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Based on U.S. cybersecurity policy, this thesis proposes effective countermeasures for the Republic of Korea (ROK) to prepare for, deter, and recover from cyber threats posed by North Korea. This study identifies the most dangerous North Korean cyber strikes facing South Korea by reviewing several cases of North Korean cyberattacks, the ROK’s countermeasures, and the severity of the damage caused by the attacks. The study builds on the writings of academics and subject matter experts as well as publicly available government policy documents, although specifics on policy are limited due to national security concerns. In addition, the study acknowledges how the cybersecurity paradigm has shifted as a result of U.S. planning, reaction to, and establishment of follow-up measures for an attack of a similar type by a cyber superpower. The strategy of deterring an opponent's operations based on the past has evolved into a strategy of preparing for enemy attacks through information sharing and preemptive defense measures, and counterattack by rapid recovery and identification of the enemy through resilience and with tracking technologies. Although the ROK is a country with well-developed information technology, its cybersecurity knowledge, systems, and technology remain weak in comparison to North Korea's abilities. Consequently, it is conceivable that the ROK can respond effectively to North Korea’s cyber threats by applying the lessons learned from the United States., Major, Republic of Korea Air Force, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

This research explains data breaches as national security threat by using cyber security dilemma and cyber harm approaches. For long, Indonesia adopted comprehensive national security system that covers state defense, state security, public security and human security. Cyber security dilemma explains data breaches as threats to state defense and security dimensions. While cyber harm explains it as threats to public and human security dimensions. Furthermore, we found that: (1) non-state actors have influence to escalate cyber security dilemma in long term; (2) the state response by increasing defense and security sector's budget; and (3) the threats of data breaches to public and human security took place when government and corporations neglect the responsibilities to protect data and privacy of citizen and consument, as well as non-state actors conduct cyber attacks intentionally. The methodology is descriptive -qualitative and quantitative. While the data covered data breaches incidents in Indonesia during August-September 2022, literatures such as books, journal articles and online articles is also used. Keywords: cyber security, cyber space, cyber threats, cyber security dilemma, cyber harm, data breaches, bjorka, national security Penelitian ini menjelaskan pelanggaran data sebagai ancaman keamanan nasional dengan menggunakan pendekatan dilema keamanan siber dan bahaya siber. Indonesia mengadopsi sistem keamanan nasional yang komprehensif dan melingkupi dimensi pertahanan negara, keamanan negara, keamanan publik dan keamanan insani sejak lama. Dilema keamanan siber menjelaskan pelanggaran data sebagai ancaman ke dimensi pertahanan negara dan keamanan negara. Sementara bahaya siber menjelaskan ancaman ke dimensi keamanan publik dan keamanan insani. Kami menemukan: (1) aktor-aktor non-negara mampu mengeskalasi kondisi dilema keamanan siber dalam waktu lama; (2) respons negara dengan meningkatkan anggaran bagi instansi-instansi sektor pertahanan dan keamana

This research explains data breaches as national security threat by using cyber security dilemma and cyber harm approaches. For long, Indonesia adopted comprehensive national security system that covers state defense, state security, public security and human security. Cyber security dilemma explains data breaches as threats to state defense and security dimensions. While cyber harm explains it as threats to public and human security dimensions. Furthermore, we found that: (1) non-state actors have influence to escalate cyber security dilemma in long term; (2) the state response by increasing defense and security sector's budget; and (3) the threats of data breaches to public and human security took place when government and corporations neglect the responsibilities to protect data and privacy of citizen and consument, as well as non-state actors conduct cyber attacks intentionally. The methodology is descriptive -qualitative and quantitative. While the data covered data breaches incidents in Indonesia during August-September 2022, literatures such as books, journal articles and online articles is also used. Keywords: cyber security, cyber space, cyber threats, cyber security dilemma, cyber harm, data breaches, bjorka, national security Penelitian ini menjelaskan pelanggaran data sebagai ancaman keamanan nasional dengan menggunakan pendekatan dilema keamanan siber dan bahaya siber. Indonesia mengadopsi sistem keamanan nasional yang komprehensif dan melingkupi dimensi pertahanan negara, keamanan negara, keamanan publik dan keamanan insani sejak lama. Dilema keamanan siber menjelaskan pelanggaran data sebagai ancaman ke dimensi pertahanan negara dan keamanan negara. Sementara bahaya siber menjelaskan ancaman ke dimensi keamanan publik dan keamanan insani. Kami menemukan: (1) aktor-aktor non-negara mampu mengeskalasi kondisi dilema keamanan siber dalam waktu lama; (2) respons negara dengan meningkatkan anggaran bagi instansi-instansi sektor pertahanan dan keamana

The increase in demand for the transport of people and goods is leading to a rapid development of transport systems. Data protection must include the privacy and security of end users, service providers and application providers. In this document, we propose a new data protection framework based on privacy and security technologies. Privacy technology allows users and service providers to define a flexible data model. Security technology provides traditional features such as encryption, authentication, and denial. In addition, it provides a secure environment for secure execution, which is necessary to restrict access to data for specific purposes. The increase in the number of system components places high demands on the management of the entire system. Intelligent control systems used by computer architectures such as cloud computing, fog computing, SDN or NFV architecture. The safety of this system is essential for safe and efficient transport. They also use development systems from research projects that improve the individual functions of telematics systems. Necessary solution already in the development phase, where the requirements of cyber security must be implemented. This study examines the weaknesses of cyber security. Threats and attacks exploiting these vulnerabilities are identified and classified. The final part proposes and discusses the development guidelines and mitigation strategies to be used in the development of autonomous and unmanned systems.

This class covers the analysis, design, implementation and testing of various forms of digital communication based on group collaboration. Students are encouraged to think about the Web and other new digital interactive media not just in terms of technology but also broader issues such as language (verbal and visual), design, information architecture, communication and community. Students work in small groups on a semester-long project of their choice.

