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Con el desarrollo omnidireccional, multifacético y de múltiples niveles de las relaciones entre China y España, la comunicación intercultural entre ambas partes requiere una traducción que pueda ser entendida de forma rápida y precisa por el destinatario de la información. O mejor dicho, genera la misma reacción entre los receptores del texto traducido que los receptores del texto original. Aplicaremos parámetros culturales a un conjunto de términos que están en el ámbito administrativo, diplomático y periodístico: la jerarquía administrativa. La imprescindibilidad de investigar tal matiz se deriva de que la traducción de los niveles administrativos aún no ha sido unificada o estandarizada. Por ende, exploramos y entregamos nuestra solución guiados por el principio de equivalencia funcional. Para que el mensaje original funcione igual en la lengua de llegada como en la lengua de partida, el primero paso inevitable se trata de aclarar los sentidos representados por cada título administrativo en su cultura de origen. Correspondemos los rangos en los dos sistemas administrativos asimétricos por organigramas y, después de analizar las peculiaridades léxicas de los títulos administrativos en la lengua meta, podemos sacar adelante los resultados finales. Seguidamente observamos los errores y dificultades tanto del alumnado como del traductor profesional al expresar los niveles administrativos mediante un estudio empírico. El resultado, por un lado, confirma la confusión de la traducción de los niveles administrativos de España, y por otro lado, la escasez de recursos aprovechables. En función de los errores definidos proporcionamos una aproximación a un curso de traducción especializada diseñado para la fase de licenciatura. Las aportaciones finales contienen un glosario de la jerarquía administrativa español-chino, un muestreo de diccionario administrativo chino-español, además de la propuesta didáctica., With the omnidirectional, multifaceted and multilevel development of China-Spain relations, cross-cultural communication between both sides requires a translation that can be quickly and accurately understood by the recipient of the information. Or rather, it generates the same reaction among the recipients of the translated text as the recipients of the original text. We will apply cultural parameters to a set of terms that are in the administrative, diplomatic and journalistic field: the administrative hierarchy. The indispensability of investigating this nuance derives from the fact that the translation of the administrative levels has not yet been unified or standardized. Therefore, we explore and deliver our solution guided by the principle of functional equivalence. For the original message to work the same in the target language as in the source language, the first inevitable step is to clarify the meanings represented by each administrative title in its culture of origin. We correspond the ranks in the two asymmetric administrative systems by organization charts and, after analyzing the lexical peculiarities of the administrative titles in the target language, we can carry out the final result. In the next step we observe the errors and difficulties of both the students and the professional translator when expressing the administrative levels through an empirical study. The result, on the one hand, confirms the confusion of the translation of the administrative levels of Spain, and on the other hand, the scarcity of usable resources. Based on the defined errors, we provide an approach to a specialized translation course designed for the undergraduate phase. The final contributions contain a glossary of the Spanish-Chinese administrative hierarchy, a sampling of the Chinese-Spanish administrative dictionary, in addition to the didactic proposal.

Con el desarrollo omnidireccional, multifacético y de múltiples niveles de las relaciones entre China y España, la comunicación intercultural entre ambas partes requiere una traducción que pueda ser entendida de forma rápida y precisa por el destinatario de la información. O mejor dicho, genera la misma reacción entre los receptores del texto traducido que los receptores del texto original. Aplicaremos parámetros culturales a un conjunto de términos que están en el ámbito administrativo, diplomático y periodístico: la jerarquía administrativa. La imprescindibilidad de investigar tal matiz se deriva de que la traducción de los niveles administrativos aún no ha sido unificada o estandarizada. Por ende, exploramos y entregamos nuestra solución guiados por el principio de equivalencia funcional. Para que el mensaje original funcione igual en la lengua de llegada como en la lengua de partida, el primero paso inevitable se trata de aclarar los sentidos representados por cada título administrativo en su cultura de origen. Correspondemos los rangos en los dos sistemas administrativos asimétricos por organigramas y, después de analizar las peculiaridades léxicas de los títulos administrativos en la lengua meta, podemos sacar adelante los resultados finales. Seguidamente observamos los errores y dificultades tanto del alumnado como del traductor profesional al expresar los niveles administrativos mediante un estudio empírico. El resultado, por un lado, confirma la confusión de la traducción de los niveles administrativos de España, y por otro lado, la escasez de recursos aprovechables. En función de los errores definidos proporcionamos una aproximación a un curso de traducción especializada diseñado para la fase de licenciatura. Las aportaciones finales contienen un glosario de la jerarquía administrativa español-chino, un muestreo de diccionario administrativo chino-español, además de la propuesta didáctica., With the omnidirectional, multifaceted and multilevel development of China-Spain relations, cross-cultural communication between both sides requires a translation that can be quickly and accurately understood by the recipient of the information. Or rather, it generates the same reaction among the recipients of the translated text as the recipients of the original text. We will apply cultural parameters to a set of terms that are in the administrative, diplomatic and journalistic field: the administrative hierarchy. The indispensability of investigating this nuance derives from the fact that the translation of the administrative levels has not yet been unified or standardized. Therefore, we explore and deliver our solution guided by the principle of functional equivalence. For the original message to work the same in the target language as in the source language, the first inevitable step is to clarify the meanings represented by each administrative title in its culture of origin. We correspond the ranks in the two asymmetric administrative systems by organization charts and, after analyzing the lexical peculiarities of the administrative titles in the target language, we can carry out the final result. In the next step we observe the errors and difficulties of both the students and the professional translator when expressing the administrative levels through an empirical study. The result, on the one hand, confirms the confusion of the translation of the administrative levels of Spain, and on the other hand, the scarcity of usable resources. Based on the defined errors, we provide an approach to a specialized translation course designed for the undergraduate phase. The final contributions contain a glossary of the Spanish-Chinese administrative hierarchy, a sampling of the Chinese-Spanish administrative dictionary, in addition to the didactic proposal.

