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Inferring the dynamics of pathogen transmission during an outbreak is an important problem in infectious disease epidemiology. In mathematical epidemiology, estimates are often informed by time series of confirmed cases, while in phylodynamics genetic sequences of the pathogen, sampled through time, are the primary data source. Each type of data provides different, and potentially complementary, insight. Recent studies have recognised that combining data sources can improve estimates of the transmission rate and the number of infected individuals. However, inference methods are typically highly specialised and field-specific and are either computationally prohibitive or require intensive simulation, limiting their real-time utility. We present a novel birth-death phylogenetic model and derive a tractable analytic approximation of its likelihood, the computational complexity of which is linear in the size of the dataset. This approach combines epidemiological and phylodynamic data to produce estimates of key parameters of transmission dynamics and the unobserved prevalence. Using simulated data, we show (a) that the approximation agrees well with existing methods, (b) validate the claim of linear complexity and (c) explore robustness to model misspecification. This approximation facilitates inference on large datasets, which is increasingly important as large genomic sequence datasets become commonplace.

The Bilingual-Bicultural approach is considered the best approach to teach deaf learners. This approach also provides the best opportunity for deaf learners to become biliterate. Namibia too has adopted the Bilingual-Bicultural approach to teaching deaf learners and are a signatory to national and international policies and laws to ensure deaf learners are provided with the best opportunity for an education. Contrary to the adoption of the Bilingual-Bicultural approach, policies and laws, no impact has been seen on an improvement in the deaf learners’ academic performance. Deaf learners still leave school with low literacy levels and unsure of their future. The main purpose of this study was to find the best instructional practices to teach deaf learners through the Bilingual-Bicultural approach. This was done through the implementation of an intervention programme that can narrow the delay and gap in language learning and literacy. The study adopted a programme evaluation within a multi-method research design. The research objectives accommodated the implementation of a Bilingual-Bicultural literacy intervention programme for deaf learners. The data for the study consisted of quantitative data in the form of measurements based on diagnostic tests and qualitative data in the form of document analysis, participant and non-participant observations as well as unstructured interviews. The variety of data directed the study to a multi-data analysis. The themes that were established for feedback of the research findings originated from the research objectives and the programme evaluation questions that were drawn up to guide the evaluation of the Bilingual-Bicultural literacy programme. The emphasis of the intervention programme was to draw up new and adopted Integrated Planning Manuals that are based on the NSL and Written English syllabuses and prescribed language skills of both language subjects. From the new IPMs, lessons were designed for both language subjects. Teac

Magnetar hyperflares are the most plausible explanation for fast radio bursts (FRBs)—enigmatic powerful radio pulses with durations of several milliseconds and high brightness temperatures. The first observational evidence for this scenario was obtained in 2020 April when an FRB was detected from the direction of the Galactic magnetar and soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1935+2154. The FRB was preceded by two gamma-ray outburst alerts by the BAT instrument aboard the Swift satellite, which triggered follow-up observations by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). H.E.S.S. observed SGR 1935+2154 for 2 hr on 2020 April 28. The observations are coincident with X-ray bursts from the magnetar detected by INTEGRAL and Fermi-GBM, thus providing the first very high energy gamma-ray observations of a magnetar in a flaring state. High-quality data acquired during these follow-up observations allow us to perform a search for short-time transients. No significant signal at energies E > 0.6 TeV is found, and upper limits on the persistent and transient emission are derived. We here present the analysis of these observations and discuss the obtained results and prospects of the H.E.S.S. follow-up program for soft gamma-ray repeaters., Peer Reviewed

Magnetar hyperflares are the most plausible explanation for fast radio bursts (FRBs)—enigmatic powerful radio pulses with durations of several milliseconds and high brightness temperatures. The first observational evidence for this scenario was obtained in 2020 April when an FRB was detected from the direction of the Galactic magnetar and soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1935+2154. The FRB was preceded by two gamma-ray outburst alerts by the BAT instrument aboard the Swift satellite, which triggered follow-up observations by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). H.E.S.S. observed SGR 1935+2154 for 2 hr on 2020 April 28. The observations are coincident with X-ray bursts from the magnetar detected by INTEGRAL and Fermi-GBM, thus providing the first very high energy gamma-ray observations of a magnetar in a flaring state. High-quality data acquired during these follow-up observations allow us to perform a search for short-time transients. No significant signal at energies E > 0.6 TeV is found, and upper limits on the persistent and transient emission are derived. We here present the analysis of these observations and discuss the obtained results and prospects of the H.E.S.S. follow-up program for soft gamma-ray repeaters., Peer Reviewed

Cosmological N-body simulations show that Milky Way-sized galaxies harbor a population of unmerged dark matter (DM) subhalos. These subhalos could shine in gamma-rays and eventually be detected in gamma-ray surveys as unidentified sources. We performed a thorough selection among unidentified Fermi-Large Area Telescope Objects (UFOs) to identify them as possible tera-electron-volt-scale DM subhalo candidates. We search for very-high-energy (E greater than or similar to 100 GeV) gamma-ray emissions using H.E.S.S. observations toward four selected UFOs. Since no significant very-high-energy gamma-ray emission is detected in any data set of the four observed UFOs or in the combined UFO data set, strong constraints are derived on the product of the velocity-weighted annihilation cross section sigma v by the J factor for the DM models. The 95% confidence level observed upper limits derived from combined H.E.S.S. observations reach sigma vJ values of 3.7 x 10(-5) and 8.1 x 10(-6) GeV(2 )cm(-2 )s(-1) in the W (+) W (-) and tau (+) tau (-) channels, respectively, for a 1 TeV DM mass. Focusing on thermal weakly interacting massive particles, the H.E.S.S. constraints restrict the J factors to lie in the range 6.1 x 10(19)-2.0 x 10(21) GeV(2 )cm(-5) and the masses to lie between 0.2 and 6 TeV in the W (+) W (-) channel. For the tau (+) tau (-) channel, the J factors lie in the range 7.0 x 10(19)-7.1 x 10(20) GeV(2 )cm(-5) and the masses lie between 0.2 and 0.5 TeV. Assuming model-dependent predictions from cosmological N-body simulations on the J-factor distribution for Milky Way-sized galaxies, the DM models with masses >0.3 TeV for the UFO emissions can be ruled out at high confidence level.

Context. Supernova remnants (SNRs) are commonly thought to be the dominant sources of Galactic cosmic rays up to the knee of the cosmic-ray spectrum at a few PeV. Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes have revealed young SNRs as very-high-energy (VHE, >100 GeV) gamma-ray sources, but for only a few SNRs the hadronic cosmic-ray origin of their gamma-ray emission is indisputably established. In all these cases, the gamma-ray spectra exhibit a spectral cutoff at energies much below 100 TeV and thus do not reach the PeVatron regime. Aims. The aim of this work was to achieve a firm detection for the oxygen-rich SNR LMC N132D in the VHE gamma-ray domain with an extended set of data, and to clarify the spectral characteristics and the localization of the gamma-ray emission from this exceptionally powerful gamma-ray-emitting SNR. Methods. We analyzed 252 h of High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) observations towards SNR N132D that were accumulated between December 2004 and March 2016 during a deep survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud, adding 104 h of observations to the previously published data set to ensure a > 5 sigma detection. To broaden the gamma-ray spectral coverage required for modeling the spectral energy distribution, an analysis of Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data was also included. Results. We unambiguously detect N132D at VHE with a significance of 5.7 sigma. We report the results of a detailed analysis of its spectrum and localization based on the extended H.E.S.S. data set. The joint analysis of the extended H.E.S.S and Fermi-LAT data results in a spectral energy distribution in the energy range from 1.7 GeV to 14.8 TeV, which suggests a high luminosity of N132D at GeV and TeV energies. We set a lower limit on a gamma-ray cutoff energy of 8 TeV with a confidence level of 95%. The new gamma-ray spectrum as well as multiwavelength observations of N132D when compared to physical models suggests a hadronic origin of the VHE gamma-ray emission. Conclusions. S

