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Onion addresses offer valuable features such as lookup and routing security, self-authenticated connections, and censorship resistance. Therefore, many websites are also available as onionsites in Tor. The way registered domains and onion addresses are associated is however a weak link. We introduce sauteed onions, transparent associations from domain names to onion addresses. Our approach relies on TLS certificates to establish onion associations. It is much like today's onion location which relies on Certificate Authorities (CAs) due to its HTTPS requirement, but has the added benefit of becoming public for everyone to see in Certificate Transparency (CT) logs. We propose and prototype two uses of sauteed onions: certificate-based onion location and search engines that use CT logs as the underlying database. The achieved goals are consistency of available onion associations, which mitigates attacks where users are partitioned depending on which onion addresses they are given, forward censorship-resistance after a TLS site has been configured once, and improved third-party discovery of onion associations, which requires less trust while easily scaling to all onionsites that opt-in.

[Resumen]: Analizaremos la influencia de internet dentro del sector textil, desde la infracción de sus marcas por los sistemas de búsqueda (AdWords), metatags y nombres de dominio, pasando por la necesaria regulación de la publicidad en redes sociales con el ojo puesto en la aparición de los influencers y su creciente importancia dentro del sector. Por otra parte, se analiza la introducción de la tecnología Blockchain en la industria, momento que coincide con el auge en la concienciación de los consumidores que reclaman una industria más limpia y sostenible. El fenómeno social Web 2.0 también ha llevado al sector a proteger sus marcas ante el futuro “Metaverso” y frente las posibles infracciones marcarias a través de NFTs de terceros., [Resumo]: Analizaremos a influencia de internet dentro do sector téxtil, dende a vulneración das súas marcas por parte dos sistemas de busca (AdWords), metaetiquetas e nomes de dominio, pasando pola necesaria regulación da publicidade nas redes sociais coa mirada posta na aparición de influencers e a súa crecente importancia dentro do sector. Por outra banda, analízase a introdución da tecnoloxía Blockchain na industria, momento que coincide co aumento da concienciación dos consumidores que demandan unha industria máis limpa e sostible. O fenómeno social da Web 2.0 tamén levou ao sector a protexer as súas marcas fronte ao futuro "Metaverso" e fronte as posibles infraccións marcarias a través de NFT de terceiros., [Abstract]: We will analyze the influence of the internet within the textile sector, from the infringement of its trademarks by search systems (AdWords), metatags and domain names, passing through the necessary regulation of advertising on social networks with an eye on the appearance of influencers and their growing importance within the sector. On the other hand, the introduction of Blockchain technology in the industry is analyzed, a moment that coincides with the rise in awareness of consumers who demand a cleaner and more sustainable industry. The Web 2.0 social phenomenon has also led the sector to protect its brands against the future "Metaverse" and against possible trademark infringements through third-party NFTs.

Onion addresses offer valuable features such as lookup and routing security, self-authenticated connections, and censorship resistance. Therefore, many websites are also available as onionsites in Tor. The way registered domains and onion addresses are associated is however a weak link. We introduce sauteed onions, transparent associations from domain names to onion addresses. Our approach relies on TLS certificates to establish onion associations. It is much like today's onion location which relies on Certificate Authorities (CAs) due to its HTTPS requirement, but has the added benefit of becoming public for everyone to see in Certificate Transparency (CT) logs. We propose and prototype two uses of sauteed onions: certificate-based onion location and search engines that use CT logs as the underlying database. The achieved goals are consistency of available onion associations, which mitigates attacks where users are partitioned depending on which onion addresses they are given, forward censorship-resistance after a TLS site has been configured once, and improved third-party discovery of onion associations, which requires less trust while easily scaling to all onionsites that opt-in.

Onion addresses offer valuable features such as lookup and routing security, self-authenticated connections, and censorship resistance. Therefore, many websites are also available as onionsites in Tor. The way registered domains and onion addresses are associated is however a weak link. We introduce sauteed onions, transparent associations from domain names to onion addresses. Our approach relies on TLS certificates to establish onion associations. It is much like today's onion location which relies on Certificate Authorities (CAs) due to its HTTPS requirement, but has the added benefit of becoming public for everyone to see in Certificate Transparency (CT) logs. We propose and prototype two uses of sauteed onions: certificate-based onion location and search engines that use CT logs as the underlying database. The achieved goals are consistency of available onion associations, which mitigates attacks where users are partitioned depending on which onion addresses they are given, forward censorship-resistance after a TLS site has been configured once, and improved third-party discovery of onion associations, which requires less trust while easily scaling to all onionsites that opt-in.

Onion addresses offer valuable features such as lookup and routing security, self-authenticated connections, and censorship resistance. Therefore, many websites are also available as onionsites in Tor. The way registered domains and onion addresses are associated is however a weak link. We introduce sauteed onions, transparent associations from domain names to onion addresses. Our approach relies on TLS certificates to establish onion associations. It is much like today's onion location which relies on Certificate Authorities (CAs) due to its HTTPS requirement, but has the added benefit of becoming public for everyone to see in Certificate Transparency (CT) logs. We propose and prototype two uses of sauteed onions: certificate-based onion location and search engines that use CT logs as the underlying database. The achieved goals are consistency of available onion associations, which mitigates attacks where users are partitioned depending on which onion addresses they are given, forward censorship-resistance after a TLS site has been configured once, and improved third-party discovery of onion associations, which requires less trust while easily scaling to all onionsites that opt-in.