Con el desarrollo omnidireccional, multifacético y de múltiples niveles de las relaciones entre China y España, la comunicación intercultural entre ambas partes requiere una traducción que pueda ser entendida de forma rápida y precisa por el destinatario de la información. O mejor dicho, genera la misma reacción entre los receptores del texto traducido que los receptores del texto original. Aplicaremos parámetros culturales a un conjunto de términos que están en el ámbito administrativo, diplomático y periodístico: la jerarquía administrativa. La imprescindibilidad de investigar tal matiz se deriva de que la traducción de los niveles administrativos aún no ha sido unificada o estandarizada. Por ende, exploramos y entregamos nuestra solución guiados por el principio de equivalencia funcional. Para que el mensaje original funcione igual en la lengua de llegada como en la lengua de partida, el primero paso inevitable se trata de aclarar los sentidos representados por cada título administrativo en su cultura de origen. Correspondemos los rangos en los dos sistemas administrativos asimétricos por organigramas y, después de analizar las peculiaridades léxicas de los títulos administrativos en la lengua meta, podemos sacar adelante los resultados finales. Seguidamente observamos los errores y dificultades tanto del alumnado como del traductor profesional al expresar los niveles administrativos mediante un estudio empírico. El resultado, por un lado, confirma la confusión de la traducción de los niveles administrativos de España, y por otro lado, la escasez de recursos aprovechables. En función de los errores definidos proporcionamos una aproximación a un curso de traducción especializada diseñado para la fase de licenciatura. Las aportaciones finales contienen un glosario de la jerarquía administrativa español-chino, un muestreo de diccionario administrativo chino-español, además de la propuesta didáctica., With the omnidirectional, multifaceted and multilevel development of China-Spain relations, cross-cultural communication between both sides requires a translation that can be quickly and accurately understood by the recipient of the information. Or rather, it generates the same reaction among the recipients of the translated text as the recipients of the original text. We will apply cultural parameters to a set of terms that are in the administrative, diplomatic and journalistic field: the administrative hierarchy. The indispensability of investigating this nuance derives from the fact that the translation of the administrative levels has not yet been unified or standardized. Therefore, we explore and deliver our solution guided by the principle of functional equivalence. For the original message to work the same in the target language as in the source language, the first inevitable step is to clarify the meanings represented by each administrative title in its culture of origin. We correspond the ranks in the two asymmetric administrative systems by organization charts and, after analyzing the lexical peculiarities of the administrative titles in the target language, we can carry out the final result. In the next step we observe the errors and difficulties of both the students and the professional translator when expressing the administrative levels through an empirical study. The result, on the one hand, confirms the confusion of the translation of the administrative levels of Spain, and on the other hand, the scarcity of usable resources. Based on the defined errors, we provide an approach to a specialized translation course designed for the undergraduate phase. The final contributions contain a glossary of the Spanish-Chinese administrative hierarchy, a sampling of the Chinese-Spanish administrative dictionary, in addition to the didactic proposal.

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I den här uppsatsen presenteras och diskuteras min översättning av den schweizisk-italienska författaren Fleur Jaeggys novell ”La vecchia vanesia” (”Den sista fåfängan”), den sista i hennes novellsamling La paura del cielo (Rädd för himlen) från 1994. Utöver översättningen ingår även en analys av källtexten, mitt översättningsteoretiska ramverk och översättningsprincip samt kommentarer på tematiskt uppdelade översättningsproblem som jag har stött på under arbetsprocessen. Frågor som tas upp i arbetet innefattar hur språket och stilen i novellen kan återges i måltexten med Eugene Nidas dynamiska ekvivalens som översättningsprincip. Det har framgått att det är viktigt att anpassa grammatiska och lexikala aspekter för att målspråket ska flyta på naturligt. Även stilistiska drag utgör viktiga delar av den emotionella tonen i källtexten och återges i måltexten i syfte att uppnå dynamisk ekvivalens., In this essay, my translation of the Swiss-Italian author Fleur Jaeggy’s short story “La vecchia vanesia” (“Last vanities”) from the collection of short stories La paura del cielo (Last vanities) from 1994, is presented and discussed. A stylistic analysis of the source text, my theoretical framework and translation principle as well as comments on thematically categorized translation problems are also included in the work. Questions raised in the essay include how form as well as content can be rendered in the Swedish target text with the dynamic equivalence by Eugene Nida as a translation principle. The work has shown that to achieve a natural result, it’s crucial to adapt grammatical and lexical aspects to norms in the target language. Stylistic aspects constitute important parts of the emotional tone in the source text and are reproduced in the target text to achieve dynamic equivalence.