Magnetar hyperflares are the most plausible explanation for fast radio bursts (FRBs)-enigmatic powerful radio pulses with durations of several milliseconds and high brightness temperatures. The first observational evidence for this scenario was obtained in 2020 April when an FRB was detected from the direction of the Galactic magnetar and soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1935+2154. The FRB was preceded by two gamma-ray outburst alerts by the BAT instrument aboard the Swift satellite, which triggered follow-up observations by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). H.E.S.S. observed SGR 1935+2154 for 2 hr on 2020 April 28. The observations are coincident with X-ray bursts from the magnetar detected by INTEGRAL and Fermi-GBM, thus providing the first very high energy gamma-ray observations of a magnetar in a flaring state. High-quality data acquired during these follow-up observations allow us to perform a search for short-time transients. No significant signal at energies E > 0.6 TeV is found, and upper limits on the persistent and transient emission are derived. We here present the analysis of these observations and discuss the obtained results and prospects of the H.E.S.S. follow-up program for soft gamma-ray repeaters.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important transboundary animal disease of cattle with significant economic impact because of the implications for international trade in live animals and animal products. LSD is caused by a Capripoxvirus, LSD virus (LSDV), and results in extensive hide and udder damage, fever and pneumonia. LSDV can be shed in semen of infected bulls for prolonged periods and transmitted venereally to cows at high doses. This study examined the effects of LSDV in frozen‐thawed semen on in vitro embryo production parameters, including viral status of media and resulting embryos. Bovine oocytes were harvested from abattoir‐collected ovaries and split into three experimental groups. After maturation, the oocytes were fertilized in vitro with frozen‐thawed semen spiked with a high (HD) or a lower (LD) dose of LSDV, or with LSDV‐free semen (control). Following day 7 and day 8 blastocyst evaluation, PCR and virus isolation were performed on all embryonic structures. After completing sufficient replicates to reach 1,000 inseminated oocytes, further in vitro fertilization (IVF) runs were performed to provide material for electron microscopy (EM) and embryo washing procedures. Overall, in vitro embryo yield was significantly reduced by the presence of LSDV in frozen‐thawed semen, irrespective of viral dose. When semen with a lower viral dose was used, significantly lower oocyte cleavage rates were observed. LSDV could be detected in fertilization media and all embryo structures, when higher doses of LSDV were present in the frozen‐thawed semen used for IVF. Electron microscopy demonstrated LSDV virions inside blastocysts. Following the International Embryo Transfer Society washing procedure resulted in embryos free of viral DNA; however, this may be attributable to a sampling dilution effect and should be interpreted with caution. Further research is required to better quantify the risk of LSDV transmission via assisted reproductive procedures.

Elaboration of Bayesian phylogenetic inference methods has continued at pace in recent years with major new advances in nearly all aspects of the joint modelling of evolutionary data. It is increasingly appreciated that some evolutionary questions can only be adequately answered by combining evidence from multiple independent sources of data, including genome sequences, sampling dates, phenotypic data, radiocarbon dates, fossil occurrences, and biogeographic range information among others. Including all relevant data into a single joint model is very challenging both conceptually and computationally. Advanced computational software packages that allow robust development of compatible (sub-)models which can be composed into a full model hierarchy have played a key role in these developments. Developing such software frameworks is increasingly a major scientific activity in its own right, and comes with specific challenges, from practical software design, development and engineering challenges to statistical and conceptual modelling challenges. BEAST 2 is one such computational software platform, and was first announced over 4 years ago. Here we describe a series of major new developments in the BEAST 2 core platform and model hierarchy that have occurred since the first release of the software, culminating in the recent 2.5 release.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important transboundary animal disease of cattle with significant economic impact because of the implications for international trade in live animals and animal products. LSD is caused by a Capripoxvirus, LSD virus (LSDV), and results in extensive hide and udder damage, fever and pneumonia. LSDV can be shed in semen of infected bulls for prolonged periods and transmitted venereally to cows at high doses. This study examined the effects of LSDV in frozen‐thawed semen on in vitro embryo production parameters, including viral status of media and resulting embryos. Bovine oocytes were harvested from abattoir‐collected ovaries and split into three experimental groups. After maturation, the oocytes were fertilized in vitro with frozen‐thawed semen spiked with a high (HD) or a lower (LD) dose of LSDV, or with LSDV‐free semen (control). Following day 7 and day 8 blastocyst evaluation, PCR and virus isolation were performed on all embryonic structures. After completing sufficient replicates to reach 1,000 inseminated oocytes, further in vitro fertilization (IVF) runs were performed to provide material for electron microscopy (EM) and embryo washing procedures. Overall, in vitro embryo yield was significantly reduced by the presence of LSDV in frozen‐thawed semen, irrespective of viral dose. When semen with a lower viral dose was used, significantly lower oocyte cleavage rates were observed. LSDV could be detected in fertilization media and all embryo structures, when higher doses of LSDV were present in the frozen‐thawed semen used for IVF. Electron microscopy demonstrated LSDV virions inside blastocysts. Following the International Embryo Transfer Society washing procedure resulted in embryos free of viral DNA; however, this may be attributable to a sampling dilution effect and should be interpreted with caution. Further research is required to better quantify the risk of LSDV transmission via assisted reproductive procedures.

© 2019 Bouckaert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Elaboration of Bayesian phylogenetic inference methods has continued at pace in recent years with major new advances in nearly all aspects of the joint modelling of evolutionary data. It is increasingly appreciated that some evolutionary questions can only be adequately answered by combining evidence from multiple independent sources of data, including genome sequences, sampling dates, phenotypic data, radiocarbon dates, fossil occurrences, and biogeographic range information among others. Including all relevant data into a single joint model is very challenging both conceptually and computationally. Advanced computational software packages that allow robust development of compatible (sub-)models which can be composed into a full model hierarchy have played a key role in these developments. Developing such software frameworks is increasingly a major scientific activity in its own right, and comes with specific challenges, from practical software design, development and engineering challenges to statistical and conceptual modelling challenges. BEAST 2 is one such computational software platform, and was first announced over 4 years ago. Here we describe a series of major new developments in the BEAST 2 core platform and model hierarchy that have occurred since the first release of the software, culminating in the recent 2.5 release.

Elaboration of Bayesian phylogenetic inference methods has continued at pace in recent years with major new advances in nearly all aspects of the joint modelling of evolutionary data. It is increasingly appreciated that some evolutionary questions can only be adequately answered by combining evidence from multiple independent sources of data, including genome sequences, sampling dates, phenotypic data, radiocarbon dates, fossil occurrences, and biogeographic range information among others. Including all relevant data into a single joint model is very challenging both conceptually and computationally. Advanced computational software packages that allow robust development of compatible (sub-)models which can be composed into a full model hierarchy have played a key role in these developments. Developing such software frameworks is increasingly a major scientific activity in its own right, and comes with specific challenges, from practical software design, development and engineering challenges to statistical and conceptual modelling challenges. BEAST 2 is one such computational software platform, and was first announced over 4 years ago. Here we describe a series of major new developments in the BEAST 2 core platform and model hierarchy that have occurred since the first release of the software, culminating in the recent 2.5 release.

Elaboration of Bayesian phylogenetic inference methods has continued at pace in recent years with major new advances in nearly all aspects of the joint modelling of evolutionary data. It is increasingly appreciated that some evolutionary questions can only be adequately answered by combining evidence from multiple independent sources of data, including genome sequences, sampling dates, phenotypic data, radiocarbon dates, fossil occurrences, and biogeographic range information among others. Including all relevant data into a single joint model is very challenging both conceptually and computationally. Advanced computational software packages that allow robust development of compatible (sub-)models which can be composed into a full model hierarchy have played a key role in these developments. Developing such software frameworks is increasingly a major scientific activity in its own right, and comes with specific challenges, from practical software design, development and engineering challenges to statistical and conceptual modelling challenges. BEAST 2 is one such computational software platform, and was first announced over 4 years ago. Here we describe a series of major new developments in the BEAST 2 core platform and model hierarchy that have occurred since the first release of the software, culminating in the recent 2.5 release.

© 2019 Bouckaert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Elaboration of Bayesian phylogenetic inference methods has continued at pace in recent years with major new advances in nearly all aspects of the joint modelling of evolutionary data. It is increasingly appreciated that some evolutionary questions can only be adequately answered by combining evidence from multiple independent sources of data, including genome sequences, sampling dates, phenotypic data, radiocarbon dates, fossil occurrences, and biogeographic range information among others. Including all relevant data into a single joint model is very challenging both conceptually and computationally. Advanced computational software packages that allow robust development of compatible (sub-)models which can be composed into a full model hierarchy have played a key role in these developments. Developing such software frameworks is increasingly a major scientific activity in its own right, and comes with specific challenges, from practical software design, development and engineering challenges to statistical and conceptual modelling challenges. BEAST 2 is one such computational software platform, and was first announced over 4 years ago. Here we describe a series of major new developments in the BEAST 2 core platform and model hierarchy that have occurred since the first release of the software, culminating in the recent 2.5 release.

