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Background: To reduce the effects of climate change, the current fossil-based energy system must transition to a low-carbon system based largely on renewables. In both academic literature and non-academic discourse concerning the energy transition, resilience is frequently mentioned as an additional objective or requirement. Despite its frequent use, resilience is a very malleable term with different meanings in different contexts. Main text: This paper seeks to identify how resilience is understood in the field of the energy system and whether there are similar aspects in the different ways the term is understood. To this end, we review more than 130 papers for definitions of energy system resilience. In addition, we use different aspects to categorize and examine these. The results paint a diverse picture in terms of the definition and understanding of resilience in the energy system. However, a few definition archetypes can be identified. The first uses a straightforward approach, in which the energy system has one clearly defined equilibrium state. Here, resilience is defined in relation to the response of the energy system to a disturbance and its ability to quickly return to its equilibrium. The second type of resilience allows for different equilibriums, to which a resilient energy system can move after a disruption. Another type of resilience focuses more on the process and the actions of the system in response to disruption. Here, resilience is defined as the ability of the system to adapt and change. In the papers reviewed, we find that the operational definition of resilience often encompasses aspects of different archetypes. This diversity shows that resilience is a versatile concept with different elements. Conclusions: With this paper, we aim to provide insight into how the understanding of resilience for the energy system differs depending on which aspect of the energy system is studied, and which elements might be necessary for different understan

Interdisciplinary research is called for to model integrated urban resilience across separate urban subsystems (infrastructure, governance, resources, socio-economic), and for chartering pathways toward an urban ‘desirable state’. A core challenge is to determine the linkages between the subsystems. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach by first constructing profiles of a desirable state, based on human shared values obtained empirically, and then use those to identify linkages naturally occurring between associated subsystems. We demonstrate the approach in two contrasting cities, Shanghai and Vienna, using WeValue InSitu methods to crystallize shared values and explore perspectives of urban disruption. The Desirable States of both cities provide elements with intrinsic strong linkages between urban subsystems, which can be represented with system dynamics mapping. These results reveal that this values-based approach contributes to modeling and studies of integrated urban resilience, for theory building and for applications.

Coral reefs experience natural and anthropogenic disturbances that can shift reefs from coral to algal domination, with concurrent loss of ecosystem functions and services. Pulse (transient) disturbances, such as storms, can alter the regime of environmental drivers in reefs negatively affecting corals. However, little is known of the resilience of the shifted macroalgal community, motivating my research into the effects of storm-associated disturbance on macroalgae. Here I investigate 1) how dominant macroalgae respond to changes in environmental drivers such as light, sediment, and nutrients and 2) how light and sediment disturbances affect species interactions and resilience. First, I explored the response of a green calcifying alga to changes in light, nutrients, and sediment. In the field, increased nutrients reduced growth, but only with added sediment, while ambient nutrients and reduced light increased growth. In microcosms, sediment acts as a buffer in high light, increasing growth. Thus, different combinations of environmental drivers produce complex interactions that can ameliorate negative effects of changes in certain environmental drivers. Second, I examined the effects of short-term disturbances in sediment and light on growth and species interactions of two macroalgae (calcifying vs non-calcifying), demonstrating environmental drivers can have independent rather than interactive effects depending on species assemblage. Intra-specifically, light reduction negatively affected the calcifying species and had negligible effects on non-calcifying species. However, interspecifically, light reductions resulted in negative responses for both algae, with differential performance suggesting species interactions. Thus, both species and community context are needed to improve predictions for coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Last, I studied the resilience of these macroalgae to storm-associated light and sediment disturbances. While disturbance negatively affected

Marine ecosystems are under threat from a range of human pressures, notably climate change, overexploitation, and habitat destruction. The resulting loss of species and biodiversity can cause abrupt and potentially irreversible changes in their structure and functioning. Consequently, maximizing resilience has emerged as a key concept in conservation and management. However, despite a well-developed theory, there is an urgent need for a framework that can quantify key components promoting resilience by accounting for the role of biodiversity. In this study, we applied an indicator-based approach to assess the potential resilience of marine ecosystems using the North Sea as an illustrative case study. More specifically, we quantified and compared multiple indicators of ecological resilience, estimated based on high-resolution monitoring data on marine demersal fish species, combined with information on ecological traits. Our results show a pronounced spatial structuring of indicators, including both similarities and differences among individual metrics and indicators. This implies that high resilience cannot be achieved by maximizing all individual aspects of resilience, simply because there seems to be inherent trade-offs between these components. Our framework is generic and is therefore applicable to other systems and can inform spatial planning and management.

The effect of climate change on species distribution has been the focus of much recent research, but the community-level approach remains poorly studied. Our investigation applies a present assemblage-environment relationship model for the first time to the predict changes in subtidal macroalgal assemblages in the northern Iberian Peninsula under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate scenarios by 2100. Water temperature is the most relevant factor in shaping assemblage distribution, whilst nutrient availability plays a secondary role. The results partially support our hypothesis that there may well be a potential meridionalisation of northern Iberian assemblages in the future. Under the most pessimistic scenario, the model projects that the north-western assemblages will remain distinct from the rest, whereas the central and eastern assemblages of the north coast of the Iberian Peninsula will come to resemble those of the Mediterranean region more closely than those of the northwest coast. This research may help predict how the biodiversity of the coastal ecosystem will respond to new environmental conditions. This is essential information for developing proper management and conservation policies.

As cities are getting denser and larger, space for conventional green features is diminishing. Cities without green alienate people from nature, deteriorate ecological systems and directly harm personal well-being. Limited open areas and many sealed surfaces in today’s cities raise the need for a renewed green space approach that fits in an increasingly dense and compact urban landscape; an approach in which green space is not limited to large open spaces at ground level, but one where greenery is truly integrated with built structures. The concept of compact urban green space (CUGS) is introduced in this study to refer to green space compatible with this approach. Too often, current CUGS on buildings and in small spaces solely serves aesthetic purposes and is treated as mere (architectural) decoration. This attitude results in pragmatic but disconnected interventions with little added value to ecology and well-being. This study puts forward that urban planners and landscape architects should embrace these new and unconventional green spaces, because, when planned and designed from a larger social-ecological perspective, compact urban green space can functionally solve several urban challenges simultaneously while also improving ecological quality and human well-being. This graduation project explores the qualitative aspects of small green spaces that result in major improvements in ecological resilience and personal well-being. It is concluded that CUGS can provide quality for people and nature. E.g. by encouraging stewardship of local communities and allocating space for natural processes. A pattern language approach is used to better understand the relations between a variety of CUGS patterns across different scales. Novel CUGS patterns, such as rooftop landscapes, bioreceptive building envelopes and topographic building blocks are tested in the spatial and ecological context of Rotterdam. The resulting spatial framework for the city centre guides the de, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

