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In this study, we focus on electrophoresis, a phenomenon that describes the movement of particles in a liquid when an external electric field is present. This movement is caused by the Coulomb force on the surface charge of the particles. Most particles develop a surface charge in water. This charge will attract or repel ions in the liquid, creating a charge shielding area known as the Electric Double Layer. Electrophoresis is inherently a surface phenomenon, closely related to the Electric Double Layer. When an external field is applied, it induces force on both the ions and the particle. This interaction results in electrophoretic drift. The speed of this drift depends on the zeta potential at the slip plane. In this project, we use optical tweezers to investigate fluctuations in the electrophoretic movement of individual colloidal particles. Optical tweezers can hold particles from tens of nanometers to tens of microns within a tightly focused laser beam. We use a 1064 nm continuous wave laser to capture and study individual particles. The measurement is carried out by a quadrant photodiode (QPD). Since these particles undergo Brownian motion, we use this behavior for system calibration, correlating the movement of the particle with the displacement of the laser beam. A lock-in amplifier processes the signals from the QPD. By measuring the in-phase and out-of-phase noise of the QPD signal, we can separate the Brownian motion and fluctuations in electrophoretic drift. We propose that the in-phase component is composed of a mix of two signals: one from fluctuations in electrophoretic drift and the other from Brownian motion. This observation forms the cornerstone of our methodology. We performed simulations based on the Langevin equation to model fluctuating mobility. These simulations confirmed that the fluctuating term only affects the in-phase component of the lock-in amplifier signal. Therefore, our method can accurately distinguish fluctuations in electrophore

©2023 the author(s). Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003443) (Megagrant No. 075-15-2021-633); Russian Foundation for Basic Research (dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002261) (19-29-11032); Foundation for the Advancement of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics “BASIS” (dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012708), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación https://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004837) (Grant No. PID2021-127781NB-I00)., One of the prime applications of squeezed light is enhancing the sensitivity of an interferometer below the quantum shot-noise limit, but so far, no such experimental demonstration was reported when using the optical Kerr effect. In prior setups involving Kerr-squeezed light, the role of the interferometer was merely to characterize the noise pattern. The lack of such a demonstration was largely due to the cumbersome tilting of the squeezed ellipse in phase space. Here, we present the first experimental observation of phase-sensitivity enhancement in an interferometer using Kerr squeezing., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Depto. de Óptica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

The pound sterling is one of the most popular currencies traded on the foreign exchange (forex) market (GBP). The oldest currency still regularly traded on the Forex market is the pound sterling, which serves as the country’s official unit of account. One further thing that makes London attractive is the fact that it is one of the greatest Forex centers in the world. The paper aims at studying the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on UK exports, and the rising cost of living in the UK. The paper also depicts Fluctuations in Currency and their effect on Trade in the UK under which the paper focused on the export/import market of the UK, the effects of a weak pound on investment, Effects on GDP/Economic Growth, Price and inflation, Monetary Policy, the Balance of Payments. To achieve the stated aim, data has been taken from secondary sources, and the study is based on descriptive in nature. Therefore, the study shows that there are fluctuations in different money supplies and the cost of living is rising.

The pound sterling is one of the most popular currencies traded on the foreign exchange (forex) market (GBP). The oldest currency still regularly traded on the Forex market is the pound sterling, which serves as the country’s official unit of account. One further thing that makes London attractive is the fact that it is one of the greatest Forex centers in the world. The paper aims at studying the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on UK exports, and the rising cost of living in the UK. The paper also depicts Fluctuations in Currency and their effect on Trade in the UK under which the paper focused on the export/import market of the UK, the effects of a weak pound on investment, Effects on GDP/Economic Growth, Price and inflation, Monetary Policy, the Balance of Payments. To achieve the stated aim, data has been taken from secondary sources, and the study is based on descriptive in nature. Therefore, the study shows that there are fluctuations in different money supplies and the cost of living is rising.

Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD) is a corner stone of the Standard Model. In the non-perturbative regime first principle calculation is very difficult but phenomenology is rich. The many-body dynamics of quarks interacting in a deconfined state, Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), produces emergent phenomena which are not manifest in the theory's Lagrangian. QGP can be created in relativistic heavy ion collisions which provide an opportunity to experimentally probe this exotic QCD matter. Of particular interest is the structure of the QCD phase diagram. While the transition from QGP to hadron gas is a cross-over at high collision energies, RHIC's beam energy scan program covers the high baryon density region of the phase diagram to search for signs of a first-order transition and its accompanying critical point. Bubbling is a general characteristic of first-order phase transitions and may lead to clusters of quarks which coalesce into final state protons in heavy ion collisions. We construct a new observable, $\Delta \sigma^2$, to search for excess clustering in the azimuthal distributions of identified proton tracks. We show that the effects of detector inefficiency and elliptic flow can be corrected and that the observable behaves as expected in various models and simulations. $\Delta \sigma^2$ is measured in STAR's Beam Energy Scan I data set and a strong repulsive interaction among protons is observed. The repulsion is found to depend heavily on the event multiplicity, increasing dramatically in magnitude as the event multiplicity decreases. Energy dependence, absent in model calculations, is observed in STAR data, suggesting a possible scenario of an energy dependent attractive correlation beneath a repulsive background.

When a spatially localized stress is applied to a growing one-dimensional interface, the interface deforms. This deformation is described by the effective surface tension representing the stiffness of the interface. We present that the stiffness exhibits divergent behavior in the large system size limit for a growing interface with thermal noise, which has never been observed for equilibrium interfaces. Furthermore, by connecting the effective surface tension with a space-time correlation function, we elucidate the mechanism that anomalous dynamical fluctuations lead to divergent stiffness.

The renormalisation group theory of critical and tri-critical wetting transitions in three-dimensional systems with short-ranged forces, based on analysis of an effective Hamiltonian with an interfacial binding potential (Formula presented.), predicts very strong non-universal critical singularities. These, however, have famously not been observed in extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the transitions in the simple cubic Ising model. Here, we show that previous treatments have missed an entropic, or low-temperature Casimir, contribution to the binding potential, arising from the many different microscopic configurations which correspond to a given interfacial one. We derive the full binding potential, including the Casimir correction term, starting from a microscopic Landau–Ginzburg–Wilson Hamiltonian, using a continuum transfer-matrix (path-integral) method. This is illustrated first in one dimension before generalising to arbitrary dimension. The Casimir contribution is qualitatively different for first-order, critical and tri-critical wetting transitions and substantially alters previous predictions for critical singularities bringing them much closer to the simulation results.