Lumpy skin disease is an economically important disease of cattle, caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV; Capripoxvirus). It has a variable clinical appearance but, in severely affected animals, is associated with extensive skin damage, pneumonia and death. The LSDV can be found in the semen of infected bulls for prolonged periods of time, from where it can be transmitted by mating or artificial insemination and cause clinical disease in heifers and cows. In this study, an ejaculate was collected from a LSDV seronegative bull and confirmed free from LSDV DNA by PCR. The ejaculate was split into a control sample (C), a sample spiked with a 4 log TCID50 dose of an LSDV isolate (HD) and a 103 dilution of the virus suspension (ND) and frozen routinely. Two straws from each of the different semen treatment groups (HD, ND and C) were subsequently thawed and subjected to swim-up, single layer centrifugation, Percoll® density gradient and a Percoll® density gradient with added trypsin. For one set of straws, semen quality variables were recorded, and viral DNA status determined using PCR; the other set was used for positive staining electron microscopy. Samples determined to be positive for LSDV DNA by PCR were then subjected to virus isolation (VI). Complete elimination of LSDV from semen did not occur with use of any of the processing methods. Trypsin did reduce the viral load, and eliminated LSDV from the ND sample, but severely negatively influenced semen quality. The LSDV virions, as assessed by electron microscopy, were associated with the sperm plasma membrane. Further investigation is needed to establish the efficacy of immuno-extenders for rendering semen free from LSDV.

Lumpy skin disease is an economically important disease of cattle, caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV; Capripoxvirus). It has a variable clinical appearance but, in severely affected animals, is associated with extensive skin damage, pneumonia and death. The LSDV can be found in the semen of infected bulls for prolonged periods of time, from where it can be transmitted by mating or artificial insemination and cause clinical disease in heifers and cows. In this study, an ejaculate was collected from a LSDV seronegative bull and confirmed free from LSDV DNA by PCR. The ejaculate was split into a control sample (C), a sample spiked with a 4 log TCID50 dose of an LSDV isolate (HD) and a 103 dilution of the virus suspension (ND) and frozen routinely. Two straws from each of the different semen treatment groups (HD, ND and C) were subsequently thawed and subjected to swim-up, single layer centrifugation, Percoll® density gradient and a Percoll® density gradient with added trypsin. For one set of straws, semen quality variables were recorded, and viral DNA status determined using PCR; the other set was used for positive staining electron microscopy. Samples determined to be positive for LSDV DNA by PCR were then subjected to virus isolation (VI). Complete elimination of LSDV from semen did not occur with use of any of the processing methods. Trypsin did reduce the viral load, and eliminated LSDV from the ND sample, but severely negatively influenced semen quality. The LSDV virions, as assessed by electron microscopy, were associated with the sperm plasma membrane. Further investigation is needed to establish the efficacy of immuno-extenders for rendering semen free from LSDV.

The purpose of this article is to provide updated information by identifying and discussing methods, measures and indicators for evaluating benefits appropriate for transportation-related research facilities/programmes. The information has been drawn from within and outside transportation research. The article discusses the sources driving the need for evaluating benefits and describes the challenges confronting the evaluation process. It reviews and compares qualitative and quantitative techniques and highlights previous published work, investigations and case studies. Many traditional challenges of determining benefits persist, contributing to the gap between the ability to identify non-technical benefits of research and the growing need to demonstrate such benefits. This article aims to stimulate dialogue and investigations to advance the development of an appropriate robust method to determine quantitative benefits stemming from specifically accelerated pavement testing (APT) type transportation research. The ultimate goal is to help better understand, demonstrate and communicate the benefits of APT research

Second-generation biofuels, fuels produced from lignocellulosic materials, including wood, agricultural residues and biomass waste include bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas. These fuel sources have great potential as useful substitutes to conventional fossil fuels. Biomass sources are also non-toxic and biodegradable energy sources that can be produced from a wide range of organic materials resulting in economic and renewable energy source. Pretreatment of lingocellulosic biomass is required to reduce physicochemical restrictions that hinder the accessibility of sugars necessary for hydrolysis and fermentation. Various pretreatment processes exist, but all of them produce inhibitory compounds that ultimately reduce ethanol production and cell viability of the fermenting microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study different combinations of inhibitors (acetic acid, formic acid and vanillin) were considered to mimic realistic fermentation conditions during bioethanol production; ethanol yield and cell viability were then concurrently measured over a period of 48 h. The combination of acetic acid and formic acid exhibited ethanol reduction up to 11 ± 3.74%, while cell viability decreased by 23 ± 6.61%. Acetic acid and vanillin reduced ethanol production by 25 ± 1.77% and cell viability by 4 ± 4.38%. Formic acid and vanillin inhibited ethanol production by 31 ± 3.14% and cell viability 16 ± 7.54%. Finally, the synergistic effect of all three inhibitors reduced the final ethanol production by 58 ± 5.09% and cell viability by 27 ± 5.44%, indicating the toxic effect of the synergistic combination

Second-generation biofuels, fuels produced from lignocellulosic materials, including wood, agricultural residues and biomass waste include bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas. These fuel sources have great potential as useful substitutes to conventional fossil fuels. Biomass sources are also non-toxic and biodegradable energy sources that can be produced from a wide range of organic materials resulting in economic and renewable energy source. Pretreatment of lingocellulosic biomass is required to reduce physicochemical restrictions that hinder the accessibility of sugars necessary for hydrolysis and fermentation. Various pretreatment processes exist, but all of them produce inhibitory compounds that ultimately reduce ethanol production and cell viability of the fermenting microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study different combinations of inhibitors (acetic acid, formic acid and vanillin) were considered to mimic realistic fermentation conditions during bioethanol production; ethanol yield and cell viability were then concurrently measured over a period of 48 h. The combination of acetic acid and formic acid exhibited ethanol reduction up to 11 ± 3.74%, while cell viability decreased by 23 ± 6.61%. Acetic acid and vanillin reduced ethanol production by 25 ± 1.77% and cell viability by 4 ± 4.38%. Formic acid and vanillin inhibited ethanol production by 31 ± 3.14% and cell viability 16 ± 7.54%. Finally, the synergistic effect of all three inhibitors reduced the final ethanol production by 58 ± 5.09% and cell viability by 27 ± 5.44%, indicating the toxic effect of the synergistic combination

Second-generation biofuels, fuels produced from lignocellulosic materials, including wood, agricultural residues and biomass waste include bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas. These fuel sources have great potential as useful substitutes to conventional fossil fuels. Biomass sources are also non-toxic and biodegradable energy sources that can be produced from a wide range of organic materials resulting in economic and renewable energy source. Pretreatment of lingocellulosic biomass is required to reduce physicochemical restrictions that hinder the accessibility of sugars necessary for hydrolysis and fermentation. Various pretreatment processes exist, but all of them produce inhibitory compounds that ultimately reduce ethanol production and cell viability of the fermenting microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study different combinations of inhibitors (acetic acid, formic acid and vanillin) were considered to mimic realistic fermentation conditions during bioethanol production; ethanol yield and cell viability were then concurrently measured over a period of 48 h. The combination of acetic acid and formic acid exhibited ethanol reduction up to 11 ± 3.74%, while cell viability decreased by 23 ± 6.61%. Acetic acid and vanillin reduced ethanol production by 25 ± 1.77% and cell viability by 4 ± 4.38%. Formic acid and vanillin inhibited ethanol production by 31 ± 3.14% and cell viability 16 ± 7.54%. Finally, the synergistic effect of all three inhibitors reduced the final ethanol production by 58 ± 5.09% and cell viability by 27 ± 5.44%, indicating the toxic effect of the synergistic combination

The yellow fever virus (YFV) epidemic in Brazil is the largest in decades. The recent discovery of YFV in Brazilian Aedes species mosquitos highlights a need to monitor the risk of reestablishment of urban YFV transmission in the Americas. We use a suite of epidemiological, spatial, and genomic approaches to characterize YFV transmission. We show that the age and sex distribution of human cases is characteristic of sylvatic transmission. Analysis of YFV cases combined with genomes generated locally reveals an early phase of sylvatic YFV transmission and spatial expansion toward previously YFV-free areas, followed by a rise in viral spillover to humans in late 2016. Our results establish a framework for monitoring YFV transmission in real time that will contribute to a global strategy to eliminate future YFV epidemics.