I den här uppsatsen presenteras och diskuteras min översättning av den schweizisk-italienska författaren Fleur Jaeggys novell ”La vecchia vanesia” (”Den sista fåfängan”), den sista i hennes novellsamling La paura del cielo (Rädd för himlen) från 1994. Utöver översättningen ingår även en analys av källtexten, mitt översättningsteoretiska ramverk och översättningsprincip samt kommentarer på tematiskt uppdelade översättningsproblem som jag har stött på under arbetsprocessen. Frågor som tas upp i arbetet innefattar hur språket och stilen i novellen kan återges i måltexten med Eugene Nidas dynamiska ekvivalens som översättningsprincip. Det har framgått att det är viktigt att anpassa grammatiska och lexikala aspekter för att målspråket ska flyta på naturligt. Även stilistiska drag utgör viktiga delar av den emotionella tonen i källtexten och återges i måltexten i syfte att uppnå dynamisk ekvivalens., In this essay, my translation of the Swiss-Italian author Fleur Jaeggy’s short story “La vecchia vanesia” (“Last vanities”) from the collection of short stories La paura del cielo (Last vanities) from 1994, is presented and discussed. A stylistic analysis of the source text, my theoretical framework and translation principle as well as comments on thematically categorized translation problems are also included in the work. Questions raised in the essay include how form as well as content can be rendered in the Swedish target text with the dynamic equivalence by Eugene Nida as a translation principle. The work has shown that to achieve a natural result, it’s crucial to adapt grammatical and lexical aspects to norms in the target language. Stylistic aspects constitute important parts of the emotional tone in the source text and are reproduced in the target text to achieve dynamic equivalence.

I denna kandidatuppsats undersöks uppfattningen av översatta texter hos en grupp med italienska som förstaspråk i syfte att redovisa om ett preferensmönster finns gällande tilltal, idiomatiska uttryck, meningsbyggnad och meningslängd. Texter som är undersökningens material i denna studie översätts enligt Nidas principer om formell och dynamisk ekvivalens och definieras enligt Tourys teorier. Undersökningen genomförs genom ett antal öppna frågor som ställs till respondenterna under semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsatserna dras från diskussionen av respondenternas svar kopplad till teorin samt redovisning av resultat för preferensmönstret. Studien visar att kontext, forum och målgruppen är avgörande för valet av översättningsstrategin.Förslag på vidare forskning ges i det slutliga kapitlet med formulering av hypotes gällande behovet att bestämma översättningsstrategi och tillämpning av normer enligt texttyp och målgrupp., This bachelor’s thesis is a study of perception of translated texts in a group of people with Italian as their first language. The aim of this work is to investigate whether a pattern in the preference of form of address, idiomatic expressions and syntax can be identified. The texts that are used in this study are translated according to Nida’s principles of formal and dynamic equivalence and are defined according to Toury’s theories.The study is conducted thanks to a set of open questions asked to the responders in semi-structured interviews. The conclusions are derived from the analysis of the responders’ answers in relation to the theories mentioned and the pattern of preferences revealed. The study shows that context, forum and target group are crucial for the choice of which translation strategy it will be used,Finally, we outline a proposal for further research to test the hypothesis that translation strategies and application of norms should be chosen according to the type of text and the target group.Nyckelord

I denna kandidatuppsats undersöks uppfattningen av översatta texter hos en grupp med italienska som förstaspråk i syfte att redovisa om ett preferensmönster finns gällande tilltal, idiomatiska uttryck, meningsbyggnad och meningslängd. Texter som är undersökningens material i denna studie översätts enligt Nidas principer om formell och dynamisk ekvivalens och definieras enligt Tourys teorier. Undersökningen genomförs genom ett antal öppna frågor som ställs till respondenterna under semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsatserna dras från diskussionen av respondenternas svar kopplad till teorin samt redovisning av resultat för preferensmönstret. Studien visar att kontext, forum och målgruppen är avgörande för valet av översättningsstrategin.Förslag på vidare forskning ges i det slutliga kapitlet med formulering av hypotes gällande behovet att bestämma översättningsstrategi och tillämpning av normer enligt texttyp och målgrupp., This bachelor’s thesis is a study of perception of translated texts in a group of people with Italian as their first language. The aim of this work is to investigate whether a pattern in the preference of form of address, idiomatic expressions and syntax can be identified. The texts that are used in this study are translated according to Nida’s principles of formal and dynamic equivalence and are defined according to Toury’s theories.The study is conducted thanks to a set of open questions asked to the responders in semi-structured interviews. The conclusions are derived from the analysis of the responders’ answers in relation to the theories mentioned and the pattern of preferences revealed. The study shows that context, forum and target group are crucial for the choice of which translation strategy it will be used,Finally, we outline a proposal for further research to test the hypothesis that translation strategies and application of norms should be chosen according to the type of text and the target group.Nyckelord