This class covers the analysis, design, implementation and testing of various forms of digital communication based on group collaboration. Students are encouraged to think about the Web and other new digital interactive media not just in terms of technology but also broader issues such as language (verbal and visual), design, information architecture, communication and community. Students work in small groups on a semester-long project of their choice.

The increase in demand for the transport of people and goods is leading to a rapid development of transport systems. Data protection must include the privacy and security of end users, service providers and application providers. In this document, we propose a new data protection framework based on privacy and security technologies. Privacy technology allows users and service providers to define a flexible data model. Security technology provides traditional features such as encryption, authentication, and denial. In addition, it provides a secure environment for secure execution, which is necessary to restrict access to data for specific purposes. The increase in the number of system components places high demands on the management of the entire system. Intelligent control systems used by computer architectures such as cloud computing, fog computing, SDN or NFV architecture. The safety of this system is essential for safe and efficient transport. They also use development systems from research projects that improve the individual functions of telematics systems. Necessary solution already in the development phase, where the requirements of cyber security must be implemented. This study examines the weaknesses of cyber security. Threats and attacks exploiting these vulnerabilities are identified and classified. The final part proposes and discusses the development guidelines and mitigation strategies to be used in the development of autonomous and unmanned systems.

Author shares his reflections on some emerging aspects of warfare, intelligence and the role of terrorism. The scenario of the future war seems to underline the maintenance, indeed the strengthening of the operating methods of terrorism in recent years, which has found its success for the ability to penetrate media communication and for the innovative use of technologies.

Rules governing cyberspace’s structure and content in general, and so-called big data in particular, are increasingly clashing with the principles set out in international human rights law.

The article examines problems and trends of development of educational technologies in the era of SMART education and media information. The aim of the study is the typification of these technologies according to their purpose and specification, and the result of it is given in the article. The research is performed in the framework of a systematic information approach and its implementations applicable to the media environment and cyber space of education. Educational technology is considered in this article as knowledge, abstract model, abstract processes, educational resources., В статье рассматриваются проблемы и тенденции развития образовательных технологий в эпоху СМАРТ-образования и медиаинформатизации. Целью исследования является типизация множества этих технологий в соответствии с их назначением и спецификацией. Это составляет и его результат. Исследование производится в рамках системно-информационного подхода и его реализаций, применимых к медиасреде и киберпространству образования. Образовательные технологии предстают в данной статье как знания, абстрактные модели, абстрактные процессы, образовательные ресурсы.

Collecting the most versatile information about individuals and their storing in different databases represent the reality of the contemporary society. The growth in the quantity of information has exceeded man’s power to process and analyze them in a traditional manner, making computerized techniques and means, especially data mining techniques, a necessity for these purposes. Although widely applied in the public administration and economy domain, computerized data search and comparison so far have not reached their full potential in the area of crime investigation and forensics. Law enforcement agencies and forensic laboratories collect large quantities of various data originating not only from a person’s criminal activities, but his/her social activities as well (i.e., blogs, social media, etc.). The very success of a crime investigation depends to a large extent on the availability of relevant data (referring to persons, objects or events) and finding often hidden relationship among them. Web space, especially social media, is invaluable source of data and often the first place crime investigators refer to in order to obtain relevant information.

The evolution of technology has made communication much easier. The existence of recent sophisticated platforms, operating systems, and apps has changed the way people communicate. This is supported by McLuhan’s statement about the determinism theory of technology which in his 1962 book ‘The Guttenberg Galaxy: The Making of Thypographic Man’ declared that technology affects the way people communicate (Straubhaar, Larose, & Davenport, 2010). In this modern era, the evolution of technology has brought the communication amongs celebrities, fans, and haters to the next level. Through social media programs such as Instagram, a celebrity just need post a picture or a video to give an update about their activities for the followers. However, their followers are not just their lovers or fans but their haters as well. Instagram as a social media platform offers a cyber space which enables cyber societies to interact freely. However, this cyber space also allows haters to exist on social media.BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Kemajuan teknologi mempermudah komunikasi antar manusia. Dapat dikatakan dengan semakin canggihnya platform, sistem operasi dan aplikasi yang merupakan bagian dari teknologi mempengaruhi cara komunikasi masyarakat sebagaimana yang dikatakan McLuhan pada teori determinasi teknologi di tahun 1962 tertulis dalam bukunya yang berjudul The Guttenberg Galaxy: The Making of Thypographic Man (Straubhaar, Larose, & Davenport, 2010) yaitu bahwa teknologi mempengaruhi cara berkomunikasi manusia satu dengan lainnya. Pada era modern ini kemajuan teknologi mempermudah komunikasi antar selebriti dan fans melalui media sosial, khususnya Instagram. Dimana melalui Instagram seorang idola atau selebriti cukup memposting sebuah foto atau video di Instagram untuk bertegur sapa dengan para penggemarnya. Namun pada kenyataanya tidak hanya komentar positif yang didapat oleh seorang idola namun juga kritikan pedas dari para haters. Dengan mudahnya akses komunikasi dan Instagra

The evolution of technology has made communication much easier. The existence of recent sophisticated platforms, operating systems, and apps has changed the way people communicate. This is supported by McLuhan’s statement about the determinism theory of technology which in his 1962 book ‘The Guttenberg Galaxy: The Making of Thypographic Man’ declared that technology affects the way people communicate (Straubhaar, Larose, & Davenport, 2010). In this modern era, the evolution of technology has brought the communication amongs celebrities, fans, and haters to the next level. Through social media programs such as Instagram, a celebrity just need post a picture or a video to give an update about their activities for the followers. However, their followers are not just their lovers or fans but their haters as well. Instagram as a social media platform offers a cyber space which enables cyber societies to interact freely. However, this cyber space also allows haters to exist on social media.BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Kemajuan teknologi mempermudah komunikasi antar manusia. Dapat dikatakan dengan semakin canggihnya platform, sistem operasi dan aplikasi yang merupakan bagian dari teknologi mempengaruhi cara komunikasi masyarakat sebagaimana yang dikatakan McLuhan pada teori determinasi teknologi di tahun 1962 tertulis dalam bukunya yang berjudul The Guttenberg Galaxy: The Making of Thypographic Man (Straubhaar, Larose, & Davenport, 2010) yaitu bahwa teknologi mempengaruhi cara berkomunikasi manusia satu dengan lainnya. Pada era modern ini kemajuan teknologi mempermudah komunikasi antar selebriti dan fans melalui media sosial, khususnya Instagram. Dimana melalui Instagram seorang idola atau selebriti cukup memposting sebuah foto atau video di Instagram untuk bertegur sapa dengan para penggemarnya. Namun pada kenyataanya tidak hanya komentar positif yang didapat oleh seorang idola namun juga kritikan pedas dari para haters. Dengan mudahnya akses komunikasi dan Instagra