The purpose of this article is to provide updated information by identifying and discussing methods, measures and indicators for evaluating benefits appropriate for transportation-related research facilities/programmes. The information has been drawn from within and outside transportation research. The article discusses the sources driving the need for evaluating benefits and describes the challenges confronting the evaluation process. It reviews and compares qualitative and quantitative techniques and highlights previous published work, investigations and case studies. Many traditional challenges of determining benefits persist, contributing to the gap between the ability to identify non-technical benefits of research and the growing need to demonstrate such benefits. This article aims to stimulate dialogue and investigations to advance the development of an appropriate robust method to determine quantitative benefits stemming from specifically accelerated pavement testing (APT) type transportation research. The ultimate goal is to help better understand, demonstrate and communicate the benefits of APT research

The purpose of this article is to provide updated information by identifying and discussing methods, measures and indicators for evaluating benefits appropriate for transportation-related research facilities/programmes. The information has been drawn from within and outside transportation research. The article discusses the sources driving the need for evaluating benefits and describes the challenges confronting the evaluation process. It reviews and compares qualitative and quantitative techniques and highlights previous published work, investigations and case studies. Many traditional challenges of determining benefits persist, contributing to the gap between the ability to identify non-technical benefits of research and the growing need to demonstrate such benefits. This article aims to stimulate dialogue and investigations to advance the development of an appropriate robust method to determine quantitative benefits stemming from specifically accelerated pavement testing (APT) type transportation research. The ultimate goal is to help better understand, demonstrate and communicate the benefits of APT research

The yellow fever virus (YFV) epidemic in Brazil is the largest in decades. The recent discovery of YFV in Brazilian Aedes species mosquitos highlights a need to monitor the risk of reestablishment of urban YFV transmission in the Americas. We use a suite of epidemiological, spatial, and genomic approaches to characterize YFV transmission. We show that the age and sex distribution of human cases is characteristic of sylvatic transmission. Analysis of YFV cases combined with genomes generated locally reveals an early phase of sylvatic YFV transmission and spatial expansion toward previously YFV-free areas, followed by a rise in viral spillover to humans in late 2016. Our results establish a framework for monitoring YFV transmission in real time that will contribute to a global strategy to eliminate future YFV epidemics., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

English: The linguistic landscape (LL), comprised of items displaying written language in the public space, is the product of linguistic choices that are executed by a myriad of actors who are guided by numerous pragmatic or symbolic motivations. Written language in the public space has unique semiotic properties that extend beyond its communicative function. It indexes power relations and identities, and, as such, is utilised to impose or negotiate these. The LL is thus a symbolic construct finding itself in a continuous dialectic with society. This dialectic is especially interesting in a society undergoing socio-political transformation, since revised language policies and ideologies are at play. While the changes influence choices made in the LL, the LL simultaneously serves to index change. In the South African context, the shift from apartheid to democracy in 1994 heralded a new language regime. The high level of societal multilingualism in the country is now supported on an official level. The present study asks questions about the nature of the LL constructed in post-apartheid South Africa. Since peripheral LLs are generally neglected in LL research, this investigation aims to address the gap by conducting an empirical case study of the linguistic profile of a rural area in South Africa. LL research focuses on the patterns of language choice in the public space. However, the field has not yet developed a coherent methodological and theoretical framework that allows for an extensive yet systematic exploration of LL patterns. Therefore, the present study proposes a model based on concepts from the field of language policy and planning (LPP). Based on the premise that the validity of communicative actions is determined by space (as context), a model of LPP space is developed. This LPP space is constituted by a physical and a semiotic aspect. The latter is further divided into three centres, namely the regulatory, the legitimising and the implementational. These, Afrikaans: Die linguistiese landskap (LL), bestaande uit items wat geskrewe taal in die openbare ruimte vertoon, is die produk van linguistiese keuses wat gemaak word deur ʼn groot aantal rolspelers, dié gelei deur verskeie pragmatiese of simboliese motiverings. Geskrewe taal in die openbare ruimte het unieke semiotiese eienskappe wat ver verby die kommunikatiewe funksie daarvan strek. Dit indekseer magsverhoudinge en identiteite en word, as sodanig, aangewend om hierdie af te dwing of te onderhandel. Die LL is gevolglik ʼn simboliese konstruk wat sigself in ʼn voortdurende dialektiek met die samelewing verkeer. Hierdie dialektiek is veral interessant in ʼn samelewing wat besig is om sosio-politiese transformasie te ondergaan, aangesien hersiene taalbeleide en -ideologieë aan die bod is. Terwyl hierdie veranderinge keuses in die LL beïnvloed, dien die LL terselfdertyd as medium om verandering te indekseer. In die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks het die verandering in 1994 van apartheid na demokrasie ʼn nuwe taalregime ingelui. Die hoë vlak van veeltaligheid in hierdie samelewing geniet nou amptelike ondersteuning. Die huidige studie doen ondersoek oor die aard van die LL wat in postapartheid Suid-Afrika gekonstrueer word. Aangesien daar gewoonlik nie aandag geskenk word aan periferale LL’s in LL-navorsing nie, poog hierdie ondersoek om die gaping aan te spreek deur die uitvoer van ʼn empiriese gevallestudie van die linguistiese profiel van ʼn landelike gebied in Suid-Afrika. LL-navorsing fokus op die tendense rondom taalkeuses in die openbare ruimte. Die veld het egter nog nie ʼn koherente metodologiese en teoretiese raamwerk ontwikkel wat ʼn omvattende, dog sistematiese ondersoek van LL-tendense toelaat nie. Gevolglik stel die huidige studie ʼn model voor, gebaseer op konsepte uit die veld van taalbeleid en taalbeplanning (LPP). Gebaseer op die veronderstelling dat die geldigheid van kommunikatiewe handelinge deur ruimte (as konteks) bepaal word, is ʼn model vir LPP-ruimte ontwikkel.

This essay takes a look at the historic restoration that bequeathed this country and its people a prototypical, justiciable Constitution. The advent of constitutional democracy in South Africa went hand in hand with an about-turn in the interpretation of enacted law-texts (including the Constitution) and a critical interrogation of certain dominant beliefs about the interpretation of law in general and enacted law in particular. Hitherto mostly unnamed or unlabelled (but not entirely alien) interpretive strategies pursued and developed by users of the Constitution are discussed, concentrating mainly on the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. Central to the author's approach is an acknowledgement of the decisive actuality of an interpreter's theoretical position becoming visible through (interpretive) leitmotivs. These recur as keynote or defining ideas, motifs or topoi lending direction to specific instances of construing law. Four leitmotivs pertinent to certain constellations of events in constitutional interpretation are discussed and their applicability and utility assessed, drawing on examples from constitutional case-law. The leitmotivs are: (i) transitional constitutionalism; (ii) transformative constitutionalism; (iii) monumental constitutionalism; and (iv) memorial constitutionalism. (i) and (ii) belong together as (A) programmatic leitmotivs and (iii) and (iv) as (B) commemorative leitmotivs. The author concludes that, although scouting out and engaging with leitmotivs call for profound reading and for text analysis of a sort with which "logical" jurists are not always too comfortable, the said endeavours have the potential to be exceptionally rewarding

BACKGROUND: The shift from solitary to social behavior is one of the major evolutionary transitions. Primitively eusocial bumblebees are uniquely placed to illuminate the evolution of highly eusocial insect societies. Bumblebees are also invaluable natural and agricultural pollinators, and there is widespread concern over recent population declines in some species. High-quality genomic data will inform key aspects of bumblebee biology, including susceptibility to implicated population viability threats. RESULTS: We report the high quality draft genome sequences of Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens, two ecologically dominant bumblebees and widely utilized study species. Comparing these new genomes to those of the highly eusocial honeybee Apis mellifera and other Hymenoptera, we identify deeply conserved similarities, as well as novelties key to the biology of these organisms. Some honeybee genome features thought to underpin advanced eusociality are also present in bumblebees, indicating an earlier evolution in the bee lineage. Xenobiotic detoxification and immune genes are similarly depauperate in bumblebees and honeybees, and multiple categories of genes linked to social organization, including development and behavior, show high conservation. Key differences identified include a bias in bumblebee chemoreception towards gustation from olfaction, and striking differences in microRNAs, potentially responsible for gene regulation underlying social and other traits. CONCLUSIONS: These two bumblebee genomes provide a foundation for post-genomic research on these key pollinators and insect societies. Overall, gene repertoires suggest that the route to advanced eusociality in bees was mediated by many small changes in many genes and processes, and not by notable expansion or depauperation.

