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Mitra dalam program kemitraan masyarakat ini adalah pemilih pemula pada Desa Batetangnga, Kecamatan Binuang, Kabupaten Polewali Mandar. Masalah yang dialami adalah 1). Kurang pahamnya masyarakat secara komprehensif tentang etika dalam bersosial media dalam dinamika kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, 2). Kurangnya kemampuan dalam mengidentifikasi informasi yang ada di dunia maya terkait Hoax, Hate Speech dan Negative Campaign, 3). Kurangnya pengetahuan terkait kewajiban akan peran dalam mencegah penyebaran berita bohong dan ujaran kebencian yang kerap terjadi dimasyarakat. Solusi yang ditawarkan dari permasalahan mitra adalah melaksanakan kegiatan workshop Pelatihan Literasi Media Sosial Bagi Pemilih Pemula Tentang Hoax, Hate Speech Dan Negative Campaign Menghadapi Tahun Politik 2024 Di Desa Batetangnga, Kec. Binuang, Kab. Polewali Mandar yang terdiri dari tiga kegiatan yakni memberikan Edukasi Dimensi dan Ruang Lingkup Hoax, Hate Speech dan Negative Campaign, mendemonstrasikan implementasi Peraturan Perundang-undangan terkait Hoax, Hate Speech dan Negative Campaign, serta Strategi Pemilih Pemula dalam Menghadapi Hoax, Hate Speech, dan Negative Campaign serta Perannya dalam Mencegah Penyebaran Hoax, Hate Speech, dan Negative Campaign Melalui Literasi Digital. Metode yang digunakan dalam program kemitraan masyarakat ini adalah ceramah, demonstrasi/ilustrasi, tanya jawab, diskusi dan pendampingan. Hasil yang diharapkan dapat dicapai adalah 1). Peserta memahami dimensi dan ruang lingkup Hoax, Hate Speech dan Negative Campaign, 2). Peserta mampu mendemonstrasikan implementasi Peraturan Perundang-undangan terkait Hoax, Hate Speech dan Negative Campaign, 3). Peserta mampu membuat strategi dalam menghadapi Hoax, Hate Speech, dan Negative Campaign serta mengambil peran dalam mencegah penyebaran Hoax, Hate Speech, dan Negative Campaign melalui Literasi Digital.

Mitra dalam program kemitraan masyarakat ini adalah pemilih pemula pada Desa Batetangnga, Kecamatan Binuang, Kabupaten Polewali Mandar. Masalah yang dialami adalah 1). Kurang pahamnya masyarakat secara komprehensif tentang etika dalam bersosial media dalam dinamika kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, 2). Kurangnya kemampuan dalam mengidentifikasi informasi yang ada di dunia maya terkait Hoax, Hate Speech dan Negative Campaign, 3). Kurangnya pengetahuan terkait kewajiban akan peran dalam mencegah penyebaran berita bohong dan ujaran kebencian yang kerap terjadi dimasyarakat. Solusi yang ditawarkan dari permasalahan mitra adalah melaksanakan kegiatan workshop Pelatihan Literasi Media Sosial Bagi Pemilih Pemula Tentang Hoax, Hate Speech Dan Negative Campaign Menghadapi Tahun Politik 2024 Di Desa Batetangnga, Kec. Binuang, Kab. Polewali Mandar yang terdiri dari tiga kegiatan yakni memberikan Edukasi Dimensi dan Ruang Lingkup Hoax, Hate Speech dan Negative Campaign, mendemonstrasikan implementasi Peraturan Perundang-undangan terkait Hoax, Hate Speech dan Negative Campaign, serta Strategi Pemilih Pemula dalam Menghadapi Hoax, Hate Speech, dan Negative Campaign serta Perannya dalam Mencegah Penyebaran Hoax, Hate Speech, dan Negative Campaign Melalui Literasi Digital. Metode yang digunakan dalam program kemitraan masyarakat ini adalah ceramah, demonstrasi/ilustrasi, tanya jawab, diskusi dan pendampingan. Hasil yang diharapkan dapat dicapai adalah 1). Peserta memahami dimensi dan ruang lingkup Hoax, Hate Speech dan Negative Campaign, 2). Peserta mampu mendemonstrasikan implementasi Peraturan Perundang-undangan terkait Hoax, Hate Speech dan Negative Campaign, 3). Peserta mampu membuat strategi dalam menghadapi Hoax, Hate Speech, dan Negative Campaign serta mengambil peran dalam mencegah penyebaran Hoax, Hate Speech, dan Negative Campaign melalui Literasi Digital.

The development of information currently circulating requires sorting and selecting actions for all information obtained to prevent hoax information. One of the people who must play a role is parents by providing an understanding of the importance of media literacy. This research aims to find out 1) the methods used by parents in supervising their children's use of gadgets and social media, and 2) the role of parents in carrying out media literacy in children so that they can minimize the negative impact usage of gadgets and social media. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews with three informants who already have children in their teens, and each owns a cellular phone. The analysis uses interpersonal communication theory by DeVito, He highlights the importance of effective communication in relationship development, emphasizing that it occurs within specific cultural, social, and environmental contexts. The results were processed by reducing the data, presenting the data, and verifying the data. The research results found that parents' actions towards children in monitoring the use of cellphones and social media are not an act of distrust towards children, but rather an effort to provide literacy to children about the impact of incorrect information.

La crisis sanitaria del COVID-19 generó una situación de inestabilidad política que coincidió con un aumento de las fake news y los bulos. Teniendo en cuenta que las estrategias de comunicación basadas en la desinformación aparecen como una característica distintiva del manejo de las crisis globales. El trabajo propone dos objetivos, constatar si hay alguna evidencia de fake news y bulos durante la gestión gubernamental del COVID-19; y explicar las posibles motivaciones que existían detrás de este uso deliberado. Posteriormente, hemos intentado clarificar como articulaban dichos bulos y noticias falsas como elementos de una estrategia comunicativa., The COVID-19 health crisis generated a situation of political instability that coincided with an increase in fake news and hoaxes. Considering that communication strategies based on misinformation appear as a distinctive feature in the management of global crises, this work proposes two objectives: to ascertain if there is any evidence of fake news and hoaxes during the government's handling of COVID-19, and to explain the possible motivations behind this deliberate use. Subsequently, we have attempted to clarify how these hoaxes and false news were articulated as elements of a communicative strategy.

The coronavirus pandemic has been a turning point in healthand communication research. Scientific work in this field has been rushed since the beginning of 2020, so it is important to know the previous situation in which the research was. This paper focuses on existing studies up to 2019 that relate health and any of its fields to misinformation.We carried out a systematised bibliographic review of 171 articles collected in various scientific databases, the central theme of which was misinformation and health up to the end of 2019. Through the exhaustive analysisof different variables, this article aims to establish the starting point of research on hoaxes and health before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.Research on health and misinformation maintained a clear upward trend between 2014 and 2019. Different epidemic diseases such as Ebola or the Zika virus are the most frequent in the articles analysed. However, the most relevant result of our analysis is the attention devoted to vaccine related misinformation.Despite the interdisciplinary nature of the subject, it has been the field of Health the mainly responsible for researching it, so, it is clear that there is a need for greater attention from the area of Communication to research this phenomenon., La pandemia del coronavirus ha supuesto un punto de inflexión en la investigación sobre salud y comunicación. Los trabajos científicos en este campo se han precipitado desde principio de 2020, por lo que es importante conocer la situación previa en la que se encontraba la investigación. El presente trabajo se enfoca en los estudios existentes hasta el año 2019 que relacionen la salud y cualquiera de sus ámbitos con la desinformación. Llevamos a cabo una revisión bibliográfica sistematizada de 171 artículos recogidos en diversas bases de datos científicas, cuyo tema central fuese desinformación y salud hasta finales del año 2019. Mediante el análisis exhaustivo de diferentes variables, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo establecer el punto de partida en el que se encontraba la investigación sobre bulos y salud antes del inicio de la pandemia del COVID-19. La investigación sobre salud y desinformación mantuvo entre los años 2014 y 2019 una clara tendencia al alta. Diferentes enfermedades epidémicas como el Ébola o el virus del Zika son las más frecuentes en los artículos analizados. No obstante, el resultado más relevante de nuestro análisis es la atención dedicada a la desinformación relacionada con las vacunas. A pesar de la naturaleza interdisciplinar del tema, ha sido el ámbito de la Salud el que se ha encargado mayoritariamente de investigar sobre el mismo, por lo que, en definitiva, resulta evidente la necesidad de mayor atención por parte del área de la Comunicación a la investigación de este fenómeno

The article examines the methods of V.V. Nabokov's literary game and the mechanisms of their formation, organizing the linguistic, figurative and plot-motive world of his metatexts; the nature of V.V. Nabokov's literary game as a way of demonstrating creative freedom and exclusivity of his work.

The coronavirus pandemic has been a turning point in healthand communication research. Scientific work in this field has been rushed since the beginning of 2020, so it is important to know the previous situation in which the research was. This paper focuses on existing studies up to 2019 that relate health and any of its fields to misinformation.We carried out a systematised bibliographic review of 171 articles collected in various scientific databases, the central theme of which was misinformation and health up to the end of 2019. Through the exhaustive analysisof different variables, this article aims to establish the starting point of research on hoaxes and health before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.Research on health and misinformation maintained a clear upward trend between 2014 and 2019. Different epidemic diseases such as Ebola or the Zika virus are the most frequent in the articles analysed. However, the most relevant result of our analysis is the attention devoted to vaccine related misinformation.Despite the interdisciplinary nature of the subject, it has been the field of Health the mainly responsible for researching it, so, it is clear that there is a need for greater attention from the area of Communication to research this phenomenon., La pandemia del coronavirus ha supuesto un punto de inflexión en la investigación sobre salud y comunicación. Los trabajos científicos en este campo se han precipitado desde principio de 2020, por lo que es importante conocer la situación previa en la que se encontraba la investigación. El presente trabajo se enfoca en los estudios existentes hasta el año 2019 que relacionen la salud y cualquiera de sus ámbitos con la desinformación. Llevamos a cabo una revisión bibliográfica sistematizada de 171 artículos recogidos en diversas bases de datos científicas, cuyo tema central fuese desinformación y salud hasta finales del año 2019. Mediante el análisis exhaustivo de diferentes variables, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo establecer el punto de partida en el que se encontraba la investigación sobre bulos y salud antes del inicio de la pandemia del COVID-19. La investigación sobre salud y desinformación mantuvo entre los años 2014 y 2019 una clara tendencia al alta. Diferentes enfermedades epidémicas como el Ébola o el virus del Zika son las más frecuentes en los artículos analizados. No obstante, el resultado más relevante de nuestro análisis es la atención dedicada a la desinformación relacionada con las vacunas. A pesar de la naturaleza interdisciplinar del tema, ha sido el ámbito de la Salud el que se ha encargado mayoritariamente de investigar sobre el mismo, por lo que, en definitiva, resulta evidente la necesidad de mayor atención por parte del área de la Comunicación a la investigación de este fenómeno