This thesis is a collaboration with Stockholm Globe Arena Fastigher AB (SGAF) and focuses on a case study involving the multi-functional arenas Avicii Arena and Annexet in Stockholm, Sweden. The objective of this study is to investigate Key Performance Indicators (KPI) that can sufficiently measure and evaluate monthly and yearly electricity, heating and cooling consumption while considering events and visitors. Data regarding visitor and event, electricity, heating and cooling were provided by companies in agreement with SGAF, which is handled in a Data Reduction. This study identified four different KPIs to evaluate energy consumption dynamics; KPI 1: Energy consumption per event day, KPI 2: Energy consumption per visitor, KPI 3: Load Factor and KPI 4: Occupancy rate. The results showed that the monthly KPI 1 and 2 values exhibited unpredictable fluctuations hindering its ability to assess energy consumption patterns. In contrast, the annual KPI 1 and 2 were able to effectively evaluate the energy consumption which uncovered that the electricity consumption in the venues is on a downward trend. However, the heating and cooling consumption remained stagnant during the same timeframe. KPI 3 and 4 displayed efficient operation of the energy systems. Moreover, all four KPIs revealed that the energy consumption is influenced by other factor beyond visitors and events. A subsequent Correlation Analysis unveiled two additional factors, outdoor temperature and event types, affects the energy consumption which suggests potential areas for future research., Detta examensarbete ar ett samarbete med Stockholm Globe Arena Fastigheter AB (SGAF) och fokuserar på en fallstudie som involverar de multi-funktionella arenorna Avicii Arena och Annexet i Stockholm, Sverige. Målet med denna studie är att undersöka Nyckeltal som kan mäta och utvärdera månatlig och årlig elektricitetsförbrukning, värmeförbrukning och kylförbrukning med hänsyn till evenemang och besökare. Data avseende besökare och evenemang, elförbrukning, värmeförbrukning och kylförbrukning tillhandahölls av företag i samförstånd med SGAF som hanterades i en Data Reduktion. Denna studie identifierade fyra olika nyckeltal för utvärdering av energiförbrukningen; Nyckeltal 1: Energiförbrukning per evenemangsdag, Nyckeltal 2: Energiförbrukning per besökare, Nyckeltal 3: Belastningsfaktor och Nyckeltal 4: Beläggningsgrad. Resultaten visar att de månatliga nyckeltalen 1 och 2 uppvisade förutsägbara fluktuationer som hindrade dess förmåga att bedöma energiförbrukningsmönster. Den årliga nyckeltalen 1 och 2 kunde effektivt utvärdera energiförbrukningen vilket avslöjade att elförbrukningen i anläggningarna minskar. Dock, påvisade värmeförbrukningen och kylförbrukningen oförändrade under samma tidsperiod. Nyckeltal 3 och 4 uppvisade att energisystemen i anläggningarna körs på ett effektivt sätt. Vidare, visade samtliga fyra nyckeltal att energiförbrukningen påverkas av andra faktorer utöver besökare och evenemang. En efterföljande korrelationsanalys påvisar att två ytterligare faktorer, utomhus temperatur och evenemangstyper, påverkar energiförbrukningen vilket antyder nya potentiella forskningsområden.

© 2004 The American Physical Society. The authors thank A. Rodríguez, M. A. Martín-Delgado, and G. Sierra for discussions. This work was supported by DGI-MCyT (MAT2003-01533) and MECyD (SB2001 -0146), We consider a two-parameter one-dimensional Hamiltonian with uncorrelated diagonal disorder and nonrandom long-range intersite interaction J(mn)=J/\m-n\(mu). The model is critical at 1

© 2006 The American Physical Society. We are particularly indebted to P. A. Mello for enlightening discussions. We also thank K. Wood for his help with this manuscript. This work is supported in part by Spanish Government Grants No. BFM2003-04147 and No. FTN2003-08337-C04-04., It is widely accepted that the statistical properties of energy level spectra provide an essential characterization of quantum chaos. Indeed, the spectral fluctuations of many different systems like quantum billiards, atoms, or atomic nuclei have been studied. However, noninteracting many-body systems have received little attention, since it is assumed that they must exhibit Poisson-like fluctuations. Apart from a heuristic argument of Bloch, there are neither systematic numerical calculations nor a rigorous derivation of this fact. Here we present a rigorous study of the spectral fluctuations of noninteracting identical particles moving freely in a mean field emphasizing the evolution with the number of particles N as well as with the energy. Our results are conclusive. For N >= 2 the spectra of these systems exhibit Poisson fluctuations provided that we consider sufficiently high excitation energies. Nevertheless, when the mean field is chaotic there exists a critical energy scale L-c; beyond this scale, the fluctuations deviate from the Poisson statistics as a reminiscence of the statistical properties of the mean field., Spanish Government, Depto. de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2013 American Physical Society. The authors thankfully acknowledge the computer resources, technical expertise, and assistance provided by the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre—Centro Nacional de Supercomputación—and the Tirant supercomputer support staff at Valencia. We are also pleased to thank Professor Antonio L. Maroto and Professor Torbjo¨rn Sjöstrand for their useful help and comments. This work has been supported by MICINN (Spain) Project Nos. FIS 2008-01323, FIS2011-23000, and FPA2011-27853-01 and Consolider-Ingenio MULTIDARK CSD2009-00064. R. L.D. is a fellow of FPI, Ref. BES-2012-056054., We explore the viscosities of a photon gas by means of the Euler-Heisenberg effective theory and quantum electrodynamics at zero electron chemical potential. We find parametric estimates that show a very large shear viscosity and an extremely small bulk viscosity (reflecting the very weak coupling simultaneously with a very approximate dilatation invariance). The system is of some interest because it exemplifies very neatly the influence of the breaking of scale invariance on the bulk viscosity., MICINN (Spain), Consolider-Ingenio MULTIDARK, Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2012 American Physical Society. We would like to thank Daniel Nieto for useful comments. This work has been supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Innovación (Spain) project numbers FIS 2008- 01323, FPA 2008-00592, and Consolider-Ingenio Multimessenger Approach for Dark Matter Detection (MULTIDARK) CSD2009-00064. A. d. l. C.-D. also acknowledges the University Research Council, the National Research Foundation (South Africa), and Universidad Complutense de Madrid., Branons are new degrees of freedom that appear in flexible brane-world models corresponding to brane fluctuations. These new fields can behave as standard weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with a significant associated thermal relic density. We analyze the present constraints from their spontaneous annihilations into photons for Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET), Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), and Major Atmospheric Gamma-Ray Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes, and the prospects for detection in future Cherenkov telescopes. In particular, we focus on possible signals coming from the Galactic center and different dwarf spheroidals, such as Draco, Sagittarius, Canis Major and SEGUE 1. We conclude that for those targets, present observations are below the sensitivity limits for branon detection by assuming standard dark matter distributions and no additional boost factors. However, future experiments such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) could be able to detect gamma-ray photons coming from the annihilation of branons with masses higher than 150 GeV., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, Consolider-Ingenio Multimessenger Approach for Dark Matter Detection (MULTIDARK), Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