In 2017, Pope Francis appointed a commission to investigate the continued suitability of the Liturgiam Authenticam Instruction, approved by John Paul II, on the rules of translating liturgical texts. This article shows the genesis of this event, not necessarily the one which is marking the next stage of a “dewojtylization” of the Church, as conservative Vatican commentators would have it. The main reason for the establishment of this commission is the controversy over the two translations into English: the official one, approved in 2010, which is maintained in the spirit of Liturgiam Authenticam, and the earlier one, from 1998, done in accordance with the principles of the Instruction of Paul VI of 1969, which, in fact, recommended the use of the so-called dynamic equivalence, which in practice implied the usage of contemporary colloquial language. In order to understand the essence of the dispute, the author of this article presents the concept of dynamic equivalence developed by Pastor Eugene Nida, pointing to its strengths and weaknesses. The former mainly lies in the fact that in the years around the Council it was the first serious scientific theory of translation. That concept is also full of weaknesses, which are reflected in the significant development of translation theory over the past 60 years. The most serious of these is the fact that it reduces the act to the already existing resources of the target language thus inhibiting its development. Therefore, it is essentially the opposite of the method of St. Jerome, adopted in the Catholic tradition. According to the author the Liturgiam Authenticam Instruction takes into account several decades of biblical translation practice in the post-Conciliar spirit, with its successes and failures. The conclusions of this analysis are as follows: The absolutization of dynamic equivalence as “the only scientific theory of translation” proves that there is no cooperation between the biblical studies communities an, W 2017 roku Papież Franciszek powołał komisję do zbadania dalszej przydatności Instrukcji Liturgiam Authenticam, zatwierdzonej przez Jana Pawła II, a dotyczącej zasad tłumaczenia tekstów liturgicznych. Niniejszy artykuł wskazuje genezę tego wydarzenia niekoniecznie oznaczającego kolejny etap „dewojtylizacji” Kościoła, jak chcą konserwatywni komentatorzy watykańscy. Głównym powodem powołania tej komisji są kontrowersje związane z dwoma przekładami w języku angielskim – oficjalnym, zatwierdzonym w roku 2010 i utrzymanym w duchu Liturgiam Authenticam, oraz wcześniejszym, z roku 1998, dokonanym zgodnie z zasadami Instrukcji Pawła VI z roku 1969 zalecającej w istocie stosowanie w tłumaczeniu Biblii tzw. ekwiwalencji dynamicznej, w praktyce zaś współczesnego języka potocznego. Dla zrozumienia istoty sporu autor niniejszego artykułu przedstawia koncepcję ekwiwalencji dynamicznej pastora Eugene’a Nidy, wskazując jej mocne i słabe strony. Wśród tych pierwszych głównie fakt, że w latach wokółsoborowych była to pierwsza poważna, naukowa teoria przekładu. Koncepcji tej nie brak również słabych stron, widocznych na tle znaczącego rozwoju teorii przekładu w ciągu ostatnich 60 lat. Najpoważniejszą z nich jest fakt, że sprowadza ona akt przekładu do już istniejących zasobów języka docelowego, hamując tym samym jego rozwój. Jest to więc koncepcja odwrotna co do istoty wobec metody św. Hieronima, przyjmowanej w tradycji katolickiej. Według autora Instrukcja Liturgiam Authencticam bierze pod uwagę kilka dziesięcioleci praktyki przekładu biblijnego w duchu posoborowym, z jej sukcesami i porażkami. Konkluzje płynące z tej analizy są następujące: Absolutyzacja ekwiwalencji dynamicznej, jako „jedynej naukowej teorii przekładu”, świadczy o braku współpracy środowisk biblijnych z środowiskami rozwijającymi współczesne teorie przekładu. Instrukcja Liturgiam Authenticam skupia się na tym, co zapobiega procesowi desakralizacji liturgii – widocznemu w wielu Kościołach protestanckich, ale też w