A previous paper in this journal by Shell and Gardner assessed various factors around the exploration of the Mississippi River by bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas Müller and Henle, 1839) based on two twentieth-century occurrences. Recent evidence has suggested one of these occurrences is a probable hoax. Here, we provide a correction to our earlier paper, as well as additional comments on extralimital euryhaline vertebrates in the Mississippi River system, the environmental and historical contexts for their exploration into riverine systems, and suggest steps for any future effort to detect the usage of these river systems by bull sharks., En un artículo anterior de Shell y Gardner en esta revista, se evaluaron varios factores en torno a la exploración del Río Mississippi por parte de los tiburones toro (Carcharhinus leucas Müller y Henle, 1839) basados en dos sucesos del siglo XX. La evidencia reciente sugiere que una de estas ocurrencias es un probable engaño. Brindamos aquí una corrección a nuestro artículo anterior, así como comentarios adicionales sobre los vertebrados eurihalinos extralimitantes en el sistema del Río Mississippi, los contextos ambientales e históricos para su exploración en los sistemas fluviales, y sugerimos los pasos para cualquier esfuerzo futuro en detectar el uso de estos sistemas fluviales por los tiburones toro.

The increasingly massive rate of information dissemination in cyberspace has had several negative impacts, one of which is the increased vulnerability to the spread of hoaxes. Hoax has seven classifications. Classification problems such as hoax classification can be automated using the application of the Deep Learning model. Bidirectional Temporal Convolutional Network (Bi-TCN) is a type of Deep Learning architectural model that is very suitable for text classification cases. Because the architecture uses dilation factors in its feature extraction so it can generate exceptionally large receptive fields and is supported by Bidirectional aggregation to ensure that the model can learn long-term dependencies without storing duplicate context information. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of Bi-TCN architecture combined with pre-trained FastText embedding model for hoax classification in Indonesian and implement the resulting model on website. Based on the research that has been done, the model with Bi-TCN architecture has satisfactory performance with an accuracy score of 92.98% and a loss value that can be reduced to 0.191. Out of a total of 13,673 data tested with this model, only 414 data or in other words around 3% of the total data were incorrect predictions.

Desmontando la “plandemia” es un falso documental sobre los negacionistas del coronavirus en España. El presente texto describe el proceso creativo de un cortometraje documental en formato fake que conforma el Trabajo Fin de Grado de carácter profesional. La historia narrada en Desmontando la “plandemia” mezcla realidad y ficción para convencer al espectador de la veracidad de sus discursos a través de noticias reales. Los tres protagonistas, Pablo Fernández, Victoria Martínez y Julia Medina, exponen los principales bulos y teorías de la conspiración que se difundieron durante la pandemia. Finalmente, sus argumentaciones se solaparán con la explicación de dos expertos reales, Astrid Wagner y Alexandre López-Borrull, que hablarán sobre el contexto general que ha provocado la proliferación de este grupo, las técnicas de manipulación que emplean en sus mensajes. Con esta contraposición de verdad y mentira se pretende desmentir el argumentario negacionista para poner fin a la desinformación. También se pretende despertar la mirada crítica del espectador y establecer una referencia para empezar a cuestionar otros argumentos de la conspiración., Dismantling "plandemia" is a mockumentary about coronavirus denialists in Spain. This text describes the creative process of a short documentary film in fake format that is part of the professional Final Degree Project. The story told in Desmontando la "plandemia" mixes reality and fiction to convince the viewer of the veracity of their discourses through real news. The three characters, Pablo Fernández, Victoria Martínez and Julia Medina, expose the main hoaxes and conspiracy theories that were spread during the pandemic. Finally, their arguments will overlap with the explanation of two real experts, Astrid Wagner and Alexandre López-Borrull, who will talk about the general context that has led to the proliferation of this group, the manipulation techniques they use in their messages. The aim of this contrast between truth and lies is to disprove the denialist argument in order to stop the disinformation. It also aims to awaken the viewer's critical eye and establish a reference to begin to question other conspiracy arguments., Grado en Periodismo

The proliferation of thematic messages in the digital ecosystem and the multiplication of new health communication media are clear examples of the emergence of an expanding health journalism. This paper aims to explain the necessary incorporation of mechanisms to fight disinformation based on the case study of #SaludSinBulos. As a matter of fact one of the most significant initiatives launched by multidisciplinary teams made up of health and communication professionals, to combat health hoaxes among others. Moreover, it examines the most recent public awareness campaigns spearheaded by #SaludSinBulos such as the monologue contest #VacunasSinBulos on the TikTok application or #SaludInfantilsinBulos for millennial parents., La proliferación de mensajes temáticos en el ecosistema digital y la multiplicación de nuevos soportes comunicativos sanitarios son claros ejemplos de la emergencia de un periodismo sanitario en expansión. Este trabajo persigue mostrar la necesaria incorporación de mecanismos para luchar contra la desinformación a partir del estudio de casos de #SaludSinBulos como una de las iniciativas más significativas puesta en marcha por equipos multidisciplinares formados por sanitarios y profesionales de la comunicación, entre otros, para combatir los bulos en salud. Al mismo tiempo, se examinan las campañas de concienciación ciudadana más recientes lideradas por #SaludSinBulos como son el concurso de monólogos #VacunasSinBulos en la aplicación TikTok o #SaludInfantilsinBulos para padres millennials.

Desmontando la “plandemia” es un falso documental sobre los negacionistas del coronavirus en España. El presente texto describe el proceso creativo de un cortometraje documental en formato fake que conforma el Trabajo Fin de Grado de carácter profesional. La historia narrada en Desmontando la “plandemia” mezcla realidad y ficción para convencer al espectador de la veracidad de sus discursos a través de noticias reales. Los tres protagonistas, Pablo Fernández, Victoria Martínez y Julia Medina, exponen los principales bulos y teorías de la conspiración que se difundieron durante la pandemia. Finalmente, sus argumentaciones se solaparán con la explicación de dos expertos reales, Astrid Wagner y Alexandre López-Borrull, que hablarán sobre el contexto general que ha provocado la proliferación de este grupo, las técnicas de manipulación que emplean en sus mensajes. Con esta contraposición de verdad y mentira se pretende desmentir el argumentario negacionista para poner fin a la desinformación. También se pretende despertar la mirada crítica del espectador y establecer una referencia para empezar a cuestionar otros argumentos de la conspiración., Dismantling "plandemia" is a mockumentary about coronavirus denialists in Spain. This text describes the creative process of a short documentary film in fake format that is part of the professional Final Degree Project. The story told in Desmontando la "plandemia" mixes reality and fiction to convince the viewer of the veracity of their discourses through real news. The three characters, Pablo Fernández, Victoria Martínez and Julia Medina, expose the main hoaxes and conspiracy theories that were spread during the pandemic. Finally, their arguments will overlap with the explanation of two real experts, Astrid Wagner and Alexandre López-Borrull, who will talk about the general context that has led to the proliferation of this group, the manipulation techniques they use in their messages. The aim of this contrast between truth and lies is to disprove the denialist argument in order to stop the disinformation. It also aims to awaken the viewer's critical eye and establish a reference to begin to question other conspiracy arguments., Grado en Periodismo

Desmontando la “plandemia” es un falso documental sobre los negacionistas del coronavirus en España. El presente texto describe el proceso creativo de un cortometraje documental en formato fake que conforma el Trabajo Fin de Grado de carácter profesional. La historia narrada en Desmontando la “plandemia” mezcla realidad y ficción para convencer al espectador de la veracidad de sus discursos a través de noticias reales. Los tres protagonistas, Pablo Fernández, Victoria Martínez y Julia Medina, exponen los principales bulos y teorías de la conspiración que se difundieron durante la pandemia. Finalmente, sus argumentaciones se solaparán con la explicación de dos expertos reales, Astrid Wagner y Alexandre López-Borrull, que hablarán sobre el contexto general que ha provocado la proliferación de este grupo, las técnicas de manipulación que emplean en sus mensajes. Con esta contraposición de verdad y mentira se pretende desmentir el argumentario negacionista para poner fin a la desinformación. También se pretende despertar la mirada crítica del espectador y establecer una referencia para empezar a cuestionar otros argumentos de la conspiración., Dismantling "plandemia" is a mockumentary about coronavirus denialists in Spain. This text describes the creative process of a short documentary film in fake format that is part of the professional Final Degree Project. The story told in Desmontando la "plandemia" mixes reality and fiction to convince the viewer of the veracity of their discourses through real news. The three characters, Pablo Fernández, Victoria Martínez and Julia Medina, expose the main hoaxes and conspiracy theories that were spread during the pandemic. Finally, their arguments will overlap with the explanation of two real experts, Astrid Wagner and Alexandre López-Borrull, who will talk about the general context that has led to the proliferation of this group, the manipulation techniques they use in their messages. The aim of this contrast between truth and lies is to disprove the denialist argument in order to stop the disinformation. It also aims to awaken the viewer's critical eye and establish a reference to begin to question other conspiracy arguments., Grado en Periodismo

Masifnya informasi atau berita di media maya seperti dua sisi mata uang berbeda. Satu sisi, mahasiswa di Bengkulu mudah memperoleh informasi atau berita. Namun, disisi lain, mereka dapat terjebak pada sistem berita tidak layak. Berita tidak layak tidak hanya muncul dari media sosial, tetapi juga media arus utama. Terlebih, saat ini telah memasuki tahun politik. Bias informasi dari sebagian berita berpeluang terjadi. Maka, perlu kader atau duta literasi media yang berkomitmen memberikan pendidikan media kepada masing-masing komunitas atau kelompok di berbagai elemen masyarakat di Bengkulu. Jenis penelitian ini ialah CBR (Community Based Research) dengan metode ABCD (Asset Based Community-driven Development). Melalui metode ini, penulis berupaya menggali potensi terbaik dari perwakilan representatif, kredibel, dan relevan dengan literasi media dan diseminasi berita layak Islami. Mahasiswa representatif dihimpun dari orang terpilih di Program Studi Komunikasi dan Penyiaran Islam di tiga kampus, yakni: UIN FAS Bengkulu, IAIN Curup, dan Universitas Muhammadiyah Bengkulu. Mahasiswa memperdalam pemahamannya tentang perbedaan kerja jurnalistik dengan produk diluar kerja jurnalistik, media berita dan jurnalisme warga, perbedaan misinformasi-disinformasi-berita palsu, konsep dasar jurnalistik Islami berdasarkan prinsip fikih jurnalistik dan etika komunikasi Islam.