Collecting the most versatile information about individuals and their storing in different databases represent the reality of the contemporary society. The growth in the quantity of information has exceeded man’s power to process and analyze them in a traditional manner, making computerized techniques and means, especially data mining techniques, a necessity for these purposes. Although widely applied in the public administration and economy domain, computerized data search and comparison so far have not reached their full potential in the area of crime investigation and forensics. Law enforcement agencies and forensic laboratories collect large quantities of various data originating not only from a person’s criminal activities, but his/her social activities as well (i.e., blogs, social media, etc.). The very success of a crime investigation depends to a large extent on the availability of relevant data (referring to persons, objects or events) and finding often hidden relationship among them. Web space, especially social media, is invaluable source of data and often the first place crime investigators refer to in order to obtain relevant information.

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welche Fähigkeiten das österreichische Cyber Defence Centre (CDC) abbilden muss, um den vorhandenen Vorgaben zu entsprechen beziehungsweise den Bedrohungen aus dem Cyber-Raum in Bezug auf die Cyber-Verteidigung gerecht zu werden. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird das Bedrohungsspektrum der österreichischen Cyber-Verteidigung dargestellt bzw. werden die dahin gehend relevanten Begriffsdefinitionen beleuchtet. Danach erfolgt die Analyse der wesentlichen Vorgaben relevanter nationaler und internationaler Akteure, gefolgt von der Betrachtung von Fähigkeiten eines Organisationselementes der Cyber-Sicherheit. Schließlich werden alle Ableitungen aus der Literaturrecherche im letzten Abschnitt zusammengefasst, um die Umwelten, Schnittstellen und Fähigkeiten des österreichischen Cyber Defence Centre darstellen zu können.*****The present master thesis deals with the skills that the Austrian Cyber Defence Centre (CDC) should have with regard to cyber defence to meet existing specifications or potential threats from cyber space. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the Austrian Cyber Defences range of threats and the definition of relevant terms. Then, relevant national and international actors of essential specifications are analysed in a first step, before the skills of organisational elements of cyber security are examined. The last part summarises all findings from literature to illustrate environments, interfaces and capabilities of the Austrian Cyber Defence Centre.

The recent Warsaw Summit -held on July, the 8th and 9th 2016- has attempted to reassert the message of unity and cohesion among Allies, avoiding security regionalization which could lead to the loss of solidarity and, thus, NATO’s weakness. To this end, decisions have been adopted and initiatives launched aiming at offering the picture of an adapted and adaptable Alliance in the political, military and institutional domains. Apart from conveying the intention of strengthening strategic cooperation with the EU and other partners before Russia, NATO has taken a strong stance, supported on deterrence and defense measures, as well as on cooperative defense, yet clearly showing the permanent readiness to engage in dialogue and debate. And all this, expressing an overall concern throughout NATO’s borders, with a 360 degrees approach, which does not overlook neither the Eastern Flank, nor its Southern one, in its effort to project security across all borders of the Alliance., La reciente Cumbre de Varsovia, celebrada los días 8 y 9 de julio de 2016, ha tratado de reafirmar el mensaje de unidad y cohesión entre los Aliados, evitando una regionalización de la seguridad euroatlántica que produzca una pérdida de la solidaridad y la consecuente debilidad de la OTAN. Para ello se han adoptado decisiones y lanzado iniciativas que pretenden ofrecer la imagen de una Alianza adaptada y adaptable en los ámbitos político, militar e institucional. Además de manifestar la intención de reforzar la cooperación estratégica con la Unión Europea y otros socios, ante Rusia se ha ofrecido una posición firme, apoyada en medidas de disuasión y defensa, así como de seguridad cooperativa, pero dejando claramente de manifiesto la disposición permanente a la discusión y el diálogo, y ello mostrando una preocupación global en todas las fronteras de la OTAN, con un horizonte de 360 grados que no descuida el Flanco Este ni pierde de vista su Flanco Sur, en su esfuerzo por proyectar seguridad en todas las fronteras de la Alianza.

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welche Fähigkeiten das österreichische Cyber Defence Centre (CDC) abbilden muss, um den vorhandenen Vorgaben zu entsprechen beziehungsweise den Bedrohungen aus dem Cyber-Raum in Bezug auf die Cyber-Verteidigung gerecht zu werden. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird das Bedrohungsspektrum der österreichischen Cyber-Verteidigung dargestellt bzw. werden die dahin gehend relevanten Begriffsdefinitionen beleuchtet. Danach erfolgt die Analyse der wesentlichen Vorgaben relevanter nationaler und internationaler Akteure, gefolgt von der Betrachtung von Fähigkeiten eines Organisationselementes der Cyber-Sicherheit. Schließlich werden alle Ableitungen aus der Literaturrecherche im letzten Abschnitt zusammengefasst, um die Umwelten, Schnittstellen und Fähigkeiten des österreichischen Cyber Defence Centre darstellen zu können.*****The present master thesis deals with the skills that the Austrian Cyber Defence Centre (CDC) should have with regard to cyber defence to meet existing specifications or potential threats from cyber space. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the Austrian Cyber Defences range of threats and the definition of relevant terms. Then, relevant national and international actors of essential specifications are analysed in a first step, before the skills of organisational elements of cyber security are examined. The last part summarises all findings from literature to illustrate environments, interfaces and capabilities of the Austrian Cyber Defence Centre.