©2004 The American Physical Society. This work has been supported by Project No. PR1/03-11630 of the University Complutense., We address a systematic approach to the study of the optimum states reaching maximum resolution for interferometers with moving mirrors. We find a correspondence between the optimum states for interferometers with fixed and moving mirrors., Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Depto. de Óptica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2002 The American Physical Society. I am grateful to A. Linde and L. Kofman for useful comments. This work has been partially supported by the CICYT (Spain) projects AEN97-1693 and FPA2000-0956. The author also acknowledges financial support from the Universidad Complutense del Amo program., We consider the production of gravitinos and moduli fields from quantum vacuum fluctuations induced by the presence of scalar metric perturbations at the end of inflation. We obtain the corresponding occupation numbers, up to first order in perturbation theory, in terms of the power spectrum of the metric perturbations. We compute the limits imposed by nucleosynthesis on the spectral index n(s) for different models with constant n(s). The results show that, in certain cases, such limits can be as strong as n(s)<1.12, which is more stringent than those coming from primordial black hole production., CICYT (Spain), Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2004. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. This work is supported in part by Spanish Government grants for the research projects BFM2003-04147-C02 and FTN2003-08337-C04-04., We apply a principal components analysis (PCA) to the secondary particle density distributions at ground level produced by cosmic gamma-rays and protons. For this purpose, high-energy interactions of cosmic rays with Earth's atmosphere and the resulting extensive air showers have been simulated by means of the CORSIKA Monte Carlo code. We show that a PCA of the two-dimensional particle density fluctuations provides a decreasing sequence of covariance matrix eigenvalues that have typical features of a polynomial law, which are different for different primary cosmic rays. This property is applied to the separation of electromagnetic showers from proton simulated extensive air showers, and it is proposed as a new discrimination method that can be used experimentally for gamma-proton separation. A cutting parameter related to the polynomial behavior of the decreasing sequence of covariance matrix eigenvalues is calculated, and the efficiency of the cutting procedure for gamma-proton separation is evaluated., Spanish Government, Depto. de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2006 The American Physical Society. J. A. R. C. thanks C. P. Martin for important comments on the renormalization procedure. This work is supported in part by DGICYT (Spain) under Projects No. FPA 2004- 02602 and No. FPA 2005-02327, by NSF Grant No. PHY– 0239817 and by the Fulbright-MEC (Spain) program., In the context of brane-world scenarios, we study the effects produced by the exchange of virtual massive branons. A one-loop calculation is performed which generates higher-dimensional operators involving SM fields suppressed by powers of the brane tension scale. We discuss constraints on this scenario from colliders such as HERA, LEP and Tevatron and prospects for future detections at LHC or ILC. The most interesting phenomenology comes from new four-particles vertices induced by branon radiative corrections, mainly from four-fermion interactions. The presence of flexible branes modifies also the muon anomalous magnetic moment and the electroweak precision observables., DGICYT (Spain), NFS, Fulbright-MEC (Spain) program, Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2012 American Physical Society. Autoría conjunta: Pierre Auger Collaboration. Artículo firmado por mas de 400 autores. The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargue. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Fundacion Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargue, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the Australian Research Council; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Ministerio de Ciencia e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil; AVCR AV0Z10100502 and AV0Z10100522, GAAV KJB100100904, MSMT-CR LA08016, LC527, 1M06002, MEB111003, and MSM0021620859, Czech Republic; Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Regional Ile-de-France, Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), Italy; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT), Mexico; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fund, We report a measurement of the proton-air cross section for particle production at the center-of-mass energy per nucleon of 57 TeV. This is derived from the distribution of the depths of shower maxima observed with the Pierre Auger Observatory: systematic uncertainties are studied in detail. Analyzing the tail of the distribution of the shower maxima, a proton-air cross section of [505 +/- 22(stat)(-36)(+28)(syst)] mb is found., Unión Europea. FP7, AVCR, Czech Republic, GAAV, Czech Republic, MSMT, Czech Republic, Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France, Conseil Regional Ile-de-France, France, Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNCIN2P3/CNRS), Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), France, Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany, Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg,Germany, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Germany, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy, Ministero dell'Istruzione dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), Italy, Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap , Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands, Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal, Ministry for Higher Education, Science, and Technology, Slovenian Research Agency, Eslovenia, Comunidad de Madrid, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and Consolider-Ingenio (CPAN), Spain, Xunta de Galicia, Spain, Consejeria de Educacion de la Comunidad de Castilla La Mancha. Spain, Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom, ALFA-EC/HELEN, European Union 6th Framework Program, UNESCO, Unión Europea (EU), Depto. de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2004 The American Physical Society. We would like to thank J. Terrón, M. Vázquez, and M. Spiropulu for useful comments and experimental information. This work has been partially supported by the DGICYT (Spain) under Projects No. FPA2000-0956 and No. BFM2002-01003., In the context of the brane-world scenarios with compactified extra dimensions, we study the production of brane fluctuations (branons) in hadron colliders (p (p) over bar, pp, and e(+/-)p) in terms of the brane tension parameter f, the branon mass M, and the number of branons N. From the absence of monojet events at HERA and Tevatron (run I), we set bounds on these parameters and we also study how such bounds could be improved at Tevatron (run II) and the future LHC. The single-photon channel is also analyzed for the two last colliders., DGICYT (Spain), Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