Esta investigación analiza tipos, temáticas, fuentes de difusión y desmentidos de los bulos locales, registrados en la provincia de Alicante entre febrero y noviembre de 2020. Se propone una metodología mixta que combina la detección y clasificación de los bulos locales y su interpretación cuantitativa con el análisis cualitativo. Los bulos fueron difundidos mediante mensajería instantánea y redes sociales y, puntualmente, por fuentes oficiales. Contrariamente a la idea de que los bulos locales son rumores sin fundamento, las conclusiones demuestran su consistencia y capacidad para extrapolar al ámbito local otros bulos, incluso suplantando fuentes fiables. Los desmentidos suelen ser competentes al producirse tempranamente, aunque a menudo por cauces distintos al original. No obstante, existe una limitación metodológica inherente a la identificación de bulos: no sabemos cuántos bulos quedan sin desmentir, algo que resalta la importancia de la implantación de sistemas de fact checking locales., This research analyses the type, theme, source of dissemination and debunking of local fake news, specifically it categorizes, registered in the province of Alicante from February to November 2020. A mixed methodology is proposed that combines the detection and classification of local hoaxes and their quantitative interpretation with their qualitative analysis. Most hoaxes were disseminated through messaging app and social networks and an official source. Contrary to the idea that local hoaxes are unsubstantiated rumours, the conclusions point to their consistency to extrapolate to the local sphere other hoaxes, sometimes even supplanting a reliable source. Debunking are usually competent when occurring early, although often hoaxes were debunked through different channels. However, a methodological limitation inherent in this study is the identification of hoaxes by denials: we do not know how many hoaxes remain undeniably which highlights the importance of the implementation of local fact checking systems.

Práce reaguje na stav českého mediálního prostoru, který je často plný dezinformací. Strukturu práce tvoří teoretická a empirická část. Část teoretická je zaměřena obecně na problematiku fake news, hoaxů či propagandy v souvislosti s médii. Dále se věnuje i mediální výchově ve formálním vzdělávání nebo portálům, které odhalují lživé informace. Empirická část je založena na výzkumu, který vychází z dotazníkového šetření. Studie zkoumá mediální vzdělanost české dospělé populace. Cílem je zjistit, zda respondenti dokáží rozeznat fake news nebo hoax a podle jakých faktorů usuzují pravdivost zpráv. Dále se zabývám vlivem pohlaví či věku na důvěru k médiím., This is in response to the situation of the Czech media space, which is often full of fake news. The structure of these forms a theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part is generally focused on the issues of fake news, hoaxes or propaganda in connection with the media. The theoretical part of the thesis characterises media education in formal education or portals that uncover false information. The empirical part is based on sources via the use of a public survey. The Survey analyses the education of the Czech adult population. The aim of the thesis is to conclude on whether the respondents can recognize fake news or hoaxes, and to be able to judge the reliability of the news.The empirical part describes the influence of gender or age on trust of the Czech adult population in the media., Fakulta filozofická, Studentka přistoupila k obhajobě bakalářské práce řádně připravena. Představila téma bakalářské práce i cíl výzkumu. Reagovala na otázky členů komise a dotazy z posudků. Prokázala orientaci v dané problematice., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The proliferation of thematic messages in the digital ecosystem and the multiplication of new health communication media are clear examples of the emergence of an expanding health journalism. This paper aims to explain the necessary incorporation of mechanisms to fight disinformation based on the case study of #SaludSinBulos. As a matter of fact one of the most significant initiatives launched by multidisciplinary teams made up of health and communication professionals, to combat health hoaxes among others. Moreover, it examines the most recent public awareness campaigns spearheaded by #SaludSinBulos such as the monologue contest #VacunasSinBulos on the TikTok application or #SaludInfantilsinBulos for millennial parents., La proliferación de mensajes temáticos en el ecosistema digital y la multiplicación de nuevos soportes comunicativos sanitarios son claros ejemplos de la emergencia de un periodismo sanitario en expansión. Este trabajo persigue mostrar la necesaria incorporación de mecanismos para luchar contra la desinformación a partir del estudio de casos de #SaludSinBulos como una de las iniciativas más significativas puesta en marcha por equipos multidisciplinares formados por sanitarios y profesionales de la comunicación, entre otros, para combatir los bulos en salud. Al mismo tiempo, se examinan las campañas de concienciación ciudadana más recientes lideradas por #SaludSinBulos como son el concurso de monólogos #VacunasSinBulos en la aplicación TikTok o #SaludInfantilsinBulos para padres millennials.

During this pandemic, the spreading of hoaxes related to COVID-19 with provocative titles is out of control. Youth organizations as a forum for youth to develop themselves, grow awareness and social responsibility from, for, and by youths were expected to overcome social problems faced by taking an active role in increasing public awareness and vigilance, primarily related to the COVID-19 hoax. Therefore, through this empowerment activity, Desa Bunga-Bunga youth organizations as active internet consumers were expected to increase their ability to think critically in filtering and interpreting information received from the internet and educate others to minimize the existence of hoax-related to COVID-19 in the community. The method of this activity was lecture and discussion of effective communication, hoax, and COVID-19. The participants’ knowledge was assessed by pre-test and post-test. The participants’ understanding of hoax and COVID-19 increased while the communication topic decreased. In conclusion, the participants could sort out hoaxes related to COVID-19.

This research analyses the type, theme, source of dissemination and debunking of local fake news, specifically it catego-rizes, registered in the province of Ali-cante from February to November 2020. A mixed methodology is proposed that combines the detection and classification of local hoaxes and their quantitative in-terpretation with their qualitative analysis. Most hoaxes were disseminated through messaging app and social networks and an official source. Contrary to the idea that local hoaxes are unsubstantiated rumours, the conclusions point to their consisten-cy to extrapolate to the local sphere oth-er hoaxes, sometimes even supplanting a reliable source. Debunking are usually competent when occurring early, although often hoaxes were debunked through different channels. However, a methodological limitation inherent in this study is the identification of hoaxes by denials: we do not know how many hoaxes remain undeniably which high-lights the importance of the implementation of local fact checking systems, Esta investigación analiza tipos, temáticas, fuentes de difusión y desmentidos de los bu-los locales, registrados en la provincia de Ali-cante entre febrero y noviembre de 2020. Se propone una metodología mixta que combi-na la detección y clasificación de los bulos locales y su interpretación cuantitativa con el análisis cualitativo. La muestra se compone de los 2 bulos detectados que fueron difun-didos en redes sociales y, puntualmente, por fuentes oficiales. Contrariamente a la idea de que los bulos locales son rumores sin funda-mento, las conclusiones demuestran su con-sistencia y capacidad para extrapolar al ám-bito local otros bulos, incluso suplantando fuentes fiables. Los desmentidos suelen ser competentes al producirse tempranamente, aunque a menudo por cauces distintos al original. No obstante, existe una limitación metodológica inherente a la identificación de bulos: no sabemos cuántos bulos quedan sin desmentir, algo que resalta la importancia de la implantación de sistemas de fact checking locales.

During this pandemic, the spreading of hoaxes related to COVID-19 with provocative titles is out of control. Youth organizations as a forum for youth to develop themselves, grow awareness and social responsibility from, for, and by youths were expected to overcome social problems faced by taking an active role in increasing public awareness and vigilance, primarily related to the COVID-19 hoax. Therefore, through this empowerment activity, Desa Bunga-Bunga youth organizations as active internet consumers were expected to increase their ability to think critically in filtering and interpreting information received from the internet and educate others to minimize the existence of hoax-related to COVID-19 in the community. The method of this activity was lecture and discussion of effective communication, hoax, and COVID-19. The participants’ knowledge was assessed by pre-test and post-test. The participants’ understanding of hoax and COVID-19 increased while the communication topic decreased. In conclusion, the participants could sort out hoaxes related to COVID-19.

The purpose of this study was to find out whether there was the significant relationship between digital media literacy and students' perception of hoax. This research uses descriptive correlation methods with surveys as data collection. Respondents in this study were students of diploma, undergraduate, and graduate from 18 study programs at the Faculty of Letters, Universitas Negeri Malang. This study uses surveys conducted online using the Google Form website. The data were then analyzed by using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation in SPSS software. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of digital media literacy and the perception of hoaxes, and it was in the moderate correlation. Based on the review of related literature, moderate correlation was occur due to several factors such as biased thinking, easily provoked age group, and difficulties in finding accurate media agencies.

In the midst of the COVID19 pandemic situation, hoax news emerged that made people panic and make wrong decisions. The emergence of this hoax is because many people are not literate with information, so they trust all the information entered. People also do not have the social awareness to filter the information they get. This study aims to describe the level of literacy of the digital community towards COVID19 information measured on the internet. The research method used is a descriptive type with a survey method. The research location was in East Java, with a total of 500 respondents consisting of several segmentations of people who actively use the internet as a source of information. The results of this study indicate that the digital literacy level for COVID19 information is good with an average value of 3.69. Of the five dimensions of digital literacy that are used as the highest measuring tool of the very high ethical awareness dimension, the second position is the media evaluation dimension, the third is a media production, the fourth is media access, and the fifth is media awareness.

Hoax in social media is increasingly flooding all types of social media. The ease with which people consume and produce information on social media provides freedom for citizens to express themselves and their attitudes regardless of whether the information is true or a hoax. ironically, this phenomenon is also affecting academics who are highly educated and work as lecturers. This article attempts to explore the digital literacy competencies of lecturers in Indonesia by taking samples of lecturers in two big cities, namely Medan and Bandung. The research was conducted using a digital ethnographic method that allows the author to be directly involved with the current affairs that are happening in Medan and in Bandung. There are 5 principles of digital ethnography: multiplicity, non-digital-centric-ness, openness, reflexivity, and unorthodox. The results showed that even though they work as lecturers, it does not mean that they are free from distorting information on social media because not all of them have good digital literacy competencies. Lecturers who come from across generations also greatly influence their level of digital literacy. So that critical, democratic, and constructive thinking is expected to always be born from the mindset in society at all levels, from the lower level to the upper level.