Background The shift from solitary to social behavior is one of the major evolutionary transitions. Primitively eusocial bumblebees are uniquely placed to illuminate the evolution of highly eusocial insect societies. Bumblebees are also invaluable natural and agricultural pollinators, and there is widespread concern over recent population declines in some species. High-quality genomic data will inform key aspects of bumblebee biology, including susceptibility to implicated population viability threats. Results We report the high quality draft genome sequences of Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens, two ecologically dominant bumblebees and widely utilized study species. Comparing these new genomes to those of the highly eusocial honeybee Apis mellifera and other Hymenoptera, we identify deeply conserved similarities, as well as novelties key to the biology of these organisms. Some honeybee genome features thought to underpin advanced eusociality are also present in bumblebees, indicating an earlier evolution in the bee lineage. Xenobiotic detoxification and immune genes are similarly depauperate in bumblebees and honeybees, and multiple categories of genes linked to social organization, including development and behavior, show high conservation. Key differences identified include a bias in bumblebee chemoreception towards gustation from olfaction, and striking differences in microRNAs, potentially responsible for gene regulation underlying social and other traits. Conclusions These two bumblebee genomes provide a foundation for post-genomic research on these key pollinators and insect societies. Overall, gene repertoires suggest that the route to advanced eusociality in bees was mediated by many small changes in many genes and processes, and not by notable expansion or depauperation

English: For more than two centuries, cattle ranchers in Montana and other American states such as Texas and Wyoming have used hot iron brands as the primary means of identifying, tracking and proving ownership of their livestock. Despite modern innovations such as the development and use of radio-frequency ear tags (RFID), hot iron brands remain the preferred means of animal identification in the Western regions of the United States. One of the leading arguments put forward in this thesis is that the system of American cattle brands is essentially a linguistic one with a prominent onomastic component. This assumption is based on the fact that cattle brands are compound entities comprising symbols (images) as well as corresponding spoken and written forms which function as proper names. In addition to possessing onomastic features of their own, cattle brands display a range of associations with other types of names. This network of onomastic relationships is socially-constructed and therefore reflects underlying social meanings. It is therefore posited that although cattle brand names do not possess lexical or linguistic meaning, they acquire various dimensions of meaning on the basis of their associations with different elements in their socio-cultural surrounds. The overall goal of this study is to ascertain and explain the social and cultural significance of the contextual meaning of cattle brands and to determine the extent to which names and naming strategies play a role in its establishment. Since this thesis is primarily concerned with exploring the relationship between the onomastic features of cattle brands and their socio-cultural meanings, it is presented as a study in socio-onomastics. The research has identified two prominent onomastic practices which play a powerful role in establishing the contextual or associative meanings of cattle brands. The first process entails the use of various types of names (including parts of names) as the basis for the vis, Afrikaans: Vir meer as twee eeue het beesboere in Montana en ander Amerikaanse state soos Texas en Wyoming warm brandysters gebruik as die primêre wyse om hulle lewendehawe te identifiseer, op te spoor en eienaarskap te bewys. Ten spyte van moderne innoverings soos die ontwikkeling van en gebruik van radiofrekwensie-oorplaatjies (RFID), bly warm brandysters die voorkeurmetode om diere in die westelike streke van die Verenigde State te identifiseer. Een van die vernaamste argumente wat in hierdie tesis aangevoer word, is dat die stelsel van Amerikaanse beesbrandmerke in wese ’n linguistiese stelsel is met ’n prominente onomastiese komponent. Hierdie aanname word gebaseer op die feit dat beesbrandmerke saamgestelde entiteite is wat uit simbole (figure) sowel as ooreenstemmende gesproke en geskrewe vorms bestaan, wat as eiename funksioneer. Afgesien daarvan dat beesbrandmerke oor onomastiese kenmerke van hul eie beskik, vertoon hulle ook ’n reeks assosiasies met ander tipes name. Hierdie netwerk van onomastiese verhouding is sosiaal gekonstrueer en weerspieël gevolglik onderliggende sosiale betekenisse. Daarom word gepostuleer dat, alhoewel name van beesbrandmerke nie leksikale of linguistiese betekenis het nie, dit verskeie dimensies van betekenis verwerf op grond van hulle assosiasie met verskillende elemente binne hulle sosio-kulturele omgewing. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie is om die sosiale en kulturele betekenis van die kontekstuele betekenis van beesbrandmerke te bepaal en te verduidelik, asook om die mate te bepaal waartoe name en benoemingstrategieë ’n rol in die bepaling daarvan speel. Aangesien hierdie studie hoofsaaklik gemoeid is met ’n ondersoek van die verhouding tussen die onomastiese kenmerke van beesbrandmerke en hulle sosio-kulturele betekenisse, word dit as ’n studie in sosio-onomastiek aangebied. Die navorsing het twee prominente onomastiese praktyke geïdentifiseer wat ’n belangrike rol speel in die bepaling van die kontekstuele of assosiatiewe b

English: After 1994, name changes in South Africa have formed an important part in the reflection of the new democracy. The semiotic landscape needs to be representative of South Africa’s diverse inhabitants. The importance of this is that it creates a sense of belonging to previously marginalised groups. It is also a way to show political change from a previously hegemonic regime. This study set out to determine if in a typical South African town such as Mossel Bay the toponymic corpus reflect the heterogeneous community. This reflection does not only focus on the post-1994 era, but also on representation throughout the town’s history, i.e. the study aimed to see if the town’s heritage is captured in the toponymic corpus as well. To determine this, a database of toponyms was created using maps, books, archive documents, interviews and fieldwork. The study used both intensive and extensive methods of research. Intensive methods refer to the micro-study of each individual toponym – the name, previous names, approximate dates, language, type of name and additional information (origin). The extensive method focuses on pattern analysis. In this case, more emphasis was placed on the extensive approach, as the aim of the research was to get an overall view of the naming practices of Mossel Bay. Demographic factors such as ethnic and language groups were also included in the findings, as this was needed as a background against which to test the heterogeneity of the toponymic corpus. The findings show that Mossel Bay’s toponymic corpus does largely reflect its inhabitants. The findings also show that English and Xhosa toponyms have increased in the past few decades, as opposed to Afrikaans toponyms. The correlation between spoken language and the language of the toponym shows that 1) to some degree, Afrikaans is underrepresented in the toponymic corpus, as the majority of the inhabitants are Afrikaans speaking; 2) Xhosa has the closest correlation between the spoken languag, Afrikaans: Naamsverandering in Suid-Afrika na 1994 het ʼn belangrike deel uitgemaak van die weerspieëling van die nuwe demokrasie. Die semiotiese landskap moet verteenwoordigend van Suid-Afrika se diverse inwoners wees. Die belangrikheid hiervan is dat dit ʼn sin van samehorigheid aan voorheen gemarginaliseerde groepe verleen. Verder is dit ook ʼn manier om politieke verandering vanaf ʼn voorheen hegemoniese regime aan te toon. Hierdie studie het gepoog om te bepaal of die toponimiese korpus die heterogene gemeenskap in ʼn tipies Suid-Afrikaanse dorp soos Mosselbaai weerspieël. Hierdie weerspieëling fokus nie net op die post-1994 era nie, maar ook op verteenwoordiging dwarsdeur die dorp se geskiedenis. Die studie strewe met ander woorde daarna om te bepaal of die dorp se erfenis ook in die toponimiese korpus vasgelê word. Om dit te bepaal, is ʼn databasis van toponieme met behulp van kaarte, boeke, argiefdokumente, onderhoude en veldwerk geskep. Die studie het intensiewe sowel as ekstensiewe navorsingsmetodes gebruik. Intensiewe metodes verwys na ʼn mikrostudie van elke individuele toponiem – die naam, vorige name, benaderde datums, taal, tipe naam en bykomende inligting (oorsprong). Die ekstensiewe metode fokus op patroonanalise. In hierdie geval het die klem meer geval op die ekstensiewe benadering, aangesien die doel van die navorsing was om ʼn oorsig te bied van die naampraktyke van Mosselbaai. Demografiese faktore soos etniese en taalgroepe is ook in die bevindings ingesluit, aangesien dit as agtergrond waarteen die heterogeniteit van die toponimiese korpus getoets kon word, nodig was. Die bevindings toon aan dat Mosselbaai se toponimiese korpus wel tot ʼn groot mate sy inwoners weerspieël. Die bevindings toon verder dat Engelse en Xhosa-toponieme oor die afgelope paar dekades toegeneem het, in teenstelling met dié van Afrikaans. Die korrelasie tussen die gesproke taal en die taal van die toponiem toon aan dat 1) Afrikaans tot ʼn mate onderverteenwoordig is in die toponi, National Research Foundation (NRF)