The resilience capacity of vegetation in the Yucatan Peninsula is influenced by the winds and rains of tropical cyclones. There are no recent long-term studies on cyclonic impacts on natural vegetation in the region despite their significant effects on infrastructure and biodiversity. The objective of this study was to identify the area impacted by 21 tropical cyclones between 2000 and 2012 and to quantify the recovery capacity of the vegetation by using standardized anomalies of the normalized vegetation index (aNDVI). MODIS images from NASA’s “Terra and Aqua” satellites were used to calculate the damaged areas by analyzing the frequency of pixels corresponding to each type of vegetation per impact zone. The results showed that in 67% of the tropical cyclones, the impacts on vegetation were negative —a decrease in aNDVI—but in 33% of the cyclones, positive effects were recorded —an increase in aNDVI—. The lapse rate of vegetation recovery varied in 52% of the cases; vegetation recovered between two and three weeks after each cyclonic event, while 38% of the cases recovered within four to five weeks of the cyclone landfall. Tropical forests suffered the most significant effects, followed by hydrophilic vegetation. The most destructive hurricanes were Emily, Wilma, and Dean. The rate of recovery laps ranged from 4 to 10 weeks after the hurricane hit. The results could improve assessments of vegetation vulnerability against severe hydrometeorological events and establish priority zones for prompt inspection., La capacidad de resiliencia de la vegetación en la Península de Yucatán está influenciada por los vientos y las lluvias de ciclones tropicales. No existen estudios recientes a largo plazo relacionados con los impactos ciclónicos sobre la vegetación natural de la región a pesar de sus grandes efectos en la infraestructura y la biodiversidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el área impactada por 21 ciclones tropicales entre 2000-2012 y cuantificar la capacidad de recuperación de la vegetación mediante el uso de anomalías estandarizadas del índice de vegetación normalizado (aNDVI). Se utilizaron imágenes MODIS de los satélites “Terra y Aqua” de la NASA para calcular las áreas dañadas considerando la frecuencia del número de píxeles correspondientes a cada tipo de vegetación por zona de impacto. Los resultados mostraron que en el 67% de los ciclones tropicales los impactos en la vegetación fueron negativos —disminución en aNDVI— pero en el 33% de los ciclones tropicales se encontraron impactos positivos —aumento en aNDVI—. El lapso de recuperación de la vegetación varió. En el 52% de los casos, la vegetación mostró recuperación entre dos o tres semanas después de cada evento ciclónico, mientras que en el 38% de los casos se produjo dentro de las cuatro a cinco semanas posteriores a la llegada del ciclón. Los bosques tropicales sufrieron los efectos más significativos seguidos de la vegetación hidrófila. Los huracanes más destructivos fueron Emily, Wilma y Dean. El período de recuperación varió de 4 a 10 semanas después del cada huracán. Los resultados podrían mejorar las evaluaciones de la vulnerabilidad de la vegetación frente a eventos hidrometeorológicos severos y establecer zonas prioritarias para su pronta inspección.

1. Climate change is known to disrupt above-ground food chains when the various trophic layers respond differently to warming. However, little is known about below-ground food chains involving microbial preys and their predators. Here, we study how climate warming-induced heat shocks influence resistance (change immediately after a disturbance) and resilience (ability to recover back to pre-disturbance levels) in rhizosphere microbial communities. 2. We used three species of rhizosphere protists as microbial predators and six different rhizosphere bacterial communities as their prey. Protist species and bacterial communities were extracted from Centaurea stoebe—a range-expanding plant species in the Northern Europe. We then examined the temporal dynamics of protists and bacterial communities after an extreme heat event for several generations with sufficient recovery periods. We hypothesized that bacterial community resistance and resilience after the extreme heat event would be higher particularly when extreme heat effects would negatively affect their predators. 3. Our results show that prey community biomass was strongly reduced after the extreme heat event and persisted with lower biomass throughout the recovery period. Opposite to what was expected, predators showed negligible changes in their active density after the same heat event. However, abundances of the three predators varied markedly in their temporal dynamics independent of the extreme heat event. Extreme heat event further increased the inactive density of predators, whereas one of the predators showed a decline in its body size owing to extreme heat event. Bacterial community resistance and resilience after the extreme heat event were independent of predator presence, although species-specific effects of predators on bacterial community resilience were different in the last week of recovery. Predator resilience (based on active predator density) also varied among the three

We review science-based adaptation strategies for western North American (wNA) forests that include restoring active fire regimes and fostering resilient structure and composition of forested landscapes. As part of the review, we address common questions associated with climate adaptation and realignment treatments that run counter to a broad consensus in the literature. These include the following: (1) Are the effects of fire exclusion overstated? If so, are treatments unwarranted and even counterproductive? (2) Is forest thinning alone sufficient to mitigate wildfire hazard? (3) Can forest thinning and prescribed burning solve the problem? (4) Should active forest management, including forest thinning, be concentrated in the wildland urban interface (WUI)? (5) Can wildfires on their own do the work of fuel treatments? (6) Is the primary objective of fuel reduction treatments to assist in future firefighting response and containment? (7) Do fuel treatments work under extreme fire weather? (8) Is the scale of the problem too great? Can we ever catch up? (9) Will planting more trees mitigate climate change in wNA forests? And (10) is post-fire management needed or even ecologically justified? Based on our review of the scientific evidence, a range of proactive management actions are justified and necessary to keep pace with changing climatic and wildfire regimes and declining forest heterogeneity after severe wildfires. Science-based adaptation options include the use of managed wildfire, prescribed burning, and coupled mechanical thinning and prescribed burning as is consistent with land management allocations and forest conditions. Although some current models of fire management in wNA are averse to short-term risks and uncertainties, the long-term environmental, social, and cultural consequences of wildfire management primarily grounded in fire suppression are well documented, highlighting an urgency to invest in intentional forest management and restoration of ac

Disturbance regimes and biodiversity—two factors that govern the stability of ecosystems—are changing rapidly due to anthropogenic forces including climate change. Determining whether ecosystems retain their structure and function through intensifying disturbance regimes is an urgent task. However, quantitatively assessing the resilience of natural systems is a complex and challenging endeavor, especially for animal communities, for which datasets around disturbance events are scarce. Here, we apply an emerging remote sensing technology—the recording and analysis of soundscapes—to quantify the resilience of Puerto Rican coral reef and dry forest animal communities in relation to Hurricane Maria, which struck the island in September 2017. Using recordings collected between March 2017 and January 2018 at three terrestrial and three marine sites, we measured three dimensions of resilience—the magnitude of the impacts (resistance), the spatial pattern of the impacts (heterogeneity), and the diversity and timeline of functional responses (recovery)—across eight sound types representing different broad taxonomic groups. While the coral reef communities exhibited high resistance to the storm, all sound types within the dry forest were significantly impacted, with two of the three insect choruses and bird vocalizations at dawn declining approximately 50% in the weeks following Hurricane Maria. The mid-frequency insect sound type returned to pre-storm levels after 56 days, while bird vocalizations returned after 67 days, though seasonal and lunar patterns underscored the importance of long-term data for accurately measuring trajectories of recovery. This study demonstrates that soundscape methodologies can help to quantify elusive dimensions of animal community resilience in order to better understand how biodiversity and ecosystem functioning will change under novel disturbance regimes.

This learning module is an audiovisual presentation that describes the Living Systems of reACT and their connection to cultural principles of the Piscataway tribe. reACT, the University of Maryland competition house for the 2017 Solar Decathlon, includes many sustainability innovations and subsystems, including the innovative Living Systems. The Living Systems are a collection of plants and regenerative technologies within and around reACT that provide food and ecosystem services while transforming various wastes into resources. The purpose of this learning module is to describe the Living Systems in an accessible way that is understood by a broad, non-technical audience. By the end of the learning module, the audience will be able to 1) Understand the origins of reACT’s Living Systems, 2) Understand the core components of the Living Systems, 3) Realize the core themes within the Living Systems, 4) Understand how the Piscataway use native plants, 5) Be inspired to contribute to the sustainability field. This work advances scholarship related to how indigenous knowledge systems and wisdom can be applied to living practices within homes.