Introducción: El desorden informativo generado por la Covid-19 dibuja un escenario estratégico para la difusión de la falacia y la propaganda política. Las redes sociales, en modo eco-chamber, reproducen el discurso gubernamental de la confusión y la mentira y favorecen un clima de desinformación, desestabilizador de las democracias. En paralelo, los públicos digitales se instalan como prosumidores del bulo político en Twitter y se atisba una tendencia de los medios a combatir las fake news. Metodología: El objetivo principal es conocer qué marcas de desinformación identifican el mensaje del líder, qué papel juegan las audiencias en la producción y difusión de lo falso y qué procesos de verificación desarrollan las agencias de fact-checking (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact y PolitiFact) y los medios (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian y The New York Times) en una situación de máximo riesgo. Sobre una muestra compuesta por tweets publicados por los presidentes de gobierno (n= 272), noticias relacionadas con la Covid-19 (n1=4.543) y bulos detectados en Twitter (n1=200) diseñamos una metodología de análisis de contenido cuantitativo-cualitativo y análisis crítico del discurso político. Se emplea el software SPSS de estadística aplicada. Resultados, discusión y conclusiones: Los resultados revelan el protagonismo de un lenguaje político falaz, que favorece la producción del bulo en la red y requiere la efectividad del sistema de fact-checking de agencias internacionales y medios de comunicación, para combatir lo falso, siempre, y más si cabe en momentos de una pandemia sanitaria sin precedentes., Introduction: The information disorder generated by Covid-19 paints a strategic scenario for the dissemination of the fallacy and political propaganda. Social networks, in eco-chamber mode, reproduce the government’s discourse of confusion and lie and favor a climate of destabilizing disinformation in democracies. In parallel, digital audiences are installed as prosumers of the political hoax on Twitter and a tendency of the media to combat fake news is seen. Methodology: The main objective is to know which disinformation brands identify the leader's message, what role audiences play in the production and dissemination of the false and what verification processes are carried out by fact-checking agencies (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact and PolitiFact) and the media (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian and The New York Times) in favor of the reliability of the public in a situation of maximum risk. On a sample composed of tweets published by the presidents of government (n = 272), news related to Covid-19 (n1 = 4,543) and hoaxes detected on Twitter (n1 = 200), we designed a methodology for quantitative-qualitative content analysis and critical analysis of political discourse. SPSS applied statistics software is used. Results, discussion and conclusions: The results reveal the prominence of a fallacious political language, which favors the production of hoaxes on the Internet and requires the effectiveness of the fact-checking system of international agencies and the media, to combat the false, always, and more if possible in moments of an unprecedented health pandemic.

Hoax management is a significant factor in maintaining government stability. Public Relations is necessary to respond and manage current developing issues, especially during the current era of information. Public satisfaction is dependant on how the government manages issues and ultimately increase public trust. This research employed the qualitative approach, i.e., case study research method, which describes researches carried out intensively in great detail and depth. The data were collected through unstructured observations, interviews, and documentation. This research investigated the Communication Excellence Theory proposed by Grunig and Hunt, which illustrate the symbolic processes of understanding human behaviour within an organisation. This research also studied how the concept of public relations strategies is implemented in solving the cases mentioned in this study. The results of the analysis found that, for the Presidential Staff Office, social media was essential in establishing an effective government public relations as well as to manage public issues.

Introducción: El desorden informativo generado por la Covid-19 dibuja un escenario estratégico para la difusión de la falacia y la propaganda política. Las redes sociales, en modo eco-chamber, reproducen el discurso gubernamental de la confusión y la mentira y favorecen un clima de desinformación, desestabilizador de las democracias. En paralelo, los públicos digitales se instalan como prosumidores del bulo político en Twitter y se atisba una tendencia de los medios a combatir las fake news. Metodología: El objetivo principal es conocer qué marcas de desinformación identifican el mensaje del líder, qué papel juegan las audiencias en la producción y difusión de lo falso y qué procesos de verificación desarrollan las agencias de fact-checking (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact y PolitiFact) y los medios (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian y The New York Times) en una situación de máximo riesgo. Sobre una muestra compuesta por tweets publicados por los presidentes de gobierno (n= 272), noticias relacionadas con la Covid-19 (n1=4.543) y bulos detectados en Twitter (n1=200) diseñamos una metodología de análisis de contenido cuantitativo-cualitativo y análisis crítico del discurso político. Se emplea el software SPSS de estadística aplicada. Resultados, discusión y conclusiones: Los resultados revelan el protagonismo de un lenguaje político falaz, que favorece la producción del bulo en la red y requiere la efectividad del sistema de fact-checking de agencias internacionales y medios de comunicación, para combatir lo falso, siempre, y más si cabe en momentos de una pandemia sanitaria sin precedentes., Introduction: The information disorder generated by Covid-19 paints a strategic scenario for the dissemination of the fallacy and political propaganda. Social networks, in eco-chamber mode, reproduce the government’s discourse of confusion and lie and favor a climate of destabilizing disinformation in democracies. In parallel, digital audiences are installed as prosumers of the political hoax on Twitter and a tendency of the media to combat fake news is seen. Methodology: The main objective is to know which disinformation brands identify the leader's message, what role audiences play in the production and dissemination of the false and what verification processes are carried out by fact-checking agencies (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact and PolitiFact) and the media (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian and The New York Times) in favor of the reliability of the public in a situation of maximum risk. On a sample composed of tweets published by the presidents of government (n = 272), news related to Covid-19 (n1 = 4,543) and hoaxes detected on Twitter (n1 = 200), we designed a methodology for quantitative-qualitative content analysis and critical analysis of political discourse. SPSS applied statistics software is used. Results, discussion and conclusions: The results reveal the prominence of a fallacious political language, which favors the production of hoaxes on the Internet and requires the effectiveness of the fact-checking system of international agencies and the media, to combat the false, always, and more if possible in moments of an unprecedented health pandemic.

This article explains about hoax trends written by online media journalists in South Sulawesi. The level of trend of political journalists writing hoaxes on online media in South Sulawesi is measured by five indicators, namely: aspects of confirmation bias, aspects of incorrect information, aspects of misleading information, aspects of incorrect connections, and aspects of satire. This research is a quantitative study that obtained data from 28 journalists working in a variety of different online media spread in South Sulawesi. Data collection techniques were carried out using checklist sheets and literature studies. The data obtained will be analyzed using frequency distribution, simple linear regression, and the SPSS program in order to refer to a conclusion. The results of this study indicate that the trend of online media political journalists in South Sulawesi is low. The low trend of confirmation bias, misinformation, misleading information, wrong connection and satire have implications for the results of the final accumulation, namely the trend of journalists writing lies in the low category. Political journalists in online media in South Sulawesi write news in a coherent manner with appropriate and capacity speakers in their fields. In other words, journalists do not write news by interpreting recent events as evidence of existing beliefs.

This article explains about hoax trends written by online media journalists in South Sulawesi. The level of trend of political journalists writing hoaxes on online media in South Sulawesi is measured by five indicators, namely: aspects of confirmation bias, aspects of incorrect information, aspects of misleading information, aspects of incorrect connections, and aspects of satire. This research is a quantitative study that obtained data from 28 journalists working in a variety of different online media spread in South Sulawesi. Data collection techniques were carried out using checklist sheets and literature studies. The data obtained will be analyzed using frequency distribution, simple linear regression, and the SPSS program in order to refer to a conclusion. The results of this study indicate that the trend of online media political journalists in South Sulawesi is low. The low trend of confirmation bias, misinformation, misleading information, wrong connection and satire have implications for the results of the final accumulation, namely the trend of journalists writing lies in the low category. Political journalists in online media in South Sulawesi write news in a coherent manner with appropriate and capacity speakers in their fields. In other words, journalists do not write news by interpreting recent events as evidence of existing beliefs.

Introducción: El desorden informativo generado por la Covid-19 dibuja un escenario estratégico para la difusión de la falacia y la propaganda política. Las redes sociales, en modo eco-chamber, reproducen el discurso gubernamental de la confusión y la mentira y favorecen un clima de desinformación, desestabilizador de las democracias. En paralelo, los públicos digitales se instalan como prosumidores del bulo político en Twitter y se atisba una tendencia de los medios a combatir las fake news. Metodología: El objetivo principal es conocer qué marcas de desinformación identifican el mensaje del líder, qué papel juegan las audiencias en la producción y difusión de lo falso y qué procesos de verificación desarrollan las agencias de fact-checking (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact y PolitiFact) y los medios (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian y The New York Times) en una situación de máximo riesgo. Sobre una muestra compuesta por tweets publicados por los presidentes de gobierno (n= 272), noticias relacionadas con la Covid-19 (n1=4.543) y bulos detectados en Twitter (n1=200) diseñamos una metodología de análisis de contenido cuantitativo-cualitativo y análisis crítico del discurso político. Se emplea el software SPSS de estadística aplicada. Resultados, discusión y conclusiones: Los resultados revelan el protagonismo de un lenguaje político falaz, que favorece la producción del bulo en la red y requiere la efectividad del sistema de fact-checking de agencias internacionales y medios de comunicación, para combatir lo falso, siempre, y más si cabe en momentos de una pandemia sanitaria sin precedentes., Introduction: The information disorder generated by Covid-19 paints a strategic scenario for the dissemination of the fallacy and political propaganda. Social networks, in eco-chamber mode, reproduce the government’s discourse of confusion and lie and favor a climate of destabilizing disinformation in democracies. In parallel, digital audiences are installed as prosumers of the political hoax on Twitter and a tendency of the media to combat fake news is seen. Methodology: The main objective is to know which disinformation brands identify the leader's message, what role audiences play in the production and dissemination of the false and what verification processes are carried out by fact-checking agencies (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact and PolitiFact) and the media (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian and The New York Times) in favor of the reliability of the public in a situation of maximum risk. On a sample composed of tweets published by the presidents of government (n = 272), news related to Covid-19 (n1 = 4,543) and hoaxes detected on Twitter (n1 = 200), we designed a methodology for quantitative-qualitative content analysis and critical analysis of political discourse. SPSS applied statistics software is used. Results, discussion and conclusions: The results reveal the prominence of a fallacious political language, which favors the production of hoaxes on the Internet and requires the effectiveness of the fact-checking system of international agencies and the media, to combat the false, always, and more if possible in moments of an unprecedented health pandemic.