In 2017, Pope Francis appointed a commission to investigate the continued suitability of the Liturgiam Authenticam Instruction, approved by John Paul II, on the rules of translating liturgical texts. This article shows the genesis of this event, not necessarily the one which is marking the next stage of a “dewojtylization” of the Church, as conservative Vatican commentators would have it. The main reason for the establishment of this commission is the controversy over the two translations into English: the official one, approved in 2010, which is maintained in the spirit of Liturgiam Authenticam, and the earlier one, from 1998, done in accordance with the principles of the Instruction of Paul VI of 1969, which, in fact, recommended the use of the so-called dynamic equivalence, which in practice implied the usage of contemporary colloquial language. In order to understand the essence of the dispute, the author of this article presents the concept of dynamic equivalence developed by Pastor Eugene Nida, pointing to its strengths and weaknesses. The former mainly lies in the fact that in the years around the Council it was the first serious scientific theory of translation. That concept is also full of weaknesses, which are reflected in the significant development of translation theory over the past 60 years. The most serious of these is the fact that it reduces the act to the already existing resources of the target language thus inhibiting its development. Therefore, it is essentially the opposite of the method of St. Jerome, adopted in the Catholic tradition. According to the author the Liturgiam Authenticam Instruction takes into account several decades of biblical translation practice in the post-Conciliar spirit, with its successes and failures. The conclusions of this analysis are as follows: The absolutization of dynamic equivalence as “the only scientific theory of translation” proves that there is no cooperation between the biblical studies communities an, W 2017 roku Papież Franciszek powołał komisję do zbadania dalszej przydatności Instrukcji Liturgiam Authenticam, zatwierdzonej przez Jana Pawła II, a dotyczącej zasad tłumaczenia tekstów liturgicznych. Niniejszy artykuł wskazuje genezę tego wydarzenia niekoniecznie oznaczającego kolejny etap „dewojtylizacji” Kościoła, jak chcą konserwatywni komentatorzy watykańscy. Głównym powodem powołania tej komisji są kontrowersje związane z dwoma przekładami w języku angielskim – oficjalnym, zatwierdzonym w roku 2010 i utrzymanym w duchu Liturgiam Authenticam, oraz wcześniejszym, z roku 1998, dokonanym zgodnie z zasadami Instrukcji Pawła VI z roku 1969 zalecającej w istocie stosowanie w tłumaczeniu Biblii tzw. ekwiwalencji dynamicznej, w praktyce zaś współczesnego języka potocznego. Dla zrozumienia istoty sporu autor niniejszego artykułu przedstawia koncepcję ekwiwalencji dynamicznej pastora Eugene’a Nidy, wskazując jej mocne i słabe strony. Wśród tych pierwszych głównie fakt, że w latach wokółsoborowych była to pierwsza poważna, naukowa teoria przekładu. Koncepcji tej nie brak również słabych stron, widocznych na tle znaczącego rozwoju teorii przekładu w ciągu ostatnich 60 lat. Najpoważniejszą z nich jest fakt, że sprowadza ona akt przekładu do już istniejących zasobów języka docelowego, hamując tym samym jego rozwój. Jest to więc koncepcja odwrotna co do istoty wobec metody św. Hieronima, przyjmowanej w tradycji katolickiej. Według autora Instrukcja Liturgiam Authencticam bierze pod uwagę kilka dziesięcioleci praktyki przekładu biblijnego w duchu posoborowym, z jej sukcesami i porażkami. Konkluzje płynące z tej analizy są następujące: Absolutyzacja ekwiwalencji dynamicznej, jako „jedynej naukowej teorii przekładu”, świadczy o braku współpracy środowisk biblijnych z środowiskami rozwijającymi współczesne teorie przekładu. Instrukcja Liturgiam Authenticam skupia się na tym, co zapobiega procesowi desakralizacji liturgii – widocznemu w wielu Kościołach protestanckich, ale też w

Mori Ōgai’s (1862-1922) 1909 translation and the subsequent theater production of Henrik Ibsen’s 1896 play John Gabriel Borkman was in many ways instrumental in the formation of Japanese Meiji-era shingeki theater. Through his career as a translator, Ōgai’s translation approach shifted from one of decreasingly relying on domestication techniques to staying more faithful to the source text through use of foreignization techniques and arguably towards what has been identified by Eugene Nida and Jin Di as dynamical equivalence or equivalent effect, respectively, in drama translation. In this project, Ōgai’s translation of John Gabriel Borkman is examined using a set of categories peculiar to drama translation, as proposed by Chinese scholars Xu and Cui (2011), again based on the theories of Nida and Di. The categories are intelligibility, brevity, characterization and actability. The results from the analysis are used to do a qualitative analysis of Ōgai’s approach to drama translation. Results from the study indicate that Ōgai put large emphasis on the intelligibility of the play, and perhaps over the aspects of brevity, characterization and actability. However, wherever the brevity aspect seems not to be in violation of any of the other aspects, Ōgai seems to have tried to adhere as close as possible to the source texts in terms of speaking length.