1. Climate change is known to disrupt above-ground food chains when the various trophic layers respond differently to warming. However, little is known about below-ground food chains involving microbial preys and their predators. Here, we study how climate warming-induced heat shocks influence resistance (change immediately after a disturbance) and resilience (ability to recover back to pre-disturbance levels) in rhizosphere microbial communities. 2. We used three species of rhizosphere protists as microbial predators and six different rhizosphere bacterial communities as their prey. Protist species and bacterial communities were extracted from Centaurea stoebe—a range-expanding plant species in the Northern Europe. We then examined the temporal dynamics of protists and bacterial communities after an extreme heat event for several generations with sufficient recovery periods. We hypothesized that bacterial community resistance and resilience after the extreme heat event would be higher particularly when extreme heat effects would negatively affect their predators. 3. Our results show that prey community biomass was strongly reduced after the extreme heat event and persisted with lower biomass throughout the recovery period. Opposite to what was expected, predators showed negligible changes in their active density after the same heat event. However, abundances of the three predators varied markedly in their temporal dynamics independent of the extreme heat event. Extreme heat event further increased the inactive density of predators, whereas one of the predators showed a decline in its body size owing to extreme heat event. Bacterial community resistance and resilience after the extreme heat event were independent of predator presence, although species-specific effects of predators on bacterial community resilience were different in the last week of recovery. Predator resilience (based on active predator density) also varied among the three

The resilience capacity of vegetation in the Yucatan Peninsula is influenced by the winds and rains of tropical cyclones. There are no recent long-term studies on cyclonic impacts on natural vegetation in the region despite their significant effects on infrastructure and biodiversity. The objective of this study was to identify the area impacted by 21 tropical cyclones between 2000 and 2012 and to quantify the recovery capacity of the vegetation by using standardized anomalies of the normalized vegetation index (aNDVI). MODIS images from NASA’s “Terra and Aqua” satellites were used to calculate the damaged areas by analyzing the frequency of pixels corresponding to each type of vegetation per impact zone. The results showed that in 67% of the tropical cyclones, the impacts on vegetation were negative —a decrease in aNDVI—but in 33% of the cyclones, positive effects were recorded —an increase in aNDVI—. The lapse rate of vegetation recovery varied in 52% of the cases; vegetation recovered between two and three weeks after each cyclonic event, while 38% of the cases recovered within four to five weeks of the cyclone landfall. Tropical forests suffered the most significant effects, followed by hydrophilic vegetation. The most destructive hurricanes were Emily, Wilma, and Dean. The rate of recovery laps ranged from 4 to 10 weeks after the hurricane hit. The results could improve assessments of vegetation vulnerability against severe hydrometeorological events and establish priority zones for prompt inspection., La capacidad de resiliencia de la vegetación en la Península de Yucatán está influenciada por los vientos y las lluvias de ciclones tropicales. No existen estudios recientes a largo plazo relacionados con los impactos ciclónicos sobre la vegetación natural de la región a pesar de sus grandes efectos en la infraestructura y la biodiversidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el área impactada por 21 ciclones tropicales entre 2000-2012 y cuantificar la capacidad de recuperación de la vegetación mediante el uso de anomalías estandarizadas del índice de vegetación normalizado (aNDVI). Se utilizaron imágenes MODIS de los satélites “Terra y Aqua” de la NASA para calcular las áreas dañadas considerando la frecuencia del número de píxeles correspondientes a cada tipo de vegetación por zona de impacto. Los resultados mostraron que en el 67% de los ciclones tropicales los impactos en la vegetación fueron negativos —disminución en aNDVI— pero en el 33% de los ciclones tropicales se encontraron impactos positivos —aumento en aNDVI—. El lapso de recuperación de la vegetación varió. En el 52% de los casos, la vegetación mostró recuperación entre dos o tres semanas después de cada evento ciclónico, mientras que en el 38% de los casos se produjo dentro de las cuatro a cinco semanas posteriores a la llegada del ciclón. Los bosques tropicales sufrieron los efectos más significativos seguidos de la vegetación hidrófila. Los huracanes más destructivos fueron Emily, Wilma y Dean. El período de recuperación varió de 4 a 10 semanas después del cada huracán. Los resultados podrían mejorar las evaluaciones de la vulnerabilidad de la vegetación frente a eventos hidrometeorológicos severos y establecer zonas prioritarias para su pronta inspección.

As cities are getting denser and larger, space for conventional green features is diminishing. Cities without green alienate people from nature, deteriorate ecological systems and directly harm personal well-being. Limited open areas and many sealed surfaces in today’s cities raise the need for a renewed green space approach that fits in an increasingly dense and compact urban landscape; an approach in which green space is not limited to large open spaces at ground level, but one where greenery is truly integrated with built structures. The concept of compact urban green space (CUGS) is introduced in this study to refer to green space compatible with this approach. Too often, current CUGS on buildings and in small spaces solely serves aesthetic purposes and is treated as mere (architectural) decoration. This attitude results in pragmatic but disconnected interventions with little added value to ecology and well-being. This study puts forward that urban planners and landscape architects should embrace these new and unconventional green spaces, because, when planned and designed from a larger social-ecological perspective, compact urban green space can functionally solve several urban challenges simultaneously while also improving ecological quality and human well-being. This graduation project explores the qualitative aspects of small green spaces that result in major improvements in ecological resilience and personal well-being. It is concluded that CUGS can provide quality for people and nature. E.g. by encouraging stewardship of local communities and allocating space for natural processes. A pattern language approach is used to better understand the relations between a variety of CUGS patterns across different scales. Novel CUGS patterns, such as rooftop landscapes, bioreceptive building envelopes and topographic building blocks are tested in the spatial and ecological context of Rotterdam. The resulting spatial framework for the city centre guides the de, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

Despite substantial conservation efforts, the loss of ecosystems continues globally, along with related declines in species and nature's contributions to people. An effective ecosystem goal, supported by clear milestones, targets and indicators, is urgently needed for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and beyond to support biodiversity conservation, the UN Sustainable Development Goals and efforts to abate climate change. Here, we describe the scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal and milestones, founded on a theory of change, and review available indicators to measure progress. An ecosystem goal should include three core components: area, integrity and risk of collapse. Targets-the actions that are necessary for the goals to be met-should address the pathways to ecosystem loss and recovery, including safeguarding remnants of threatened ecosystems, restoring their area and integrity to reduce risk of collapse and retaining intact areas. Multiple indicators are needed to capture the different dimensions of ecosystem area, integrity and risk of collapse across all ecosystem types, and should be selected for their fitness for purpose and relevance to goal components. Science-based goals, supported by well-formulated action targets and fit-for-purpose indicators, will provide the best foundation for reversing biodiversity loss and sustaining human well-being.Sustaining ecosystems is essential for biodiversity conservation and human well-being. This Perspective synthesizes the scientific basis for an effective goal for ecosystem conservation, and associated indicators of progress, that can be applied from global to local scales.