©2004 The American Physical Society. We thank O. Bohigas, P. Leboeuf, and G. Sierra for useful discussions. This work was supported by Grant Nos. BFM2003-05316-C02-02 and BFM2000- 0600., Using a class of exactly solvable models based on the pairing interaction, we show that it is possible to construct integrable Hamiltonians with a Wigner distribution of nearest-neighbor level spacings. However, these Hamiltonians involve many-body interactions and the addition of a small integrable perturbation very quickly leads the system to a Poisson distribution. Besides this exceptional case, we show that the accumulated distribution of an ensemble of random integrable two-body pairing Hamiltonians is in perfect agreement with the Poisson limit. These numerical results for quantum integrable Hamiltonians provide a further empirical confirmation of the work of Berry and Tabor in the semiclassical limit., Depto. de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2011 American Physical Society. This work is supported in part by DOE Grant Nos. FG02-94ER40823, FPA 2005-02327 project (DGICYT, Spain), CAM/UCM 910309 project, MICINN Consolider-Ingenio MULTIDARK CSD2009-00064, CONACYT (Mexico), and SNI (Mexico)., Dark Matter direct detection experiments are able to exclude interesting parameter space regions of particle models which predict an important amount of thermal relics. We use recent data to constrain the branon model and to compute the region that is favored by CDMS measurements. Within this work, we also update present colliders constraints with new studies coming from the LHC. Despite the present low luminosity, it is remarkable that for heavy branons, CMS and ATLAS measurements are already more constraining than previous analyses performed with TEVATRON and LEP data., U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (DGCYT), España, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN),España, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), México, Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI), México, Proyecto Consolider-Ingenio (MICINN), Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd I am very grateful to Jonathan Halliwell and Max Bañados for fruitful discussions and suggestions and for a critical reading of the manuscript. I also thank Alex Mikovi´c and Roya Mohayaee for useful conversations. The author was supported by a joint fellowship from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain) and the British Council., The existence of a fundamental scale, a lower bound to any output of a position measurement, seems to be a model-independent feature of quantum gravity. In fact, different approaches to this theory lead to this result. The key ingredients for the appearance of this minimum length are quantum mechanics, special relativity and general relativity. As a consequence, classical notions such as causality or distance between events cannot be expected to be applicable at this scale. They must be replaced by some other, yet unknown, structure., Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain), British Council., Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

©2015 IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. We thank Spanish MINECO grant FIS2013-45469 and CM grant S2013/MIT-2850 and EU COST Action MP-1201. D.G. acknowledges RYC-2012-09864., Smectic order has been generated in superconducting Nb films with two-fold symmetry arrays of symmetric pinning centers. Magnetic fields applied perpendicularly to the films develop a vortex matter smectic phase that is easily detected when the vortices are commensurate with the pinning center array. The smectic phase can be turned on and off with external parameters., Spanish MINECO, Comunidad de Madrid, EU COST Action, Depto. de Física de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

A narrative world typically consists of several interrelated locations that, all together, fully support enacting a given story. For this, each location in a narrative world features all the objects as required there by the narrative, as well as a variety of other objects that plausibly describe or decorate the location. Procedural generation of narrative worlds poses many challenges, including that, First, it cannot lean only on domain knowledge (e.g., patterns of objects commonly found in typical locations), and, second, it involves a temporal dimension, which introduces dynamic fluctuations of objects between locations. In this article, we present a novel approach for the procedural generation of narrative worlds, following two stages: first, a narrative world mold is generated (only once) for a given story; second, the narrative world mold is used to create one (or more) possible narrative worlds for that story. For each story, its narrative world mold integrates spatio-temporal descriptions of its locations with the object semantics and the domain knowledge previously acquired on typical locations. We describe how a narrative world mold can be generated, as well as how it can be fed to existing procedural generation methods, to create a variety of narrative worlds that fit that narrative. We evaluate our own implementation of this approach, performing a number of experiments that illustrate both the expressive power of narrative world molds and their ability to steer the generation of narrative worlds., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Computer Graphics and Visualisation

We study the stochastic spatial Lotka-Volterra model for predator-prey interaction subject to a periodically varying carrying capacity. The Lotka-Volterra model with on-site lattice occupation restrictions (i.e., finite local carrying capacity) that represent finite food resources for the prey population exhibits a continuous active-to-absorbing phase transition. The active phase is sustained by the existence of spatiotemporal patterns in the form of pursuit and evasion waves. Monte Carlo simulations on a two-dimensional lattice are utilized to investigate the effect of seasonal variations of the environment on species coexistence. The results of our simulations are also compared to a mean-field analysis in order to specifically delineate the impact of stochastic fluctuations and spatial correlations. We find that the parameter region of predator and prey coexistence is enlarged relative to the stationary situation when the carrying capacity varies periodically. The (quasi-)stationary regime of our periodically varying Lotka-Volterra predator-prey system shows qualitative agreement between the stochastic model and the mean-field approximation. However, under periodic carrying capacity-switching environments, the mean-field rate equations predict period-doubling scenarios that are washed out by internal reaction noise in the stochastic lattice model. Utilizing visual representations of the lattice simulations and dynamical correlation functions, we study how the pursuit and evasion waves are affected by ensuing resonance effects. Correlation function measurements indicate a time delay in the response of the system to sudden changes in the environment. Resonance features are observed in our simulations that cause prolonged persistent spatial correlations. Different effective static environments are explored in the extreme limits of fast and slow periodic switching. The analysis of the mean-field equations in the fast-switching regime enables a semiquantitative descrip

This pioneering research on how specific molecules deep inside our brains form a dynamic information holarchy in phase space, linking mind and consciousness, is not only provocative but also revolutionary. Holonomic is a dynamic encapsulation of the holonic view that originates from the word “holon” and designates a holarchical rather than a hierarchical, dynamic brain organization to encompass multiscale effects. The unitary nature of consciousness being interconnected stems from a multiscalar organization of the brain. We aim to give a holonomic modification of the thermodynamic approach to the problem of consciousness using spatiotemporal intermittency. Starting with quasiparticles as the minimalist material composition of the dynamical brain where interferences patterns between incoherent waves of quasiparticles and their quantum-thermal fluctuations constrain the kinetic internal energy of endogenous molecules through informational channels of the negentropically-derived quantum potential. This indicates that brains are not multifractal involving avalanches but are multiscalar, suggesting that unlike the hologram, where the functional interactions occur in the spectral domain, the spatiotemporal binding is multiscalar because of self-referential amplification occurring via long-range correlative information. The associated negentropic entanglement permeates the unification of the functional information architecture across multiple scales. As such, the holonomic brain theory is suitable for active consciousness, proving that consciousness is not fundamental. The holonomic model of the brain’s internal space is nonmetric and nonfractal. It contains a multiscalar informational structure decoded by intermittency spikes in the fluctuations of the negentropically-derived quantum potential. It is therefore, a more realistic approach than the platonic models in phase space.