Onion addresses offer valuable features such as lookup and routing security, self-authenticated connections, and censorship resistance. Therefore, many websites are also available as onionsites in Tor. The way registered domains and onion addresses are associated is however a weak link. We introduce sauteed onions, transparent associations from domain names to onion addresses. Our approach relies on TLS certificates to establish onion associations. It is much like today's onion location which relies on Certificate Authorities (CAs) due to its HTTPS requirement, but has the added benefit of becoming public for everyone to see in Certificate Transparency (CT) logs. We propose and prototype two uses of sauteed onions: certificate-based onion location and search engines that use CT logs as the underlying database. The achieved goals are consistency of available onion associations, which mitigates attacks where users are partitioned depending on which onion addresses they are given, forward censorship-resistance after a TLS site has been configured once, and improved third-party discovery of onion associations, which requires less trust while easily scaling to all onionsites that opt-in.

Los prestadores de servicios de intermediación pueden "contribuir" a las infracciones que se cometen en Internet. En este artículo examinaremos las diferencias y las coincidencias en la atribución de responsabilidad a los ISP por la prestación de servicios de acceso y mera transmisión de hosting y de caching, así como la jurisprudencia generada en los distintos países europeos, valorando las exenciones de responsabilidad dentro de los nuevos modelos de negocio en Internet, a tenor de la Directiva 2000/31, de 8 de junio de 2000 sobre comercio electrónico en aras a la prevención de actividades ilícitas, con especial referencia a los derechos de propiedad intelectual., The information society services providers can "contribute" to the infringements committed by users over the Internet. In this paper will examine the differences and coincidences in the allocation of liability on ISP for providing services of access and transmission, of hosting and caching, as well as the different case law from European countries, analized the exemptions from liability to the new Internet business models in the Directive 2000/31 of 8 June 2000 on electronic commerce, in relation to prevent illicit activities, with special reference to intellectual property right.

Los prestadores de servicios de intermediación pueden "contribuir" a las infracciones que se cometen en Internet. En este artículo examinaremos las diferencias y las coincidencias en la atribución de responsabilidad a los ISP por la prestación de servicios de acceso y mera transmisión de hosting y de caching, así como la jurisprudencia generada en los distintos países europeos, valorando las exenciones de responsabilidad dentro de los nuevos modelos de negocio en Internet, a tenor de la Directiva 2000/31, de 8 de junio de 2000 sobre comercio electrónico en aras a la prevención de actividades ilícitas, con especial referencia a los derechos de propiedad intelectual., The information society services providers can "contribute" to the infringements committed by users over the Internet. In this paper will examine the differences and coincidences in the allocation of liability on ISP for providing services of access and transmission, of hosting and caching, as well as the different case law from European countries, analized the exemptions from liability to the new Internet business models in the Directive 2000/31 of 8 June 2000 on electronic commerce, in relation to prevent illicit activities, with special reference to intellectual property right.

La creatividad en la industria de la moda merece protección y uno de los vehículos más importantes son las marcas comerciales, pues es un activo intangible que permite distinguir productos y servicios. Es por ello que la tecnología es relevante para brindar una robusta protección y ello se realiza por un sistema de vigilancia adecuado. De esta manera su busca evitar los conflictos en Internet o por el registro de otras marcas comerciales., Creativity in the fashion industry deserves protection and one of the most im-portant vehicles is commercial brands, as it is an intangible asset that allows products and services to be distinguished. That is why technology is relevant to provide robust protection and this is done by an adequate surveillance system. In this way, it seeks to avoid conflicts on the Internet or for the registration of other trademarks., A criatividade na indústria da moda merece proteção e um dos veículos mais importantes são as marcas, pois é um ativo intangível que permite diferenciar produtos e serviços. É por isso que a tecnologia é relevante para fornecer proteção robusta e isso é fei-to por um sistema de vigilância adequado. Dessa forma, busca evitar conflitos na Internet ou pelo registro de outras marcas.

An international legal framework for resolving disputes between trademark owners and domain name holders, the Uniform Domain Names Disputes Resolution Policy (“UDRP”), purports to address economic interests; however, fundamental human rights are indirectly implicated in the process (for example, the rights to freedom of expression and peaceful enjoyment of one’s property) or are ingrained within the procedure itself (such as the right to due process). The UDRP was created in 1998 by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (“ICANN”), which has recently adopted in its organizational bylaws a “Core Value” of respecting “internationally recognized human rights.” In light of these institutional changes, in this Article, I chart the international human rights implications of the procedural aspects of the UDRP. I will show how the UDRP’s procedural elements raise numerous due process concerns regarding the deprivation of property rights, which are recognized in international human rights instruments, and make concrete proposals to improve procedural aspects of the policy in the upcoming UDRP review in 2020. To bring the UDRP procedure in line with “internationally recognized human rights,” the upcoming review should: (1) introduce a clear choice-of law clause in the UDRP; (2) develop uniform “Supplemental Rules” at ICANN level to increase uniformity and consistency of the UDRP system; (3) introduce a requirement to disclose and publish all UDRP decisions and statistics; (4) develop uniform standards for accreditation and selection of panelists; (5) require disclosure of conflicts of interest by panelists and Dispute Resolution Providers; (6) introduce regular comprehensive UDRP reviews; (7) reform the rules around communication, and the effectiveness of notice in particular; (8) establish an appeal procedure; and (9) explicitly acknowledge access to courts.