This paper analyses the translation methods used in translating a colloquial, culture-specific text containing allusions and informal language. The analysis focuses on the difficulties arising in the translation of culture-specific phenomena and aspects such as slang and cultural references as well as allusions and language play. The theoretical framework used for structuring the analysis is supported by the theories of Newmark (1988), Nida (1964), Schröter (2005), Reiss (1989), Pym (2010) and Leppihalme (1994), among others. The results indicate that the translation of culturally and connotatively charged words require knowledge and understanding of languages and cultures alike. Further, the results indicate that concept of a word or concept being ‘untranslatable’ may originate from such lack of understanding or knowledge and that further research on the subject is needed.

This analytical study examines Taha Hussein’s The Call of the Curlew uses of repetitions as a stylistic feature which represents specific functions intended by the original author according to Nida's dynamic equivalence and compared to their equivalents in TT. The loss of meaning that comes out from deletion; the intended function by the original author; and the loss of theme and rheme that happens while deleting the repetition are the core of this study. The study includes content analysis of ten random selected examples from the novel and was based on Munday (2008 & 2010); Dickins et al (2002); Venuti (2013); Johnstone (1991); Hermans (2009); Chesterman (1997) and Bassnett (1980). The Study concludes that the translator tries to delete such a repetition to follow naturalness. Naturalness is not the appropriate strategy of translating repetition where it used as a stylistic feature by the original author. Loss of meaning and loss of theme-rheme order occur too.

Mori Ōgai’s (1862-1922) 1909 translation and the subsequent theater production of Henrik Ibsen’s 1896 play John Gabriel Borkman was in many ways instrumental in the formation of Japanese Meiji-era shingeki theater. Through his career as a translator, Ōgai’s translation approach shifted from one of decreasingly relying on domestication techniques to staying more faithful to the source text through use of foreignization techniques and arguably towards what has been identified by Eugene Nida and Jin Di as dynamical equivalence or equivalent effect, respectively, in drama translation. In this project, Ōgai’s translation of John Gabriel Borkman is examined using a set of categories peculiar to drama translation, as proposed by Chinese scholars Xu and Cui (2011), again based on the theories of Nida and Di. The categories are intelligibility, brevity, characterization and actability. The results from the analysis are used to do a qualitative analysis of Ōgai’s approach to drama translation. Results from the study indicate that Ōgai put large emphasis on the intelligibility of the play, and perhaps over the aspects of brevity, characterization and actability. However, wherever the brevity aspect seems not to be in violation of any of the other aspects, Ōgai seems to have tried to adhere as close as possible to the source texts in terms of speaking length.

This paper analyses the translation methods used in translating a colloquial, culture-specific text containing allusions and informal language. The analysis focuses on the difficulties arising in the translation of culture-specific phenomena and aspects such as slang and cultural references as well as allusions and language play. The theoretical framework used for structuring the analysis is supported by the theories of Newmark (1988), Nida (1964), Schröter (2005), Reiss (1989), Pym (2010) and Leppihalme (1994), among others. The results indicate that the translation of culturally and connotatively charged words require knowledge and understanding of languages and cultures alike. Further, the results indicate that concept of a word or concept being ‘untranslatable’ may originate from such lack of understanding or knowledge and that further research on the subject is needed.

This analytical study examines Taha Hussein’s The Call of the Curlew uses of repetitions as a stylistic feature which represents specific functions intended by the original author according to Nida's dynamic equivalence and compared to their equivalents in TT. The loss of meaning that comes out from deletion; the intended function by the original author; and the loss of theme and rheme that happens while deleting the repetition are the core of this study. The study includes content analysis of ten random selected examples from the novel and was based on Munday (2008 & 2010); Dickins et al (2002); Venuti (2013); Johnstone (1991); Hermans (2009); Chesterman (1997) and Bassnett (1980). The Study concludes that the translator tries to delete such a repetition to follow naturalness. Naturalness is not the appropriate strategy of translating repetition where it used as a stylistic feature by the original author. Loss of meaning and loss of theme-rheme order occur too.

The Vatsonga are an ethnic group composed of a large number of clans found in South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Swaziland. Xitsonga (the language of the Vatsonga) is spoken in all four of these countries. In South Africa alone, Xitsonga is a language spoken by over two million first language speakers and is one of the official languages of the country. This study investigates the ways in which Bible translation has enhanced Xitsonga cultural identity. The focus is on the 1929 and the 1989 editions of the Xitsonga Bible. The research question is: In what way(s) did the Xitsonga Bible translations recreate, rearrange and reshape Vatsonga cultural identity? The theoretical and methodological frameworks for the research are Nord’s functionalist approach to translation studies, Descriptive Translation Studies and Baker’s Narrative Frame Theory. The theoretical background of the concept of identity and the relationship of language and translation to identity will lead to a detailed examination of the socio-cultural framework of the Xitsonga Bible translations. The social, cultural and linguistic features of Vatsonga cultural identity are described, especially their cultural identity prior to the arrival of the missionaries. The historical framework of the Xitsonga Bible translations are described from the earliest encounters with the Portuguese to the pivotal arrival of the Swiss missionaries in the latter part of the 19th century and their early efforts to translate the Bible into Xitsonga. Extensive archival materials are also examined for the insights that they can provide on the historical, ideological and theological background of the Xitsonga Bible translations. Both the 1929 and the 1989 Xitsonga Bible translations receive a thorough examination and analysis using the analytical methods of Descriptive Translation Studies and Frame Theory. Frames examined include the organisational frame which includes the translation process, the translation teams, the prestig