Climate change is known to disrupt above‐ground food chains when the various trophic layers respond differently to warming. However, little is known about below‐ground food chains involving microbial preys and their predators. Here, we study how climate warming‐induced heat shocks influence resistance (change immediately after a disturbance) and resilience (ability to recover back to pre‐disturbance levels) in rhizosphere microbial communities. We used three species of rhizosphere protists as microbial predators and six different rhizosphere bacterial communities as their prey. Protist species and bacterial communities were extracted from Centaurea stoebe—a range‐expanding plant species in the Northern Europe. We then examined the temporal dynamics of protists and bacterial communities after an extreme heat event for several generations with sufficient recovery periods. We hypothesized that bacterial community resistance and resilience after the extreme heat event would be higher particularly when extreme heat effects would negatively affect their predators. Our results show that prey community biomass was strongly reduced after the extreme heat event and persisted with lower biomass throughout the recovery period. Opposite to what was expected, predators showed negligible changes in their active density after the same heat event. However, abundances of the three predators varied markedly in their temporal dynamics independent of the extreme heat event. Extreme heat event further increased the inactive density of predators, whereas one of the predators showed a decline in its body size owing to extreme heat event. Bacterial community resistance and resilience after the extreme heat event were independent of predator presence, although species‐specific effects of predators on bacterial community resilience were different in the last week of recovery. Predator resilience (based on active predator density) also varied among the three predators but converged over time.

[ES] La biodiversidad marina ha estado disminuyendo a un ritmo alarmante en los últimos años, debido principalmente a las actividades de origen antropogénico, esta disminución de biodiversidad se traduce en una degradación y pérdida de ecosistemas marinos. Dentro de los factores de presión al medio marino, la sobrepesca es el más importante, dada la dependencia económica y alimentaria que el ser humano tiene de esta actividad, llegando a impactar negativamente en las poblaciones de peces. El siguiente trabajo muestra que la creación del indicador EMICI puede ser una herramienta útil para el estudio de la resiliencia en los ecosistemas marinos de arrecifes rocosos poco profundos. En este decisivo escenario, estudiar la resiliencia que presentan las comunidades de peces marinos bajo una presión de pesca, es fundamental para dar a conocer la composición de los regímenes con diferente grado de madurez, y así cuantificar la resiliencia ecológica de la comunidad ictica para conseguir proteger las aéreas que sufren un declive debido a la sobrexplotación de sus comunidades de peces, en aquellas zonas en las que el uso del ecosistema es compartido., [EN] Marine biodiversity has been decreasing at an alarming rate in recent years, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, this decrease in biodiversity translates into degradation and loss of marine ecosystems. Among the pressure factors on the marine environment, overfishing is the most important given the economic and food dependence that humans have on this activity, which has a negative impact on fish populations. The following work shows that the creation of the EMICI indicator can be an useful tool for studying the resilience of shallow rocky reefs in marine ecosystems. In this decisive scenario, studying the resilience of marine fish communities under a fishing pressure is essential to reveal the composition of regimes with different degrees of maturity, and thus quantifying the ecological resilience of the ichthyic community in order to protect the areas that suffer a decline due to the overexploitation of their fish communities, in those areas where the use of the ecosystem is shared.

[ES] La biodiversidad marina ha estado disminuyendo a un ritmo alarmante en los últimos años, debido principalmente a las actividades de origen antropogénico, esta disminución de biodiversidad se traduce en una degradación y pérdida de ecosistemas marinos. Dentro de los factores de presión al medio marino, la sobrepesca es el más importante, dada la dependencia económica y alimentaria que el ser humano tiene de esta actividad, llegando a impactar negativamente en las poblaciones de peces. El siguiente trabajo muestra que la creación del indicador EMICI puede ser una herramienta útil para el estudio de la resiliencia en los ecosistemas marinos de arrecifes rocosos poco profundos. En este decisivo escenario, estudiar la resiliencia que presentan las comunidades de peces marinos bajo una presión de pesca, es fundamental para dar a conocer la composición de los regímenes con diferente grado de madurez, y así cuantificar la resiliencia ecológica de la comunidad ictica para conseguir proteger las aéreas que sufren un declive debido a la sobrexplotación de sus comunidades de peces, en aquellas zonas en las que el uso del ecosistema es compartido., [EN] Marine biodiversity has been decreasing at an alarming rate in recent years, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, this decrease in biodiversity translates into degradation and loss of marine ecosystems. Among the pressure factors on the marine environment, overfishing is the most important given the economic and food dependence that humans have on this activity, which has a negative impact on fish populations. The following work shows that the creation of the EMICI indicator can be an useful tool for studying the resilience of shallow rocky reefs in marine ecosystems. In this decisive scenario, studying the resilience of marine fish communities under a fishing pressure is essential to reveal the composition of regimes with different degrees of maturity, and thus quantifying the ecological resilience of the ichthyic community in order to protect the areas that suffer a decline due to the overexploitation of their fish communities, in those areas where the use of the ecosystem is shared.

[ES] La biodiversidad marina ha estado disminuyendo a un ritmo alarmante en los últimos años, debido principalmente a las actividades de origen antropogénico, esta disminución de biodiversidad se traduce en una degradación y pérdida de ecosistemas marinos. Dentro de los factores de presión al medio marino, la sobrepesca es el más importante, dada la dependencia económica y alimentaria que el ser humano tiene de esta actividad, llegando a impactar negativamente en las poblaciones de peces. El siguiente trabajo muestra que la creación del indicador EMICI puede ser una herramienta útil para el estudio de la resiliencia en los ecosistemas marinos de arrecifes rocosos poco profundos. En este decisivo escenario, estudiar la resiliencia que presentan las comunidades de peces marinos bajo una presión de pesca, es fundamental para dar a conocer la composición de los regímenes con diferente grado de madurez, y así cuantificar la resiliencia ecológica de la comunidad ictica para conseguir proteger las aéreas que sufren un declive debido a la sobrexplotación de sus comunidades de peces, en aquellas zonas en las que el uso del ecosistema es compartido., [EN] Marine biodiversity has been decreasing at an alarming rate in recent years, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, this decrease in biodiversity translates into degradation and loss of marine ecosystems. Among the pressure factors on the marine environment, overfishing is the most important given the economic and food dependence that humans have on this activity, which has a negative impact on fish populations. The following work shows that the creation of the EMICI indicator can be an useful tool for studying the resilience of shallow rocky reefs in marine ecosystems. In this decisive scenario, studying the resilience of marine fish communities under a fishing pressure is essential to reveal the composition of regimes with different degrees of maturity, and thus quantifying the ecological resilience of the ichthyic community in order to protect the areas that suffer a decline due to the overexploitation of their fish communities, in those areas where the use of the ecosystem is shared.