Cortical state, defined by population-level neuronal activity patterns, determines sensory perception. While arousal-associated neuromodulators-including norepinephrine (NE)-reduce cortical synchrony, how the cortex resynchronizes remains unknown. Furthermore, general mechanisms regulating cortical synchrony in the wake state are poorly understood. Using in vivo imaging and electrophysiology in mouse visual cortex, we describe a critical role for cortical astrocytes in circuit resynchronization. We characterize astrocytes' calcium responses to changes in behavioral arousal and NE, and show that astrocytes signal when arousal-driven neuronal activity is reduced and bi-hemispheric cortical synchrony is increased. Using in vivo pharmacology, we uncover a paradoxical, synchronizing response to Adra1a receptor stimulation. We reconcile these results by demonstrating that astrocyte-specific deletion of Adra1a enhances arousal-driven neuronal activity, while impairing arousal-related cortical synchrony. Our findings demonstrate that astrocytic NE signaling acts as a distinct neuromodulatory pathway, regulating cortical state and linking arousal-associated desynchrony to cortical circuit resynchronization. The authors show that norepinephrine signaling to astrocytes in the mouse visual cortex acts as a separate neuromodulatory pathway that regulates the effects of arousal on neuronal activity and cortical state.

This paper presents a memory-based adaptive sliding mode load frequency control (LFC) strategy aimed at minimizing the impacts of exogenous power disturbances and parameter uncertainties on frequency deviations in interconnected power systems with energy storage. First, the dynamic model of the system is constructed by considering the participation of the energy storage system (ESS) in the conventional decentralized LFC model of a multiarea power system. A disturbance observer (DOB) is proposed to generate an online approximation of the lumped disturbance. In order to enhance the transient performance of the system and effectively mitigate the adverse effects of power fluctuations on grid frequency, a novel memory-based sliding surface is developed. This sliding surface incorporates the estimation of the lumped disturbance, as well as the past and present information of the state variables. The conservative assumption about the lumped disturbance is eased by considering the unknown upper bound of the disturbance and its first derivative. Based on the output of the proposed DOB, an adaptive continuous sliding mode controller with prescribed H performance index is introduced. This controller ensures that the sliding surface is reachable and guarantees asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. The controller design utilizes strict linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to achieve these objectives. Finally, the applicability and efficacy of the proposed scheme are verified through comparative simulation cases. Author

Several vital processes in crop canopies and their microclimate, such as canopy photosynthesis and transpiration, are affected by fluctuations in irradiance, here called lightflecks. These lightflecks occur both in the field and inside greenhouses, although their dynamics may be different, due to an absence of wind in the greenhouse. When modelling plant and climate processes, these dynamic conditions are often ignored. The current study reports (1) high frequency (i.e. 1s interval) observations of lightflecks inside a greenhouse during several months and (2) a quantification of the effect of these lightflecks on leaf-level photosynthesis, transpiration and energy balance in rose by comparing results from a dynamic and a steady-state biophysical model. We found that lightflecks in the greenhouse were short, typically <5s. Increasing complexity in irradiance fluctuation patterns (i.e. from very artificial to measured time series) reduced the difference between dynamic and steady-state simulations, e.g. for photosynthesis this difference decreased from 50% to 5%; for water-use efficiency the difference decreased from 70% to 5%. The relative contribution of the increase in light sum and fewer delayed responses by compensating drops in light level through additional light supply on plant processes was different. For example, photosynthesis was equally affected by both the increase in light sum and fewer delayed responses (i.e. 19% and 15% respectively), whereas water-use efficiency was mostly a result of less delayed plant responses (i.e. 9% compared to 1%). Our results demonstrate that lightflecks occur frequently in the greenhouse, and have strong effects on crop photosynthesis, water-use efficiency, and microclimate conditions.

The renormalisation group theory of critical and tri-critical wetting transitions in three-dimensional systems with short-ranged forces, based on analysis of an effective Hamiltonian with an interfacial binding potential (Formula presented.), predicts very strong non-universal critical singularities. These, however, have famously not been observed in extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the transitions in the simple cubic Ising model. Here, we show that previous treatments have missed an entropic, or low-temperature Casimir, contribution to the binding potential, arising from the many different microscopic configurations which correspond to a given interfacial one. We derive the full binding potential, including the Casimir correction term, starting from a microscopic Landau–Ginzburg–Wilson Hamiltonian, using a continuum transfer-matrix (path-integral) method. This is illustrated first in one dimension before generalising to arbitrary dimension. The Casimir contribution is qualitatively different for first-order, critical and tri-critical wetting transitions and substantially alters previous predictions for critical singularities bringing them much closer to the simulation results.

The Eulerian distortion field is an essential ingredient for the continuum modeling of finite elastic and inelastic deformations of materials; however, its relation to finer levels of description has not yet been established. This paper provides a definition of the Eulerian distortion field in terms of the arrangement of the constituent microscopic particles, which is beneficial for fundamental studies as well as for the analysis of computer simulations, e.g., molecular dynamics simulations. Using coarse graining and nonequilibrium thermodynamics, the dynamics of the Eulerian distortion field is examined in detail and related to the underlying dynamics of the particles. First, the usual kinematics of the distortion and the known expression for the Cauchy stress tensor are recovered. And second, it is found that the Mandel stress and the plastic deformation-rate tensor in the natural configuration constitute the relevant force–flux pair for the relaxation of the distortion. Finally, the procedure is illustrated on two examples, namely on an amorphous solid and on a crystalline solid with one slip system.

Transforming physical surfaces into virtual interfaces can extend the interaction capability of many exciting metaverse applications in the future. Recent advances in vibration-based tap sensing show promise for this vision using passive vibration signals. However, current approaches based on Time-Difference-of-Arrival (TDoA) triangulation suffer the impact of fluctuant wave velocity due to the dispersive and heterogeneous nature of solid mediums, failing to meet the performance requirement for practical use. In this paper, we present MM-Tap, a vibration-based tap localization system that can transform ubiquitous surfaces into virtual touch screens with low overhead. A novel localization scheme is proposed based on the finding of spatio-temporal mapping between tap locations and TDoA values, which pushes the accuracy limits of vibration-based tap sensing from unstable cm-level to mm-level. We investigate the geometry of the sensor layout and design a model-based method to synthesize tap data, which enables MM-Tap to adapt to various surface materials and respond to arbitrary sensing scales after a few seconds of calibration. We combine MM-Tap with a COTS projector and facilitate a digitally augmented surface where users can play video games with low latency.