Introducción: El desorden informativo generado por la Covid-19 dibuja un escenario estratégico para la difusión de la falacia y la propaganda política. Las redes sociales, en modo eco-chamber, reproducen el discurso gubernamental de la confusión y la mentira y favorecen un clima de desinformación, desestabilizador de las democracias. En paralelo, los públicos digitales se instalan como prosumidores del bulo político en Twitter y se atisba una tendencia de los medios a combatir las fake news. Metodología: El objetivo principal es conocer qué marcas de desinformación identifican el mensaje del líder, qué papel juegan las audiencias en la producción y difusión de lo falso y qué procesos de verificación desarrollan las agencias de fact-checking (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact y PolitiFact) y los medios (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian y The New York Times) en una situación de máximo riesgo. Sobre una muestra compuesta por tweets publicados por los presidentes de gobierno (n= 272), noticias relacionadas con la Covid-19 (n1=4.543) y bulos detectados en Twitter (n1=200) diseñamos una metodología de análisis de contenido cuantitativo-cualitativo y análisis crítico del discurso político. Se emplea el software SPSS de estadística aplicada. Resultados, discusión y conclusiones: Los resultados revelan el protagonismo de un lenguaje político falaz, que favorece la producción del bulo en la red y requiere la efectividad del sistema de fact-checking de agencias internacionales y medios de comunicación, para combatir lo falso, siempre, y más si cabe en momentos de una pandemia sanitaria sin precedentes., Introduction: The information disorder generated by Covid-19 paints a strategic scenario for the dissemination of the fallacy and political propaganda. Social networks, in eco-chamber mode, reproduce the government’s discourse of confusion and lie and favor a climate of destabilizing disinformation in democracies. In parallel, digital audiences are installed as prosumers of the political hoax on Twitter and a tendency of the media to combat fake news is seen. Methodology: The main objective is to know which disinformation brands identify the leader's message, what role audiences play in the production and dissemination of the false and what verification processes are carried out by fact-checking agencies (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact and PolitiFact) and the media (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian and The New York Times) in favor of the reliability of the public in a situation of maximum risk. On a sample composed of tweets published by the presidents of government (n = 272), news related to Covid-19 (n1 = 4,543) and hoaxes detected on Twitter (n1 = 200), we designed a methodology for quantitative-qualitative content analysis and critical analysis of political discourse. SPSS applied statistics software is used. Results, discussion and conclusions: The results reveal the prominence of a fallacious political language, which favors the production of hoaxes on the Internet and requires the effectiveness of the fact-checking system of international agencies and the media, to combat the false, always, and more if possible in moments of an unprecedented health pandemic.

Introducción: El desorden informativo generado por la Covid-19 dibuja un escenario estratégico para la difusión de la falacia y la propaganda política. Las redes sociales, en modo eco-chamber, reproducen el discurso gubernamental de la confusión y la mentira y favorecen un clima de desinformación, desestabilizador de las democracias. En paralelo, los públicos digitales se instalan como prosumidores del bulo político en Twitter y se atisba una tendencia de los medios a combatir las fake news. Metodología: El objetivo principal es conocer qué marcas de desinformación identifican el mensaje del líder, qué papel juegan las audiencias en la producción y difusión de lo falso y qué procesos de verificación desarrollan las agencias de fact-checking (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact y PolitiFact) y los medios (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian y The New York Times) en una situación de máximo riesgo. Sobre una muestra compuesta por tweets publicados por los presidentes de gobierno (n= 272), noticias relacionadas con la Covid-19 (n1=4.543) y bulos detectados en Twitter (n1=200) diseñamos una metodología de análisis de contenido cuantitativo-cualitativo y análisis crítico del discurso político. Se emplea el software SPSS de estadística aplicada. Resultados, discusión y conclusiones: Los resultados revelan el protagonismo de un lenguaje político falaz, que favorece la producción del bulo en la red y requiere la efectividad del sistema de fact-checking de agencias internacionales y medios de comunicación, para combatir lo falso, siempre, y más si cabe en momentos de una pandemia sanitaria sin precedentes., Introduction: The information disorder generated by Covid-19 paints a strategic scenario for the dissemination of the fallacy and political propaganda. Social networks, in eco-chamber mode, reproduce the government’s discourse of confusion and lie and favor a climate of destabilizing disinformation in democracies. In parallel, digital audiences are installed as prosumers of the political hoax on Twitter and a tendency of the media to combat fake news is seen. Methodology: The main objective is to know which disinformation brands identify the leader's message, what role audiences play in the production and dissemination of the false and what verification processes are carried out by fact-checking agencies (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact and PolitiFact) and the media (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian and The New York Times) in favor of the reliability of the public in a situation of maximum risk. On a sample composed of tweets published by the presidents of government (n = 272), news related to Covid-19 (n1 = 4,543) and hoaxes detected on Twitter (n1 = 200), we designed a methodology for quantitative-qualitative content analysis and critical analysis of political discourse. SPSS applied statistics software is used. Results, discussion and conclusions: The results reveal the prominence of a fallacious political language, which favors the production of hoaxes on the Internet and requires the effectiveness of the fact-checking system of international agencies and the media, to combat the false, always, and more if possible in moments of an unprecedented health pandemic.

Introducción: El desorden informativo generado por la Covid-19 dibuja un escenario estratégico para la difusión de la falacia y la propaganda política. Las redes sociales, en modo eco-chamber, reproducen el discurso gubernamental de la confusión y la mentira y favorecen un clima de desinformación, desestabilizador de las democracias. En paralelo, los públicos digitales se instalan como prosumidores del bulo político en Twitter y se atisba una tendencia de los medios a combatir las fake news. Metodología: El objetivo principal es conocer qué marcas de desinformación identifican el mensaje del líder, qué papel juegan las audiencias en la producción y difusión de lo falso y qué procesos de verificación desarrollan las agencias de fact-checking (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact y PolitiFact) y los medios (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian y The New York Times) en una situación de máximo riesgo. Sobre una muestra compuesta por tweets publicados por los presidentes de gobierno (n= 272), noticias relacionadas con la Covid-19 (n1=4.543) y bulos detectados en Twitter (n1=200) diseñamos una metodología de análisis de contenido cuantitativo-cualitativo y análisis crítico del discurso político. Se emplea el software SPSS de estadística aplicada. Resultados, discusión y conclusiones: Los resultados revelan el protagonismo de un lenguaje político falaz, que favorece la producción del bulo en la red y requiere la efectividad del sistema de fact-checking de agencias internacionales y medios de comunicación, para combatir lo falso, siempre, y más si cabe en momentos de una pandemia sanitaria sin precedentes., Introduction: The information disorder generated by Covid-19 paints a strategic scenario for the dissemination of the fallacy and political propaganda. Social networks, in eco-chamber mode, reproduce the government’s discourse of confusion and lie and favor a climate of destabilizing disinformation in democracies. In parallel, digital audiences are installed as prosumers of the political hoax on Twitter and a tendency of the media to combat fake news is seen. Methodology: The main objective is to know which disinformation brands identify the leader's message, what role audiences play in the production and dissemination of the false and what verification processes are carried out by fact-checking agencies (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact and PolitiFact) and the media (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian and The New York Times) in favor of the reliability of the public in a situation of maximum risk. On a sample composed of tweets published by the presidents of government (n = 272), news related to Covid-19 (n1 = 4,543) and hoaxes detected on Twitter (n1 = 200), we designed a methodology for quantitative-qualitative content analysis and critical analysis of political discourse. SPSS applied statistics software is used. Results, discussion and conclusions: The results reveal the prominence of a fallacious political language, which favors the production of hoaxes on the Internet and requires the effectiveness of the fact-checking system of international agencies and the media, to combat the false, always, and more if possible in moments of an unprecedented health pandemic.

This research tries to reveal how Muslim teenagers' perceptions and interpretations of hoax news are often circulating in social media. The phenomenon of hoax spreads or false information gets a big moment when social media becomes very common on the internet. People become agents of hoax distribution because they believe in hoax content. Young teenagers are considered the most vulnerable affected by false or hoax news because the characteristics tend to be explorative, always curious, easily influenced, and tend to receive just the contents of the media. It may pose a latent danger and potentially divisive perceptions of society. This research uses Stimulus, Organism, and Response (SOR) theory through qualitative approaches. Data was collected through the FGD method, observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation by using purposive sampling. Meanwhile, to ensure the validity of the data, it is done with the triangulation of data and sources. The results revealed a relationship between understandings of the hoax with the rejection of hoax. It suggests that hoaxes as false news are designed to pose a threat to social life. The study concluded that people, especially Muslim youth, reexamine the truth of the information with "Tabayyun. It also increases digital literacy to be smart and critical in the media.   Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengungkap bagaimana persepsi dan interpretasi remaja muslim mengenai berita hoaks yang kerap beredar di media sosial Fenomena penyebaran hoaks atau berita bohong mendapat momen besar ketika media sosial menjadi sangat umum berkembang di zaman internet. Masyarakat menjadi agen penyebaran Hoaks karena percaya dengan konten hoaks. Kalangan remaja remaja dinilai paling rentan terpengaruh berita bohong atau hoaks karena karakteristiknya cenderung eksploratif, selalu ingin tahu, mudah terpengaruh dan cenderung menerima begitu saja isi media. Ini dapat menimbulkan bahaya laten dan beragam persepsi yang berpotensi memecah belah mas