The widespread consequences of climate change are becoming more and more evident around the world and are raising crucial awareness to world leaders that a sustainable transition is direly needed to mitigate against disastrous climatic events. In Australia, in early 2020, these events took the form of some of the most devastating and largest forest fires the country has ever seen. This devastation is raising important questions concerning the country’s decarbonisation process, as academic studies highlight the link between increasing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and amplification of climatic events. The science of climate change is solid and established: it is now up to the political arena to enact sustainable change. In Australia, electricity production is one of the largest and most extensive GHG emitting industries as well as one of the most environmentally degrading, as it is almost entirely dependent on fossil-fuel burning (mainly coal). The country has a strong and deeply-rooted history with coal, which to some extent has provided the significant economic prosperity the country benefits from today. This history, alongside the multiple strategic power plays that the coal industry enacts, especially within the federal government, has proved to be a monumental roadblock towards the country's transition away from coal-burning as the major source of electricity towards renewable energy. The results of this thesis highlight, grounded in theories of Sustainability Science, where the power of the coal industry lies within the Federal Government, who exercises that power, and how it is exercised. These show that within the Federal Government, the major political arena for nationwide energy policy, the coal industry exercises its influence and manipulation through various and complex interactions with high-ranking decision-makers. By de-complexifying an entangled web of interactions, the objective of this thesis is to provide potential targets for future change-makers

Purpose of Review: Resilience is a key concept to deal with an uncertain future in forestry. In recent years, it has received increasing attention from both research and practice. However, a common understanding of what resilience means in a forestry context and how to operationalise it is lacking. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the recent forest science literature on resilience in the forestry context, synthesizing how resilience is defined and assessed. Recent Findings: Based on a detailed review of 255 studies, we analysed how the concepts of engineering resilience, ecological resilience and social-ecological resilience are used in forest sciences. A clear majority of the studies applied the concept of engineering resilience, quantifying resilience as the recovery time after a disturbance. The two most used indicators for engineering resilience were basal area increment and vegetation cover, whereas ecological resilience studies frequently focus on vegetation cover and tree density. In contrast, important social-ecological resilience indicators used in the literature are socio-economic diversity and stock of natural resources. In the context of global change, we expected an increase in studies adopting the more holistic social-ecological resilience concept, but this was not the observed trend. Summary: Our analysis points to the nestedness of these three resilience concepts, suggesting that they are complementary rather than contradictory. It also means that the variety of resilience approaches does not need to be an obstacle for operationalisation of the concept. We provide guidance for choosing the most suitable resilience concept and indicators based on the management, disturbance and application context.

This article pretends to look over the Avá Guarani’s reflections and political actions, in the process of inhabiting the repossessions about the topic of environmental preservation. Bringing their relations with the “nature” to the center of the anthropological debate on sustainability and the environmental units of conservation overlapping on the indigenous territories, we will deal specifically with two different contexts which the Avá Guarani in the West of Paraná are related: the first one is the situation of those who are living on the Permanent Preservation Area (APP) of Itaipu Binacional, and the another one is two occupations on the Iguaçu National Park (PNI), a land that indigenous people consider as traditional. The research data here are based on fieldwork, so I will give priority to the ethnography carried out with the Avá Guarani., Este artigo tem como objetivo debruçar-se sobre as reflexões e ações políticas dos Avá Guarani no processo de habitar as aldeias em áreas que foram recuperadas no que tange à temática da preservação ambiental e recuperação ambiental. Trazendo as suas relações com a “natureza” para o centro do debate antropológico sobre a sustentabilidade e as Unidades de Conservação sobrepostas aos territórios indígenas, abordaremos especificamente dois contextos distintos nos quais se relacionam os Avá Guarani no Oeste do Paraná: o primeiro é a situação dos que vivem sob as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) da Itaipu Binacional, e também trataremos de duas ocupações no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (PNI), terra que os indígenas entendem como tradicional. Os dados aqui dispostos se orientam a partir de trabalho de campo. Dessa forma, darei prioridade à etnografia realizada junto aos Avá Guarani.

The widespread consequences of climate change are becoming more and more evident around the world and are raising crucial awareness to world leaders that a sustainable transition is direly needed to mitigate against disastrous climatic events. In Australia, in early 2020, these events took the form of some of the most devastating and largest forest fires the country has ever seen. This devastation is raising important questions concerning the country’s decarbonisation process, as academic studies highlight the link between increasing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and amplification of climatic events. The science of climate change is solid and established: it is now up to the political arena to enact sustainable change. In Australia, electricity production is one of the largest and most extensive GHG emitting industries as well as one of the most environmentally degrading, as it is almost entirely dependent on fossil-fuel burning (mainly coal). The country has a strong and deeply-rooted history with coal, which to some extent has provided the significant economic prosperity the country benefits from today. This history, alongside the multiple strategic power plays that the coal industry enacts, especially within the federal government, has proved to be a monumental roadblock towards the country's transition away from coal-burning as the major source of electricity towards renewable energy. The results of this thesis highlight, grounded in theories of Sustainability Science, where the power of the coal industry lies within the Federal Government, who exercises that power, and how it is exercised. These show that within the Federal Government, the major political arena for nationwide energy policy, the coal industry exercises its influence and manipulation through various and complex interactions with high-ranking decision-makers. By de-complexifying an entangled web of interactions, the objective of this thesis is to provide potential targets for future change-makers

Most tropical forests are threatened by a myriad of human-induced disturbances, associated with land use changes, altered fire regimes and direct deforestation. The combined effect of multiple disturbances can shift forests towards a new, resilient state that is qualitatively distinct in structure, species composition and function. We found that abandoned pastures affected by fires in the Brazilian Atlantic forest showed similarity in terms of vegetation structure and plant functional traits to a savanna-like ecosystem. Burned communities exhibited more C grass cover, higher proportion of resprouts and lower canopy cover as compared to the old-growth forest. Moreover, 79% of woody species at the burned sites are generalists with a widespread distribution, which includes the cerrado (Brazilian savanna). Woody species composition was strikingly different from old-growth forests, since burned sites were dominated by Moquiniastrum polymorphum (Less.) G. Sancho (Asteraceae), a fire-resistant species with a ruderal behavior that was absent in the old-growth forests. The results observed in this study provide biological evidence for an arrested succession with the establishment of a savanna-like ecosystem as an alternative stable state. These findings reinforce the notion that the establishment of an alternative stable state (e.g., savanna-like state) hypothesis for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest should be considered, especially under the current climate change scenarios.

Cílem této studie je ověřit vztah mezi stupněm složitosti (např. úroveň chaosu) v regionálních časových řadách a ekonomickou odolností. Analýza vychází z předchozích studií, které se snažily dokázat vztah mezi Lyapunov exponentem a regionální odolností. Na rozdíl od předchozího empirického výzkumu je cílem našeho šetření ověřit užitečnost vybraných indexů komplexity pro kvantifikaci regionální odolnosti v kontextu hospodářské krize roku 2008. Výzkumné otázky formulované v jiných studiích tiše předpokládaly existenci stochastické závislosti mezi úrovní složitosti a citlivosti regionu k hospodářskému poklesu. Součástí práce je empirická aplikace, v níž bude zkoumána odolnost regionálního trhu práce na úrovni NUTS 2 z 12 zemí EU v období 1998-2014 pomocí algoritmu pro detekci obchodního cyklu a metody pro měření kompleixty . Výsledky naznačují, že vztah mezi regionální odolností a mírou složitosti závisí na výběru vhodné míry komplexity. V této práci byl analyzován vztah regionální odolnosti s Lyapunov exponentem a generalizovaným Hurstovým exponentem., This study aims to validate the relationship between the degree of complexity (e.g. the degree of chaos) in regional time series and economic resilience. The analysis builds on previous studies that tried to prove the relationship between Lyapunov exponent and regional resilience. Unlike previous empirical research, the goal of our investigation is to verify the usefulness of selected indexes of complexity for quantifying regional resilience in the context of the economic crisis of 2008. The research questions formulated in other studies quietly anticipated the existence of stochastic dependence between the degree of complexity and sensitivity of the region to the economic downturn. We will describe an empirical application, in which the resilience of the regional labour market at the level NUTS 2 from 12 EU’s countries in the period 1998 - 2014 is going to be investigated by use of an algorithm for business cycle detection and method for complexity measurement. The results suggest that the relationship between the regional resilience and the degree of complexity depends on the selection of the appropriate measure of complexity. In this work has been analysed the relationship of regional resilience with Lyapunov exponent and the generalised Hurst exponent.

