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Introduction. Animal production technologies have allowed the efficient use of food resources to meet nutritional needs and generate food for the human population. Alternative feed sources in ruminants have been used to increase the productive and reproductive indicators. The expansion of the oil palm area (Elaeis guineensis) for biodiesel production as a renewable energy source has favoured the development of agro-industrial processes through the generation of by-products, such as glycerol, which due to its glycogenic effect, could be considered as an alternative energy source. Objective. To substantiate the nutritional effect of glycerol as a dietary supplement on the response in dairy cattle. Development. Studies have reported beneficial effects of the glycerol use as therapy in the prevention of metabolic disorders associated with the transition period, characterized by nutritional deficiencies and imbalances. Several results have shown that its response is associated with the level of inclusion (5 to 12 % DM) in the diet and the rate of disappearance at the ruminal level, which concerns the intake. Its composition varies according to the quality of the raw material (degree of impurities), which could be considered unsafe for its supply. The energy sources have shown a favourable effect on the reproductive response expressed by the increase in the ovulation rate, the improvement in the modulation of the uterine prostaglandin synthesis, better quality of oocytes, greater competition in embryonic development, and an increase in the conception rates, in which the use of glycerol could be associated. Conclusion. Glycerol could be considered an essential ingredient in diets due to its high energy value and beneficial effect on productive and reproductive indicators, however, it is necessary to expand its study., Introducción. Las tecnologías de producción animal han permitido la utilización eficiente de recursos alimenticios para satisfacer las necesidades nutricionales y generar alimento para la población humana. Fuentes alternativas de alimentación en rumiantes han sido utilizadas para el incremento de los indicadores productivos y reproductivos. La expansión del área sembrada con palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis) destinada a la producción de biodiesel como fuente de energía renovable, ha favorecido el desarrollo de procesos agroindustriales mediante la generación de subproductos, como el glicerol, que por su efecto glucogénico, podría ser considerado como fuente energética alternativa. Objetivo. Fundamentar el efecto nutricional del glicerol como suplemento alimenticio sobre la respuesta en bovinos de leche. Desarrollo. Estudios han reportado efectos benéficos del uso de glicerol como terapia en la prevención de trastornos metabólicos asociados al período de transición, caracterizado por deficiencias y desequilibrios nutricionales. Diversos resultados han mostrado que su respuesta está asociada con el nivel de inclusión (5 a 12 % MS) en la dieta y la tasa de desaparición a nivel ruminal, que incide sobre la ingesta. Su composición varía de acuerdo con la calidad de la materia prima (grado de impurezas), lo que podría considerarse como inseguro para su suministro. Las fuentes energéticas han mostrado un efecto favorable sobre la respuesta reproductiva expresada por el incremento de la tasa de ovulación, el mejoramiento en la modulación de la síntesis de prostaglandina uterina, mejor calidad de los ovocitos, mayor competencia en el desarrollo embrionario e incremento en las tasas de concepción, en las que el uso de glicerol podría ser asociado. Conclusión. El glicerol podría ser considerado como ingrediente esencial en dietas alimenticias por su alto valor energético y efecto benéfico sobre los indicadores productivos y reproductivos, sin embargo, es necesario ampliar su

Introduction: The basis for physical exercise management is overload intake of carbohydrate in all stages involving physical exercises, although this overload intake may increase glycemia in a harmful way to health. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the impact of maltodextrin consumption on a glycemic curve of individuals trained under traditional physical exercise. Materials and methods: This are a field research, which also consists in explanatory, experimental and longitudinal cut-type performed in a bodybuilding gym. The research was composed by 12 adult women, chosen for convenience and the study was performed in two sections of exercises on non-consecutive days, which the first was realized without and the second with maltodextrin supplementation. Results: Comparing glycemia and glycemic behavior with and without use of maltodextrin, the results showed a considerable increase of glycemia in the second moment (20 minutes after the beginning of the exercises) with the use of maltodextrin that corresponds to a moment of higher glycemic peak due to entire intake of the supplement. Discussion: A study of similar objectives carried out with men using 0,5g/kg/weight of maltodextrin showed divergent results compared with the ones found in this study. It is believed that this fact could be explained due to a lower concentration of the offered supplement. Conclusion: Further studies are suggested using the amount tested here and other concentrations of maltodextrin and continuing glycemic check for the next 24 hours following a physical exercise session performed by healthy adult subjects., Introdução: a base para o gerenciamento do exercício físico é uma ingestão aumentada de carboidratos em todas as etapas que envolvem o exercício físico, entretanto uma ingestão elevada de carboidratos pode aumentar a glicemia de maneira prejudicial à saúde. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o impacto do consumo de maltodextrina na curva glicêmica de indivíduos treinados sob exercício físico tradicional. Materiais e métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, explicativa, experimental e longitudinal do tipo corte, realizada em uma academia de musculação A pesquisa foi composta por 12 mulheres, adultas, escolhidas por conveniência e o estudo foi realizado em duas sessões de exercício em dias não consecutivos, das quais a primeira foi realizada sem e a segunda com a suplementação de maltodextrina. Resultados: comparando as glicemias com o comportamento glicêmico com e sem uso de maltodextrina os resultados mostram aumento significativo (p=0,0) das glicemias no momento dois (20 minutos de início do exercício físico) com utilização da maltodextrina, que corresponde ao momento de maior pico glicêmico devido a total digestão do suplemento. Discussões: um estudo com objetivos semelhantes realizado com indivíduos do gênero masculino e utilizando 0,5g/kg/peso de maltodextrina mostrou resultados divergentes ao encontrado nesse estudo. Acredita-se que esse fato pode ser explicado devido a menor concentração do suplemento ofertado. Conclusão: Sugere-se a realização de novos estudos, utilizando a quantidade aqui testada e outras concentrações de maltodextrina e que continuem a verificação glicêmica pelas próximas 24 horas após uma sessão de exercício físico realizado por indivíduos adultos e sadios.

Introduction. Animal production technologies have allowed the efficient use of food resources to meet nutritional needs and generate food for the human population. Alternative feed sources in ruminants have been used to increase the productive and reproductive indicators. The expansion of the oil palm area (Elaeis guineensis) for biodiesel production as a renewable energy source has favoured the development of agro-industrial processes through the generation of by-products, such as glycerol, which due to its glycogenic effect, could be considered as an alternative energy source. Objective. To substantiate the nutritional effect of glycerol as a dietary supplement on the response in dairy cattle. Development. Studies have reported beneficial effects of the glycerol use as therapy in the prevention of metabolic disorders associated with the transition period, characterized by nutritional deficiencies and imbalances. Several results have shown that its response is associated with the level of inclusion (5 to 12 % DM) in the diet and the rate of disappearance at the ruminal level, which concerns the intake. Its composition varies according to the quality of the raw material (degree of impurities), which could be considered unsafe for its supply. The energy sources have shown a favourable effect on the reproductive response expressed by the increase in the ovulation rate, the improvement in the modulation of the uterine prostaglandin synthesis, better quality of oocytes, greater competition in embryonic development, and an increase in the conception rates, in which the use of glycerol could be associated. Conclusion. Glycerol could be considered an essential ingredient in diets due to its high energy value and beneficial effect on productive and reproductive indicators, however, it is necessary to expand its study., Introducción. Las tecnologías de producción animal han permitido la utilización eficiente de recursos alimenticios para satisfacer las necesidades nutricionales y generar alimento para la población humana. Fuentes alternativas de alimentación en rumiantes han sido utilizadas para el incremento de los indicadores productivos y reproductivos. La expansión del área sembrada con palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis) destinada a la producción de biodiesel como fuente de energía renovable, ha favorecido el desarrollo de procesos agroindustriales mediante la generación de subproductos, como el glicerol, que por su efecto glucogénico, podría ser considerado como fuente energética alternativa. Objetivo. Fundamentar el efecto nutricional del glicerol como suplemento alimenticio sobre la respuesta en bovinos de leche. Desarrollo. Estudios han reportado efectos benéficos del uso de glicerol como terapia en la prevención de trastornos metabólicos asociados al período de transición, caracterizado por deficiencias y desequilibrios nutricionales. Diversos resultados han mostrado que su respuesta está asociada con el nivel de inclusión (5 a 12 % MS) en la dieta y la tasa de desaparición a nivel ruminal, que incide sobre la ingesta. Su composición varía de acuerdo con la calidad de la materia prima (grado de impurezas), lo que podría considerarse como inseguro para su suministro. Las fuentes energéticas han mostrado un efecto favorable sobre la respuesta reproductiva expresada por el incremento de la tasa de ovulación, el mejoramiento en la modulación de la síntesis de prostaglandina uterina, mejor calidad de los ovocitos, mayor competencia en el desarrollo embrionario e incremento en las tasas de concepción, en las que el uso de glicerol podría ser asociado. Conclusión. El glicerol podría ser considerado como ingrediente esencial en dietas alimenticias por su alto valor energético y efecto benéfico sobre los indicadores productivos y reproductivos, sin embargo, es necesario ampliar su