This presentation suggests concrete avenues both to contextualize research on web domains and domain names (e.g. collaboration with the Afnic in France and use of its web archives to retrieve the price of a domain name, its policy for allocating domain names, the number of domain names it allocated with regards to the domain names retrieved in web archives, etc.) but also to create public engagement with this topic (identifying the first web page in each country, the most represented twitter accounts in web archives, etc.).

This presentation suggests concrete avenues both to contextualize research on web domains and domain names (e.g. collaboration with the Afnic in France and use of its web archives to retrieve the price of a domain name, its policy for allocating domain names, the number of domain names it allocated with regards to the domain names retrieved in web archives, etc.) but also to create public engagement with this topic (identifying the first web page in each country, the most represented twitter accounts in web archives, etc.).

This presentation suggests concrete avenues both to contextualize research on web domains and domain names (e.g. collaboration with the Afnic in France and use of its web archives to retrieve the price of a domain name, its policy for allocating domain names, the number of domain names it allocated with regards to the domain names retrieved in web archives, etc.) but also to create public engagement with this topic (identifying the first web page in each country, the most represented twitter accounts in web archives, etc.).

The distinctive signs are especially relevant for companies. We are talking about those resources that businessmen use as the owners of a company in order to differentiate from their competitors by way of their denomination «trade name» or their products«trademark». Two or more identical or similar trademarks can coexist simultaneously, providing they refer to different products or services. There also can arise conflicts among the distinctive signs, mainly trademarks and domain names in the Internet. It is possible that the conflict arises between signs and names identical or similar but with subjects acting in different business sectors., Enpresentzat aparteko garrantzia hartzen dute zeinu bereizgarriek. Ha lakotzat hartzen dira enpresarioak erabiltzen dituen baliabideak, enpresa baten ti tular gisa bere burua –«merkataritza izena»– eta haren produktuak edo zerbi tzuak –«marka»– lehiakideengandik bereizteko. Bi marka edo gehiago, berdinak edo antzekoak eta titular desberdinetakoak, aldi berean egotea ahalbidetzen da, betiere produktu edo zerbitzu desberdinei dagokienez erabiltzen badira. Hainbat gatazka sor daitezke domeinuizenen eta zeinu bereizgarrien artean –batez ere markak– ere. Baina litekeena da, halaber, gatazka zeinu eta izen berdinberdinen edo antzekoen artean gertatzea, baina jarduerasektore desberdinetan jarduten du ten subjektuen aldetik., Los signos distintivos adquieren especial relevancia para las empresas. Hablamos de aquellos recursos que utilizan los empresarios, como titulares de una empresa, para diferenciarse de sus competidores por su denominación «nombre comercial»o por sus productos o servicios «marca». Dos o más marcas iguales o si milares de distinto titular pueden coexistir simultáneamente, siempre que se refieran a productos o servicios diferentes. Igualmente, pueden producirse conflictos entre los signos distintivos, principalmente las marcas, y los nombres de dominio en inter net. Es posible que el conflicto surja entre los signos y denominaciones iguales o si milares pero respecto a sujetos que actúen en sectores de actividad diferenciados.

Los términos de la separación del Reino Unido de la Unión Europea en lo relativo a la protección de los derechos de propiedad industrial e intelectual han sido en buena medida ya acordados en el marco del Borrador de Acuerdo de Retirada. Particular atención merecen las previsiones relativas a los derechos unitarios, como las marcas de la Unión y los diseños comunitarios, así como lo relativo al agotamiento de derechos. Al margen del Acuerdo, también ha habido novedades acerca de las perspectivas en relación con el registro de nombres de dominio bajo “.eu”. Además, la ratificación por el Reino Unido del Acuerdo sobre el Tribunal Unificado de Patentes dota de renovado interés a la interacción entre el Brexit y el establecimiento de la patente europea con efecto unitario., Significant progress has been made concerning the terms of the separation of the United Kingdom as regards the protection of intellectual property after Brexit. Such progress is reflected in the current text of the Draft Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Its main provisions concern the implications of Brexit on unitary rights, such as European Union trade marks and Community designs, and issues such as exhaustion of rights. Other recent developments concern the repercussions of Brexit on the EU regulatory framework for the .eu Top Level Domain. Finally, the ratification of the Unified Patent Court Agreement by the United Kingdom poses new challenges regarding the implications of Brexit for the unitary patent., Fac. de Derecho, TRUE, pub

Project Description: Create an approach to graph the topological structure of a domain name based malware distribution network (MDN) by leveraging search engine data that facilitates the identification and attribution of persistent sub-networks and highly trafficked individual domains, The original document contains color images.