The recent Warsaw Summit -held on July, the 8th and 9th 2016- has attempted to reassert the message of unity and cohesion among Allies, avoiding security regionalization which could lead to the loss of solidarity and, thus, NATO’s weakness. To this end, decisions have been adopted and initiatives launched aiming at offering the picture of an adapted and adaptable Alliance in the political, military and institutional domains. Apart from conveying the intention of strengthening strategic cooperation with the EU and other partners before Russia, NATO has taken a strong stance, supported on deterrence and defense measures, as well as on cooperative defense, yet clearly showing the permanent readiness to engage in dialogue and debate. And all this, expressing an overall concern throughout NATO’s borders, with a 360 degrees approach, which does not overlook neither the Eastern Flank, nor its Southern one, in its effort to project security across all borders of the Alliance., La reciente Cumbre de Varsovia, celebrada los días 8 y 9 de julio de 2016, ha tratado de reafirmar el mensaje de unidad y cohesión entre los Aliados, evitando una regionalización de la seguridad euroatlántica que produzca una pérdida de la solidaridad y la consecuente debilidad de la OTAN. Para ello se han adoptado decisiones y lanzado iniciativas que pretenden ofrecer la imagen de una Alianza adaptada y adaptable en los ámbitos político, militar e institucional. Además de manifestar la intención de reforzar la cooperación estratégica con la Unión Europea y otros socios, ante Rusia se ha ofrecido una posición firme, apoyada en medidas de disuasión y defensa, así como de seguridad cooperativa, pero dejando claramente de manifiesto la disposición permanente a la discusión y el diálogo, y ello mostrando una preocupación global en todas las fronteras de la OTAN, con un horizonte de 360 grados que no descuida el Flanco Este ni pierde de vista su Flanco Sur, en su esfuerzo por proyectar seguridad en todas las fronteras de la Alianza.

In recent years, information technology (IT) has grown from an enabling technology to an important technology we depend on in our everyday lives. For example, IT is required for the proper functioning of personal devices that store our personal information, but is also present in the on-board computers in pacemakers and systems controlling nuclear reactors. Next to the diversity in ways in which IT can be applied, interconnectivity of devices is also an important characteristic in the IT world. This is because interconnectivity between devices allows geographical distance to be immaterial for activities taking place in cyber space. The extent to which we have incorporated IT into our society, is illustrated by events in which incidents damaging IT structures have led to serious consequences for individual, organisational or even international Internet users. Recent information technology (IT) incidents like the Heartbleed bug illustrate how having the same Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer (or TSL/SSL) protocol vulnerability can result in serious consequences for these previously mentioned Internet users. Similarly, if incidents such as Diginotar had become widespread, the use of eGovernment services would have been put to a stop. This would have been done in order to protect the public from hackers, who would have used this opportunity to obtain personal information. Thus, cyber security now extends beyond physical borders because of the important place IT holds in influencing today’s society and the direct interdependence between different kinds of users and IT. The after effects of crimes and exploitations on the Internet harm individual users as well as government agencies, (non-) commercial industries and international institutions. Yet, because instances such as Stuxnet have not led to high impact incidents, the importance of IT security may not be evident to many of us. Although most incidents do not become widespread, protecting cyber space is st, Management of Technology, ICT Section, Technology, Policy and Management

In recent years, information technology (IT) has grown from an enabling technology to an important technology we depend on in our everyday lives. For example, IT is required for the proper functioning of personal devices that store our personal information, but is also present in the on-board computers in pacemakers and systems controlling nuclear reactors. Next to the diversity in ways in which IT can be applied, interconnectivity of devices is also an important characteristic in the IT world. This is because interconnectivity between devices allows geographical distance to be immaterial for activities taking place in cyber space. The extent to which we have incorporated IT into our society, is illustrated by events in which incidents damaging IT structures have led to serious consequences for individual, organisational or even international Internet users. Recent information technology (IT) incidents like the Heartbleed bug illustrate how having the same Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer (or TSL/SSL) protocol vulnerability can result in serious consequences for these previously mentioned Internet users. Similarly, if incidents such as Diginotar had become widespread, the use of eGovernment services would have been put to a stop. This would have been done in order to protect the public from hackers, who would have used this opportunity to obtain personal information. Thus, cyber security now extends beyond physical borders because of the important place IT holds in influencing today’s society and the direct interdependence between different kinds of users and IT. The after effects of crimes and exploitations on the Internet harm individual users as well as government agencies, (non-) commercial industries and international institutions. Yet, because instances such as Stuxnet have not led to high impact incidents, the importance of IT security may not be evident to many of us. Although most incidents do not become widespread, protecting cyber space is st, Management of Technology, ICT Section, Technology, Policy and Management

Upon the establishment of a JTF, a Commander assumes significant risk in the cyber domain. Limited understanding of the characteristics within the cyber domain and lack of clearly defined command and control relationships places the Joint Task Force at excessive risk. Additionally, the Department of Defense relies on the civilian Internet for many supporting functions. Connections to the Internet provide adversaries a direct avenue of approach to target and disrupt Joint Operations. A Commander must benefit from proper command and control structures and improved understanding of the cyber defense situation during Phase 0 to lay the proper foundation prior to conducting an operation. The Department of Defense remains vulnerable unless it can change how the military services are organized, trained and equipped to provide a JTF Commander the means to defend the his networks better.

