explanatory factors of the willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for consuming local Castilla walnut versus the imported one in the region of “Sierra Nevada”, state of Puebla. Data were gathered from 216 questionnaires administered to consumers in three cities: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula and Atlixco. To explain the WTP, an econometric probit model with multiple intervals was estimated. A WTP a premium of 10 % for the attribute “local” was found. The explanatory variables were the price paid (PRECIO), safety of the product (INOCUIDAD) and gastronomic identity (IDENTIDAD)., [ES] El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores explicativos de la disposición a pagar (DAP) un sobreprecio por consumir nuez de Castilla local versus importada, en la región Sierra Nevada de Puebla. Los datos se obtuvieron de 216 cuestionarios aplicados a consumidores, en tres ciudades del estado: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula y Atlixco. Para explicar la DAP se estimó un modelo economé-trico probit de intervalos múltiples. Se determinó que existe DAP un sobreprecio de 10 % por el atributo “local”. Las variables explicativas fueron el precio pagado (PRECIO), la inocuidad del producto (INO-CUIDAD) y la identidad gastronómica (IDENTIDAD)

[EN] The aim of the study was to determine the explanatory factors of the willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for consuming local Castilla walnut versus the imported one in the region of “Sierra Nevada”, state of Puebla. Data were gathered from 216 questionnaires administered to consumers in three cities: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula and Atlixco. To explain the WTP, an econometric probit model with multiple intervals was estimated. A WTP a premium of 10 % for the attribute “local” was found. The explanatory variables were the price paid (PRECIO), safety of the product (INOCUIDAD) and gastronomic identity (IDENTIDAD)., [ES] El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores explicativos de la disposición a pagar (DAP) un sobreprecio por consumir nuez de Castilla local versus importada, en la región Sierra Nevada de Puebla. Los datos se obtuvieron de 216 cuestionarios aplicados a consumidores, en tres ciudades del estado: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula y Atlixco. Para explicar la DAP se estimó un modelo economé-trico probit de intervalos múltiples. Se determinó que existe DAP un sobreprecio de 10 % por el atributo “local”. Las variables explicativas fueron el precio pagado (PRECIO), la inocuidad del producto (INO-CUIDAD) y la identidad gastronómica (IDENTIDAD)

[EN] The aim of the study was to determine the explanatory factors of the willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for consuming local Castilla walnut versus the imported one in the region of “Sierra Nevada”, state of Puebla. Data were gathered from 216 questionnaires administered to consumers in three cities: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula and Atlixco. To explain the WTP, an econometric probit model with multiple intervals was estimated. A WTP a premium of 10 % for the attribute “local” was found. The explanatory variables were the price paid (PRECIO), safety of the product (INOCUIDAD) and gastronomic identity (IDENTIDAD)., [ES] El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores explicativos de la disposición a pagar (DAP) un sobreprecio por consumir nuez de Castilla local versus importada, en la región Sierra Nevada de Puebla. Los datos se obtuvieron de 216 cuestionarios aplicados a consumidores, en tres ciudades del estado: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula y Atlixco. Para explicar la DAP se estimó un modelo economé-trico probit de intervalos múltiples. Se determinó que existe DAP un sobreprecio de 10 % por el atributo “local”. Las variables explicativas fueron el precio pagado (PRECIO), la inocuidad del producto (INO-CUIDAD) y la identidad gastronómica (IDENTIDAD)

A quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method, employing novel primer sets designed on Jug r 1, Jug r 3, and Jug r 4 allergen-coding sequences, was set up and validated. Its specificity, sensitivity, and applicability were evaluated. The DNA extraction method based on CTAB-phenol-chloroform was best for walnut. RT-PCR allowed a specific and accurate amplification of allergen sequence, and the limit of detection was 2.5 pg of walnut DNA. The method sensitivity and robustness were confirmed with spiked samples, and Jug r 3 primers detected up to 100 mg/kg of raw walnut (LOD 0.01%, LOQ 0.05%). Thermal treatment combined with pressure (autoclaving) reduced yield and amplification (integrity and quality) of walnut DNA. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) did not produce any effect on the walnut DNA amplification. This RT-PCR method showed greater sensitivity and reliability in the detection of walnut traces in commercial foodstuffs compared with ELISA assays. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The aim of the study was to determine the explanatory factors of the willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for consuming local Castilla walnut versus the imported one in the region of “Sierra Nevada”, state of Puebla. Data were gathered from 216 questionnaires administered to consumers in three cities: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula and Atlixco. To explain the WTP, an econometric probit model with multiple intervals was estimated. A WTP a premium of 10 % for the attribute “local” was found. The explanatory variables were the price paid (PRECIO), safety of the product (INOCUIDAD) and gastronomic identity (IDENTIDAD).