The increased distributed generators (DGs) have exacerbated voltage violations in active distribution networks (ADNs). Local reactive power control of DG inverters can realize a fast response to frequent voltage fluctuations. However, commonly used model-based voltage control depends upon accurate network parameters and entire ADN data, which may cause the sensitive information leakage of ADN and DG behaviors in practical operation. In this article, a cloud-edge collaboration-based local voltage control strategy for DGs is proposed with privacy preservation. First, a local voltage control framework is established based on cloud-edge collaboration, in which a surrogate model is built based on the graph convolutional neural networks to estimate the ADN voltages. By transferring the surrogate model, the edge side can obtain the exact voltage estimation in the local curve tuning process without the authority of the whole ADN data, preserving the network parameters of ADN. Then, the interarea coordination based on federated learning is proposed to realize the parameter updating of DG control curves, which can achieve better voltage control performance. By updating surrogate submodels based on private data distributed across multiple edge devices, federated learning can effectively preserve DG behaviors. Finally, the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed control strategy are validated using the modified IEEE 33-node system. The proposed local DG control strategy can effectively cope with voltage problems and enhance the adaptability to variations in practical operation states while considering privacy preservation.

Urban abnormal events constitute a significant threat to social order and public safety. It is of vital importance for emergency treatment if the location and time of abnormal events could be predicted before they happen. However, forecasting the occurrence of urban abnormal events is extremely challenging due to various influencing factors. First, the spatiotemporal environment in urban space is associated with complicated and dynamic attributes, which all potentially affect the happening of urban emergency events. Second, historical events also influence the occurrence of future events, and the impacts vary across urban regions and time due to dynamic regional relations. In this paper, we propose a framework called CityNeuro that incorporates both environmental and historical influence for location and time prediction of urban abnormal events. On the one hand, we identify important environmental factors by analyzing real-world datasets and constructing essential spatiotemporal features accordingly. On the other hand, we propose using neural region states to capture important historical information with a novel spatiotemporal information propagation mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to forecast the precise location and time of individual urban abnormal events. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the advantages of our model compared with state-of-the-art spatiotemporal prediction methods. IEEE

© 2022 American Physical Society. This work has been supported by Project. No. MICINN PID2020 - 118159GB-C44 from Spain. A. A. D. acknowl-edges financial support from Universidad Complutense de Madrid through the predoctoral Grant No. CT82- 20., The loss of time-translational invariance caused by a time-dependent external agent leads to particle creation effects in quantum field theory. This phenomenon results in ambiguities when selecting the quantum vacuum of the canonical quantization. In this work we analyze how the time evolution of the number of created particles depends on these ambiguities when external agents are spatially homogeneous. In particular, we generalize the standard quantum Vlasov equation in order to accommodate in its formulation the possibility of having different choices of vacuum, including adiabatic vacua. This study leads us to propose a new physical criterion stronger than the unitary implementation of the dynamics in order to reduce the quantization ambiguities., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)/AEI, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© The Author(s) 2022 GGM would like to thank Alfredo Luis for very useful discussions. Financial support was provided by the Spanish Government through the projects PID2020-118159GB-C43, PID2020118159GB-C44, FIS2017-86497-C2-1-P, FIS2017-86497-C2-2-P (with FEDERcontribution), and by the Junta deAndalucia through the project FQM219. CB and GGM acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). GGM is funded by the Spanish Government fellowship FPU20/01684., Taking the principles of quantum mechanics as they stand and applying them to gravity, leads to the conclusion that one might be able to generate superpositions of spacetimes, at least formally. We analyze such a possibility from an analogue gravity perspective. We present an analogue toy model consisting of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a double-well potential and identify the states that could potentially be interpreted as superposition of effective spacetimes. These states are unstable and the source of instability from a microscopic point of view can be related to the absence of a well-defined causal structure in the effective geometric description. We explore the consequences of these instabilities and argue that they resonate with Penrose's ideas about the decay that superpositions of states with sufficiently different gravitational fields associated should experience., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)/ FEDER, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)/AEI, Ministerio de Universidades, Junta de Andalucia, Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (MICINN), Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© The Authors 2022 E. M-M. is funded by the NSERC Discovery program as well as his Ontario Early Researcher Award. Financial support was provided by Grants PID2020-118159GB-C43 and PID2020118159GB-C44 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ESF Investing in your future". Financial support was also provided by the Junta de Andalucia through the project FQM219. C. B. acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). V. B. is funded by the Spanish Government fellowship FPU17/04471., In this work we analyse the potential for a warp drive spacetime to develop instabilities due to the presence of quantum matter. Particularly, we look for points of infinite blueshift (which are analogous to points of a black hole inner horizon, known for its semiclassical instability), and categorise them through the behaviour of geodesics in their vicinity. We find that warp-drive bubbles in dimension 2+1 or higher are in fact likely to be stable, as they generally contain only isolated points where divergences are approached, leading to a finite limit for the overall accumulation of destabilising energy. Furthermore, any semiclassical instabilities in the warp drive due to energy-density buildups can be further diminished with particular, more "aerodynamic" shapes and trajectories for the drive., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)/AEI, Ministerio de Universidades, Junta de Andalucia, Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (MICINN), Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

In this letter, degradation of InSnZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) under positive bias stress (PBS) is evaluated by low frequency noise (LFN) measurement for the first time. With PBS time, the LFN level and trap state density first decrease and then increase, and meanwhile, the dominant fluctuation model changes from carrier number fluctuation model toward to bulk carrier mobility fluctuation model. By considering the interactions of oxygen vacancies, hydrogens and electrons, a degradation model based on the effect of vertical electrical field and water ionization is tentatively proposed and discussed. IEEE

A split tree of cardinality n is constructed by distributing n “balls” in a subset ofvertices of an infinite tree which encompasses many types of random trees such as m-ary searchtrees, quad trees, median-of-(2k + 1) trees, fringe-balanced trees, digital search trees and randomsimplex trees. In this work, we study Bernoulli bond percolation on arbitrary split trees of large butfinite cardinality n. We show for appropriate percolation regimes that depend on the cardinalityn of the split tree that there exists a unique giant cluster, the fluctuations of the size of the giantcluster as n → ∞ are described by an infinitely divisible distribution that belongs to the class ofstable (asymmetric) Cauchy laws. This work generalizes the results for the random m-ary recursivetrees by Berzunza (2015). Our approach is based on a remarkable decomposition of the size of thegiant percolation cluster as a sum of essentially independent random variables which may be usefulfor studying percolation on other trees with logarithmic height; for instance in this work we studyalso the case of regular trees.