Freshwaters are increasingly exposed to complex mixtures of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) from municipal wastewater, which are known to alter freshwater communities' structure and functioning. However, their interaction with other disturbances and whether their combined effects can impact ecological resilience (i.e., the ability of a system to tolerate disturbances without altering the system's original structure and processes) remain unexplored. Using in situ mesocosms in 2 lakes with different nutrient levels (mesotrophic and eutrophic), we assessed whether a pulse exposure to sublethal concentrations of 12 PPCPs affects the ecological resilience of natural phytoplankton communities that experienced an abrupt environmental change involving the destabilization of the water column through mixing. Such mixing events are predicted to increase as the effects of climate change unfold, leading to more frequent storms, which disrupt stratification in lakes and force communities to restructure. We assessed their combined effects on community metrics (biomass, species richness, and composition) and their relative resilience using 4 indicators (cross-scale, within-scale, aggregation length, and gap length), inferred from phytoplankton communities by discontinuity analysis. The mixing disturbance alone had negligible effects on the community metrics, but when combined with chemical contaminants significant changes were measured: reducing total biomass, species richness, and altered community composition of phytoplankton. Once these changes occurred, they persisted until the end of the experiment (day 20), when the communities' structures from the 2 highest exposure levels diverged from the controls. The resilience indicators were not affected by PPCPs but differed significantly between lakes, with lower resilience found in the eutrophic lake. Thus, PPCPs can significantly alter community structures and reinforce mechanisms that maintain ecosystems in a deg

Children around the world suffer greatly due to conflicts. One of the most common interventions to support children affected by conflicts are Child Friendly Spaces (CFSs). Implemented within different cultural contexts, CFSs aim to be both culturally sensitive and contribute to gender equality, an interaction that can be complex. Previous research regarding CFSs is limited. As CFSs are commonly used in Humanitarian Action, further knowledge is central.This thesis aims to explore and compare how culture and gender appropriate responses in CFSs guidelines and manuals are expressed in order to gain an increased understanding of how these guidelines handle the interaction between gender norms in different cultures.In this study I discuss six CFSs guidelines and manuals by conducting comparative analysis and applying the Ecological Resilience Framework.The result suggests that culture and gender appropriate responses are central in all guidelines and manuals but emphasized in different ways. The participation of children, families and communities, as well as the adaption of activities, are all strategies aimed at cultural sensitivity. The result also entails that the equal inclusion of all children is a general gender appropriate approach. In addition, I claim that the main intervention, aiming to be both gender and culture appropriate, is separated groups between boys and girls. Finally, I argue that gender and culture may clash due to different perceptions of gender and culture appropriate responses.

The concept of resilience has become popular in many disciplines far beyond its original use in the field of ecology. Despite of its wide use, it has received different definitions not always coincident. Such ambiguity is still more evident in its quantitative characterization. Most of the available methods are heavily context dependent and often difficult to apply in the practice. Here, we propose to define and calculate resilience starting from the data matrices resulting from multivariate measurements of different biological metrics. • The resilience between two field scenarios (each one characterized by their corresponding datasets) can be conveniently captured as the difference between its respective data complexities. • Complexity is quantified by means of the entropy associated to the spectral distribution of the singular values of each data matrix. • The method proposed has been illustrated with a case study in which the resilience of a river (Ebro River, NE Spain) is calculated comparing six biological metrics associated to the phytoplankton, upstream and downstream to a series of large reservoirs that alter the natural river flow regime. © 2019 The Author(s)

Children around the world suffer greatly due to conflicts. One of the most common interventions to support children affected by conflicts are Child Friendly Spaces (CFSs). Implemented within different cultural contexts, CFSs aim to be both culturally sensitive and contribute to gender equality, an interaction that can be complex. Previous research regarding CFSs is limited. As CFSs are commonly used in Humanitarian Action, further knowledge is central.This thesis aims to explore and compare how culture and gender appropriate responses in CFSs guidelines and manuals are expressed in order to gain an increased understanding of how these guidelines handle the interaction between gender norms in different cultures.In this study I discuss six CFSs guidelines and manuals by conducting comparative analysis and applying the Ecological Resilience Framework.The result suggests that culture and gender appropriate responses are central in all guidelines and manuals but emphasized in different ways. The participation of children, families and communities, as well as the adaption of activities, are all strategies aimed at cultural sensitivity. The result also entails that the equal inclusion of all children is a general gender appropriate approach. In addition, I claim that the main intervention, aiming to be both gender and culture appropriate, is separated groups between boys and girls. Finally, I argue that gender and culture may clash due to different perceptions of gender and culture appropriate responses.

A conceptual framework was developed by a working group of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to guide risk assessors and risk managers on when and how to integrate ecological recovery and resilience assessments into environmental risk assessments (ERA). In this commentary we advocate that a systems approach is required to integrate the diversity of ecosystem services (ES) providing units, environmental factors, scales, and stressor-related responses necessary to address the context dependency of recovery and resilience in agricultural landscapes. A future challenge in the resilience assessment remains to identify the relevant bundles of ecosystem services provided by different types of agroecosystem that need to be assessed in concert. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:586–591.

How the growing world population can feed itself is a crucial, multi-dimensional problem that goes beyond sustainable development. Crop production will be affected by many changes in its climatic, agronomic, economic, and societal contexts. Therefore, breeders are challenged to produce cultivars that strengthen both ecological and societal resilience by striving for six international sustainability targets: food security, safety and quality; food and seed sovereignty; social justice; agrobiodiversity; ecosystem services; and climate robustness. Against this background, we review the state of the art in plant breeding by distinguishing four paradigmatic orientations that currently co-exist: community-based breeding, ecosystem-based breeding, trait-based breeding, and corporate-based breeding, analyzing differences among these orientations. Our main findings are: (1) all four orientations have significant value but none alone will achieve all six sustainability targets; (2) therefore, an overarching approach is needed: “systems-based breeding,” an orientation with the potential to synergize the strengths of the ways of thinking in the current paradigmatic orientations; (3) achieving that requires specific knowledge development and integration, a multitude of suitable breeding strategies and tools, and entrepreneurship, but also a change in attitude based on corporate responsibility, circular economy and true-cost accounting, and fair and green policies. We conclude that systems-based breeding can create strong interactions between all system components. While seeds are part of the common good and the basis of agrobiodiversity, a diversity in breeding approaches, based on different entrepreneurial approaches, can also be considered part of the required agrobiodiversity. To enable systems-based breeding to play a major role in creating sustainable agriculture, a shared sense of urgency is needed to realize the required changes in breeding approaches, institutions, regul

Background: The term resilience describes stress–response patterns of subjects across scientific disciplines. In ecology, advances have been made to clearly distinguish resilience definitions based on underlying mechanistic assumptions. Engineering resilience (rebound) is used for describing the ability of subjects to recover from adverse conditions (disturbances), and is the rate of recovery. In contrast, the ecological resilience definition considers a systemic change: when complex systems (including humans) respond to disturbances by reorganizing into a new regime (stable state) where structural and functional aspects have fundamentally changed relative to the prior regime. In this context, resilience is an emergent property of complex systems. We argue that both resilience definitions and uses are appropriate in psychology and psychiatry, but although the differences are subtle, the implications and uses are profoundly different. Methods: We borrow from the field of ecology to discuss resilience concepts in the mental health sciences. Results: In psychology and psychiatry, the prevailing view of resilience is adaptation to, coping with, and recovery (engineering resilience) from adverse social and environmental conditions. Ecological resilience may be useful for describing vulnerability, onset, and the irreversibility patterns of mental disorders. We discuss this in the context of bipolar disorder. Conclusion: Rebound, adaptation, and coping are processes that are subsumed within the broader systemic organization of humans, from which ecological resilience emanates. Discerning resilience concepts in psychology and psychiatry has potential for a mechanistically appropriate contextualization of mental disorders at large. This might contribute to a refinement of theory and contextualize clinical practice within the broader systemic functioning of mental illnesses.