This dissertation investigates the explanatory power of the interdisciplinary New InstitutionalEconomics theory against case studies of the events which occurred in the history of the management of the .au domain name space between 1986 and 2002. Through a series of qualitative case studies distilled from publicly-available materials, analysis of documents located in three never-before studied private archives belonging to Jon Postel, Paul Twomey and Kimberley Heitman, and a small number of interviews with key stakeholders, this dissertation tests a series of hypotheses derived from New Institutional Economics theory. Evidence was gathered which enabled the first comprehensive analysis of the path through which the right to manage the .au domain name space transitioned from the USC-ISI/Jon Postel to Robert Elz to auDA. These events are situated within a broader historical context of shifts in stakeholder perceptions of the appropriate boundary of government regulation resulting from the once-dominant cultural norm of modernism (supporting command-and-control regulation) being supplanted by post- modernism (supporting self-/co-regulation). In the context of these case studies, New Institutional Economics theory is generally found to have significant explanatory power. In particular, the theoretical concepts of the institutional environment, institutional hierarchy, stakeholder behaviour, institutional formation, institutional evolution and institutional change proved to be useful tools with which to analyse these events. However, the evidence in one case study does not support the strong form in which one claim by Oliver Williamson is currently expressed, namely that higher level institutions constrain lower level institutions. An instance where two higher-level institutions (the Australian Constitution and Regulatory Impact Assessment) did not constrain a lower-level institution is identified. The reasons why those constraints did not apply as intended are

Postcolonial theory was transformative of both the humanities and social sciences after the Second World War. However its power and influence is even more startling and unpredictable when applied to ‘virtual’ geographies and nations. This chapter examines questions of ownership and rights over ‘virtual nations’ via their domain names. The right to own, buy and sell virtual real estate has proved one of the most challenging and fascinating applications of postcolonial theory in the twenty-first century.

The advent of internationalised domains has introduced a new threat with the non-english character sets allowing visual mimicry of common domain names. Whilst this phenomenon remains well known in the development and internet industry the actual implementations of popular applications have been previously shown to lack successful mitigation strategies and countermeasures. The research found that in the current versions of most internet browsers and email clients, some form of homograph identification or blocking exists. However, some notable and popular applications include either flawed implementations or miss key features and thus allow for IDN based attacks.

These paper studies the conflict arise by the non-authorized register of a domain name that incorporates a similar or identical reproduction of a trademark belonging to someone else. Specifically, it studies the practice known as warehousing or sale in auction of domain names. For this purpose, the article develops the concept of “Domain Names”, states its applicable regulation and gives a general description of the legal tools that have been used to solve the conflict mentioned above., Este artículo estudia el conflicto generado por el registro no autorizado de nombres de dominio que incorporan una reproducción idéntica o similar de una marca perteneciente a un tercero, en particular, el conflicto generado por la venta en subasta de nombres de dominio. En éste se analiza el concepto, los niveles y la regulación de los nombres de dominio, se discute sobre la naturaleza jurídica de éstos y se exponen las herramientas jurídicas utilizadas para la solución del mencionado conflicto.

Les conflits entre les noms de domaine et les marques de commerce surgissent essentiellement par manque de coordination entre le système d'enregistrement des noms de domaine et celui des marques. Les marques sont enregistrées par des autorités publiques gouvernementales et les droits qui en découlent ne peuvent s'exercer que sur le territoire du pays d'origine. Le système d'enregistrement des noms de domaine, basé sur la règle "du premier arrivé, premier servi", ne connaît pas de limites géographiques et ignore le principe de spécialité propre aux marques de commerce. L'absence de lien entre ces deux systèmes a permis, l'enregistrement comme noms de domaine par des tiers, de marques de commerce de renom suscitant la confusion quant aux origines des sites. Le nom de domaine constitue un nouveau signe distinctif se situant à la frontière de la régulation technique et du contenu et représente le cadre idéal pour étudier les fondements légitimes de l'intervention du droit dans le cyberespace. En effet, le système des noms de domaine se construit autour de choix et de contraintes techniques dont les concepteurs n'imaginaient pas qu'ils deviendraient la source d'un important contentieux. Les noms de domaine, portes d'accès au réseau, font l'objet d'une tentative de régulation qui concilie les forces contraires de l' ''aterritorialité'' des noms de domaine, avec la "territorialité" des marques de commerce. Cette régulation repose sur la synergie entre l'architecture technique, les normes sociales, l'autoréglementation, le marché et la loi et se présente comme un laboratoire d'idées pour une définition de la régulation de l'Internet. La problématique des noms de domaine et des marques de commerce, constitue une application pratique de cette "corégulation" et amorce ainsi une évolution juridique, facteur de construction du droit sur l'Internet., Conflicts between domain names and trademarks law, mainly arise from the lack of coordination between their registration processes. The choice and registration of domain names is not subject to any formal regulation and is established on a "first-come first-serve" basis and trademarks are instead subject to a statutory system. Moreover, an important difference between trademarks and domain names is the scope of their reach. Domain names have an instantaneous transnational presence, while trademark law depends on a legislative territory. When a trademark holder wishes to establish himself on the Internet, the holder is sometimes confronted with the fact that someone has already registered a domain name using his own mark. Domain names, as new commercial identifiers, are gateways to web sites and have become one of the most contentious legal issues on the Internet. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to study the legal interactions in cyberspace in order to find solutions on how they should be handled. The Domain Name System (DNS) is an ideal framework to do so. The current controversy over the Internet’s DNS raises important questions about how the Internet should be administered and governed. A Governance, resulting from the synergy between the technical architecture, social norms, self-regulation, contracts and the law, is not unique to cyberspace. However, the conflict between domain names and trademarks c1early shows the need to search for new directions and develop policy cooperation (or regulated self regulation) in order to predict, establish and monitor the rules governing the Internet.