In this article we examine the books, lectures and manuscripts of the eminent American translation scholar Eugene A. Nida, in which he speaks of his fieldwork in more than one hundred countries in order to help native translators to render the Bible into their own languages. In doing so, he studied nearly two hundred languages and cultures and explored the deep relationship that exists between culture and language. Given his research in situ, he could develop his theory of dynamic equivalence, which represented a revolution in the approach to translation. Even though this theory was very well received, some detractors have criticized it. Here we review some of these critics and the comments of the authors who have defended Nida’s theory. We mention as well some Spanish translation specialists who introduced Nida’s ideas into Spain and have been instrumental in their divulgation., En este artículo se examinan los libros, conferencias y manuscritos del eminente traductólogo americano Eugene A. Nida, en los que habla de su trabajo de campo en más de 100 países para ayudar a traductores nativos a traducir la Biblia hacia sus propias lenguas. Esta tarea le llevó a estudiar unas 200 lenguas y culturas y a comprobar la profunda relación que existe entre la cultura y la lengua. Gracias a su investigación in situ, pudo elaborar su teoría de la equivalencia dinámica, que revolucionó el enfoque de la traducción. A pesar de que esta teoría fue generalmente aclamada, también recibió críticas. Aquí se pasa revista a algunas de ellas y a los comentarios de los autores que las han rebatido. También se mencionan los traductólogos españoles que introdujeron las ideas de Nida en España y que han ayudado a difundirlas.

In this article we examine the books, lectures and manuscripts of the eminent American translation scholar Eugene A. Nida, in which he speaks of his fieldwork in more than one hundred countries in order to help native translators to render the Bible into their own languages. In doing so, he studied nearly two hundred languages and cultures and explored the deep relationship that exists between culture and language. Given his research in situ, he could develop his theory of dynamic equivalence, which represented a revolution in the approach to translation. Even though this theory was very well received, some detractors have criticized it. Here we review some of these critics and the comments of the authors who have defended Nida’s theory. We mention as well some Spanish translation specialists who introduced Nida’s ideas into Spain and have been instrumental in their divulgation., En este artículo se examinan los libros, conferencias y manuscritos del eminente traductólogo americano Eugene A. Nida, en los que habla de su trabajo de campo en más de 100 países para ayudar a traductores nativos a traducir la Biblia hacia sus propias lenguas. Esta tarea le llevó a estudiar unas 200 lenguas y culturas y a comprobar la profunda relación que existe entre la cultura y la lengua. Gracias a su investigación in situ, pudo elaborar su teoría de la equivalencia dinámica, que revolucionó el enfoque de la traducción. A pesar de que esta teoría fue generalmente aclamada, también recibió críticas. Aquí se pasa revista a algunas de ellas y a los comentarios de los autores que las han rebatido. También se mencionan los traductólogos españoles que introdujeron las ideas de Nida en España y que han ayudado a difundirlas.

The aim of this study is to analyse the problems met when translating culture-specific items in a text about Australian and New Zealand colonial and post-colonial children’s literature into Swedish. The analysis quantifies and describes the different translation procedures used, and contrasts different strategies when there was more than one possible choice. It also outlines the reasons for the choices made when creating a text adapted for a Swedish audience. The translation methods applied are dynamic equivalence and domestication. As for the categorization of the material, the theories of Newmark (1988) have primarily been followed. The study shows that the frequency of each translation procedure depends on the type of culture-specific item, and the chosen translation method. It is argued that transference is the most commonly used procedure, and recognized translations are not as frequent as could have been expected with the choice of domestication. This is the case for proper nouns and references to literary works, where transference and dynamic equivalence has been given priority over domestication whenever the factual content was considered to be the most important aspect to follow. As for culture-specific items of the category social culture, neutralisation is the most commonly used procedure. In such cases the domestication method was more influential than dynamic equivalence as the consideration of ethics as well as avoidance of cultural taboos in the target culture were considered to be more important than content.