Determining of the most concepts is focused on specific sectors or industries as a result of the international legal base modernization. Analysis of scientific sources showed the lack of the works devoted to the base terminology research. This makes not clear the concepts of information security incident and cyber incident. As a result, methods and systems for responding to information security incidents (cyber incidents) are complicated and low efficient. In view of this, multicriteria analysis of concept definitions «incident» in international and industry standards, scientific publications, dictionaries, reference books and online resources were carried out. After the analysis a common set of basic features of the incident concept was identified and the generalized definitions of information security incident & cyber incident were proposed., Вследствие модернизации международной нормативной базы определения большинства понятий стали ориентированными на определенные сферы или отрасли. Анализ научных источников указал на отсутствие работ, посвященных исследованию базовой терминологии, что, в свою очередь, затрудняет понимание понятий инцидент информационной безопасности и киберинцидент. Вследствие этого, усложняется и снижается эффективность разработки соответствующих методов и систем реагирования на инциденты информационной безопасности (киберинциденты). Учитывая это, было проведено многокритериальный анализ дефиниций понятия инцидент в международных и отраслевых стандартах, научных публикациях, словарях, справочниках и Интернет-ресурсах. В результате анализа было выделено общее множество базовых характеристик, присущих понятию инцидент, предложено обобщенное определение инцидента информационной безопасности и киберинцидента., Внаслідок модернізації міжнародної нормативної бази визначення більшості понять стали орієнтованими на певні сфери чи галузі. Аналіз наукових джерел вказав на відсутність робіт, присвячених дослідженню базової термінології, що, в свою чергу, ускладнює розуміння понять інцидент інформаційної безпеки та кіберінцидент. Внаслідок цього, ускладнюється та знижується ефективність розробки відповідних методів і систем реагування на інциденти інформаційної безпеки (кіберінциденти). З огляду на це, було проведено багатокритеріальний аналіз дефініцій поняття інцидент у міжнародних та галузевих стандартах, наукових публікаціях, словниках, довідниках та Інтернет-ресурсах. У результаті аналізу було виділено спільну множину базових характеристик, притаманних поняттю інцидент, запропоновано узагальнене визначення інциденту інформаційної безпеки та кіберінциденту.

In industrialized countries, the task of protection level evaluation of its information and cyber infrastructure from the external cyber influence refers to the number of priority. The problem solving now is impossible without an integrated study of the systems cyber-security ability of these countries to counter such influence and its destructive effects. First of all it is caused by the continuous increase of the information, that circulates, accumulates and processed in the cyberspaces of these countries, and also by the increase of speed of its transmission, by the rapid development of new information and telecommunication technologies and general computerization, in particular, an access to the Internet, as well as the need to protect information from internal and external cyber threats and interferences. Taking the above mentioned into consideration, it was represented the strategy of actions which will give an opportunity: the first is to evaluate a level of state security from the risk of external cyber influence; the second is to obtain the quantitative value of " Cyber Power Index ", what characterizes the readiness of State objects cyberinfrastructure for safe operation under such conditions; thirdly, to establish requirements for the State systems development of cyber-security and to develop measures aimed to increase its effectiveness. It was established, that the level of cyber security awareness to attacks in cyberspace, mainly depends on the presence of implemented regulatory framework and the substantial technological infrastructure of the country, the condition of its socio-economic development, as well as the usage of information and communication technologies and systems by the country. For protection level evaluation it was offered to use the questionnaire method - one of the known methods of expert assessment., В промышленно развитых странах задача оценки уровня защищенности их информационной и киберинфраструктуры от риска постороннего кибернетического воздействия относится к ряду приоритетных. Ее решение сейчас невозможно без комплексного исследования способности систем кибернетической безопасности этих стран противодействовать такому воздействию и его деструктивным последствиям. Прежде всего это объясняется непрерывным ростом объема информации, которая циркулируюет, накапливается и обрабатывается в информационных и киберпространствах этих стран, увеличением скоростей ее передачи, бурным развитием новых информационно-телекоммуникационных технологий и общей компьютеризацией, в частности доступом в Интернет, а также необходимостью защиты такой информации от воздействия внутренних и внешних кибернетических вмешательств и угроз. С учетом этого изложено стратегию действий, которая позволит: во-первых - оценить уровень защищенности инфосферы государства от риска постороннего кибервлияния, во-вторых - получить количественное значение "индекса киберпотужности", что характеризует готовность государственных объектов информационной и киберинфраструктуры к безопасному функционированию при таких условиях, в-третьих - установить требования к формированию государственной системы кибернетической безопасности и разработать мероприятия направленные на повышение ее результативности. Установлено, что на степень критичности кибербезопасности к атакам в киберпространстве главным образом влияет наличие сложившейся и четко функционирующей нормативно-правовой базы и разветвленной технологической инфраструктуры страны, состояние ее социально-экономического развития, а также степень использования страной информационно-коммуникационных технологий и систем. Для оценки уровня защищенности предложено использовать метод анкетирования - один из известных методов экспертного оценивания., У промислово розвинутих країнах завдання оцінювання рівня захищеності їх інформаційної і кіберінфраструктури від ризику стороннього кібернетичного впливу належить до низки пріоритетних. Його вирішення нині неможливе без комплексного дослідження спроможності систем кібернетичної безпеки цих країн протидіяти такому впливу та його деструктивним наслідкам. Передусім це обумовлюється безперервним зростанням обсягу інформації, що циркулює, накопичується і обробляється в інформаційних і кіберпросторах цих країн, збільшенням швидкостей її передачі, бурхливим розвитком нових інформаційно-телекомунікаційних технологій і загальною комп’ютеризацією, зокрема доступом до всесвітньої мережі Інтернет, а також необхідністю захисту такої інформації від впливу внутрішніх і зовнішніх кібернетичних втручань та загроз. З урахуванням цього викладено стратегію дій, яка дасть можливість: по-перше – оцінити рівень захищеності інфосфери держави від ризику стороннього кібервпливу; по-друге – одержати кількісне значення “індексу кіберпотужності”, що характеризує готовність державних об’єктів інформаційної і кіберінфраструктури до безпечного функціонування за таких умов; по-третє – встановити вимоги до формування державної системи кібернетичної безпеки та розробити заходи спрямовані на підвищення її результативності. Встановлено, що на ступінь критичності кібербезпеки до атак у кіберпросторі головним чином впливає наявність сформованої і чітко функціонуючої нормативно-правової бази та розгалуженої технологічної інфраструктури країни, стан її соціально-економічного розвитку, а також ступінь використання країною інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій та систем. Для оцінювання рівня захищеності запропоновано використовувати метод анкетування – один із відомих методів експертного оцінювання.