With the advent of internationalised domains the threat posed by non-english character sets has eventuated. Whilst this phenomenon remains well known in the development and internet industry the actual implementations of popular applications have been tested to determine their resilience to homograph based attack. The research found that most provided features that overcome such attacks, but there remain a few notable exceptions. Should an attacker take advantage of such oversights a victim would likely not be able to spot a fraudulent site or email and thus provide a perfect platform for subsequent attack.

Domain names are still a relatively unknown occurrence and despite being a natural part in most people’s every-day life, there are few who reflect over their importance. The original function of domain names was merely to serve as technical addresses and to facilitate the locating of websites on the Internet. Today domain names are much more than this. In addition to the address function, domain names may also serve as indications of goods, services, businesses or information. The domain name is usually the first contact one gets with a website and it has become crucial for businesses to have their company name or trade marks registered as domain names. The issue of the legal status of domain names has mainly been discussed from an American point of view and in Sweden this discussion has almost entirely fallen under the radar. If the legal status of a domain name were clear, it would be easier for businesses to avail themselves of the value of that domain name. It would possibly even contribute to strengthening the legal protection for the domain name holder, in for example insolvency or bankruptcy procedures. Intellectual property exists in many different forms, the main being patents, trade marks, copyright and design rights. Although there are many differences between them, they all have in common that they establish property protection over intangibles such as ideas, inventions, signs and information. As a domain name is not a physical object, there can be no doubt that it is an intangible. The question is whether it is property. Intellectual property is not a static area and it can, in line with societal and technological development, be expanded to include new types. The legal status of domain names is generally discussed in the light of the close connection they have with trade marks. Except from their original function, the trade mark function of domain names can probably be considered as one of the most commonly accepted. It is indicated in this thesis that

Domain names are still a relatively unknown occurrence and despite being a natural part in most people’s every-day life, there are few who reflect over their importance. The original function of domain names was merely to serve as technical addresses and to facilitate the locating of websites on the Internet. Today domain names are much more than this. In addition to the address function, domain names may also serve as indications of goods, services, businesses or information. The domain name is usually the first contact one gets with a website and it has become crucial for businesses to have their company name or trade marks registered as domain names. The issue of the legal status of domain names has mainly been discussed from an American point of view and in Sweden this discussion has almost entirely fallen under the radar. If the legal status of a domain name were clear, it would be easier for businesses to avail themselves of the value of that domain name. It would possibly even contribute to strengthening the legal protection for the domain name holder, in for example insolvency or bankruptcy procedures. Intellectual property exists in many different forms, the main being patents, trade marks, copyright and design rights. Although there are many differences between them, they all have in common that they establish property protection over intangibles such as ideas, inventions, signs and information. As a domain name is not a physical object, there can be no doubt that it is an intangible. The question is whether it is property. Intellectual property is not a static area and it can, in line with societal and technological development, be expanded to include new types. The legal status of domain names is generally discussed in the light of the close connection they have with trade marks. Except from their original function, the trade mark function of domain names can probably be considered as one of the most commonly accepted. It is indicated in this thesis that

V diplomové práci je řešena problematika doménových jmen a správy údajů o nich. Je zde charakterizována jejich funkce, vysvětlena jejich důležitá role ve firmách a ukázána problematika související s jejich pořizováním, která se v současné době prolíná do oblasti právní. Práce se snaží najít vhodné řešení zavedení IS administrace doménových jmen pro expandující firmy disponující širokým portfoliem. Volí se varianta vlastního vývoje. V práci jsou sestaveny požadavky na funkcionalitu daného systému, který je následně navržen a implementován., In this thesis there is a question of domain names and their administration solved. There is characterized a functionality of domain names, explained their important role in companies and shown problems related to their registrations which is fading into the area of law. This thesis is trying to find suitable solution for implementation of IS for domain name administration by expanding companies that own wide domain names’ portfolio. Chosen is option of self deployment of IS implementation. Requirements for the system functionality have been set together and the system has been subsequently designed and implemented., Ústav systémového inženýrství a informatiky, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The general aim of this doctoral thesis is to analyse under what circumstances a Swedish court might adjudicate a cross-border trademark infringement case. Due to the recent technological developments (e.g. Internet) an underlying aim is to specifically identify so called Internet-related problems when it comes to ascertaining jurisdiction in cross-border cases. The study adopts a Swedish court perspective. The question raised, put simply, is whether the holder of a trademark could enforce the trademark right against a foreign defendant in a cross-border infringement case. The underlying question is if (and to what extent) foreign, as well as national, trademark infringements can be adjudicated in a Swedish court. The study is primarily concerned with registered national trademarks but Community Trademarks and unregistered trademarks are covered as well. The study begins with an analysis of the existing rules of private international law. It then proceeds with an examination of the relevant rules for ascertaining jurisdiction in cross-border cases. When the legal grounds for jurisdiction in a traditional (un-plugged) environment have been analysed the discussion then focuses on Internet-related problems. The following general conclusions were reached after analysing the questions raised. Firstly, the Internet-related problems in the area of cross-border trademark infringements are not as serious as first imagined. However, there are some problems of a general nature. These problems are related to the fact that actions and effect are not easy to demarcate on the Internet. As a consequence, jurisdictional rules based upon such grounds are difficult to adopt. In regards to this problem the study concludes that there is a need to amend the jurisdictional rules as they exist today. Secondly, the existing rules on exclusive jurisdiction when it comes to questions about registered intellectual property rights are in need of clarification. One of the main questions is wheth