Afrikaans: Hierdie studie handel oor die rol van evaluering in tolkingbeplanning, soos beoordeel op grond van taalbeplanningsbeginsels. Die studie neem die sosiopolitieke taalontwikkelinge en verskuiwende maghebberverhoudinge in ag wanneer tolkingbeplanning in Suid-Afrika bestudeer word. Tolking kan wel ’n doelwit van taalbeplanning wees om interlinguale kommunikasie moontlik te maak. Die taalbeplanningsproses geskied volgens opeenvolgende stappe en hierdie studie beklemtoon dat ’n evalueringstipe saamhang met elke opeenvolgende stap van die proses. Die tolkstudieliteratuur skenk besonder baie aandag aan die bepaling van tolkgehalte, wat meestal terugskouend bepaal word nadat die tolking gelewer is. Weens die benadering vanuit Taalbeplanning, propageer hierdie studie ’n meer omvattende benadering tot evaluering van tolkingbeplanning, deurdat evaluering reeds benut word vandat oorweeg word of ’n tolkdiens tot stand gebring gaan word (konteksevaluering). Wanneer die besluit geneem is dat die tolkdiens nodig is, word evaluering benut om die beplanner te help besluit hoe die diens gestruktureer en bestuur moet word en watter fisiese en menslike hulpbronne nodig is om die tolkdiens doeltreffend te implementeer (insetevaluering). Eers nadat hierdie twee beplanningstappe; gerig deur die toepaslike evalueringstipe, afgehandel is, behoort die tolkdiens geïmplementeer te word. Wanneer implementering plaasgevind het, word geëvalueer of die implementering volgens plan geskied het en of die tolkdiens optimaal funksioneer (prosesevaluering). Aanpassings word aangebring wat die doeltreffendheid van die tolkdiens verbeter. Eers dan word produkevaluering onderneem, wat gehaltebestuur behels. Hierdie studie is metateoreties fenomenologies en modernisties met ’n empiriese kwalitatiewe kollektiewegevallestudiegebaseerde navorsingsontwerp en benut hoofsaaklik telefoniese semigestruktureerde onderhoude en dokumentêre analise om primêre, sowel as sekondêre data te versamel. Die gevallestu

Irrespective of a two decade-plus long prevalence of several democratic participatory frameworks, and the excellent legal and policy frameworks for citizen participation in Uganda, exercising of democratic rights and obligations of citizens in Uganda is far from reality and the services rendered to the citizens are still poor. As an example of this ill reflection of reality, the electorate is still prone to hand-outs and is easily manipulated into participation. The general awareness level on citizens’ rights and responsibilities has swung out of balance in Uganda — for instance, based on the findings, the right to participate in decision-making and, subsequently, the right to demand for accountability on the quality of services delivered are not commonly known among the citizens in Uganda. The majority of the citizens are not aware of the government initiatives in place supporting citizen participation. Likewise, nepotism and corruption is still increasingly staining politics and government institutions that are supposed to form the basis for participation. Moreover, to a certain extent, there is censorship of the press, and no separation of powers. These not only attesting to the statement that participatory initiatives in Uganda are more like wish lists than substantive statements that are guaranteed in practice, but also raising questions such as: · How relevant have the democratic citizen participatory initiatives been to the actual involvement and participation of citizens in prioritising, planning, and decision-making on issues affecting citizens? · What is the citizen’s knowledge and understanding of the democratic citizen participatory initiatives? · Have the democratic citizen participatory initiatives promoted citizen participation that is strong in order to demand quality service delivery? Thus, to try and answer the above questions, this research aims to establish whether the quality of public services relates to the exercising of democratic rights and

These days, visitors to airports are more discerning than before and continuously seek new and meaningful experiences. This approach has caused airports to evolve from being, simply, a point of transit for visitors into elaborate attractions; providing much more facilities and services. The notion of experiences is, however, an abstract concept which makes it difficult to measure and, furthermore, experiences differ from individual to individual. In this context, it is important that airport management should understand the type of experiences that visitors seek within an airport environment in order to create higher levels of satisfaction which, ultimately, would result in increased revenue. The purpose of this exploratory research was to identify the key success factors that influence the experience of visitors in the context of an international airport. Determining the key success factors (KSF) may provide management with knowledge of those key areas within an airport that are viewed as necessary for a memorable airport experience by the visitors. Quantitative research was conducted by means of a self-administrated questionnaire and a total of 490 (n) questionnaires were obtained during the research period. A factor analysis identified seven KSFs which will facilitate airport management in creating and managing a memorable experience for visitors.

These days, visitors to airports are more discerning than before and continuously seek new and meaningful experiences. This approach has caused airports to evolve from being, simply, a point of transit for visitors into elaborate attractions; providing much more facilities and services. The notion of experiences is, however, an abstract concept which makes it difficult to measure and, furthermore, experiences differ from individual to individual. In this context, it is important that airport management should understand the type of experiences that visitors seek within an airport environment in order to create higher levels of satisfaction which, ultimately, would result in increased revenue. The purpose of this exploratory research was to identify the key success factors that influence the experience of visitors in the context of an international airport. Determining the key success factors (KSF) may provide management with knowledge of those key areas within an airport that are viewed as necessary for a memorable airport experience by the visitors. Quantitative research was conducted by means of a self-administrated questionnaire and a total of 490 (n) questionnaires were obtained during the research period. A factor analysis identified seven KSFs which will facilitate airport management in creating and managing a memorable experience for visitors.

English: The changing political environment after 1994 brought about changes in education as well as mother tongue education. The biggest change in mother tongue education is the clause in the Constitution 108 of 1996, section 6, which stipulates that mother tongue education is merely an option and not a requirement like before. Further language legislation implemented after 1994 was: National Education Policy (nr. 27 of 1996), the South African Schools Act (nr. 84 of 1996) and the Language-in- Education Policy (1997). The main focus areas of the study are language planning, language policy and language management within education. These terms are closely tied together, and one of the primary goals surrounding these terms is to solve language problems. Various other facets in language policy and language planning as discipline form the framework for the study: the process of language planning from initiation through to implementation, management agents (central government, provincial government, external and internal agents) who are to be found in the education system, as well as external factors in the process that can influence the choice of education medium. The goals of the study are to determine which of the schools in the Xhariep, which are mainly Afrikaans and seSotho, changed their language of education policies after 1994, which process was followed in order to do this, who the agents were who participated in the changes, and which factors led to the changes as well as the choice of language of education. The study utilises a historical approach. Due to the gaps in documentation, the data is dependent on interviews. Printed media was also utilised as a source of information in order to support the information of the intervlews. The South African context was discussed within the framework of the literature, due to the fact that the history of the country influenced the Xhariep's schools choices regarding language policy. The data indicated that the governing, Afrikaans: Die veranderende politieke omgewing na 1994 het veranderinge in die onderwys en so ook moedertaalonderrig teweeggebring. Die grootste verandering in moedertaalonderrig is die klousule in die Grondwet 108 van 1996, seksie 6, wat stipuleer dat moedertaalonderrig slegs 'n opsie is en nie meer 'n vereiste soos voorheen nie. Ander taalwetgewing is na 1994 as amptelik verklaar, bv. Nasionale Onderwysbeleid (No 27 van 1996), die Suid-Afrikaanse skolewet (no. 84 van 1996) en die Taal-in-Onderwysbeleid (1997). Die dominante fokus van die studie is taalbeplanning, taalbeleid en taalbestuur binne die onderwys. Hierdie terme is verwant aan mekaar en een van die primêre doelwitte rondom hierdie terme is om taalprobleme op te los. Verskeie ander fasette in taalbeleid en taalbeplanning as dissipline vorm die raamwerk vir die studie: die proses van taalbeplanning vanaf aanvang tot implementering, bestuursagente (sentrale regering, provinsiale regering, eksterne en interne agente) wat in die onderwysstelsel voorkom, asook eksterne faktore in die proses wat die keuse tot onderrigmedium kan beïnvloed. Die doelwitte vir die studie is om vas te stel watter van die skole in die Xhariep, wat oorheersend Afrikaans en Sotho is, na 1994 die skool se onderrigmedium verander het, watter proses gevolg is, wie die agente in die gebeure was en watter faktore tot die verandering bygedra asook die keuse van die onderrigmedium beïnvloed het. Die studie maak gebruik van 'n historiese benadering. As gevolg van die gapings in die dokumentasie, is die data veral van onderhoude afhanklik. Gedrukte media is ook as bron ingetrek om die inligting in die onderhoude te evalueer. Die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is teen die agtergrond vanuit die literatuur bespreek, aangesien die geskiedenis van die land die Xhariep se skole se keuses rondom taalbeleid beïnvloed het. Die data het aangetoon dat die beheerliggaam nie die oorhoofse besluite neem nie en is dit net op papier as sulks aangedui. 'n Spesifieke p