The global commons have routinely been considered as physical spaces that are not under direct nation-state control common grassland that all must share, for example. They demand responsible management so as not to exhaust their supply (fisheries) or do irreparable harm to the world s ecosystem (species extinction, pollution of the atmosphere, contamination of potable water supplies). These spaces may also be vital to states and other global actors as they provide access and connectivity to the rest of the world (sea lines of communication). The global commons in the 21st century lexicon of security has expanded even further to consist of outer space, international waters and airspace, and cyberspace. Together the aforementioned constructs constitutes the fabric or connective tissue of the international system, as Flournoy and Brimley noted in 2009. Strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in describing the world s oceans as a great highway a wide common in his 1890 volume, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History. Mahan s viewpoints influenced security policies and military capabilities for decades. Today, as we push the envelope even further regarding our understanding and importance of the global commons, some suggest that the human species itself constitutes an essential element of the global commons and that human rights, equitable development, ethnic cleansing, and civil wars are legitimate parts of the expanding definition of the global commons. Regardless, the global commons is an important part of regional and global security and offers challenges and opportunities for cooperation as we share this planet.

This article looks at the definition of cyber terrorism and terrorist use of the Internet. The article evaluates cyber terrorist threats facing countries such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, India and South Africa. The article also examines measures introduced by the respective governments in these countries to counteract cyber terrorist threats. Finally, the article will propose a way forward to counteract such possible threats in the future. The face of terrorism is changing. The convergence of the physical and virtual worlds has resulted in the creation of a “new threat” called cyber terrorism. Cyber terrorism is one of the recognised cyber crimes. The absence of suitable legal frameworks to address cyber terrorism at national and regional levels, the lack of adequate safeguards, the lack of cyber security strategies and the pre-occupation of countries with internal factors have all contributed to the creation of an environment that can be easily infiltrated by cyber terrorists. The horrific events of 9/11 provided the impetus for many countries to introduce antiterrorist legislation. The United States of America, United Kingdom, India and South Africa have introduced legislation to address the threat of cyber terrorism.

This article looks at the definition of cyber terrorism and terrorist use of the Internet. The article evaluates cyber terrorist threats facing countries such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, India and South Africa. The article also examines measures introduced by the respective governments in these countries to counteract cyber terrorist threats. Finally, the article will propose a way forward to counteract such possible threats in the future. The face of terrorism is changing. The convergence of the physical and virtual worlds has resulted in the creation of a “new threat” called cyber terrorism. Cyber terrorism is one of the recognised cyber crimes. The absence of suitable legal frameworks to address cyber terrorism at national and regional levels, the lack of adequate safeguards, the lack of cyber security strategies and the pre-occupation of countries with internal factors have all contributed to the creation of an environment that can be easily infiltrated by cyber terrorists. The horrific events of 9/11 provided the impetus for many countries to introduce antiterrorist legislation. The United States of America, United Kingdom, India and South Africa have introduced legislation to address the threat of cyber terrorism.

Technology Horizons is our vision for key Air Force science and technology investments over the next decade that will provide us with truly game-changing capabilities to meet our strategic and joint force responsibilities. The coming decades hold high promise for amazing new capabilities across the air, space, and cyber domains. Yet the Air Force and our nation will also be confronted with substantial strategic, technology, and budget challenges. Our greatest advances will come with a focused investment of resources in the most promising technologies. The vision in Technology Horizons provides the shared awareness of the challenges and opportunities that will enable us to achieve this focus. Technology Horizons presents a clearly articulated and credible assessment of the strategic environment and enduring realities we face. It outlines a set of overarching themes that defines attributes our future Air Force systems will need to prevail. New technology-enabled capabilities are envisioned that meet key needs, including long-range strike, deterrence tools, cyber resilience, energy efficiency, and automation and enhanced human-machine interfaces, to help our most valuable asset our Airmen be even more effective than today. We believe the Air Force must boldly move forward to advance these technologies through the dedicated, creative, and focused efforts of our science, technology, engineering, and mathematics workforce. The future is ours to shape., Originally released 15 May 2010 by the United States Air Force Chief Scientist (AF/ST) as Report on Technology Horizons: A Vision for Air Force Science & Technology during 2010 2030. Volume 1, AF/ST-TR-10-01-PR [ADA525912]. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-58566-217-3

China's INEW (Integrated Network Electronic Warfare) doctrine combining network attack with electronic warfare supports the use of cyberwarfare in future conflict. In addition, China's Information Warfare (IW) militia unit organization provides each Chinese regional commander with unique network attack, exploitation, and defense capabilities. IW unit training focuses on improving network attack skills during military exercises. The integration of IW militia units with commercial technology companies provides infrastructure and technical support that enables the units to conduct more successful operations. IW units gather intelligence on an adversary's networks, identifying critical nodes and security weaknesses. Armed with this intelligence, these units are capable of conducting network attacks that disrupt or destroy the identified critical nodes of an enemy's C4ISR assets. In an effort to regain its former status, China is pursuing the strategic goal of reunification of its claimed sovereign territories and lands using economic influence as its primary means, however, it will resort to military force if necessary. Recent cyber activities attributed to China suggest that network exploitation is currently underway there and is providing military, political, and economic information to the Chinese Communist Party. China views Taiwan and the United States as major threats to the CCP.

The series of films Alien (1979), Aliens (1986), Alien (1992), and Alien Resurrection (1997), and the 1999 movie The Matrix illustrate the present state of technological advances in reproductive areas, and posit the anxiety such advances represents. In all these filmic texts, two main aspects are raised: the displacement of the female body as the site of motherhood, and the possibility that human reproduction might no longer need males and females to make it viable. In addition, the films suggest that technology is surely taking over many aspects of reproduction. A série de filmes Alien (1979), Aliens (1986), Alien (1992), and Alien Ressurrection (1997), e Matrix (1999) ilustra o atual estado dos avanços tecnológicos em áreas da reprodução, e apresentam a ansiedade que tais avanços representam. Em todos estes textos fílmicos, dois aspectos principais são discutidos: a deslocação do corpo da mulher como o local da maternidade, e a possibilidade que areprodução humana não mais precise de homens e mulheres para torná-la viável. E, além disso, os filmes sugerem que a tecnologia está assumindo muitos aspectos da reprodução.