Introduction: The information disorder generated by Covid-19 paints a strategic scenario for the dissemination of the fallacy and political propaganda. Social networks, in eco-chamber mode, reproduce the government’s discourse of confusion and lie and favor a climate of destabilizing disinformation in democracies. In parallel, digital audiences are installed as prosumers of the political hoax on Twitter and a tendency of the media to combat fake news is seen. Methodology: The main objective is to know which disinformation brands identify the leader's message, what role audiences play in the production and dissemination of the false and what verification processes are carried out by fact-checking agencies (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact and PolitiFact) and the media (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian and The New York Times) in favor of the reliability of the public in a situation of maximum risk. On a sample composed of tweets published by the presidents of government (n = 272), news related to Covid-19 (n1 = 4,543) and hoaxes detected on Twitter (n1 = 200), we designed a methodology for quantitative-qualitative content analysis and critical analysis of political discourse. SPSS applied statistics software is used. Results, discussion and conclusions: The results reveal the prominence of a fallacious political language, which favors the production of hoaxes on the Internet and requires the effectiveness of the fact-checking system of international agencies and the media, to combat the false, always, and more if possible in moments of an unprecedented health pandemic., Introducción: El desorden informativo generado por la Covid-19 dibuja un escenario estratégico para la difusión de la falacia y la propaganda política. Las redes sociales, en modo eco-chamber, reproducen el discurso gubernamental de la confusión y la mentira y favorecen un clima de desinformación, desestabilizador de las democracias. En paralelo, los públicos digitales se instalan como prosumidores del bulo político en Twitter y se atisba una tendencia de los medios a combatir las fake news. Metodología: El objetivo principal es conocer qué marcas de desinformación identifican el mensaje del líder, qué papel juegan las audiencias en la producción y difusión de lo falso y qué procesos de verificación desarrollan las agencias de fact-checking (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact y PolitiFact) y los medios (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian y The New York Times) en una situación de máximo riesgo. Sobre una muestra compuesta por tweets publicados por los presidentes de gobierno (n= 272), noticias relacionadas con la Covid-19 (n1=4.543) y bulos detectados en Twitter (n1=200) diseñamos una metodología de análisis de contenido cuantitativo-cualitativo y análisis crítico del discurso político. Se emplea el software SPSS de estadística aplicada. Resultados, discusión y conclusiones: Los resultados revelan el protagonismo de un lenguaje político falaz, que favorece la producción del bulo en la red y requiere la efectividad del sistema de fact-checking de agencias internacionales y medios de comunicación, para combatir lo falso, siempre, y más si cabe en momentos de una pandemia sanitaria sin precedentes.

Ignorance of COVID-19 increased the dissemination of information about the virus to users of social networks, without necessarily verifying it. Health personnel in Lima-Peru faced the reception of false information and hoaxes not only as citizens, but also as health professionals. Their participation during the pandemic was related to the dissemination, consumption and containment of fake news and hoaxes, but also to their learning of media and information literacy. In this scenario, a survey has been applied to analyze the participation of health personnel in Lima-Peru. It is a study with a quantitative approach, of non-experimental transversal design. Sixty health professionals participated voluntarily, including doctors, nurses and technicians, among others. 90% of the health professionals who were surveyed received false news through social networks. 94.9% said that they stopped sharing unreliable news without first checking. 53.3% consider that they are partially trained to determine if the information is true or false. 81.4% look for information in other media to verify if it is true. This research concludes that health professionals rely on their profession and knowledge rather than on social networks to detect false news; however, they are not fully trained to discard them. Furthermore, it indicates that information literacy of health care personnel is important to contribute in the fight against information disorders, El desconocimiento de la COVID-19 aumentó la difusión de información sobre el virus en los usuarios de redes sociales, sin que estas sean necesariamente verificadas. El personal sanitario en Lima-Perú se enfrentó a la recepción de información falsa y bulos no solo como ciudadanos, sino también como profesionales de la salud. Su participación durante la pandemia estuvo relacionada con la difusión, consumo y contención de fake news y bulos, pero también con su aprendizaje sobre la alfabetización mediática e informacional. En este escenario, se ha aplicado una encuesta para analizar la participación del personal sanitario en Lima-Perú. Se trata de un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental transversal. Participaron de manera voluntaria 60 profesionales de la salud, entre ellos, médicos, enfermeros, técnicos, entre otros. El 90% de los profesionales de la salud que fue encuestado recibió noticias falsas a través de las redes sociales. El 94,9 % manifestó que dejó de compartir noticias no confiables sin verificar previamente. El 53,3 % consideró que está parcialmente capacitado para determinar si la información es verdadera o falsa. El 81,4% busca información en otro medio para verificar si es verdadera. Esta investigación concluye que los profesionales de la salud confían en su profesión y conocimientos antes que en las redes sociales para detectar noticias falsas; sin embargo, no se encuentran totalmente capacitados para desecharlas. Además, indica que es importante la alfabetización informacional del personal sanitario para contribuir en el combate a los desórdenes informativos., A ignorância da COVID-19 aumentou a disseminação de informações sobre o vírus entre os usuários da rede social, sem necessariamente verificá-la. O pessoal de saúde em Lima-Peru enfrentou a recepção de informações falsas e embustes não apenas como cidadãos, mas também como profissionais de saúde. Sua participação durante a pandemia estava relacionada à disseminação, consumo e contenção de notícias falsas e embustes, mas também ao seu aprendizado sobre a alfabetização da mídia e da informação. Neste cenário, foi aplicada uma pesquisa para analisar a participação dos trabalhadores da saúde em LimaPeru. É um estudo com uma abordagem quantitativa, de projeto transversal não experimental. Sessenta profissionais de saúde participaram voluntariamente, incluindo médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos, entre outros. Noventa por cento dos profissionais de saúde que foram pesquisados receberam notícias falsas através das redes sociais. 94,9% declararam que deixaram de compartilhar notícias não confiáveis sem verificação prévia. 53,3% consideraram que eles foram parcialmente treinados para determinar se as informações eram verdadeiras ou falsas. 81,4% procuram informações em outros meios de comunicação para verificar se elas são verdadeiras. Esta pesquisa conclui que os profissionais de saúde confiam em sua profissão e conhecimento e não em redes sociais para detectar falsas notícias; no entanto, eles não estão totalmente treinados para descartá-las. Além disso, indica que a alfabetização informacional do pessoal de saúde é importante para contribuir no combate aos distúrbios de informação

Information disorder (satire or parody, false connections, misleading content, false context, imposter content, manipulated content or fabricated content) is a so-cial problem that is causing collective damages. Women, in particular, are becoming victims of hostilities on the digital scenario. This problem is currently known as “dig-ital sexism” and “gender disinformation”. In this context, verification journalism, a trendy format, aims to reduce the effects of hoaxes introducing the fact-checking process in its professional routines. However, this is still a minority task. In order to contribute to the study of the disinformation phenomenon in relation to online mes-sages about women, this research has developed a systematic tool to classify hoaxes that have been refuted by the platform Maldita.es, specifically, on its sections Maldi-to Feminismo (N=71). This tool, inspired by the taxonomies created by Derakhshan & Wardle (2017), Tandoc, Lim & Ling (2018) and Molina, Sundar, Le & Lee (2019), allows you to categorize fake news according to the type of information disorder, the agent, the message and the interpreter.The results of this study (internal validity) show that hoaxes detected by Maldito Feminismo are misleading content that expect to damage feminism (this is the main topic of fake news) and have a political purpose. These information disorders are displayed in text format and are mainly created and distributed on social networks. Moreover, although users collaborate and participate detecting and reporting hoaxes, the platform Maldito Feminismo identifies, locates and denounces most of the fake news., A desordem informativa (sátira ou paródia, conexão falsa, conteúdo enganoso, contexto falso, conteúdo impostor, conteúdo manipulado ou conteúdo fabricado) deve ser considerada um problema social enquanto os danos coletivos que provoca e que ameaçam à sociedade digital começam a ser descobertos. Particularmente, as mulheres são vítimas de hostilidades nos espaços de interação virtuais. Esse fenôme-no é conhecido como “sexismo digital” e “desinformação de gênero”.Neste cenário, o jornalismo de verificação (oufact checking journalism em in-glês), um formato que é tendência, tenta paliar os efeitos das calúnias ou difama-ções a introduzir nas rotinas profissionais a prática de desmascarar essas calúnias. Contudo ainda é um trabalho pouco expandido. Para contribuir ao estudo do fenôme-no da desinformação em relação com as mensagens que circulam na Internet sobre as mulheres, esta investigação propõe uma ferramenta de classificação sistemática das calúnias desmascaradas pela Maldita.es na seção Maldito Feminismo (N=71).Os resultados deste estudo revelam que as calúnias detectadas pela seção Maldito Feminismo são notícias falsas de conteúdo enganoso. Esses conteúdos têm a intenção de prejudicar ao feminismo (este é o assunto principal da maior parte das calúnias analisadas) com um propósito político. Essas desordens informativas são criadas e distribuídas principalmente pelas redes sociais na forma de texto. Embora os usuários colaboram e participam na detecção e denúncia dessas calúnias, é a plataforma Maldito Feminismo à que frequentemente identifica, localiza e desmascara a maior parte das notícias falsas., El desorden informativo (sátira o parodia, conexión falsa, contenido engañoso, contexto falso, contenido impostor, contenido manipulado o contenido fabricado) es un problema social que empieza a demostrar sus daños colectivos. De forma particu-lar, las mujeres están siendo víctimas de hostilidades en el escenario digital, lo que se conoce como “sexismo digital” y “desinformación de género”. En este contexto, el periodismo de verificación, un formato tendencia y aún minoritario, trata de paliar los efectos de los bulos introduciendo, entre sus rutinas profesionales, el desmentido de esos contenidos. Para contribuir al estudio del fenómeno de la desinformación, en relación con los mensajes que circulan en Internet sobre las mujeres, esta investiga-ción propone una herramienta de clasificación sistemática de los bulos desmentidos por el medio Maldita.es en su sección Maldito Feminismo (N=71). Esta herramienta, inspirada en las taxonomías de Derakhshan & Wardle (2017), Tandoc, Lim & Ling (2018) y Molina, Sundar, Le & Lee (2019), permite clasificar las noticias falsas se-gún el tipo de desorden informativo, el agente, el mensaje y el intérprete. Los resultados de este estudio (que tienen una validez interna) revelan que los bulos detectados por Maldito Feminismo son noticias falsas de contenido engañoso, que buscan dañar el feminismo (ya que este es el tema principal de la mayoría de bulos analizados) y tienen un propósito político. Estos desórdenes informativos se crean y distribuyen, principalmente, a través de las redes sociales en formato texto. Normalmente, es la propia plataforma -Maldito Feminismo- quien identifica, localiza y delata la mayoría de noticias falsas.

