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The size of knots is negatively correlated with bending strength in sawn timber and it is therefore used as a quality grading criterion in national roundwood grading standards. Some standards even use the size of the largest knot as the sole estimate for individual log knottiness. The size of knots is determined by crown horizontal extension, which in turn is dependent on the impact of competing trees. Thus, with knot size models that are competition-dependent, roundwood quality due to knottiness can be simulated for different management al-ternatives. However, these types of models, calibrated on uneven-sized Norway spruce in Fennoscandia, are currently not available. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a competition-dependent model framework for prediction of the largest knot size per stem height section, for application within uneven-sized Norway spruce stands. Data from terrestrial laser scanning of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden are used to calibrate a modular prediction framework, consisting of interlinked allometric statistical models. Alternative framework sub-models are presented and the preferred model combination can be selected according to context and available input data. The flexible modular format enables further development of separate sub-components for adaptation to growing conditions not covered by the current calibration range.

The size of knots is negatively correlated with bending strength in sawn timber and it is therefore used as a quality grading criterion in national roundwood grading standards. Some standards even use the size of the largest knot as the sole estimate for individual log knottiness. The size of knots is determined by crown horizontal extension, which in turn is dependent on the impact of competing trees. Thus, with knot size models that are competition-dependent, roundwood quality due to knottiness can be simulated for different management al-ternatives. However, these types of models, calibrated on uneven-sized Norway spruce in Fennoscandia, are currently not available. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a competition-dependent model framework for prediction of the largest knot size per stem height section, for application within uneven-sized Norway spruce stands. Data from terrestrial laser scanning of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden are used to calibrate a modular prediction framework, consisting of interlinked allometric statistical models. Alternative framework sub-models are presented and the preferred model combination can be selected according to context and available input data. The flexible modular format enables further development of separate sub-components for adaptation to growing conditions not covered by the current calibration range.

The size of knots is negatively correlated with bending strength in sawn timber and it is therefore used as a quality grading criterion in national roundwood grading standards. Some standards even use the size of the largest knot as the sole estimate for individual log knottiness. The size of knots is determined by crown horizontal extension, which in turn is dependent on the impact of competing trees. Thus, with knot size models that are competition-dependent, roundwood quality due to knottiness can be simulated for different management al-ternatives. However, these types of models, calibrated on uneven-sized Norway spruce in Fennoscandia, are currently not available. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a competition-dependent model framework for prediction of the largest knot size per stem height section, for application within uneven-sized Norway spruce stands. Data from terrestrial laser scanning of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden are used to calibrate a modular prediction framework, consisting of interlinked allometric statistical models. Alternative framework sub-models are presented and the preferred model combination can be selected according to context and available input data. The flexible modular format enables further development of separate sub-components for adaptation to growing conditions not covered by the current calibration range.

The size of knots is negatively correlated with bending strength in sawn timber and it is therefore used as a quality grading criterion in national roundwood grading standards. Some standards even use the size of the largest knot as the sole estimate for individual log knottiness. The size of knots is determined by crown horizontal extension, which in turn is dependent on the impact of competing trees. Thus, with knot size models that are competition-dependent, roundwood quality due to knottiness can be simulated for different management al-ternatives. However, these types of models, calibrated on uneven-sized Norway spruce in Fennoscandia, are currently not available. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a competition-dependent model framework for prediction of the largest knot size per stem height section, for application within uneven-sized Norway spruce stands. Data from terrestrial laser scanning of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden are used to calibrate a modular prediction framework, consisting of interlinked allometric statistical models. Alternative framework sub-models are presented and the preferred model combination can be selected according to context and available input data. The flexible modular format enables further development of separate sub-components for adaptation to growing conditions not covered by the current calibration range.

The size of knots is negatively correlated with bending strength in sawn timber and it is therefore used as a quality grading criterion in national roundwood grading standards. Some standards even use the size of the largest knot as the sole estimate for individual log knottiness. The size of knots is determined by crown horizontal extension, which in turn is dependent on the impact of competing trees. Thus, with knot size models that are competition-dependent, roundwood quality due to knottiness can be simulated for different management al-ternatives. However, these types of models, calibrated on uneven-sized Norway spruce in Fennoscandia, are currently not available. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a competition-dependent model framework for prediction of the largest knot size per stem height section, for application within uneven-sized Norway spruce stands. Data from terrestrial laser scanning of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden are used to calibrate a modular prediction framework, consisting of interlinked allometric statistical models. Alternative framework sub-models are presented and the preferred model combination can be selected according to context and available input data. The flexible modular format enables further development of separate sub-components for adaptation to growing conditions not covered by the current calibration range.