English:The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether (1) the Copyright Act 98 of 1978, (2) the Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993 and (3) the South African common law provide adequate protection to copyright and trade mark proprietors against Internet infringements. Specifically, the study observed when copyright and trade mark protection is violated by Internet conduct. Furthermore, the study observed the influence of both the constitutional right to freedom of speech as well as the constitutional right to privacy on possible copyright and trade mark infringements. The study also made certain recommendations to bring the above-mentioned legislation in line with the aforementioned constitutional rights as well as the Internet. In addition, the study also observed how local courts will apply the common law principles, with specific reference to passing-off and unlawful competition, to specific Internet scenarios. The interaction between the common law and the constitutional right to freedom of speech was also studied. The study specifically observed how American courts applied and extended their own principles to the Internet in order to meet the demands of the twenty-first century. The study made generous use of the vast American jurisprudence to observe how Internet and computer users employ the Internet to infringe third parties' copyright, trade mark and common law rights. Where the relevant American principles correspond with the South African principles, the study made use of these principles to propose how the South African principles should applied to the Internet, in order to reach an answer which not only balances the parties' respective right or interests, but also advances the interests of the South African community. In addition, the study observed relevant international developments such as the European Convention on Cybercrime, the European Copyright Directive, and the WIPO Copyright Treaty. Specific note was also taken of the international Universal Di, Afrikaans: Die doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stelof (1) die Wet op Outeursreg 98 van 1978, (2) die Wet op Handelsmerke 194 van 1993 so wel as (3) die Suid-Afrikaanse gemene reg voldoende beskerming verleen aan die houers van outeursreg en handelsmerke teen Internet skendings. Die studie het spesifiek vasgestel watter elektroniese handelinge outeursregte en handelsmerkregte skend. Die studie het verder die invloed van beide die grondwetlike reg op vryheid van spraak sowel as die grondwetlike reg op privaatheid op moontlike outeursreg- en handelmerk skendings vasgestel. Met betrekking tot bogenoemde wetgewing was sekere aanbevelings ook gemaak ten einde dié wetgewing in lyn te bring met bogenoemde konstitusionele regte sowel as die Internet. Die studie het ook bepaal hoe die howe die gemene reg, spesifiek ten opsigte van aanklamping en onregmatige mededinging, sal toepas op spesifieke Internet scenario's. Die interaksie tussen die gemene reg en die grondwetlike reg op vryheid van spraak was ook bestudeer.Die studie het spesifiek gelet op hoe die Amerikaanse howe hul eie beginsels toegepas en uitgebrei het ten opstigte van die Internet ten einde aan die vereistes van die een-en-twintigste eeu te voldoen. Die studie het gebruik gemaak van die Amerikaanse regsleer ten einde vas te stel hoe Internet en rekenaar gebruikers die Internet misbruik om derde partye se outeursreg, handelmerk regte en regte in terme van die gemene reg te skend. Waar die relevante Amerikaanse beginsels ooreengestem het met die toepaslike Suid-Afrikaanse beginsels, het die studie gebruik gemaak van eersgenoemde beginsels ten einde voor te stel hoe die Suid-Afrikaanse beginsels toegepas behoort te word op die Internet, ten einde 'n oplossing te bereik wat nie net die party se onderskeie regte balanseer nie, maar wat ook die belange van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap bevorder. Verskeie internasionale verwikkelinge was ook bestudeer, soos die Europese Konvensie oor Internet Misdade ("Conventio, National Research Foundation (NRF)

Increasing number of Internet visitors understand that the Internet is about choice and they will prefer visiting Web sites that are reliable and trust- worthy. To live up to the expectations the online businesses need to deliver the Web sites as brands. Therefore an increasingly number of advertisements contain a domain name referring to the brand. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate Web sites as brands. This is a qualitative multiple-case study of four Swedish online companies with the brand names: boo.com, etrade.se, jobline.se, and spray.se. The findings of the investigations showed that the main reason to have a Web site as a brand is to increase the traffic to the Web site. The Web site as a brand serves as an invitation and gives the audience a reason to visit the Web site. The content and interface of the Web site describe the brand and the findings show that it is extremely important to continuously update and upgrade the Web site and give the visitor a pleasant time since it will give a good impression of the brand. It is the content and interface that finally result in a relationship with the visitor and return of visit. Furthermore it has shown that the use of both offline and online media tools increase the traffic, gives more credibility and trust for the brand, but also create curiosity for the Web site. However some differences where found between the companies concerning the choice of brand name and advertising tools. From the findings the authors have also constructed an own model explaining the Web site as a brand., Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Name servers are system processes that maintain databases of information about objects existing in computer networks, and answer user queries concerning them. Naming services are becoming increasingly important as computers are connected into networks and eventually into internetworks. This report describes our design and implementation of the DARPA Internet name servers in the Berkeley Unix environment. The naming service and the information it provides are both distributed and replicated user update queries, as well as retrieval queries, were implemented, and zones of network information are kept up to date by incremental zone refresh operations., Sponsored in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

