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WILIAM (Within Limit Integrated Assessment Model) is a global multiregional IAM that combines economic, social, demographic, environmental, energy and material related aspects into one system dynamics model. It aims to provide stakeholders with an open source, welldocumented model to assess the feasibility, effectiveness, costs and impacts of different sustainability policy options. The adequate representation of energy production is key to assess future sustainability pathways. The main function of the developed energy module is to estimate the primary energy requirements and related GHG emissions for satisfying the economic demand. This goal was achieved by 7 major sub-modules: (1) End-use: translates the economic demand into final energy demand through a hybrid approach combining bottom-up with energy intensities for different sectors. (2) Energy transformation: maps the entire energy conversion chain from final to primary energy, including intermediary energy commodities and an allocation function for power plant utilization. (3) Energy capacity: keeps track of the current power plant capacity stock, decommissioning of expired capacities, as well as the build-up of new capacities. An allocation function for choosing the suitable technology types for new capacities stands at the core of this sub-module. (4) Computation of the EROI of green technologies (5) Variability and storage: keeps track of sub-annual time scale effects on annual energy balances depending on the current power system setup (DSM, Storage, sector coupling). (6) Consideration of techno-sustainable potentials of RES considering geographical, resource and Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROI) constraints. (7) Computation of the energy-related GHG emissions.

This paper reviews different approaches to modelling the energy transition towards a zero carbon economy. It identifies a number of limitations in current approaches such as a lack of consideration of out-of-equilibrium situations (like an energy transition) and non-linear feedbacks. To tackle those issues, the new open source integrated assessment model pymedeas is introduced, which allows the exploration of the design and planning of appropriate strategies and policies for decarbonizing the energy sector at World and EU level. The main novelty of the new open-source model is that it addresses the energy transition by considering biophysical limits, availability of raw materials, and climate change impacts. This paper showcases the model capabilities through several simulation experiments to explore alternative pathways for the renewable transition. In the selected scenarios of this work, future shortage of fossil fuels is found to be the most influential factor of the simulations system evolution. Changes in efficiency and climate change damages are also important determinants influencing model outcomes.

This paper reviews different approaches to modelling the energy transition towards a zero carbon economy. It identifies a number of limitations in current approaches such as a lack of consideration of out-of-equilibrium situations (like an energy transition) and non-linear feedbacks. To tackle those issues, the new open source integrated assessment model pymedeas is introduced, which allows the exploration of the design and planning of appropriate strategies and policies for decarbonizing the energy sector at World and EU level. The main novelty of the new open-source model is that it addresses the energy transition by considering biophysical limits, availability of raw materials, and climate change impacts. This paper showcases the model capabilities through several simulation experiments to explore alternative pathways for the renewable transition. In the selected scenarios of this work, future shortage of fossil fuels is found to be the most influential factor of the simulations system evolution. Changes in efficiency and climate change damages are also important determinants influencing model outcomes.

This paper reviews different approaches to modelling the energy transition towards a zero carbon economy. It identifies a number of limitations in current approaches such as a lack of consideration of out-of-equilibrium situations (like an energy transition) and non-linear feedbacks. To tackle those issues, the new open source integrated assessment model pymedeas is introduced, which allows the exploration of the design and planning of appropriate strategies and policies for decarbonizing the energy sector at World and EU level. The main novelty of the new open-source model is that it addresses the energy transition by considering biophysical limits, availability of raw materials, and climate change impacts. This paper showcases the model capabilities through several simulation experiments to explore alternative pathways for the renewable transition. In the selected scenarios of this work, future shortage of fossil fuels is found to be the most influential factor of the simulations system evolution. Changes in efficiency and climate change damages are also important determinants influencing model outcomes.