Objective: To examine the prevalence and intensity of victimization through bullying by peers, in relation to experiencing offensive treatment by adults at school or bullying other adolescents oneself. Comparing adolescents with and without disabilities. Design: Three school surveys, with identical questions, from 2005, 2007, and 2009, with 13/14 year olds, 15/16 year olds, and 17/18 year old students as participants. Setting: The self-reporting students in this study represent all the mainstream schools and special schools for deaf and hard-of-hearing students in the county of Örebro in Sweden. Participants: In 2005, a total of 8664 students completed the survey Life and Health – Young People; in 2007, a total of 8968 adolescents completed the same survey; and in 2009, a total of 8253 adolescents participated, giving completion rates of 84%, 82%, and 78% respectively. Results: The prevalence of bullying in our sample was 23.4 % among adolescents reporting disabilities and 11.1 % among adolescents not reporting a disability. Adolescents with disabilities were more likely to be disparaged or otherwise treated offensively by an adult at school (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 2.7, 95% CI 2.0–3.6). Adolescents with disabilities were also more likely to be victims of bullying (AOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6 –2.8), and to be aggressive towards others (AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3–2.3). Conclusions: The bullying process is related to a complex interactional process with both children and adults taking part. The same person can both be a victim and bully others. Disability is a high risk factor for victimization. Adolescents with disabilities are increasingly being mainstreamed in Sweden, as in other countries. Students in special schools also become victimized or bully. All schools should be encouraged to undertake preventive measures by educating children and staff about equality to avoid the victimization of adolescents because of disabilities, other chronic health conditions, ethnicity, gend, MEETING WITH EXPERTS ON BULLYING AND CYBER-BULLYING European Commission. Directorate-General Justice, Freedom and Security Unit D!: Fundamental Rights and Rights of the Child: Violence in schools: Bullying and Cyber-Bullying

Security concerns over the growing capability of Cyber Warfare are in the forefront of national policy and security discussions. In order to enable a realistic discussion of the topic this thesis seeks to analyze demonstrated Cyber Warfare capability and its ability to achieve strategic political objectives. This study examines Cyber Warfare conducted against Estonia in 2007, Georgia in 2008, and Israel in 2008. In all three cases Cyber Warfare did not achieve strategic political objectives on its own. Cyber Warfare employed in the three cases consisted mainly of Denial of Service attacks and website defacement. These attacks were a significant inconvenience to the affected nations, but the attacks were not of sufficient scope, sophistication, or duration to force a concession from the targeted nation. Cyber Warfare offensive capability does not outmatch defensive capability to the extent that would allow the achievement of a strategic political objective through Cyber Warfare alone. The possibility of strategic level Cyber Warfare remains great, but the capability has not been demonstrated at this time.

This article studies the new forms of emerging sociability in virtual communities that develop thei activity in the context of what is called “society of flows”. Online communities break the traditional sense of community by establishing a new regime based most of the times on the ephemeral and transitory interests of their users. Likewise, the characteristics that define a virtual 3D world as a community and the types of participation and social organisation that happen within will be explored here using the case of “Second life” as an example., Este artículo estudia las nuevas formas de sociabilidad emergentes en las comunidades virtuales que desarrollan su actividad en el contexto de la llamada “sociedad de flujos”. Las comunidades on line rompen con el sentido tradicional de comunidad instaurando un nuevo régimen basado la mayoría de las veces en los intereses efímeros y transitorios de sus usuarios. Asimismo, tomando como ejemplo el caso de Second Life, se exploran las características que definen a un mundo virtual 3D como comunidad y los tipos de participación y organización social que tienen lugar en su interior., Cet article étudie les nouvelles formes de sociabilité émergeantes dans les communautés virtuelles que développent leur activité dans le contexte ainsi nommé comme la “société des flux”. Les communautés virtuelles cassent le sens traditionnel de communauté en établissant un nouvel régime fondé la plupart de fois sur des intérêts éphémères et transitoires de leurs clients. De la même manière les caractéristiques que définissent un monde virtuel 3D en tant que communauté et les types de participation et de organisation social que incluent sont ici explorés en utilisant le cas de “Second Life” comme exemple.

Један од циљева интернета јесте занемаривање и превазилажење различитих, у првом реду географских препрека у комуникацији и повезивању људи широм света. Могућности које нам пружа ова врста комуникације има безброј и могу се сагледати са више аспеката. Овом приликом се указује на улогу интернет комуникације (чет и мејл) у сфери интерперсоналних веза и односа. Реч је о, мање или више, свима нама познатом феномену упознавања и остваривање веза и односа путем интернета. У раду се анализирају различити интернет сајтови, са намером да се сагледа улога ова врсте комуникације у успостављању предбрачних и брачних веза и односа., Whether we like it or not, personal computers and internet have become an integral part of our daily lives. Well aware of the possibilities offered by internet, I researched into phenomena known as chat. To be more precise, I was interested in ways of communication between individuals in virtual world, its content and perspectives in forming premarital and marital relationships. The research comprised active participation in cyber space and acquiring knowledge of conception and contents of internet sites with modules for chat. There are many such sites, foreign and local, that could fulfill everybody‘s desires and wishes. Communication in virtual reality allows surfing a number of sites. A possibility of a number of choices is one of the primarily reasons of why people, wanting to find a potential partner for marriage or relationship, use internet and chat. Internet is visited from various reasons: some people are just curios and want „to try something new―, some are bored: „I‘m on a brake and bored― and some are just plain lonely. Underline all these is the common intention- to meet a potential partner. In spite of this, the visitors who experience internet as a marriage matchmaker are minority. This is only partially due to the virtual nature of the possible relationships and disbelief in such kind of relationship forming, and is more due to the fact that most visitors just want to have fun and adventures. I assume this to represent one of the reasons influencing the numerical difference between the chat visitors and entered marriages via internet. In the story of virtual sites and online love affairs, the meeting in a real, off-line world is decisive. Virtual friendships and love affairs happy endings do not depend of contents and structure of a particular site, but on a meeting outside cyber space. Even so the given small number of the online relationships with happy ending, the role and importance of internet as virtual matchmaker stands. Internet is a mediator, Една от целите на Интернет е обезсмислянето и преодоляването на различните, на първо място географски, препятствия в комуникацията и връзките между хората по целия свят. Възможностите, които ни предлага този вид комуникация, са безбройни и могат да бъдат погледнати от различни аспекти. Този път се фокусираме върху един от вариантите на този вид комуникация – чатенето (на англ. chat). Става дума за повече или по-малко познатия на всички ни феномен на запознаване и осъществяване на връзки и отношения чрез Интернет. Накратко казано, в настоящата работа ще бъдат анализирани разнородни социални фактори и програмите за чатене, с намерението да бъдат видяни както възможностите, които предлага, така и последиците, които има този вид комуникация за установяване на предбачни и брачни връзки и отношения.