We currently live amid the rapid development of communication systems and the media's tightness, which makes everyone aware of any information conveyed. The coverage of lies or hoaxes is the focus of attention, especially in online media. Hoax is information that is engineered to cover up real information. Based on the Community Service Team's interviews and observations with partners, PCA members and administrators are acting as consumers of mass media, especially TV and internet media, namely WA, as daily information media. In its management activities, media literacy has never been carried out, even though media literacy needs an empowered and information literate society. Thus, Community Service will be carried out through this community service activity in the form of Empowerment of Aisyiyah Ngampilan Branches through Healthy Media Literacy. The method carried out by the community service team is workshops related to the importance of media literacy in dealing with hoaxes; media literacy assistance in dealing with hoaxes; digital-based "Tabayun on information to be smart as a media literate person"; making a guide book for Healthy Media Literacy; Smart As Media literate individuals face hoaxes"; providing facilities for the Aisyiyah Ngampilan Branch office that can be used to support management activities of the Aisyiyah Ngampilan Yogyakarta Branch. This Muhammadiyah-based community service is the increased ability of the board and members, especially related to healthy media literacy in dealing with hoaxes.

We currently live amid the rapid development of communication systems and the media's tightness, which makes everyone aware of any information conveyed. The coverage of lies or hoaxes is the focus of attention, especially in online media. Hoax is information that is engineered to cover up real information. Based on the Community Service Team's interviews and observations with partners, PCA members and administrators are acting as consumers of mass media, especially TV and internet media, namely WA, as daily information media. In its management activities, media literacy has never been carried out, even though media literacy needs an empowered and information literate society. Thus, Community Service will be carried out through this community service activity in the form of Empowerment of Aisyiyah Ngampilan Branches through Healthy Media Literacy. The method carried out by the community service team is workshops related to the importance of media literacy in dealing with hoaxes; media literacy assistance in dealing with hoaxes; digital-based "Tabayun on information to be smart as a media literate person"; making a guide book for Healthy Media Literacy; Smart As Media literate individuals face hoaxes"; providing facilities for the Aisyiyah Ngampilan Branch office that can be used to support management activities of the Aisyiyah Ngampilan Yogyakarta Branch. This Muhammadiyah-based community service is the increased ability of the board and members, especially related to healthy media literacy in dealing with hoaxes.

This research analyses and describes in detail how the digital biennale activities that are a part of the Indonesian Digital art community has become a form of criticism and silent resistance to the social hegemony. It refers to the ideology, norms, rules, and myths that exist in modern society in Indonesia, especially the reproduction of hoax content. Hoax refers to the logic people who live in a world of cyber media with all of its social implications. This phenomenon is a problem, and it is at the heart of the exploration of the art community in East Java Biennale. The critical social theory perspective of Gramsci’s theory forms the basis of this research analysis. The qualitative research approach used a digital ethnomethodology research method focused on the online and offline social movements in the Biennale Art Community. The data collection techniques used were observation and non-active participation in the process of reproduction-related to the exhibition of Indonesian Biennale digital artworks. It was then analyzed using Gramsci’s hegemony theory. The purpose of this study was to describe the process of social movements in a digital format conducted by the Indonesian Biennale when reproducing works of art to counteract the dominance and hegemony of the Hoax phenomenon in Indonesia. The benefit of this research was that it obtained a preposition of Gramsci’s hegemony theory in the world of digital art as created by contemporary Indonesian Biennale artists. Digital technology has had a tremendous effect on the media industry, government, trade, informal industry sector, human resources, urban planning, services, disaster relief, health, education, religion, artistic and cultural expression, in addition to various other fields. The conclusion obtained from this research is that there is a formation of a new hegemony, a digital hegemony. This new hegemony is of particular concern for the digital artists in East Java Biennale. Through the digital format works

This research analyses and describes in detail how the digital biennale activities that are a part of the Indonesian Digital art community has become a form of criticism and silent resistance to the social hegemony. It refers to the ideology, norms, rules, and myths that exist in modern society in Indonesia, especially the reproduction of hoax content. Hoax refers to the logic people who live in a world of cyber media with all of its social implications. This phenomenon is a problem, and it is at the heart of the exploration of the art community in East Java Biennale. The critical social theory perspective of Gramsci's theory forms the basis of this research analysis. The qualitative research approach used a digital ethnomethodology research method focused on the online and offline social movements in the Biennale Art Community. The data collection techniques used were observation and non-active participation in the process of reproduction-related to the exhibition of Indonesian Biennale digital artworks. It was then analyzed using Gramsci's hegemony theory. The purpose of this study was to describe the process of social movements in a digital format conducted by the Indonesian Biennale when reproducing works of art to counteract the dominance and hegemony of the Hoax phenomenon in Indonesia. The benefit of this research was that it obtained a preposition of Gramsci's hegemony theory in the world of digital art as created by contemporary Indonesian Biennale artists. Digital technology has had a tremendous effect on the media industry, government, trade, informal industry sector, human resources, urban planning, services, disaster relief, health, education, religion, artistic and cultural expression, in addition to various other fields. The conclusion obtained from this research is that there is a formation of a new hegemony, a digital hegemony. This new hegemony is of particular concern for the digital artists in East Java Biennale. Through the digital format works

This research aims to assess library science students’ method at Universitas Indonesia in countering hoax on social media. As future professional librarians, Universitas Indonesia Library Science Programme students should have the ability and skill to counter hoax, especially on social media. In addition, this research is the best practice illustrating the importance of information literacy teaching especially in the era where a lot of hoax circulating on social media. Result of this research shows that Universitas Indonesia Library Science students as many as 61.2% apply instruction or tips to tackle hoax on social media, the rest 37.9% students sometimes apply instruction or tips to tackle hoax. There are 84.5% students who already had reliable news websites and their reaction when receiving news is they click the link to read it all (79.3%). The interesting part is there is no student who responds in expression, shares it again or even comments before reading the whole news. This shows that students have already had the ability to identify information before they share it through social media. Then information literacy teaching in the curriculum of Universitas Indonesia Library Science Programme should be designed to teach students how to evaluate information and understand information critically.

Berita hangat yang selalu ditunggu-tunggu masyarakat adalah berita yang menyangkut pilpres dan dengan segala isu yang disajikan oleh penulisnya. Berita yang dihadirkan  ke hadapan pembaca apakah berita hoax atau bukan, mereka tidak peduli yang penting berita tersebut memuat memuat masing-masing calon. Pembaca sukar membedakan mana berita yang sungguh berita yang mengandung kebenaran dan mana yang tidak. Kedua pendukung calon saling menghujat dan menjelek-jelekan jagoan mereka. Pendukung yang cerdas dapat menyaring dan memisahkan mana berita yang mengandung hoax, mana yang tidak. Bagi mereka yang tidak bisa membedakan berita hoax, mereka melepaskan diri merka dari kesantunan berbahasa sehingga yang terlihat dengan jelas adalah emosional yang meletup-letup. Nilai-nilai etika sudah sudah tercabik-cabik sehingga tujuan berbahsa sudah terkesampingkan, yaitu sebagai alat pemersatubangsa. Kehadiran hoax sudah menjadikan momok yang menakutkan bagi penutur bahasa. Namun, bagi sebagian masyarakat produsen hoax merupakan ladang pemasukan. Hoax dan hate speech merupakan suatu gejala kebahasaan yang dapat terjadi kapan saja dan di mana saja. Fenomena seperti ini biasanya terjadi dalam waktu yang tidak panjang, biasanya setelah usai sutu peristiwa maka hilang pula hoax dan hate pseech itu.

Main subject/topic: This work deals with rumour as a message which undergoes a metamorphic process in its content and form and which produces atypical effects on the Internet. It is worth highlighting the relevance of this type of message in the digital environment, as well as the importance of the effects which rumours produce in today’s knowledge-driven society. Logical development of the subject: Firstly, the «rumour», the «hoax» and the «fake news» are defined, before exposing this phenomenon through an interdisciplinary approach. Secondly, the author expands the content of this unusual communication process from the point of view of Communication Theory. The focus is put on verbal metamorphosis this type of message experiences as well as on «disturbing» effects that it has on the individual and on the digital society. Finally, there are concrete examples of reactions from the Internet which these types of «perverse» but seductive messages provoke. The author’s point of view and contributions: Author’s main contributions are the redefinition of the rumour in the digital society and the analysis of two significant cases of combative reactions to hoaxes and rumours on the Internet in Spain: Auntocontrol and SaludSinBulos. Implications and conclusions: The relevance of this article for the academic and social sphere is demonstrated by the confirmation that certain institutions are identifying rumours and hoaxes on the Internet and are developing atypical strategies to neutralize the content of these messages. The conclusions derived have more to do with the process of spontaneous communication of rumour, taking into account each of its elements, as well as the functions exercised by this type of messages affected by prejudice and testimonials. The author concludes the work with some other problems that should be debated within the scientific community, Tema principal: Este trabajo aborda el rumor como mensaje que sufre un proceso metamórfico en su contenido y en su forma, y que está produciendo efectos atípicos en lnternet. Cabe destacar la relevancia de este tipo de mensajes en el entorno digital, así como la trascendencia de los efectos que estos producen en la actual sociedad del conocimiento. Desarrollo lógico del tema: Respecto a cómo se desarrolla este tema a lo largo del documento, en primer lugar, se definen el «rumor», el «bulo» y las fake news, antes de exponer este fenómeno con un enfoque multidisciplinar. En segundo lugar, la autora va a ampliar el contenido de este proceso de comunicación atípico desde el punto de vista de la Teoría de la Comunicación. Se pondrá el foco en la metamorfosis verbal que este tipo de mensajes experimentan, así como en los efectos «inquietantes» que despiertan en el individuo y en el grupo de nuestra sociedad digital. Para finalizar, se pondrán ejemplos concretos de reacciones en la Red de este tipo de mensajes «perversos» pero seductores. Punto de vista y aportaciones de la autora: Sus principales aportaciones en este trabajo son la redefinición del rumor en la sociedad digital y el análisis de dos casos significativos en España de reacciones combativas en la Red ante los bulos y los rumores: Autocontrol y SaludSinBulos. Repercusiones y conclusiones: La repercusión de este artículo en el ámbito académico y social se obtiene de la constatación de que ciertas instituciones están identificando rumores y bulos en Internet, y ante ellos están desarrollando estrategias atípicas para neutralizar el contenido de estos mensajes en la Red. Las conclusiones que se derivan de la citada repercusión tienen más que ver con el proceso de comunicación espontáneo del rumor, atendiendo a cada uno de sus elementos, así como a las funciones que ejercen este tipo de mensajes afectados por el prejuicio y el testimonio. La autora concluye con varias inquietudes susceptibles de ser debatidas en la