This paper reviews different approaches to modelling the energy transition towards a zero carbon economy. It identifies a number of limitations in current approaches such as a lack of consideration of out-of-equilibrium situations (like an energy transition) and non-linear feedbacks. To tackle those issues, the new open source integrated assessment model pymedeas is introduced, which allows the exploration of the design and planning of appropriate strategies and policies for decarbonizing the energy sector at World and EU level. The main novelty of the new open-source model is that it addresses the energy transition by considering biophysical limits, availability of raw materials, and climate change impacts. This paper showcases the model capabilities through several simulation experiments to explore alternative pathways for the renewable transition. In the selected scenarios of this work, future shortage of fossil fuels is found to be the most influential factor of the simulations system evolution. Changes in efficiency and climate change damages are also important determinants influencing model outcomes.

This paper reviews different approaches to modelling the energy transition towards a zero carbon economy. It identifies a number of limitations in current approaches such as a lack of consideration of out-of-equilibrium situations (like an energy transition) and non-linear feedbacks. To tackle those issues, the new open source integrated assessment model pymedeas is introduced, which allows the exploration of the design and planning of appropriate strategies and policies for decarbonizing the energy sector at World and EU level. The main novelty of the new open-source model is that it addresses the energy transition by considering biophysical limits, availability of raw materials, and climate change impacts. This paper showcases the model capabilities through several simulation experiments to explore alternative pathways for the renewable transition. In the selected scenarios of this work, future shortage of fossil fuels is found to be the most influential factor of the simulations system evolution. Changes in efficiency and climate change damages are also important determinants influencing model outcomes.

This paper reviews different approaches to modelling the energy transition towards a zero carbon economy. It identifies a number of limitations in current approaches such as a lack of consideration of out-of-equilibrium situations (like an energy transition) and non-linear feedbacks. To tackle those issues, the new open source integrated assessment model pymedeas is introduced, which allows the exploration of the design and planning of appropriate strategies and policies for decarbonizing the energy sector at World and EU level. The main novelty of the new open-source model is that it addresses the energy transition by considering biophysical limits, availability of raw materials, and climate change impacts. This paper showcases the model capabilities through several simulation experiments to explore alternative pathways for the renewable transition. In the selected scenarios of this work, future shortage of fossil fuels is found to be the most influential factor of the simulations system evolution. Changes in efficiency and climate change damages are also important determinants influencing model outcomes.

Infectious diseases in exploited shellfish population cause economical problems world-wide. The characteristics of the disease in the population -i.e. origin, frequency, distribution, development- need to be well known to set up appropriate measures for protection and restoration of shellfish population health. The investigation of disease in a population is the basis of epidemiology. Quantitative investigations include studies, survey, surveillance with specific sampling strategies according to the objectives. European clams (Ruditapes decussatus) and Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum), two commercially valuable species, are infected by the protozoan Perkinsus olseni. This pathogen has been associated with epizootic outbreaks involving in heavy mortality of shellfish, including clams. In Europe, the parasite was detected in Italy (the Veneto region), Portugal (Ria Formosa, Ria do Alvor, V.N. Milfontes, Aveiro, Lagoa de Obidos), Spain (Galicia) and France (Chausey Island, Golfe of Morbihan, Marennes-Oleron, Arcachon bay, Leucate and Thau lagoon). We analysed published and unpublished data on Perkinsus olseni infestation in wild and cultured clams collected in Europe, from the English Channel to the Mediterranean coast. Results obtained from these studies clearly demonstrate the detection of Perkinsus olseni in all sampling sites albeit with different intensities. We discuss these disease frequencies according to 1) objective, 2) targeted population, 3) methodological design, 4) quality of diagnostic tests and 5) characterisation of the pathogen. We emphasise the need for a relevant sampling strategy to measure occurrence of the disease.