The aim of this study is to analyse the problems met when translating culture-specific items in a text about Australian and New Zealand colonial and post-colonial children’s literature into Swedish. The analysis quantifies and describes the different translation procedures used, and contrasts different strategies when there was more than one possible choice. It also outlines the reasons for the choices made when creating a text adapted for a Swedish audience. The translation methods applied are dynamic equivalence and domestication. As for the categorization of the material, the theories of Newmark (1988) have primarily been followed. The study shows that the frequency of each translation procedure depends on the type of culture-specific item, and the chosen translation method. It is argued that transference is the most commonly used procedure, and recognized translations are not as frequent as could have been expected with the choice of domestication. This is the case for proper nouns and references to literary works, where transference and dynamic equivalence has been given priority over domestication whenever the factual content was considered to be the most important aspect to follow. As for culture-specific items of the category social culture, neutralisation is the most commonly used procedure. In such cases the domestication method was more influential than dynamic equivalence as the consideration of ethics as well as avoidance of cultural taboos in the target culture were considered to be more important than content.

In this paper, a frequently used representation of mass-action type reaction networks is extended to a more general system class where the reaction rates are in rational function form. An algorithm is given to compute a possible reaction graph from the kinetic differential equations. However, this structure is generally non-unique, as it is illustrated through the phenomenon of dynamical equivalence, when different reaction network structures correspond to exactly the same dynamics. It is shown that under some technical assumptions, the so-called dense realization containing the maximal number of reactions, forms a super-structure in the sense that the reaction graph of any dynamically equivalent reaction network is the sub-graph of the dense realization. Additionally, optimization based methods are given to find dynamically equivalent realizations with preferred properties, such as dense realizations or sparse realizations. The introduced concepts are illustrated by examples.

This study analyses the translation of pragmatic markers from English into Swedish. The source text that was translated and used as a basis for the study is an article called “Black Books”, which was published in the British music magazine Prog in January 2013. The study is limited to question tags, general extenders and single-word pragmatic markers. It aims to investigate how these types of pragmatic markers can be translated in a dynamic and natural way, as well as how a careful analysis can facilitate the search for appropriate translation equivalents. Previous research and theories were used to determine the functions of the pragmatic markers in the source text, and the translation choices made on the basis of these findings were supported by corpus searches in the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus and Korp. The study revealed that because of the different ways in which pragmatic functions are expressed in English and Swedish, almost none of the pragmatic markers in the source text could be translated directly into Swedish. Formally equivalent solutions such as tja as a translation of well were generally considered too unnatural. While the study is too small to provide any general guidelines, it shows how a careful analysis may help the translator find more dynamically equivalent and natural solutions in the form of, for instance, other Swedish pragmatic markers, modal particles, adverbs and conjunctions.

This study analyses the translation of pragmatic markers from English into Swedish. The source text that was translated and used as a basis for the study is an article called “Black Books”, which was published in the British music magazine Prog in January 2013. The study is limited to question tags, general extenders and single-word pragmatic markers. It aims to investigate how these types of pragmatic markers can be translated in a dynamic and natural way, as well as how a careful analysis can facilitate the search for appropriate translation equivalents. Previous research and theories were used to determine the functions of the pragmatic markers in the source text, and the translation choices made on the basis of these findings were supported by corpus searches in the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus and Korp. The study revealed that because of the different ways in which pragmatic functions are expressed in English and Swedish, almost none of the pragmatic markers in the source text could be translated directly into Swedish. Formally equivalent solutions such as tja as a translation of well were generally considered too unnatural. While the study is too small to provide any general guidelines, it shows how a careful analysis may help the translator find more dynamically equivalent and natural solutions in the form of, for instance, other Swedish pragmatic markers, modal particles, adverbs and conjunctions.

This thesis investigates the translation challenges created by early Soviet era Russian source texts that employ non-standard language for literary effects. It employs a framework of Soviet linguistic theories as well as translation theory to analyse Evgenii Zamiatin’s 1918 novel Ostrovitiane and his 1922 work My, as well as Andrei Platonov’s 1930 text Kotlovan. By providing a diachronic, comparative analysis of different translations of these texts into English, this thesis discusses the suitability of equivalence-based approaches to translation and proposes that non-standard language use in literary texts requires translators to approach foreignness as a function of the source text, not as a comparative status of otherness between source and target cultures. The thesis begins by introducing the context of the development of the Russian language, as well as the field of Soviet linguistics, in the 1917-34 period. By highlighting the developing field of sociolinguistics in Soviet Russia, as well as examining the ways that this was used by the state to direct language development, Chapter one sets out the linguistic standards which are manipulated by Platonov and Zamiatin in their texts. In Chapter two, it turns to Eugene Nida’s dynamic equivalence, and outlines the ways in which its principal demands of producing language that is ‘natural’ and ‘idiomatic’ as well as creating equivalence of effect on target text readers are challenged by non-standard language use in texts. Furthermore, it offers a new contribution to the field of translation studies, by challenging Lawrence Venuti’s theory of foreignization, by arguing against the current dominant view point of foreignness as a function of translation rather than as an effect created in the source text through non-standard language use that deviates from current norms. The theoretical frames which have been established in Chapters one and two are then used as the framework against which the language of the source text