Циљ рада је био да се утврди утицај енергетског додатка на бази глицерола на тjелесну кондицију крава. Петнаест дана прије тељења одабрано је 80 крава подијељених у двије групе од по 40 крава: контролну и огледну. Кравама огледне групе је у посљедње двије недјеље засушења и до 60. дана лактације додаван у храну енергетски додатак на бази глицерола. Оцјена тјелесне кондиције (ОТК) одређена је 15 дана прије, као и 7, 30 и 60 дана послије тељења. Краве огледне групе су имале значајно вишу вриједност ОТК у односу на контролну групу само 7. дана лактације. Разлика у ОТК између периода засушења и пуерперијума је била у оквиру физиолошки дозвољеног опсега вриједности код огледне групе, док је код контролне групе била виша од дозвољеног, указујући да је код огледних крава постпартални негативан биланс енергије био слабије изражен., The objective of the investigation presented in this study was to establish the effects of a glycerol-based energy supplement in the diet of high-yield dairy cows on their body condition. Eighty cows were selected 2 weeks before calving, and they were divided into two groups with 40 cows: control and experimental. Cows of the experimental group orally received glycerol based energy supplement during the final two weeks of the dry period until the day 60 of lactation. Body condition scoring (BCS) was done 15 days before and 7, 30 and 60 days after calving. Experimental cows had significantly higher BCS only on day 7 after calving compared to control group. Difference in BCS between dry and puerperal period was within physiological value in experimental but higher than physiologically accepted in control group, indicating that negative energy balance in experimental cows was not so pronounced.

Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita uticaj energetskog dodatka na bazi glicerola na metabolički i endokrini status krava u kasnom graviditetu i ranoj laktaciji. Ispitivanja su izvršena na 60 krava odabranih u zasušenju podeljenih u dve jednake grupe. Obe grupe su dobijale potpuno izmešan obrok dva puta dnevno koji je bio usklađen sa potrebama jedinki u odnosu na fazu proizvodno reproduktivnog ciklusa. Dodatno, krave ogledne grupe su u jutarnjem obroku dobijale energetski dodatak u količini od 250 ml u periodu zasušenja, odnosno od 15. dana pre očekivanog termina teljenja do momenta teljenja, i u količini od 300 ml u periodu rane laktacije, odnosno prvih 60 dana posle teljenja, čime im je obezbeđeno dodatnih 9,30 MJ NEL tokom zasušenja, odnosno 13,95 MJ NEL tokom rane laktacije. Kontrolna grupa krava nije primala energetski dodatak. Telesna kondicija krava određena je 15. dana pre i 7., 30. i 60. dana posle teljenja. Sedmog, tridesetog i šezdesetog. dana nakon teljenja zabeležena je dnevna proizvodnja mleka. Od reproduktivnih pokazatelja registrovani su servis period i indeks osemenjavanja. Uzorci krvi za analizu uzimani su od krava punkcijom vene jugularis 15. dana pre , kao i 7. 30 i 60. dana nakon teljenja. U uzorcima krvi određivani su koncentracije glukoze, beta-hidroksi buterne kiseline (BHBA), neesterifikovanih masnih kiselina (NEFA), ukupnih proteina, albumina, uree, ukupnog bilirubina, kalcijuma, fosfora, insulina, trijodtironina, tiroksina, IGF-I i zastupljenost IGFBP-2, -3 i -4. Uzorci tkiva jetre su uzeti 7., 30. i 60. dana laktacije i u njima je određivan sadržaj ukupnih lipida.Računski su dobijeni HOMA (homeostatic model assessment) indeks i odnos T3 i T4. Krave ogledne grupe su u odnosu na kontrolnu imale značajno višu vrednost ocene telesne kondicije 7 dana nakon teljenja. Proizvodnja mleka kod krava ogledne grupe je bila značajno viša 60. dana laktacije. Krave koje su primale energetski dodatak su imale značajno kraći servis period u o, The aim of this PhD thesis was to examine the effect of glycerol based energy supplementation on metabolic and endocrine status of cows in late pregnancy and early lactation. The study was conducted on a total of 60 cows, selected in dry period and divided into two groups. Both groups of cows were fed with a total mix ratio adjusted to the nutritive needs for pregnancy and lactation. Additionally, each cow in the experimental group was given energy supplement dispersed in the morning feed by sprayer for the period of the experiment in the quantity of 250 mL during last 15 days of pregnancy and 300 mL during first 60 days of lactation. Added glycerol provided additional 9.30 MJ NEL during dry period