Afrikaans: Op 8 Mei 1996 het die Grondwetlike Vergadering van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika ’n nuwe demokratiese grondwet aanvaar. Die Grondwet maak voorsiening vir ’n redelike aantal klousules betreffende taalkwessies. Dit maak onder meer voorsiening vir elf amptelike tale wat die veeltalige en multikulturele aard van ons samelewing weerspieël. Die Nasionale Regering maak sy standpunt oor taal in die onderwys in die 1996 Suid- Afrikaanse Handves van Menseregte duidelik. Hieruit blyk dit duidelik dat die Departement van Onderwys die ontwikkeling van veeltaligheid binne die raamwerk van toevoegende tweetalige onderwys beklemtoon. Skole word byvoorbeeld sterk aanbeveel om ten minste twee tale van onderrig vanaf Graad 1 aan te bied, waarvan een van die twee tale die huistaal van die leerder moet wees. Hierdie positiewe doelwitte ten spyt, blyk dit dat die teenoorgestelde in die praktyk gebeur. Al meer klagtes kom na vore, veral uit die geledere van die minderheidstale (Afrikaans en die Afrikatale) dat hul tale, as tale van onderrig, gemarginaliseer word. ’n Positiewe ontwikkeling is egter die steun vir moedertaalonderrig, veral ook uit gemeenskappe wat tradisioneel gesien was as sou hulle ten gunste van Engelsonderrig wees. Hierdie herwaardering van die rol van die moedertaal in onderrig kan toegeskryf word aan bepaalde taalaktivistiese inisiatiewe wat sedert 1994 van stapel gestuur is. Hierdie studie ondersoek die rol wat taalaktivisme by die terugkeer na moedertaalonderwys in Suid-Afrika na die vestiging van ’n demokratiese taalbestel in die land speel. Die siening dat gemeenskappe apaties staan teenoor taalregtekwessies in die onderwys wat deur politieke en ander drukgroepe teweeggebring word wat die status quo ten opsigte van die bevordering van Engels as onderrigmedium ten koste van die minderheidstale wil bevorder, is ondersoek. Dit is gedoen deur te bepaal: (a) hoe wydverspreid die verskynsel van taalaktivisme in Suid-Afrika voorkom, (b) die vorme (indien enige), English: The Constitutional Assembly accepted a new democratic constitution for the Republic of South Africa on 8 May 1996. The Constitution makes provision for a fair amount of clauses regarding language issues. Among other it makes provision for eleven official languages that reflect the multicultural nature of our society. The National Government presents their position on language in education in the 1996 South African Bill of Rights. It seems clear that the Department of Education emphasises the development of multilingualism within the framework of additive bilingual education. Schools are strongly recommended to offer at least two languages of instruction as from Grade 1, one of which should be the home language of the learner. Aside from these positive goals, the opposite seems to happen in practice. Even more complaints arise, especially from the ranks of minority languages (Afrikaans and African languages) that their languages are marginalised as languages of instruction. A positive development is that more voices are heard in support of language teaching, especially in communities that have traditionally been seen as being in favour of English teaching. This re-evaluation of the role of mother tongue teaching could be contributed to certain language activist initiatives since 1994. This study investigates the role of language activism in the movement back to mother tongue education in South Africa after the establishment of a democratic language dispensation in the country. The perception is investigated that communities are apathetic towards language rights issues in education brought about by political and other pressure groups that want to retain the status quo regarding the promotion of English as medium of instruction at the expense of minority languages. This is done by determining: (a) how widespread the phenomenon of language activism in South Africa occurs, (b) the forms (if any) of language activism among the different language communities, (c)

This note explores the proposition that in the face of probably one of the most unequivocal forms of constitutional review in a modern day state, legislation in South Africa has since 27 April 1994 grown in status (and stature) nonetheless, and has assumed an unprecedented role in our constitutional democracy. First, it is shown how constitutional review with the necessary judicial self–restraint has instilled respect for legislation in the context of and with reference to the separation of powers. Second, it is shown that and how statutes have become (subsidiary) allies to the Constitution and have been standing the realisation of constitutional values in good stead. Finally, it is argued that the constitutional requirement of popular participation in legislative deliberation has also added to the esteem for legislation in our constitutional democracy.

This note explores the proposition that in the face of probably one of the most unequivocal forms of constitutional review in a modern day state, legislation in South Africa has since 27 April 1994 grown in status (and stature) nonetheless, and has assumed an unprecedented role in our constitutional democracy. First, it is shown how constitutional review with the necessary judicial self–restraint has instilled respect for legislation in the context of and with reference to the separation of powers. Second, it is shown that and how statutes have become (subsidiary) allies to the Constitution and have been standing the realisation of constitutional values in good stead. Finally, it is argued that the constitutional requirement of popular participation in legislative deliberation has also added to the esteem for legislation in our constitutional democracy.

This note explores the proposition that in the face of probably one of the most unequivocal forms of constitutional review in a modern day state, legislation in South Africa has since 27 April 1994 grown in status (and stature) nonetheless, and has assumed an unprecedented role in our constitutional democracy. First, it is shown how constitutional review with the necessary judicial self–restraint has instilled respect for legislation in the context of and with reference to the separation of powers. Second, it is shown that and how statutes have become (subsidiary) allies to the Constitution and have been standing the realisation of constitutional values in good stead. Finally, it is argued that the constitutional requirement of popular participation in legislative deliberation has also added to the esteem for legislation in our constitutional democracy.

The study presents a sociolinguistic analysis of the current language-in-education policy implementation in Tanzania. The current sociolinguistic thinking on bilingual education and language-in-education planning informs this evaluation. The analysis is presented against the background of the sociolinguistic principles of bilingual education as developed by García (1997). The challenges regarding implementation of bilingual education policy have been identified. The study indicates that there is no link between the envisioned ideals of the state to promote bilingual education and what obtains in the Education and Training Policy (1995), the document currently relied upon as far as language policy in the Tanzanian educational set-up is concerned. Chapter 1 provides the background of language-in-education planning and policy in Africa, where the advocacy for the use of African languages is high on the agenda. The obstacles, regarding the use of African languages alongside “imported” languages, are pointed out. The common obstacles range from the perseverance of the elite to maintain the status quo, the problem of language attitudes people have towards foreign languages such as English, French and Portuguese and more importantly lack of understanding of the concept of bilingual education and how it operates. Chapter 2 discusses bilingual education programmes with the view of monolingual education, weak and strong bilingual education. Sociolinguistic principles of bilingual education and theoretical considerations related to bilingualism also form part of this chapter. The theories explain some myths which people have regarding how the brain works when it comes to having two languages in education. In addition, language planning and policy concepts have been described to avoid the misconception held in some sociolinguistic literature that they are synonyms and aspects of the same activity. Language planning is seen as the activity that leads to the promulgation of a lan, St Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT)