[EN] The aim of the study was to determine the explanatory factors of the willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for consuming local Castilla walnut versus the imported one in the region of “Sierra Nevada”, state of Puebla. Data were gathered from 216 questionnaires administered to consumers in three cities: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula and Atlixco. To explain the WTP, an econometric probit model with multiple intervals was estimated. A WTP a premium of 10 % for the attribute “local” was found. The explanatory variables were the price paid (PRECIO), safety of the product (INOCUIDAD) and gastronomic identity (IDENTIDAD)., [ES] El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores explicativos de la disposición a pagar (DAP) un sobreprecio por consumir nuez de Castilla local versus importada, en la región Sierra Nevada de Puebla. Los datos se obtuvieron de 216 cuestionarios aplicados a consumidores, en tres ciudades del estado: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula y Atlixco. Para explicar la DAP se estimó un modelo economé-trico probit de intervalos múltiples. Se determinó que existe DAP un sobreprecio de 10 % por el atributo “local”. Las variables explicativas fueron el precio pagado (PRECIO), la inocuidad del producto (INO-CUIDAD) y la identidad gastronómica (IDENTIDAD)

[EN] The aim of the study was to determine the explanatory factors of the willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for consuming local Castilla walnut versus the imported one in the region of “Sierra Nevada”, state of Puebla. Data were gathered from 216 questionnaires administered to consumers in three cities: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula and Atlixco. To explain the WTP, an econometric probit model with multiple intervals was estimated. A WTP a premium of 10 % for the attribute “local” was found. The explanatory variables were the price paid (PRECIO), safety of the product (INOCUIDAD) and gastronomic identity (IDENTIDAD)., [ES] El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores explicativos de la disposición a pagar (DAP) un sobreprecio por consumir nuez de Castilla local versus importada, en la región Sierra Nevada de Puebla. Los datos se obtuvieron de 216 cuestionarios aplicados a consumidores, en tres ciudades del estado: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula y Atlixco. Para explicar la DAP se estimó un modelo economé-trico probit de intervalos múltiples. Se determinó que existe DAP un sobreprecio de 10 % por el atributo “local”. Las variables explicativas fueron el precio pagado (PRECIO), la inocuidad del producto (INO-CUIDAD) y la identidad gastronómica (IDENTIDAD)

[EN] The aim of the study was to determine the explanatory factors of the willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for consuming local Castilla walnut versus the imported one in the region of “Sierra Nevada”, state of Puebla. Data were gathered from 216 questionnaires administered to consumers in three cities: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula and Atlixco. To explain the WTP, an econometric probit model with multiple intervals was estimated. A WTP a premium of 10 % for the attribute “local” was found. The explanatory variables were the price paid (PRECIO), safety of the product (INOCUIDAD) and gastronomic identity (IDENTIDAD)., [ES] El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores explicativos de la disposición a pagar (DAP) un sobreprecio por consumir nuez de Castilla local versus importada, en la región Sierra Nevada de Puebla. Los datos se obtuvieron de 216 cuestionarios aplicados a consumidores, en tres ciudades del estado: Puebla capital, San Pedro Cholula y Atlixco. Para explicar la DAP se estimó un modelo economé-trico probit de intervalos múltiples. Se determinó que existe DAP un sobreprecio de 10 % por el atributo “local”. Las variables explicativas fueron el precio pagado (PRECIO), la inocuidad del producto (INO-CUIDAD) y la identidad gastronómica (IDENTIDAD)

Afgelopen jaar is de stabiliteit van twee monumentale okkernoten aan de rand van het dorp Linschoten in de provincie Utrecht nader onderzocht. De twee okkernoten zijn particulier eigendom en staan op een boerenerf. Ze staan vermeld in het Landelijk Register van Monumentale Bomen van de Bomenstichting en tevens op de lijst van waardevolle bomen van de gemeente Montfoort. De bomen zijn waarschijnlijk aangeplant in de 17e eeuw en kunnen daarmee even oud zijn als de boerderij; vermoedelijk behoren ze tot de oudste bomen in de provincie Utrecht. De exacte leeftijd valt echter niet meer aan te tonen, omdat het kernhout in de stam van beide bomen grotendeels vergaan is, waarbij grote holtes ontstaan zijn tot in de gesteltakken.