All nations face increasing tension between exploiting Computer Network Operations (CNO) in the military sphere and protecting the global information grid. The United States is moving apace to develop doctrines and capabilities that will allow them to exploit cyberspace for military advantage. Within the broad rubric of Information Operations, there is increasing effort devoted to integrating CNO into routine military planning. At the same time, these nations are becoming increasingly concerned at the dependency of their militaries, governments, economies and societies on the networked information systems that are emerging as the central nervous systems of post-industrial society. The armed forces desire to exploit and use CNO to their advantage is the central argument for this developed concept. This new weapons platform, or CNO, can be clearly identified so that the leaders will have an understanding of terms, limitations and capabilities of cyber operations. A methodology incorporating doctrine can be created to identify the Rules of Engagement (ROE) as well as the CNO components. The CNO area of operations and area of interest reach far beyond the typical battle space. The battle space has evolved and has penetrated every element of military operations that utilize computers and networks., The original document contains color images.

The Joint Chiefs of Staff envision information superiority, attained through the conduct of Information Operations (I0), as key in obtaining full spectrum dominance in future conflicts. Computer Network Attack (CNA) and Defense (CND) are relatively new I0 weapons that the operational commander will soon employ along with his other, more traditional, weapons to gain information superiority and maintain freedom of action while limiting that of his enemy. He will also have to defend against the same types of weapons wielded by his enemy, for the depth and breadth of networked computer system in the U.S. military makes him vulnerable to attack. Planning to execute, and defend against, a CNA is a task not addressed by current planning methodologies and procedures It will still require the planner to balance the operational factors of space, time, and force in relation to his objective, at times much like he would for a physical attack and at others in very new and interesting ways.

Recent cyber exploits have highlighted the ever-growing complexity of the threats challenging our national security today. The surge of cyberattacks against both U.S. and allied targets has rapidly increased due to technological convergence and the accessibility of cyber tools that once were the sole domain of highly skilled hackers. The potential consequences of cyberattacks on national critical infrastructure, illustrated by state-sponsored encroachments of sovereignty in the cyber realm, underscore a growing list of cross-domain capabilities. The significant destructive potential of non-state actors in the cyber realm, however, pales in comparison with the sophistication, number, and consequence of those originating from China and Russia. Understanding the tools of these new adversaries and leveraging emerging technologies to combat them asymmetrically in the digital environment may provide the foundation for forging a new kind of strategy based on partnerships, in which civilian technologists and government leaders unite against malicious cyber actors with the potential to inflict destabilizing effects worldwide. Collaborative efforts are already underway in government, private industry, and the civilian population. This thesis examines how the U.S. government might effectively incorporate unconventional cyber entities to help improve national cybersecurity via nontraditional means., http://archive.org/details/threeifbyinterne1094553027, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

In a context where cybersecurity is becoming a major concern of so many of the worlds countries, some in Central Africa seem not to be concerned. In the meantime, due to the strength of a growing economy, there is a growing penetration of information technologies in this region. Governments are striving to catch up to this reality. The Central African militaries, which are supposed to be the first line of defense for their governments' institutions, are dramatically behind the times. To address this situation, the governments of Central Africa need to adopt a collaborative cyber strategy based on common investment in secure cyber infrastructures. Such cooperation will help to create a strong cyber environment conducive of the confidence and trust necessary for the emergence of a cyber community of Central African States (C3AS). For Central African militaries, massive training and recruiting will be the first move to begin the process of catching up., http://archive.org/details/thechallengeofcy1094527878, Major, Cameroon Air Force, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

TheUnited States currently faces an environment of constrained resources and increasing threats where new foreign policy options need to be considered. An area that holds the potential for low-profile campaigns to confront enemies of theUnited States is cyber-enabled unconventional warfare (UW). Conducting military operations through cyber-enabled UW is less expensive, and inherently, it involves less physical risk than a conventional deployment of U.S. military personnel abroad. This research indicates that seven conditions exist in the cyberspace environment that can enhance the conduct of UW. Since no organization in the U.S. military with the requisite capabilities to exploit these conditions in the cyber domain exists, one should be created. Cyber-enabled UW can provide scalable military options to U.S. policymakers that are currently not available., http://archive.org/details/cyberenabledunco1094547951, Major, United States Army, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This study emphasized on the importance of conducting a research about the online defamation crime to clarify its negative impacts, how it can be dealt with, the main pillars of this crime and how it can be addressed based on the Saudi Anti-Cyber Crime Law which was issued under the Council of Ministers Decision No. 79, dated 7/3/1428 H. The online defamation crime is one of most difficult crime to prove as it happens in cyber space which is not completely governed and controlled. Therefore, this study tried to address some the obstacles that face the prove of this crime to protect individuals and societies.