The requests for comment 881, 882, and 883 issued by the Information Sciences Institute address specific and impending needs of the ARPA/DDN internet community for distributed name services. The realization of such services at Berkeley is called the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND). This report describes an implementation of the portion of BIND called the resolver. The resolver is a local agent which is responsible for retrieving information on behalf of the user. Thus, the user interface, inter-machine communication, and, to some extent, the local storage of data, are all functions of a resolver. During our implementation of name services, we decided to extend the original proposal to allow updates of data by users. Allowing user up dates is expected to greatly increase the number of applications for domain style names. Our support for updates includes some straight- forward additions to the protocol that is used to implement name services, and it includes some additions to the functions offered to users by resolvers. These suggested improvements are among the subjects of this report., Sponsored in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Websites have provided a very strong platform for businesses to reach their customers. They surpass the regular billboards by providing portals through which transactions are conducted without any physical contacts between a seller and a buyer. This usefulness underscores the importance of domain names through which websites are navigated. Cybersquatters have in bad faith targeted or hijacked domain names of famous and reputable businesses exploiting the goodwill of these names and misleading customers and other internet users. This paper explores the construction of bad faith under both the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy and the US Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act. The paper argues that, despite some inconsistencies, 'bad faith' elements have been broadly interpreted to embrace various activities of cybersquatters. It cautions that an overzealous application of the instruments may stifle freedom of speech.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o detekování uměle vygenerovaných doménových jmen (DGA). Vygenerované adresy slouží jako komunikační prostředek mezi útočníkem a nakaženým počítačem. Detekcí můžeme odhalit a vystopovat nakažené počítače v síti. Samotné detekci předchází prostudování technik strojového učení, které budou následně aplikovány při tvorbě detektoru. Pro vytvoření výsledného klasifikátoru v podobě rozhodovacího stromu bylo potřeba analyzovat podobu DGA adres. Na základě jejich charakteristiky se extrahovaly atributy, podle kterých se bude výsledný klasifikátor rozhodovat. Po natrénování klasifikačního modelu na trénovací sadě byl klasifikátor implementován v cílové platformě NEMEA jako detekční modul. Po finálních optimalizacích a testování jsme dosáhli úspěšnosti klasifikátoru 99%, což je velmi pozitivní výsledek. NEMEA modul je připraven pro nasazení do reálného provozu, aby mohl detekovat bezpečnostní incidenty. Kromě NEMEA modulu byl dodatečně vytvořen model na predikování úspěšnosti datových sad s doménovými jmény. Model je natrénován na základě charakteristiky datové sady a úspěšnosti DGA detektoru, jehož chování chceme predikovat., The bachelor thesis deals with the detection of artificially generated domain names (DGA). The generated addresses serve as a means of communication between the attacker and the infected computer. By detection, we can detect and track infected computers on the network. The detection itself is preceded by the study of machine learning techniques, which will then be applied in the creation of the detector. To create the final classifier in the form of a decision tree, it was necessary to analyze the principle of DGA addresses. Based on their characteristics, the attributes were extracted, according to which the final classifier will be decided. After learning the classification model on the training set, the classifier was implemented in the target platform NEMEA as a detection module. After final optimizations and testing, we achieved a accuracy of the classifier of 99%, which is a very positive result. The NEMEA module is ready for real-world deployment to detect security incidents. In addition to the NEMEA module, another model was created to predict the accuracy of datasets with domain names. The model is trained based on the characteristics of the dataset and the accuracy of the DGA detector, whose behavior we want to predict.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o detekování uměle vygenerovaných doménových jmen (DGA). Vygenerované adresy slouží jako komunikační prostředek mezi útočníkem a nakaženým počítačem. Detekcí můžeme odhalit a vystopovat nakažené počítače v síti. Samotné detekci předchází prostudování technik strojového učení, které budou následně aplikovány při tvorbě detektoru. Pro vytvoření výsledného klasifikátoru v podobě rozhodovacího stromu bylo potřeba analyzovat podobu DGA adres. Na základě jejich charakteristiky se extrahovaly atributy, podle kterých se bude výsledný klasifikátor rozhodovat. Po natrénování klasifikačního modelu na trénovací sadě byl klasifikátor implementován v cílové platformě NEMEA jako detekční modul. Po finálních optimalizacích a testování jsme dosáhli úspěšnosti klasifikátoru 99%, což je velmi pozitivní výsledek. NEMEA modul je připraven pro nasazení do reálného provozu, aby mohl detekovat bezpečnostní incidenty. Kromě NEMEA modulu byl dodatečně vytvořen model na predikování úspěšnosti datových sad s doménovými jmény. Model je natrénován na základě charakteristiky datové sady a úspěšnosti DGA detektoru, jehož chování chceme predikovat., The bachelor thesis deals with the detection of artificially generated domain names (DGA). The generated addresses serve as a means of communication between the attacker and the infected computer. By detection, we can detect and track infected computers on the network. The detection itself is preceded by the study of machine learning techniques, which will then be applied in the creation of the detector. To create the final classifier in the form of a decision tree, it was necessary to analyze the principle of DGA addresses. Based on their characteristics, the attributes were extracted, according to which the final classifier will be decided. After learning the classification model on the training set, the classifier was implemented in the target platform NEMEA as a detection module. After final optimizations and testing, we achieved a accuracy of the classifier of 99%, which is a very positive result. The NEMEA module is ready for real-world deployment to detect security incidents. In addition to the NEMEA module, another model was created to predict the accuracy of datasets with domain names. The model is trained based on the characteristics of the dataset and the accuracy of the DGA detector, whose behavior we want to predict.