Een nieuwe schimmelziekte die walnootbomen aantast, is in 2013 in Italië aangetroffen op twee verschillende soorten walnootbomen. De schimmelziekte staat bekend als de (vrij vertaald) duizendkankerziekte. De ziekte wordt veroorzaakt door een schimmel die verspreid wordt door bastkevers. De verspreiding gebeurt op dezelfde wijze als bij de iepziekte.

Wanneer een gemeente begrippen in haar bestemmingsplannen onvoldoende toelicht, mag de rechter aansluiten bij wat in het algemene taalgebruik gangbaar is. In de volgende zaak viel de taalkundige uitleg van de gemeente over het bestemmingsplan goed uit voor de gemeente. De provincie Limburg besluit om op het 118 hectare grote landgoed Amstenrade in Brunssum op een perceel van 4 hectare driehonderd walnoten (Juglans) aan te planten. In drie rijen van elk honderd bomen zullen die, samen met een aan te planten haag, dienen als deel van een natuurcompensatiegebied voor de zogenaamde ‘Buitenring Parkstad Limburg’, een grote ringweg rondom het gebied van Brunssum, Heerlen en Kerkrade. De inrichting van het landgoed vindt plaats in het kader van de Natuurschoonwet. De eigenaresse, gravin de Marchant et d’Ansembourg, werkt graag mee. Door de aanplant van de flinke walnotenboomgaard moet het landgoed een mooi wandelgebied worden.

Walnotenexpert Piet van ’t Westeinde (75) van Kwekerij Westhof is op uitnodiging van enkele Chinese walnotencoöperaties en Agriterra van 15 april tot 6 mei in China geweest. De reis ging naar de Provincie Yunnan en is gestart en geëindigd in de provinciehoofdstad Kunming. Voor vakblad Boom in Business noteerde de Zeeuwse walnotenkweker zijn opgedane ervaringen.

Dit artikel beschrijft de bloei, vermeerdering, rassen, aanplant, snoei en ziektes en plagen van walnotenbomen.

Gallic acid (GA), a key intermediate in the synthesis of plant hydrolysable tannins, is also a primary anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective agent found in wine, tea, and cocoa. In this publication, we reveal the identity of a gene and encoded protein essential for GA synthesis. Although it has long been recognized that plants, bacteria, and fungi synthesize and accumulate GA, the pathway leading to its synthesis was largely unknown. Here we provide evidence that shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH), a shikimate pathway enzyme essential for aromatic amino acid synthesis, is also required for GA production. Escherichia coli (E. coli) aroE mutants lacking a functional SDH can be complemented with the plant enzyme such that they grew on media lacking aromatic amino acids and produced GA in vitro. Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum lines expressing a Juglans regia SDH exhibited a 500% increase in GA accumulation. The J. regia and E. coli SDH was purified via overexpression in E. coli and used to measure substrate and cofactor kinetics, following reduction of NADP(+) to NADPH. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (RP-LC/ESI-MS) was used to quantify and validate GA production through dehydrogenation of 3-dehydroshikimate (3-DHS) by purified E. coli and J. regia SDH when shikimic acid (SA) or 3-DHS were used as substrates and NADP(+) as cofactor. Finally, we show that purified E. coli and J. regia SDH produced GA in vitro.

Gallic acid (GA), a key intermediate in the synthesis of plant hydrolysable tannins, is also a primary anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective agent found in wine, tea, and cocoa. In this publication, we reveal the identity of a gene and encoded protein essential for GA synthesis. Although it has long been recognized that plants, bacteria, and fungi synthesize and accumulate GA, the pathway leading to its synthesis was largely unknown. Here we provide evidence that shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH), a shikimate pathway enzyme essential for aromatic amino acid synthesis, is also required for GA production. Escherichia coli (E. coli) aroE mutants lacking a functional SDH can be complemented with the plant enzyme such that they grew on media lacking aromatic amino acids and produced GA in vitro. Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum lines expressing a Juglans regia SDH exhibited a 500% increase in GA accumulation. The J. regia and E. coli SDH was purified via overexpression in E. coli and used to measure substrate and cofactor kinetics, following reduction of NADP(+) to NADPH. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (RP-LC/ESI-MS) was used to quantify and validate GA production through dehydrogenation of 3-dehydroshikimate (3-DHS) by purified E. coli and J. regia SDH when shikimic acid (SA) or 3-DHS were used as substrates and NADP(+) as cofactor. Finally, we show that purified E. coli and J. regia SDH produced GA in vitro.