In this paper the authors describe the shapes of Siberian spruce used for landscaping in the Russian Federation, with focus on an attractive new decorative form of Siberian spruce (genus Picea). Spruce are suitable both for avenue planting and also for landscaping. Considerable interest has been generated in the territory of Sverdlovsk region for new form of spruce with a unique combination of columnar crown and drooping spiral branching. The appearance is similar to the cypress. A columnar crown has great potential in landscape architecture. The authors propose naming it as a reflection of the crown, the place of discovery and the name of the discoverer: Siberian spruce 'Fastigiata Uralica' (picea obovata ledeb var 'Fastigiata Uralica' Opletaev). Once large-scale cultivation of Siberian spruce 'Fastigiata Uralica' is achieved, (and the research team itself will undertake this) the tree will be brought to the market for landscaping usage. In the paper are also discussed the economic aspects of the potential market, including branding.

In this paper the authors describe the shapes of Siberian spruce used for landscaping in the Russian Federation, with focus on an attractive new decorative form of Siberian spruce (genus Picea). Spruce are suitable both for avenue planting and also for landscaping. Considerable interest has been generated in the territory of Sverdlovsk region for new form of spruce with a unique combination of columnar crown and drooping spiral branching. The appearance is similar to the cypress. A columnar crown has great potential in landscape architecture. The authors propose naming it as a reflection of the crown, the place of discovery and the name of the discoverer: Siberian spruce 'Fastigiata Uralica' (picea obovata ledeb var 'Fastigiata Uralica' Opletaev). Once large-scale cultivation of Siberian spruce 'Fastigiata Uralica' is achieved, (and the research team itself will undertake this) the tree will be brought to the market for landscaping usage. In the paper are also discussed the economic aspects of the potential market, including branding.

The paper presents monitoring of effect of the pal spindle, veronese spindle, veronese vase and open center crown shapes on cropping of peach cultivars with different ripening times: Redhaven, Creshaven and Sommerset. The applied spacing in all evaluated variants were 5 x 4 m. The highest yield per tree as well as by hectare were attained with the applied veronese vase crown shape, and the lowest with veronese spindle crown shape. High yield was recorded in cv Redhaven and Cresthaven, and very low yield was observed in cv Sommerset. Yield efficacy presented as yield height per unit of cross-sectional area of the trunk was somewhat higher with application of veronese vase and pal spindle compared with two other crown shapes. Yield efficacy presented in yield per unit of covered soil was very high in pal spindle and veronese vase crown shapes, which, in trees with these crown shapes, ensures more efficient exploitation of soil. Veronese vase also presented positive influence on high quality fruits, whereas the lowest results were achieved in pal spindle crown shape. The highest percentage of superior class fruits was recorded in cv Sommerset, and the lowest in cv Redhaven. In view of the fact that it induced positive effect on yield height, higher percentage of high quality fruits and growing at smaller spacing veronese vase may be applied instead of the standard open center crown., U radu je praćen uticaj oblika krune: pal špindel, veronsko vreteno, veronska vaza i kotlasta kruna na rodnost sorti breskve različitog vremena zrenja: Redheven, Krestheven i Samerset. Primenjeni razmak sadnje između svih varijanti ispitivanja bio je 5 x 4 m. Najviši prinosi kako po stablu tako i po hektaru postignuti su sa oblikom veronska vaza, a najniži sa oblikom veronsko vreteno. Visoke prinose postigle su sorte Redheven i Krestheven, a veoma niske sorta Samerset. Indeks produkcije po jedinici površine pokrivenog tla bio je veoma visok za stabla sa oblikom pal špindel i veronska vaza, što im omogućava efikasnije iskorišćavanje zemljišnog prostora. Takođe veronska vaza uslovila je veću zastupljenost plodova ekstra i I klase. Najveći procenat plodova ekstra i prve klase imala je sorta Redheven, a najniže sorta Samerset.