Forecasting demand is one of the processes which greatly influences the decision making within a company, and it is also one of the greatest sources of uncertainty. Inaccurate forecasts force companies to find ways to compensate for the uncertainty, often by building inventories. On the other hand, accurate forecasts help companies to achieve better customer service and lower inventory levels. Cytiva is a global life science leader who manufactures high-technology laboratory instruments at their site in Umeå. To make sure that their transportation and storage spaces are sufficient, their down-stream suppliers require information about the quantity of the final products beforehand. But as of today, the company has inconsistent outbound inventory volumes. Thus, there is a great demand for increased visibility and predictability at the Umeå site’s outbound logistics. Further, Cytiva in Umeå bases their forecasting on manually calculated estimations which is both inefficient and can create errors due to human factors. These intrinsic information inconsistencies related to the outbound logistics is prone to creating bottlenecks in their overall supply chain. The main goal of this project is to increase the accuracy of these forecasts by developing a model. The outcome will be better estimations and clearer connection between the site in Umeå and the 3PL in Rosersberg. Additionaly, a good model makes the supply chain more efficient by creating better preconditions for managing the transportation and inventory at the receiving 3PL. To make forecasts for Cytiva’s outbound inventory, we chose to focus on two of the most common families of univariate time series models, namely the ARIMA and the Exponential Smoothing family. Based on these two families we have implemented, evaluated and compared six forecasting models. Initially, the modeling was done using daily observations in order to examine whether the models could improve the company’s demand for short forecast horiz

Power systems operation and planning are facing several short-coming challenges due to the large inclusion of non-synchronous generation and the constant expansion of the electrical network. One of these challenges corresponds to the monitoring and forecasting of power systems Kinetic Energy (KE) to show on-line additional information for the Transmission System Operators (TSOs). In view of this challenge, KE monitoring requires innovative methods to analyse the continuous fluctuations in the system. Moreover, KE forecasting can foresee the status of the strength to overcome further events. In this work, we propose the use of information theory (specifically the concept of information length) as a way to provide useful insight in the power system KE variability and to demonstrate its usage as a starting point in decision making for power systems management. Additionally, a short-period forecasting using a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural network model is proposed to estimate the value of information length in real time. The methodology is applied to a monthly collected data from the Nordic Power System. Results show that our method provides an effective description of the seasonal statistical variability., QC 20221110

Returning a system to a desired state under a force field involves a thermodynamic cost, i.e. work. This cost fluctuates for a small-scale system from one experimental realization to another. We introduce a general framework to determine the work distribution for returning a system facilitated by a confining potential with its minimum at the restart location. The general strategy, based on average over resetting pathways, constitutes a robust method to gain access to the statistical information of observables from resetting systems. We exploit paradigmatic setups, where explicit computations are attainable, to illustrate the theory. Numerical simulations validate our theoretical predictions. For some of these examples, a non-trivial behavior of the work fluctuations opens a door to optimization problems. Specifically, work fluctuations can be minimized by an appropriate tuning of the return rate.

The centrality dependence of the mean charged-particle multiplicity as a function of pseudorapidity is measured in approximately 1 mu b(-1) of proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Charged particles with absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.7 are reconstructed using the ATLAS pixel detector. The p + Pb collision centrality is characterised by the total transverse energy measured in the Pb-going direction of the forward calorimeter. The charged-particle pseudorapidity distributions are found to vary strongly with centrality, with an increasing asymmetry between the proton-going and Pb-going directions as the collisions become more central. Three different estimations of the number of nucleons participating in the p + Pb collision have been carried out using the Glauber model as well as two Glauber-Gribov inspired extensions to the Glauber model. Charged-particle multiplicities per participant pair are found to vary differently for these three models, highlighting the importance of including colour fluctuations in nucleon-nucleon collisions in the modelling of the initial state of p + Pb collisions.

Two-particle long-range azimuthal correlations are measured in photonuclear collisions using 1.7 nb(-1) of 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Candidate events are selected using a dedicated high-multiplicity photonuclear event trigger, a combination of information from the zero-degree calorimeters and forward calorimeters, and from pseudorapidity gaps constructed using calorimeter energy clusters and charged-particle tracks. Distributions of event properties are compared between data and Monte Carlo simulations of photonuclear processes. Two-particle correlation functions are formed using charged-particle tracks in the selected events, and a template-fitting method is employed to subtract the nonflow contribution to the correlation. Significant nonzero values of the second-and third-order flow coefficients are observed and presented as a function of charged-particle multiplicity and transverse momentum. The results are compared with flow coefficients obtained in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions in similar multiplicity ranges, and with theoretical expectations. The unique initial conditions present in this measurement provide a new way to probe the origin of the collective signatures previously observed only in hadronic collisions.

The centrality dependence of the mean charged-particle multiplicity as a function of pseudorapidity is measured in approximately 1 mu b(-1) of proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Charged particles with absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.7 are reconstructed using the ATLAS pixel detector. The p + Pb collision centrality is characterised by the total transverse energy measured in the Pb-going direction of the forward calorimeter. The charged-particle pseudorapidity distributions are found to vary strongly with centrality, with an increasing asymmetry between the proton-going and Pb-going directions as the collisions become more central. Three different estimations of the number of nucleons participating in the p + Pb collision have been carried out using the Glauber model as well as two Glauber-Gribov inspired extensions to the Glauber model. Charged-particle multiplicities per participant pair are found to vary differently for these three models, highlighting the importance of including colour fluctuations in nucleon-nucleon collisions in the modelling of the initial state of p + Pb collisions.