Bij een artikel over de Juglans-familie past een interview met een kwekerij die zich specialiseert in walnoten. Je komt dan al snel uit bij kwekerij Westhof in ’s-Heer Abtskerke in Zuid-Beveland. Jaarlijks veredelt kwekerij Westhof met eigen handen tegen de 8000 noten. Maar in de toekomst willen ze doorgroeien naar 15.000 stuks.

Background and aims Analysis of the variability of organogenesis and extension (two basic processes of primary growth) is needed to improve our understanding of architectural plasticity in trees. An example of such plasticity is the difference in size between fully grown shoots found at different positions on the tree. The contribution of preformation processes to these differences was explored by determining the intraspecific variability of shoot preformation of main stems of understorey saplings of Juglans regia. Methodology In 2007, two samples of annual shoots that differentiated in 2006 were taken from saplings growing in a Mediterranean mixed forest in the south of France. At the first sampling, the terminal winter bud of each parent shoot was dissected and the nodes of these buds were counted. For the second sampling, annual shoot growth was measured after the 2008 growing season. The percentage of light transmitted through the understorey was determined by hemispherical photographs. Principal results The effect of plant development (ontogeny) on the number of preformed leaves and the annual shoot extension was strong. Light availability also contributed to explaining differences in the length of annual shoots. The impact of light on the number of preformed leaves was minimal. Conclusions Ontogeny (onset of branching) and reduced irradiance both affected leaf preformation in buds of annual shoots, with ontogeny being the more influential. The results suggest that the shoot preformation did not contribute to the plasticity of morphology of annual shoots. Light availability was more influential and promoted annual shoot extension.

Background and aims Analysis of the variability of organogenesis and extension (two basic processes of primary growth) is needed to improve our understanding of architectural plasticity in trees. An example of such plasticity is the difference in size between fully grown shoots found at different positions on the tree. The contribution of preformation processes to these differences was explored by determining the intraspecific variability of shoot preformation of main stems of understorey saplings of Juglans regia. Methodology In 2007, two samples of annual shoots that differentiated in 2006 were taken from saplings growing in a Mediterranean mixed forest in the south of France. At the first sampling, the terminal winter bud of each parent shoot was dissected and the nodes of these buds were counted. For the second sampling, annual shoot growth was measured after the 2008 growing season. The percentage of light transmitted through the understorey was determined by hemispherical photographs. Principal results The effect of plant development (ontogeny) on the number of preformed leaves and the annual shoot extension was strong. Light availability also contributed to explaining differences in the length of annual shoots. The impact of light on the number of preformed leaves was minimal. Conclusions Ontogeny (onset of branching) and reduced irradiance both affected leaf preformation in buds of annual shoots, with ontogeny being the more influential. The results suggest that the shoot preformation did not contribute to the plasticity of morphology of annual shoots. Light availability was more influential and promoted annual shoot extension.

Fruits from three walnut cultivars were picked in three terms with the aim to determine the optimal harvesting time of green walnut fruits for the improvement fruit brandies. Quantity of juglone and its antioxidant activity was determined in the picked fruits. Juglone quantity was the highest in fruits weighing between 4.5 g and 6.5 g (harvesting time around June 1), and varied from 209.60 mg up to 735.00 mg in the cultivar Sheinovo, from 388.50 mg up to 418.60 mg in the cultivar Geisenheim 139 and from 325.50 mg up to 499.40 mg in the cultivar Geisenheim 251, in a sample of 100 fruits. In this phase, walnut fruits had the highest antioxidant activity, too. ., Tehnikom visokoefikasne tečne hromatografije određivan je sadržaj juglona (5-hidroxi-1,4-naftohinona) u uzorcima mladog oraha različitih sorti i različite zrelosti berbi 2005. i 2006. godine. Pored toga određena je anatioksidativna aktivnost metanolnih ekstrakata uzoraka plodova. Koncentracije juglona se nalaze u opsegu 0,03-0,24 % za berbu 2005. i 0,03-0,08 % za berbu 2006. Svi uzorci su pokazali značajnu antioksidativnu aktivnost. .