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o detekování uměle vygenerovaných doménových jmen (DGA). Vygenerované adresy slouží jako komunikační prostředek mezi útočníkem a nakaženým počítačem. Detekcí můžeme odhalit a vystopovat nakažené počítače v síti. Samotné detekci předchází prostudování technik strojového učení, které budou následně aplikovány při tvorbě detektoru. Pro vytvoření výsledného klasifikátoru v podobě rozhodovacího stromu bylo potřeba analyzovat podobu DGA adres. Na základě jejich charakteristiky se extrahovaly atributy, podle kterých se bude výsledný klasifikátor rozhodovat. Po natrénování klasifikačního modelu na trénovací sadě byl klasifikátor implementován v cílové platformě NEMEA jako detekční modul. Po finálních optimalizacích a testování jsme dosáhli úspěšnosti klasifikátoru 99%, což je velmi pozitivní výsledek. NEMEA modul je připraven pro nasazení do reálného provozu, aby mohl detekovat bezpečnostní incidenty. Kromě NEMEA modulu byl dodatečně vytvořen model na predikování úspěšnosti datových sad s doménovými jmény. Model je natrénován na základě charakteristiky datové sady a úspěšnosti DGA detektoru, jehož chování chceme predikovat., The bachelor thesis deals with the detection of artificially generated domain names (DGA). The generated addresses serve as a means of communication between the attacker and the infected computer. By detection, we can detect and track infected computers on the network. The detection itself is preceded by the study of machine learning techniques, which will then be applied in the creation of the detector. To create the final classifier in the form of a decision tree, it was necessary to analyze the principle of DGA addresses. Based on their characteristics, the attributes were extracted, according to which the final classifier will be decided. After learning the classification model on the training set, the classifier was implemented in the target platform NEMEA as a detection module. After final optimizations and testing, we achieved a accuracy of the classifier of 99%, which is a very positive result. The NEMEA module is ready for real-world deployment to detect security incidents. In addition to the NEMEA module, another model was created to predict the accuracy of datasets with domain names. The model is trained based on the characteristics of the dataset and the accuracy of the DGA detector, whose behavior we want to predict.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o detekování uměle vygenerovaných doménových jmen (DGA). Vygenerované adresy slouží jako komunikační prostředek mezi útočníkem a nakaženým počítačem. Detekcí můžeme odhalit a vystopovat nakažené počítače v síti. Samotné detekci předchází prostudování technik strojového učení, které budou následně aplikovány při tvorbě detektoru. Pro vytvoření výsledného klasifikátoru v podobě rozhodovacího stromu bylo potřeba analyzovat podobu DGA adres. Na základě jejich charakteristiky se extrahovaly atributy, podle kterých se bude výsledný klasifikátor rozhodovat. Po natrénování klasifikačního modelu na trénovací sadě byl klasifikátor implementován v cílové platformě NEMEA jako detekční modul. Po finálních optimalizacích a testování jsme dosáhli úspěšnosti klasifikátoru 99%, což je velmi pozitivní výsledek. NEMEA modul je připraven pro nasazení do reálného provozu, aby mohl detekovat bezpečnostní incidenty. Kromě NEMEA modulu byl dodatečně vytvořen model na predikování úspěšnosti datových sad s doménovými jmény. Model je natrénován na základě charakteristiky datové sady a úspěšnosti DGA detektoru, jehož chování chceme predikovat., The bachelor thesis deals with the detection of artificially generated domain names (DGA). The generated addresses serve as a means of communication between the attacker and the infected computer. By detection, we can detect and track infected computers on the network. The detection itself is preceded by the study of machine learning techniques, which will then be applied in the creation of the detector. To create the final classifier in the form of a decision tree, it was necessary to analyze the principle of DGA addresses. Based on their characteristics, the attributes were extracted, according to which the final classifier will be decided. After learning the classification model on the training set, the classifier was implemented in the target platform NEMEA as a detection module. After final optimizations and testing, we achieved a accuracy of the classifier of 99%, which is a very positive result. The NEMEA module is ready for real-world deployment to detect security incidents. In addition to the NEMEA module, another model was created to predict the accuracy of datasets with domain names. The model is trained based on the characteristics of the dataset and the accuracy of the DGA detector, whose behavior we want to predict.

Websites have provided a very strong platform for businesses to reach their customers. They surpass the regular billboards by providing portals through which transactions are conducted without any physical contacts between a seller and a buyer. This usefulness underscores the importance of domain names through which websites are navigated. Cybersquatters have in bad faith targeted or hijacked domain names of famous and reputable businesses exploiting the goodwill of these names and misleading customers and other internet users. This paper explores the construction of bad faith under both the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy and the US Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act. The paper argues that, despite some inconsistencies, 'bad faith' elements have been broadly interpreted to embrace various activities of cybersquatters. It cautions that an overzealous application of the instruments may stifle freedom of speech.