and additional 13.95 MJ NEL during early lactation period. Control animals did not receive energy supplement. Body condition score was performed at day 15 before and days 7, 30 and 60 after calving. Milking was measured at days 7, 30 and 60 of lactation. Service period and insemination index were determined. Four blood samples were taken by jugular venipuncture from each animal at day 15 before and days 7, 30 and 60 after calving. The blood glucose, beta-hydroxi butirate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), total protein, albumin, urea, total bilirubin, Ca, P, insulin, triiodothyroinine, thyroxine, IGF-I as well as relative abundance of IGFBP-2, -3 and - were measured. Liver percutaneous biopsies were obtained at days 7, 30 and 60 after calving and total lipid content in hepatocites was measured. At day 7 after calving, cows from experimental group had significantlly higher values for body condition scores than cows from control group. Experimental group of cows had significantlly higher milk production than control group at day 60 of lactation. Energy supplemented cows had significantlly shorter service period than control group. At day 7 of lactation, average degree of fatty liver was moderate in cows of control group and mild in cows from experimental group. At da

The objective of the investigations presented in this work was to establish the effects of a glycerol-based energy supplement in the diet of high-yield dairy cows on their body condition and production results during the early stage of lactation. Forty-seven cows were selected before calving, and they were divided into two groups: controls (n=26) and experimental (n=21). Cows of the experimental group were administered the preparation 'Energy Top' (Biochem GMBH, Germany), in a quantity of 250 ml daily during the final two weeks of the dry period and until the 60th day of lactation. The body condition score (BCS) of all cows was determined 10 days before calving, and on days 15 and 60 after calving. Blood samples were taken 10 days before and 15 days after calving, and concentrations of glucose and beta hydroxi-butyric acid (BHBA) were determined in all samples. Average daily milk production of all cows was measured on days 30 and 60 of lactation. The results showed that the differences in BCS between the dry period and puerperium, or the dry period and the 60th day of lactation, were within physiological values in the experimental group of cows, and higher than physiological values in the control group. Glucose concentration was statistically significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group of cows 10 days before calving (p lt 0.05) and 15 days after calving (p lt 0.01). Fifteen days after calving, the BHBA concentration in the control group of cows was significantly higher (p lt 0.01) than in the experimental group. On days 30 and 60 of lactation, the milk yield of experimental cows was higher than of those in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The obtained results indicate that energy supplements should be used as an integral part of the feed ration during the peripartal period in order to prevent changes in the body condition score of cows by more than 0.7 points, and also that, in cows with a daily mi, Cilj istraživanja u ovom radu je bio da se utvrdi uticaj energetskog dodatka na bazi glicerola u ishrani visokomlečnih krava na zdravstveno stanje i proizvodne rezultate u ranoj fazi laktacije. Petnaest dana pre teljenja odabrano je 47 krava koje su podeljene u dve grupe: kontrolnu (n=26) i oglednu (n=21). Kravama ogledne grupe je u poslednje dve nedelje zasušenja i do 60. dana laktacije dodavan u hranu preparat 'Energy Top' (Biochem GMBH, Nemačka), u količini od 250 ml dnevno. Svim kravama je ocenjena telesna kondicija (OTK) 10 dana pre teljenja, 15. i 60. dana nakon teljenja. Uzorci krvi su uzeti 10 dana pre i 15 dana nakon teljenja i u njima su određeni koncentracija glukoze i beta hidroksi-buterne kiseline (BHBA). Kod svih krava je izmerena prosečna dnevna proizvodnja mleka 30. i 60. dana laktacije. Rezultati su pokazali da su razlike u OTK između perioda zasušenja i perioda puerperijuma, odnosno perioda zasušenja i 60. dana laktacije u okviru fizioloških vrednosti kod ogledne grupe krava, a veće od fizioloških vrednosti kod kontrolne grupe. Koncentracija glukoze je bila statistički značajno viša kod ogledne nego kod kontrolne grupe krava 10 dana pre teljenja (p lt 0,05) i 15 dana nakon teljenja (p lt 0,01). Petnaest dana nakon teljenja koncentracija BHBA kod kontrolne grupe krava je bila značajno veća (p lt 0,01) nego kod ogledne grupe. 30. i 60. dana laktacije mlečnost krava ogledne grupe je bila veća, ali ne statistički značajno, od mlečnosti kontrolne grupe krava. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu korišćenja energetskih dodataka kao sastavni deo obroka u peripartalnom periodu u cilju sprečavanja promena u telesnoj kondiciji krava za više od 0,7 poena, kao i da kod krava sa dnevnom proizvodnjom mleka do 30 l energetski dodatak ima stimulativni uticaj na proizvodnju mleka do uspostavljanja energetske ravnoteže, odnosno u ovom slučaju oko tridesetog dana posle teljenja.