Conceptual confusion revolves around how to define, assess, and overcome land, ecosystem, and landscape degradation. Common elements link degradation and recovery processes, offering ways to advance local, regional, and global initiatives to reduce degradation and promote the recovery of ecosystems and landscapes in forest biomes. Biophysical attributes of degradation and recovery can be measured, but the relevance of selected attributes across scales is subject to values that determine preferred states. Degradation defined in the context of a resilience-based approach is a state where the capacity for regeneration is greatly reduced or lost, recovery is arrested, core interactions and feedbacks are broken, and human intervention is required to initiate a trajectory of recovery. Another approach combines degradation and recovery processes through the concept of recovery debt, the cumulative lost benefits incurred, relative to a target state during phases of degradation and recovery. Degradation and recovery can also be described in terms of societal willingness to invest in improved management or restoration. Interventions can facilitate recovery to new stable or persistent states that provide multiple social and ecological benefits at land, ecosystem, and landscape scales. Multiple trajectories of recovery, as well as historic and ongoing chronic environmental change, might, however, mean that recovery to an original reference state is not possible.

A major goal of ecosystem-based fisheries management is to prevent fishery-induced shifts in community states. This requires an understanding of ecological resilience: the ability of an ecosystem to return to the same state following a perturbation, which can strongly depend on species interactions across trophic levels. We use a structured model of a temperate rocky reef to explore how multi-trophic level fisheries impact ecological resilience. Increasing fishing mortality of prey (urchins) has a minor effect on equilibrium biomass of kelp, urchins, and spiny lobster predators, but increases resilience by reducing the range of predator harvest rates at which alternative stable states are possible. Size-structured predation on urchins acts as the feedback maintaining each state. Our results demonstrate that the resilience of ecosystems strongly depends on the interactive effects of predator and prey harvest in multi-trophic level fisheries, which are common in marine ecosystems but are unaccounted for by traditional management.

A major goal of ecosystem-based fisheries management is to prevent fishery-induced shifts in community states. This requires an understanding of ecological resilience: the ability of an ecosystem to return to the same state following a perturbation, which can strongly depend on species interactions across trophic levels. We use a structured model of a temperate rocky reef to explore how multi-trophic level fisheries impact ecological resilience. Increasing fishing mortality of prey (urchins) has a minor effect on equilibrium biomass of kelp, urchins, and spiny lobster predators, but increases resilience by reducing the range of predator harvest rates at which alternative stable states are possible. Size-structured predation on urchins acts as the feedback maintaining each state. Our results demonstrate that the resilience of ecosystems strongly depends on the interactive effects of predator and prey harvest in multi-trophic level fisheries, which are common in marine ecosystems but are unaccounted for by traditional management.

Quantitative approaches to measure and assess resilience are needed to bridge gaps between science, policy, and management. In this paper, we suggest a quantitative framework for assessing ecological resilience. Ecological resilience as an emergent ecosystem phenomenon can be decomposed into complementary attributes (scales, adaptive capacity, thresholds, and alternative regimes) that embrace the complexity inherent to ecosystems. Quantifying these attributes simultaneously provides opportunities to move from the assessment of specific resilience within an ecosystem toward a broader measurement of its general resilience. We provide a framework that is based on reiterative testing and recalibration of hypotheses that assess complementary attributes of ecological resilience. By implementing the framework in adaptive approaches to management, inference, and modeling, key uncertainties can be reduced incrementally over time and learning about the general resilience of dynamic ecosystems maximized. Such improvements are needed because uncertainty about global environmental change impacts and their effects on resilience is high. Improved resilience assessments will ultimately facilitate an optimized use of limited resources for management.

The term resilience describes stress-response patterns across scientific disciplines. In ecology, advances have been made to clearly define resilience based on underlying mechanistic assumptions. Engineering resilience (rebound) is used to describe the ability of organisms to recover from adverse conditions (disturbances), which is termed the rate of recovery. By contrast, the ecological resilience definition considers a systemic change, that is, when ecosystems reorganize into a new regime following disturbance. Under this new regime, structural and functional aspects change considerably relative to the previous regime, without recovery. In this context, resilience is an emergent property of complex systems. In the present study, we argue that both definitions and uses are appropriate in ecotoxicology, and although the differences are subtle, the implications and uses are profoundly different. We discuss resilience concepts in ecotoxicology, where the prevailing view of resilience is engineering resilience from chemical stress. Ecological resilience may also be useful for describing systemic ecological changes because of chemical stress. We present quantitative methods that allow ecotoxicologists and risk managers to assess whether an ecosystem faces an impending regime shift or whether it has already undergone such a shift. We contend that engineering and ecological resilience help to distinguish ecotoxicological responses to chemical stressors mechanistically and thus have implications for theory, policy, and application.

This study aims to validate the relationship between the degree of complexity (e.g. the degree of chaos) in regional time series and economic resilience. The analysis builds on previous studies that tried to prove the relationship between Lyapunov exponent and regional resilience. Unlike previous empirical research, the goal of our investigation is to verify the usefulness of selected indexes of complexity for quantifying regional resilience in the context of the economic crisis of 2008. The research questions formulated in other studies quietly anticipated the existence of stochastic dependence between the degree of complexity and sensitivity of the region to the economic downturn. We will describe an empirical application, in which the resilience of the regional labour market at the level NUTS 2 from 12 EU’s countries in the period 1998 - 2014 is going to be investigated by use of an algorithm for business cycle detection and method for complexity measurement. The results suggest that the relationship between the regional resilience and the degree of complexity depends on the selection of the appropriate measure of complexity. In this work has been analysed the relationship of regional resilience with Lyapunov exponent and the generalised Hurst exponent.