Two-particle long-range azimuthal correlations are measured in photonuclear collisions using 1.7 nb(-1) of 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Candidate events are selected using a dedicated high-multiplicity photonuclear event trigger, a combination of information from the zero-degree calorimeters and forward calorimeters, and from pseudorapidity gaps constructed using calorimeter energy clusters and charged-particle tracks. Distributions of event properties are compared between data and Monte Carlo simulations of photonuclear processes. Two-particle correlation functions are formed using charged-particle tracks in the selected events, and a template-fitting method is employed to subtract the nonflow contribution to the correlation. Significant nonzero values of the second-and third-order flow coefficients are observed and presented as a function of charged-particle multiplicity and transverse momentum. The results are compared with flow coefficients obtained in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions in similar multiplicity ranges, and with theoretical expectations. The unique initial conditions present in this measurement provide a new way to probe the origin of the collective signatures previously observed only in hadronic collisions.

Returning a system to a desired state under a force field involves a thermodynamic cost, i.e. work. This cost fluctuates for a small-scale system from one experimental realization to another. We introduce a general framework to determine the work distribution for returning a system facilitated by a confining potential with its minimum at the restart location. The general strategy, based on average over resetting pathways, constitutes a robust method to gain access to the statistical information of observables from resetting systems. We exploit paradigmatic setups, where explicit computations are attainable, to illustrate the theory. Numerical simulations validate our theoretical predictions. For some of these examples, a non-trivial behavior of the work fluctuations opens a door to optimization problems. Specifically, work fluctuations can be minimized by an appropriate tuning of the return rate.

Marine-terminating outlet glacier terminus traces, mapped from satellite and aerial imagery, have been used extensively in understanding how outlet glaciers adjust to climate change variability over a range of timescales. Numerous studies have digitized termini manually, but this process is labor intensive, and no consistent approach exists. A lack of coordination leads to duplication of efforts, particularly for Greenland, which is a major scientific research focus. At the same time, machine learning techniques are rapidly making progress in their ability to automate accurate extraction of glacier termini, with promising developments across a number of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite sensors. These techniques rely on high-quality, manually digitized terminus traces to be used as training data for robust automatic traces. Here we present a database of manually digitized terminus traces for machine learning and scientific applications. These data have been collected, cleaned, assigned with appropriate metadata including image scenes, and compiled so they can be easily accessed by scientists. The TermPicks data set includes 39 060 individual terminus traces for 278 glaciers with a mean of 136 +/- 190 and median of 93 of traces per glacier. Across all glaciers, 32 567 dates have been digitized, of which 4467 have traces from more than one author, and there is a duplication rate of 17 %. We find a median error of similar to 100 m among manually traced termini. Most traces are obtained after 1999, when Landsat 7 was launched. We also provide an overview of an updated version of the Google Earth Engine Digitization Tool (GEEDiT), which has been developed specifically for future manual picking of the Greenland Ice Sheet.

With the accelerating integration of variable renewable energies (VREs), power systems become more vulnerable to active power disturbances, and more drastic frequency dynamics emerge. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is able to handle the uncertainties of VREs, and the decreasing system inertia and frequency regulation capability. This paper proposes a chance-constrained optimal configuration scheme for the BESS to maintain both the uncertain power fluctuations and frequency deviation within predefined limits. First, the required frequency regulation capability of the BESS constrained by the maximum transient frequency deviation (MTFD) and quasi-steady-state frequency deviation (QSSFD) is estimated. Then, the kernel density estimation method is utilized to model the net power fluctuations of VREs and load. A multi-objective chance-constrained programming model accounting for the life cycle cost, energy arbitrage, uncertain power fluctuation, MTFD, and QSSFD is established to optimize the capacity of the BESS. Furthermore, the Bernstein approximation is utilized to process the chance constraint, and transform the optimization model into a deterministic form. Based on the linear weighted method and Benders decomposition, the optimization model is solved through alternating iteration. Case studies were conducted to validate the proposed scheme, showing superior performance in smoothing uncertain power fluctuations, and reducing frequency deviation under contingencies.

We have disentangled the contributions to the glass transition as observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on simplified systems of industrial interest consisting of blends of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and polystyrene (PS) oligomer. To do this, we have started from a model previously proposed to describe the effects of blending on the equilibrium dynamics of the alpha-relaxation as monitored by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). This model is based on the combination of self -concentration and thermally driven concentration fluctuations (TCFs). Considering the direct insight of small-angle neutron scattering on TCFs, blending effects on the alpha-relaxation can be fully accounted for by using only three free parameters: the self-concentration of the components q)self SBR and q)selfPS) and the relevant length scale of segmental relaxation, 2Rc. Their values were determined from the analysis of the BDS results on these samples, being that obtained for 2Rc approximate to 25 angstrom in the range usually reported for this magnitude in glass-forming systems. Using a similar approach, the distinct contributions to the DSC experiments were evaluated by imposing the dynamical information deduced from BDS and connecting the component segmental dynamics in the blend above the glass-transition temperature Tg (at equilibrium) and the way the equilibrium is lost when cooling toward the glassy state. This connection was made through the alpha-relaxation characteristic time of each component at Tg, tau g. The agreement of such constructed curves with the experimental DSC results is excellent just assuming that tau g is not affected by blending.

Marine-terminating outlet glacier terminus traces, mapped from satellite and aerial imagery, have been used extensively in understanding how outlet glaciers adjust to climate change variability over a range of timescales. Numerous studies have digitized termini manually, but this process is labor intensive, and no consistent approach exists. A lack of coordination leads to duplication of efforts, particularly for Greenland, which is a major scientific research focus. At the same time, machine learning techniques are rapidly making progress in their ability to automate accurate extraction of glacier termini, with promising developments across a number of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite sensors. These techniques rely on high-quality, manually digitized terminus traces to be used as training data for robust automatic traces. Here we present a database of manually digitized terminus traces for machine learning and scientific applications. These data have been collected, cleaned, assigned with appropriate metadata including image scenes, and compiled so they can be easily accessed by scientists. The TermPicks data set includes 39 060 individual terminus traces for 278 glaciers with a mean of 136 +/- 190 and median of 93 of traces per glacier. Across all glaciers, 32 567 dates have been digitized, of which 4467 have traces from more than one author, and there is a duplication rate of 17 %. We find a median error of similar to 100 m among manually traced termini. Most traces are obtained after 1999, when Landsat 7 was launched. We also provide an overview of an updated version of the Google Earth Engine Digitization Tool (GEEDiT), which has been developed specifically for future manual picking of the Greenland Ice Sheet.