English: The study investigates the reasons for the non- implementation of multilingual policies and plans with special reference to South Africa’s language policy and planning implementation scenario. The study identifies four categories of explanations for the non-implementation of multilingual policies and plans in South Africa, namely political; economic; sociolinguistic; and theoretic explanations. Of particular interest is the adequacy of these explanations in explaining the non- implementation of multilingual policies and plans in South Africa. Chapter 1 introduces the study, discounts political, economic and sociolinguistic explanations as inadequate in explaining the non- implementation of multilingual policies and plans in South Africa and establishes the theoretic category as the core category to explain the non- implementation of multilingual policies and plans in South Africa. The chapter provides a preliminary review of language planning literature that explores the inadequacy of language planning theory in providing approaches that can be used to facilitate multilingual policy and planning implementation as well as statement of the research problem and questions, the aim and objectives of the study, overview of research methodology and outline of the thesis. Chapter 2 provides the background to the study. The chapter discusses the macro framework for language policy and language planning in South Africa as provided by the Constitution. The chapter elaborates on South Africa’s constitutional language developments as from the early 1990s and the socio-political and historical contexts that led to the evolution of the 1993 Interim Constitution and the 1996 Constitution. The chapter elaborates on the theoretical, ideological and discourse foundations of both the 1993 Interim Constitution and the 1996 Constitution and points out that the multilingual dispensation envisioned by the 1996 Constitution is in tandem with the project of transformative constituti, Afrikaans: Die studie ondersoek die re des vir die nie - implementering van veeltalige beleide en planne, met spesifieke verwysing na Suid - Afrika se taalbeleids - en - beplannings - implementeringscenario. Dit studie identifiseer vier kategorieë van verklarings vir die nie - implementering van veeltali ge beleide en planne in Suid - Afrika, naamlik politiese, ekonomiese, sosiolinguistiese en teoretiese verklarings. Die ontoereikendheid van hierdie verklarings om die nie - implementering van veeltalige beleide en planne in Suid - Afrika te verklaar, word spesif iele geaksentueer. Hoofstuk 1 bied ’n inleiding tot die studie en toon aan dat politieke, ekonomiese en sosiolinguistiese verklarings nie voldoende is om die nie - implementering van veeltalige beleide en planne in Suid - Afrika te verduidelik nie en vestig s odoende die teoretiese kategorie as die kernkategorie ter verduideliking van die nie - implementering van veeltalige beleide en planne in Suid - Afrika. Die hoofstuk bied ’n inleidende oorsig van die taalbeplanningsliteratuur wat die ontoereikendheid van taalb eplanningsteorie by die verskaffing van benaderings wat gebruik kan word om veeltalige beleids - en beplanningsimplementering te fasiliteer, ondersoek. Voorts word die navorsingsprobleem en - vrae, die doelstelling en doelwitte van die studie, ’n oorsig van die navorsingsmetodologie en die breë trekke van die proefskrif ook gestel. Hoofstuk 2 verskaf die agtergrond tot die studie. Die hoofstuk bespreek die makroraamwerk vir taalbeleid en - beplanning in Suid - Afrika, soos daarvoor voorsiening gemaak word deu r die Grondwet. Die hoofstuk brei uit oor Suid - Afrika se grondwetlike taalontwikkelings vanaf die vroeë 1990’s en die sosiopolitieke en historiese kontekste wat tot die evolusie van die 1993 - Interimgrondwet en die 1996 - Grondwet gelei het. Die hoofstuk wei in besonderhede uit oor die teoretiese, ideologiese en gespreksgrondslae van beide die 1993 - Interimgrondwet en die 1996 - Grondwet

English: The study investigates the reasons for the non- implementation of multilingual policies and plans with special reference to South Africa’s language policy and planning implementation scenario. The study identifies four categories of explanations for the non-implementation of multilingual policies and plans in South Africa, namely political; economic; sociolinguistic; and theoretic explanations. Of particular interest is the adequacy of these explanations in explaining the non- implementation of multilingual policies and plans in South Africa. Chapter 1 introduces the study, discounts political, economic and sociolinguistic explanations as inadequate in explaining the non- implementation of multilingual policies and plans in South Africa and establishes the theoretic category as the core category to explain the non- implementation of multilingual policies and plans in South Africa. The chapter provides a preliminary review of language planning literature that explores the inadequacy of language planning theory in providing approaches that can be used to facilitate multilingual policy and planning implementation as well as statement of the research problem and questions, the aim and objectives of the study, overview of research methodology and outline of the thesis. Chapter 2 provides the background to the study. The chapter discusses the macro framework for language policy and language planning in South Africa as provided by the Constitution. The chapter elaborates on South Africa’s constitutional language developments as from the early 1990s and the socio-political and historical contexts that led to the evolution of the 1993 Interim Constitution and the 1996 Constitution. The chapter elaborates on the theoretical, ideological and discourse foundations of both the 1993 Interim Constitution and the 1996 Constitution and points out that the multilingual dispensation envisioned by the 1996 Constitution is in tandem with the project of transformative constituti, Afrikaans: Die studie ondersoek die redes vir die nie-implementering van veeltalige beleide en planne, met spesifieke verwysing na Suid-Afrika se taalbeleids- en -beplanningsimplementeringscenario. Dit studie identifiseer vier kategorieë van verklarings vir die nie-implementering van veeltalige beleide en planne in Suid-Afrika, naamlik politiese, ekonomiese, sosiolinguistiese en teoretiese verklarings. Die ontoereikendheid van hierdie verklarings om die nie- implementering van veeltalige beleide en planne in Suid-Afrika te verklaar, word spesifiele geaksentueer. Hoofstuk 1 bied ’n inleiding tot die studie en toon aan dat politieke, ekonomiese en sosiolinguistiese verklarings nie voldoende is om die nie-implementering van veeltalige beleide en planne in Suid-Afrika te verduidelik nie en vestig sodoende die teoretiese kategorie as die kernkategorie ter verduideliking van die nie-implementering van veeltalige beleide en planne in Suid-Afrika. Die hoofstuk bied ’n inleidende oorsig van die taalbeplanningsliteratuur wat die ontoereikendheid van taalbeplanningsteorie by die verskaffing van benaderings wat gebruik kan word om veeltalige beleids- en beplanningsimplementering te fasiliteer, ondersoek. Voorts word die navorsingsprobleem en -vrae, die doelstelling en doelwitte van die studie, ’n oorsig van die navorsingsmetodologie en die breë trekke van die proefskrif ook gestel. Hoofstuk 2 verskaf die agtergrond tot die studie. Die hoofstuk bespreek die makroraamwerk vir taalbeleid en -beplanning in Suid-Afrika, soos daarvoor voorsiening gemaak word deur die Grondwet. Die hoofstuk brei uit oor Suid-Afrika se grondwetlike taalontwikkelings vanaf die vroeë 1990’s en die sosiopolitieke en historiese kontekste wat tot die evolusie van die 1993-Interimgrondwet en die 1996-Grondwet gelei het. Die hoofstuk wei in besonderhede uit oor die teoretiese, ideologiese en gespreksgrondslae van beide die 1993-Interimgrondwet en die 1996-Grondwet en toon aan dat die veeltalige bedeling, soos

The limited natural availability of water resources in South Africa coupled with the increasing competition between water users demands that, reallocation and sustainable use of water be given serious attention. Bringing into perspective factors leading to the vulnerability of water resources, focus is placed on institutional issues, which is becoming a thorny issue nationally. Drawing on institutional economic theory a generic water institutional framework is developed to assist in shaping institutional arrangements towards achieving economic and social objectives simultaneously, in order to guarantee water security. In this thesis an ideal institutional framework was developed and used in conjunction with global trends and patterns in water policy and institutional arrangements, to evaluate the South African water law and water policy. The evaluation revealed that factors like: excessive government control of water management institutions; bureaucratic consented water reallocations; administratively set pricing mechanisms; lack of appropriate arrangements to facilitate tradable entitlements (like defining exclusive rights to entitlements); unclear water transfer arrangements; and lack of definitive institutional provisions for integrated demand and supply management, deviate from current international water institutional trends and also fall short of an ideal institutional arrangement that will lead to water security. The weaknesses in the current South African water laws and policies prompted the search for alternative institutional arrangements, which particularly have the potential to offer more opportunities for effective water allocation and management, and largely based on decentralisation and full stakeholder participation. A number of alternatives were studied and Capacity Sharing (CS) was identified as the most appropriate. Capacity sharing is an institutional arrangement with property rights structured to allocate water among multiple users of water reso, Water Research Commission (WRC)

Abtract not available

Part I of this thesis starts with the problem of human freedom. Part II of this thesis deals with the Calvinistic theory of human freedom. In order to study the theoretical foundations of human freedom in Calvinistic philosophy, it is essential to distinguish between the Philosophy of the cosmonomic idea and the Philosophy of the creation idea. Although there are minor points of difference between these streams of thought it is clear that in essence the fundamental cosmological principles between these philosophies are the same. An analysis of the Philosophy of the cosmonomic idea reveals that the fundamental principle underlying man's freedom was first formulated by prof. dr. H. Dooyeweerd: only through the salvation of Christ Jesus can man receive and know true human freedom. As far as human freedom is concerned it is clear that prof. dr. H.G. Stoker further developed this fundamental principle in the Philosophy of the creation idea. Much along the same lines as the Philosophy of the COSIIOnomic idea H.G. Stoker stresses that an analysis of human freedom should fulfill the following conditions: (a) Human freedom is self-insufficient and must essentially be distinguished from the freedom of God; (b) an analysis of human freedom should be an analysis of positive freedom; (c) human freedom is intimately connected with man as a concrete whole and with his destiny on earth; and (d) human freedom presupposes a real choice between different possible acts, ultimately between obeying and disobeying the principles of order concerned. Furthermore H.G. Stoker reveals that the nature of human freedom should be discovered by observing how man occupies himself and how his doings essentially differ from animal activity; human mastery is creativity; human freedom is no caprice, nor something arbitrary. but is governed by the principle of order and human freedom is finally the realisation of a divine calling: (a) his innate abilities and talents call man to master, to create, to be

One handwritten page on letterhead, 1 online resource (1 page), Prof. L. J. du Plessis from Potchefstroom University admires Prof. Matthews's decision to resign. Dated 2 November 1959