The objective of the investigations presented in this work was to establish the effects of a glycerol-based energy supplement in the diet of high-yield dairy cows on their body condition and production results during the early stage of lactation. Forty-seven cows were selected before calving, and they were divided into two groups: controls (n=26) and experimental (n=21). Cows of the experimental group were administered the preparation 'Energy Top' (Biochem GMBH, Germany), in a quantity of 250 ml daily during the final two weeks of the dry period and until the 60th day of lactation. The body condition score (BCS) of all cows was determined 10 days before calving, and on days 15 and 60 after calving. Blood samples were taken 10 days before and 15 days after calving, and concentrations of glucose and beta hydroxi-butyric acid (BHBA) were determined in all samples. Average daily milk production of all cows was measured on days 30 and 60 of lactation. The results showed that the differences in BCS between the dry period and puerperium, or the dry period and the 60th day of lactation, were within physiological values in the experimental group of cows, and higher than physiological values in the control group. Glucose concentration was statistically significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group of cows 10 days before calving (p lt 0.05) and 15 days after calving (p lt 0.01). Fifteen days after calving, the BHBA concentration in the control group of cows was significantly higher (p lt 0.01) than in the experimental group. On days 30 and 60 of lactation, the milk yield of experimental cows was higher than of those in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The obtained results indicate that energy supplements should be used as an integral part of the feed ration during the peripartal period in order to prevent changes in the body condition score of cows by more than 0.7 points, and also that, in cows with a daily mi, Cilj istraživanja u ovom radu je bio da se utvrdi uticaj energetskog dodatka na bazi glicerola u ishrani visokomlečnih krava na zdravstveno stanje i proizvodne rezultate u ranoj fazi laktacije. Petnaest dana pre teljenja odabrano je 47 krava koje su podeljene u dve grupe: kontrolnu (n=26) i oglednu (n=21). Kravama ogledne grupe je u poslednje dve nedelje zasušenja i do 60. dana laktacije dodavan u hranu preparat 'Energy Top' (Biochem GMBH, Nemačka), u količini od 250 ml dnevno. Svim kravama je ocenjena telesna kondicija (OTK) 10 dana pre teljenja, 15. i 60. dana nakon teljenja. Uzorci krvi su uzeti 10 dana pre i 15 dana nakon teljenja i u njima su određeni koncentracija glukoze i beta hidroksi-buterne kiseline (BHBA). Kod svih krava je izmerena prosečna dnevna proizvodnja mleka 30. i 60. dana laktacije. Rezultati su pokazali da su razlike u OTK između perioda zasušenja i perioda puerperijuma, odnosno perioda zasušenja i 60. dana laktacije u okviru fizioloških vrednosti kod ogledne grupe krava, a veće od fizioloških vrednosti kod kontrolne grupe. Koncentracija glukoze je bila statistički značajno viša kod ogledne nego kod kontrolne grupe krava 10 dana pre teljenja (p lt 0,05) i 15 dana nakon teljenja (p lt 0,01). Petnaest dana nakon teljenja koncentracija BHBA kod kontrolne grupe krava je bila značajno veća (p lt 0,01) nego kod ogledne grupe. 30. i 60. dana laktacije mlečnost krava ogledne grupe je bila veća, ali ne statistički značajno, od mlečnosti kontrolne grupe krava. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu korišćenja energetskih dodataka kao sastavni deo obroka u peripartalnom periodu u cilju sprečavanja promena u telesnoj kondiciji krava za više od 0,7 poena, kao i da kod krava sa dnevnom proizvodnjom mleka do 30 l energetski dodatak ima stimulativni uticaj na proizvodnju mleka do uspostavljanja energetske ravnoteže, odnosno u ovom slučaju oko tridesetog dana posle teljenja.