The paper presents monitoring of effect of the pal spindle, veronese spindle, veronese vase and open center crown shapes on cropping of peach cultivars with different ripening times: Redhaven, Creshaven and Sommerset. The applied spacing in all evaluated variants were 5 x 4 m. The highest yield per tree as well as by hectare were attained with the applied veronese vase crown shape, and the lowest with veronese spindle crown shape. High yield was recorded in cv Redhaven and Cresthaven, and very low yield was observed in cv Sommerset. Yield efficacy presented as yield height per unit of cross-sectional area of the trunk was somewhat higher with application of veronese vase and pal spindle compared with two other crown shapes. Yield efficacy presented in yield per unit of covered soil was very high in pal spindle and veronese vase crown shapes, which, in trees with these crown shapes, ensures more efficient exploitation of soil. Veronese vase also presented positive influence on high quality fruits, whereas the lowest results were achieved in pal spindle crown shape. The highest percentage of superior class fruits was recorded in cv Sommerset, and the lowest in cv Redhaven. In view of the fact that it induced positive effect on yield height, higher percentage of high quality fruits and growing at smaller spacing veronese vase may be applied instead of the standard open center crown., U radu je praćen uticaj oblika krune: pal špindel, veronsko vreteno, veronska vaza i kotlasta kruna na rodnost sorti breskve različitog vremena zrenja: Redheven, Krestheven i Samerset. Primenjeni razmak sadnje između svih varijanti ispitivanja bio je 5 x 4 m. Najviši prinosi kako po stablu tako i po hektaru postignuti su sa oblikom veronska vaza, a najniži sa oblikom veronsko vreteno. Visoke prinose postigle su sorte Redheven i Krestheven, a veoma niske sorta Samerset. Indeks produkcije po jedinici površine pokrivenog tla bio je veoma visok za stabla sa oblikom pal špindel i veronska vaza, što im omogućava efikasnije iskorišćavanje zemljišnog prostora. Takođe veronska vaza uslovila je veću zastupljenost plodova ekstra i I klase. Najveći procenat plodova ekstra i prve klase imala je sorta Redheven, a najniže sorta Samerset.

The crown shape of peach is determined by distribution of scaffold branches The crown shape affects the interception and distribution of light in crown the use of machinery and possibility of performing most operations on fruits from the ground, without the use of platforms and ladders. The following four crown shapes of peach have been evaluated in the paper: Veronese vase Veronese spindle, pal spindle and open vase. The studied shapes were formed on trees of three peach types: Redhaven, Cresthaven and Summerset. The planting distance was 5m between the rows and 4 m in the row for all cultivars and crown shapes. The changes in parameters of vegetative potential as affected by different crown shapes were assessed over 1999-2000. The annual growth increment of the trunk cross-sectional area and the total length of scaffold branches, irrespective of the cultivars, was the greatest in trees with open vase and the lowest in trees trained to pal spindle shape. The greatest growth increment of the cross-sectional area and the total length of scaffold branches were recorded in cv Redhaven. As opposed to shapes with central leader (Veronese spindle and pal spindle) open vase has a problem with retaining vegetative activity at the crown base. Veronese vase is distinguished by evenly distributed fruiting branches in all crown parts. Cv Redhaven is well garnished with fruiting branches in all crown parts, whereas cv Summerset has an extremely low number of mixed branches in the lower crown half. In open training systems without the central leader (open vase and Veronese vase) due to massive emergence of succory a greater wood removal occurs by winter pruning as compared to the central leader., Četiri oblika krane: veronska vaza, veronsko vreteno, pal Spindel i kotlasta kruna obrazovani su na stablima tri sorte breskve: Redheven, Krestheven i Samerset. Razmak sadnje je 5x4 m za sve sorte i oblike krune (500 st/ha). U dvogodišnjem periodu ispitivana je promena vegetativnog potencijala pod dejstvom oblika krune. Godišnji prirast površine poprečnog preseka debla i ukupna dužina skeletnih grana, nezavisno od sorte, najveći je kod stabala sa kotlastom krunom, a najmanji kod stabala sa oblikom pal Spindel. Sorta Redheven imala je najveći prirast površine poprečnog preseka debla i ukupnu dužinu skeletnih grana. Kotlasta kruna, za razliku od oblika sa centralnom vodicom (veronsko vreteno i pal Spindel) ima problem zadržavanja vegetativnog poteneijala u osnovi krune. Veronska vaza odlikuje se ravnomernom zatupljenošću rodnih grančica u svim delovima krune. Sorta Redheven je dobro obezbeđena rodnim grančicama u svim delovima krune, a sorta Samerset u donjoj polovini krune ima veoma malo mešovitih rodnih grančica. Otvoreni uzgojni oblici bez centralne vodice (kotlasta kruna i veronska vaza) zbog masovnije pojave vodopija imaju veće odbacivanje drveta zimskom rezidbom od oblika sa centralnom vođicom.