Infectious diseases in exploited shellfish population cause economical problems world-wide. The characteristics of the disease in the population -i.e. origin, frequency, distribution, development- need to be well known to set up appropriate measures for protection and restoration of shellfish population health. The investigation of disease in a population is the basis of epidemiology. Quantitative investigations include studies, survey, surveillance with specific sampling strategies according to the objectives. European clams (Ruditapes decussatus) and Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum), two commercially valuable species, are infected by the protozoan Perkinsus olseni. This pathogen has been associated with epizootic outbreaks involving in heavy mortality of shellfish, including clams. In Europe, the parasite was detected in Italy (the Veneto region), Portugal (Ria Formosa, Ria do Alvor, V.N. Milfontes, Aveiro, Lagoa de Obidos), Spain (Galicia) and France (Chausey Island, Golfe of Morbihan, Marennes-Oleron, Arcachon bay, Leucate and Thau lagoon). We analysed published and unpublished data on Perkinsus olseni infestation in wild and cultured clams collected in Europe, from the English Channel to the Mediterranean coast. Results obtained from these studies clearly demonstrate the detection of Perkinsus olseni in all sampling sites albeit with different intensities. We discuss these disease frequencies according to 1) objective, 2) targeted population, 3) methodological design, 4) quality of diagnostic tests and 5) characterisation of the pathogen. We emphasise the need for a relevant sampling strategy to measure occurrence of the disease.

Infectious diseases in exploited shellfish population cause economical problems world-wide. The characteristics of the disease in the population -i.e. origin, frequency, distribution, development- need to be well known to set up appropriate measures for protection and restoration of shellfish population health. The investigation of disease in a population is the basis of epidemiology. Quantitative investigations include studies, survey, surveillance with specific sampling strategies according to the objectives. European clams (Ruditapes decussatus) and Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum), two commercially valuable species, are infected by the protozoan Perkinsus olseni. This pathogen has been associated with epizootic outbreaks involving in heavy mortality of shellfish, including clams. In Europe, the parasite was detected in Italy (the Veneto region), Portugal (Ria Formosa, Ria do Alvor, V.N. Milfontes, Aveiro, Lagoa de Obidos), Spain (Galicia) and France (Chausey Island, Golfe of Morbihan, Marennes-Oleron, Arcachon bay, Leucate and Thau lagoon). We analysed published and unpublished data on Perkinsus olseni infestation in wild and cultured clams collected in Europe, from the English Channel to the Mediterranean coast. Results obtained from these studies clearly demonstrate the detection of Perkinsus olseni in all sampling sites albeit with different intensities. We discuss these disease frequencies according to 1) objective, 2) targeted population, 3) methodological design, 4) quality of diagnostic tests and 5) characterisation of the pathogen. We emphasise the need for a relevant sampling strategy to measure occurrence of the disease.

Infectious diseases in exploited shellfish population cause economical problems world-wide. The characteristics of the disease in the population -i.e. origin, frequency, distribution, development- need to be well known to set up appropriate measures for protection and restoration of shellfish population health. The investigation of disease in a population is the basis of epidemiology. Quantitative investigations include studies, survey, surveillance with specific sampling strategies according to the objectives. European clams (Ruditapes decussatus) and Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum), two commercially valuable species, are infected by the protozoan Perkinsus olseni. This pathogen has been associated with epizootic outbreaks involving in heavy mortality of shellfish, including clams. In Europe, the parasite was detected in Italy (the Veneto region), Portugal (Ria Formosa, Ria do Alvor, V.N. Milfontes, Aveiro, Lagoa de Obidos), Spain (Galicia) and France (Chausey Island, Golfe of Morbihan, Marennes-Oleron, Arcachon bay, Leucate and Thau lagoon). We analysed published and unpublished data on Perkinsus olseni infestation in wild and cultured clams collected in Europe, from the English Channel to the Mediterranean coast. Results obtained from these studies clearly demonstrate the detection of Perkinsus olseni in all sampling sites albeit with different intensities. We discuss these disease frequencies according to 1) objective, 2) targeted population, 3) methodological design, 4) quality of diagnostic tests and 5) characterisation of the pathogen. We emphasise the need for a relevant sampling strategy to measure occurrence of the disease.