The concept of economic regional resilience has been stemming from ecology many years ago and got both theoretical and empirical attention in recent years. Its popularity is still increasing. In particular, slightly different approaches of regional economic resilience seem to represent different interpretations of regional ability to prosper thought out different obstacles. Starting from definition of resilience, this paper aims at highlighting advantages and disadvantages of engineering, ecological and evolutionary approach towards resilience. This is in order to offer some insights into its measurement within the resilience analysis. In this paper we will describe an empirical application, in which the resilience of the Czech regional labour market at the level NUTS 2 in the period 2000 - 2014 is going to be investigated by use of an algorithm for business cycle detection and method for complexity of time series measurement. For this reason, we employed the Hurst and Lyapunov exponent as metrics of complexity. The results show the existence of a relationship between the Largest Lyapunov Exponent and the size of Index of Regional Sensitivity on Recession., Koncept ekonomické regionální odolnosti vzešel již před mnoha lety z ekologie a v posledních letech získal pozornost jak v rovině teoretické tak i empirické. Jeho popularita stále roste. Zejména pokud jde o zdánlivě poněkud odlišné přístupy regionální ekonomické odolnosti představující různé interpretace regionálních schopností prosperovat navzdory různým překážkám. Tato práce se, nevyjímaje definici odolnosti, zaměřuje na zdůraznění výhod a nevýhod technického, ekologického a evolučního přístupu k odolnosti. Cílem je poskytnout vhled do problematiky měření v rámci analýzy odolnosti. V tomto dokumentu popisujeme empirický výzkum, ve kterém je odolnost regionálního trhu v České republice na úrovni NUTS 2 v období 2000 - 2014 zkoumána pomocí algoritmu pro detekci hospodářského cyklu a metodou pro měření komplexity časových řad. Z tohoto důvodu jsme využili Hurstův a Lyapunovovův exponent sloužící jako metriky složitosti. Výsledky ukazují existenci vztahu mezi největším Lyapunovovým exponentem a Indexem regionální citlivosti na recesi.

In a world of increasing interconnections in global trade as well as rapid change in climate and land cover, the accelerating introduction and spread of invasive species is a critical concern due to associated negative social and ecological impacts, both real and perceived. Much of the societal response to invasive species to date has been associated with negative economic consequences of invasions. This response has shaped a war-like approach to addressing invasions, one with an agenda of eradications and intense ecological restoration efforts towards prior or more desirable ecological regimes. This trajectory often ignores the concept of ecological resilience and associated approaches of resilience-based governance. We argue that the relationship between ecological resilience and invasive species has been understudied to the detriment of attempts to govern invasions, and that most management actions fail, primarily because they do not incorporate adaptive, learning-based approaches. Invasive species can decrease resilience by reducing the biodiversity that underpins ecological functions and processes, making ecosystems more prone to regime shifts. However, invasions do not always result in a shift to an alternative regime; invasions can also increase resilience by introducing novelty, replacing lost ecological functions or adding redundancy that strengthens already existing structures and processes in an ecosystem. This paper examines the potential impacts of species invasions on the resilience of ecosystems and suggests that resilience-based approaches can inform policy by linking the governance of biological invasions to the negotiation of tradeoffs between ecosystem services.

Amazon forests, which store ∼ 50% of tropical forest carbon and play a vital role in global water, energy, and carbon cycling, are predicted to experience both longer and more intense dry seasons by the end of the 21st century. However, the climate sensitivity of this ecosystem remains uncertain: several studies have predicted large-scale die-back of the Amazon, whereas several more recent studies predict that the biome will remain largely intact. Combining remote-sensing and ground-based observations with a size- and age-structured terrestrial ecosystem model, we explore the sensitivity and ecological resilience of these forests to changes in climate. We demonstrate that water stress operating at the scale of individual plants, combined with spatial variation in soil texture, explains observed patterns of variation in ecosystem biomass, composition, and dynamics across the region, and strongly influences the ecosystem's resilience to changes in dry season length. Specifically, our analysis suggests that in contrast to existing predictions of either stability or catastrophic biomass loss, the Amazon forest's response to a drying regional climate is likely to be an immediate, graded, heterogeneous transition from high-biomass moist forests to transitional dry forests and woody savannah-like states. Fire, logging, and other anthropogenic disturbances may, however, exacerbate these climate change-induced ecosystem transitions.

1. The provisioning of ecosystem services to society is increasingly under pressure from global change. Changing disturbance regimes are of particular concern in this context due to their high potential impact on ecosystem structure, function and composition. Resilience-based stewardship is advocated to address these changes in ecosystem management, but its operational implementation has remained challenging. 2. We review observed and expected changes in disturbance regimes and their potential impacts on provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting ecosystem services, concentrating on temperate and boreal forests. Subsequently, we focus on resilience as a powerful concept to quantify and address these changes and their impacts, and present an approach towards its operational application using established methods from disturbance ecology. 3. We suggest using the range of variability concept - characterizing and bounding the long-term behaviour of ecosystems - to locate and delineate the basins of attraction of a system. System recovery in relation to its range of variability can be used to measure resilience of ecosystems, allowing inferences on both engineering resilience (recovery rate) and monitoring for regime shifts (directionality of recovery trajectory). 4. It is important to consider the dynamic nature of these properties in ecosystem analysis and management decision-making, as both disturbance processes and mechanisms of resilience will be subject to changes in the future. Furthermore, because ecosystem services are at the interface between natural and human systems, the social dimension of resilience (social adaptive capacity and range of variability) requires consideration in responding to changing disturbance regimes in forests. 5.Synthesis and applications. Based on examples from temperate and boreal forests we synthesize principles and pathways for fostering resilience to changing disturbance regimes in ecosystem management. We conclude that future

1. The provisioning of ecosystem services to society is increasingly under pressure from global change. Changing disturbance regimes are of particular concern in this context due to their high potential impact on ecosystem structure, function and composition. Resilience-based stewardship is advocated to address these changes in ecosystem management, but its operational implementation has remained challenging. 2. We review observed and expected changes in disturbance regimes and their potential impacts on provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting ecosystem services, concentrating on temperate and boreal forests. Subsequently, we focus on resilience as a powerful concept to quantify and address these changes and their impacts, and present an approach towards its operational application using established methods from disturbance ecology. 3. We suggest using the range of variability concept - characterizing and bounding the long-term behaviour of ecosystems - to locate and delineate the basins of attraction of a system. System recovery in relation to its range of variability can be used to measure resilience of ecosystems, allowing inferences on both engineering resilience (recovery rate) and monitoring for regime shifts (directionality of recovery trajectory). 4. It is important to consider the dynamic nature of these properties in ecosystem analysis and management decision-making, as both disturbance processes and mechanisms of resilience will be subject to changes in the future. Furthermore, because ecosystem services are at the interface between natural and human systems, the social dimension of resilience (social adaptive capacity and range of variability) requires consideration in responding to changing disturbance regimes in forests. 5.Synthesis and applications. Based on examples from temperate and boreal forests we synthesize principles and pathways for fostering resilience to changing disturbance regimes in ecosystem management. We conclude that future

In a world of increasing interconnections in global trade as well as rapid change in climate and land cover, the accelerating introduction and spread of invasive species is a critical concern due to associated negative social and ecological impacts, both real and perceived. Much of the societal response to invasive species to date has been associated with negative economic consequences of invasions. This response has shaped a war-like approach to addressing invasions, one with an agenda of eradications and intense ecological restoration efforts towards prior or more desirable ecological regimes. This trajectory often ignores the concept of ecological resilience and associated approaches of resilience-based governance. We argue that the relationship between ecological resilience and invasive species has been understudied to the detriment of attempts to govern invasions, and that most management actions fail, primarily because they do not incorporate adaptive, learning-based approaches. Invasive species can decrease resilience by reducing the biodiversity that underpins ecological functions and processes, making ecosystems more prone to regime shifts. However, invasions do not always result in a shift to an alternative regime; invasions can also increase resilience by introducing novelty, replacing lost ecological functions or adding redundancy that strengthens already existing structures and processes in an ecosystem. This paper examines the potential impacts of species invasions on the resilience of ecosystems and suggests that resilience-based approaches can inform policy by linking the governance of biological invasions to the negotiation of tradeoffs between ecosystem services.