Main subject/topic: This work deals with rumour as a message which undergoes a metamorphic process in its content and form and which produces atypical effects on the Internet. It is worth highlighting the relevance of this type of message in the digital environment, as well as the importance of the effects which rumours produce in today’s knowledge-driven society. Logical development of the subject: Firstly, the «rumour», the «hoax» and the «fake news» are defined, before exposing this phenomenon through an interdisciplinary approach. Secondly, the author expands the content of this unusual communication process from the point of view of Communication Theory. The focus is put on verbal metamorphosis this type of message experiences as well as on «disturbing» effects that it has on the individual and on the digital society. Finally, there are concrete examples of reactions from the Internet which these types of «perverse» but seductive messages provoke. The author’s point of view and contributions: Author’s main contributions are the redefinition of the rumour in the digital society and the analysis of two significant cases of combative reactions to hoaxes and rumours on the Internet in Spain: Auntocontrol and SaludSinBulos. Implications and conclusions: The relevance of this article for the academic and social sphere is demonstrated by the confirmation that certain institutions are identifying rumours and hoaxes on the Internet and are developing atypical strategies to neutralize the content of these messages. The conclusions derived have more to do with the process of spontaneous communication of rumour, taking into account each of its elements, as well as the functions exercised by this type of messages affected by prejudice and testimonials. The author concludes the work with some other problems that should be debated within the scientific community, Tema principal: Este trabajo aborda el rumor como mensaje que sufre un proceso metamórfico en su contenido y en su forma, y que está produciendo efectos atípicos en lnternet. Cabe destacar la relevancia de este tipo de mensajes en el entorno digital, así como la trascendencia de los efectos que estos producen en la actual sociedad del conocimiento. Desarrollo lógico del tema: Respecto a cómo se desarrolla este tema a lo largo del documento, en primer lugar, se definen el «rumor», el «bulo» y las fake news, antes de exponer este fenómeno con un enfoque multidisciplinar. En segundo lugar, la autora va a ampliar el contenido de este proceso de comunicación atípico desde el punto de vista de la Teoría de la Comunicación. Se pondrá el foco en la metamorfosis verbal que este tipo de mensajes experimentan, así como en los efectos «inquietantes» que despiertan en el individuo y en el grupo de nuestra sociedad digital. Para finalizar, se pondrán ejemplos concretos de reacciones en la Red de este tipo de mensajes «perversos» pero seductores. Punto de vista y aportaciones de la autora: Sus principales aportaciones en este trabajo son la redefinición del rumor en la sociedad digital y el análisis de dos casos significativos en España de reacciones combativas en la Red ante los bulos y los rumores: Autocontrol y SaludSinBulos. Repercusiones y conclusiones: La repercusión de este artículo en el ámbito académico y social se obtiene de la constatación de que ciertas instituciones están identificando rumores y bulos en Internet, y ante ellos están desarrollando estrategias atípicas para neutralizar el contenido de estos mensajes en la Red. Las conclusiones que se derivan de la citada repercusión tienen más que ver con el proceso de comunicación espontáneo del rumor, atendiendo a cada uno de sus elementos, así como a las funciones que ejercen este tipo de mensajes afectados por el prejuicio y el testimonio. La autora concluye con varias inquietudes susceptibles de ser debatidas en la

Media sosial Instagram merupakan salah satu media sosial yang sangat berpengaruh dewasa, pasalnya hampir sebagian besar orang menggunakannya untuk kegiatannya masing-masing. Melalui instagram, penyebaran informasi berjalan dengan cepat. Hal ini menimbulkan rasa kekhawatiran dari pengguna dalam menyaring informasi untuk menghindari berita-berita hoax. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak berita bohong (hoax) pada media social instagram terhadap mahasiswa Institut Ummul Quro Al-Islami Bogor. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Data yang diperlukan dalam penulisan ini diperoleh melalui penelitian lapangan dengan cara mewawancarai sembilan orang informan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media Instagram sering kali digunakan oleh para mahasiswa untuk mendapatkan berbagai macam informasi. Namun banyaknya berita hoax yang beredar membawa pengaruh kepada mahasiswa. Adapun dampak berita bohong terhadap mahasiswa yaitu sulit membedakan berita hoax dan asli, mudah terprovokasi, mudah membenci satu sama lain, Instagram social media is one of the most influential social media for adults, because most people use it for their respective activities. Through Instagram, dissemination of information is fast. This has raised concerns from users in filtering information to avoid hoax news. This study aims to examine the impact of hoaxes on social media Instagram on students of the Ummul Quro Al-Islami Institute, Bogor. This research method uses descriptive qualitative methods. The data required in this paper were obtained through field research by interviewing nine informants. The results showed that the Instagram media was often used by students to get various kinds of information. However, the number of hoax news circulating had an influence on students. The impact of fake news on students is that it is difficult to distinguish hoax news from genuine news, easily provoked, and easily hates one another

Objective: To explore the definitions and connections between the terms misinformation, disinformation, fake news, rumors, hoaxes, propaganda and related forms of misbehavior in the online environment. Anotherobjective is to infer the intent of the authors, where relevant.Design/Methodology/Approach: A conceptual analysis of three hundred fifty articles or monographies from all types of disciplines with a priority of the articles focused on terminological analysis was being utilized. A conceptual map of the terminology that is relevant to the post-truth era was created. In the case of the lack of agreement, the etymology of the terms, utilizing dictionaries, terminological databases and encyclopedias,was favored.Results/Discussion: The approach made possible to delimit the borders between the core terms of posttruth society and to classify them according to the intents of the authors: power (influence), money, fun, sexual harassment, hate/discord, ignorance, passion and socialization. These features were identified to be able to differentiate the concepts: falsity (misleadingness, deceptiveness, lack of verification), accuracy, completeness, currency, medium, intent and analyzable unit. The conceptual map, summarizing and visualizing our findings is attached in the article.Conclusions: We argued that disinformation and misinformation are different terms with different authors and intents in the online environment. Likewise, fake news was delimitated as species of disinformation, which is limited by the medium and financial intent. The intent of hoaxers is rather the amusement of the authors or to spread discord between different groups of society. The intent and analyzable units as statement, claim, article, message, event, story and narrative that were identified in the literature, are crucial for the understanding and communication between social (human) scientists and computer scientists in order to better detect and mitigate various types of false information.Or

Amalia Ulman is an Argentinian-born Spanish artist who used Instagram as a platform for an art piece titled Excellences & Perfections in which she used images of herself to portray a fictional character whose story unfolded over several months. Her images, replicating popular tropes of digital autobiographical performance were presented and widely read as 'authentic' selfies. This essay examines how Ulman’s performance piece can be understood as an autobiographical mediation that uses networked photo-sharing practices to investigate feminine embodiment and self-representation, and how self-branding in digital media is gendered.

Purpose – This paper proposes a New Literacies approach to get insight into young people’s capability to detect Fake News. Design/methodology/approach – Replication of a US empirical study in the Netherlands to examine whether schoolchildren were able to identify the spoof website Save The Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus as a fake. Findings – In the Netherlands, only 2 out of 27 school children (7%) recognized the website as being a hoax; results that are worse, even, than those of the 2007 US study, where the website was recognized as being unreliable by slightly more than 6 out of 53 school children (11%). Research limitations/implications – A similar but large scale quantitative empirical study should be conducted in several countries to see if the trends in the US and the Netherlands are indeed significant. Practical implications – It is important to start teaching children at an early age how to critically evaluate online information. Social implications – Our perceived reliability of digital information is a hot issue, given the frequency with which fake news is circulated. Being able to critically evaluate digital information will help us to have access to trustworthy information. Originality/value – Instead of using technological fact checking by Google, Facebook and Twitter, this paper suggests the adoption of a New Literacies approach, focusing on young people’s capability to detect Fake News.

Статья посвящена исследованию феномена фейковых сообщений, в основе которых лежит мистификации. Сегодня, в условиях развития Интернета, попытка ввести людей в заблуждение приобрела массовый характер и рассматривается как эффективный прием для привлечения аудитории. В статье представлены разновидности авторовмистификаторов, подходы к распознанию которых важны в борьбе с фейковыми сообщениями., The article is devoted to the investigation of fake messages’ phenomenon that are based on mystifi cation. Today, in the conditions of the development of Internet, an attempt to mislead people has acquired mass character and is seen as an effective method to attract the audience. In the article various types of authors-hoaxers are presented: bots, trolls and prankers.

The creation of fictional characters in online social media has led to a systematic exploitation of resources that enable these characters to occupy spheres and spaces of presence. Authors hand these digital resources over to their avatar personae, so that the masks used in the virtual scene remove them from the spotlight and hide them –as writers– away from the digital identity they have created. In blogfiction developed within social networks or blogs, thistransfer to the blog-characters is fused with the total impersonation of the author, in a process that is essentially a hoax, and that leads to the creation of long stories or purely atomistic roles. In these, the creation and embodiment of the characters is the ultimate goal, even above narratorial developments. Thus emerge blogfictions that channel the acting drive of the authors to create characters that border on the implausible and that force the covenants of fiction established with the recipients of their work. In this article, we analyse the online antecedents of this phenomenon of bloggers’ impersonations by means of their avatars and how they become a narrative device in those digital literary spaces linked to the blog. This article also discusses the intermedia path that this phenomenon has followed and the evolution of its format, a process parallel to the Social Network, with a particular focus on writings in Spanish., La creación de personajes fictivos en los entornos sociales de la red ha dado pie al aprovechamiento sistemático de las herramientas de ocupación de las esferas y espacios de presencia por parte de esos personajes. Los autores ceden esas estrategias digitales a sus personajes avatáricos, de manera que las máscaras que emplean en su escenario virtual les desplazan —como escritores— del foco de constitución de la identidad digital. En la blogoficción, constituida sobre espacios de red social o blogs, la cesión ante el blogopersonaje se funde con la suplantación total del autor en un proceso de engaño —el hoax literario— que da lugar a narraciones de cierta duración o a personajes puramente atomistas en los que la constitución y encarnación del personaje es el objetivo último que se persigue, por encima de los desarrollos narratológicos. Surgen así blogoficciones que canalizan la pulsión actoral del autor para generar personajes que rozan lo inverosímil y forzar los pactos de ficción con los receptores de la obra. Analizamos en este artículo los antecedentes en Internet de este fenómeno de suplantación del bloguero mediante el avatar, así como su aplicación como recurso narrativo en los espacios literarios digitales vinculados a las bitácoras. Abordamos también los derroteros intermediales y los cambios de formato que ha seguido este fenómeno en su evolución, paralela a las redes sociales, con un enfoque particular en la escritura en lengua española.